exam 2 oceanography

1807

president Thomas Jefferson authorizes National Ocean Survey to explore the ocean

ROVs

remotely operated vehicles

core samples

requires a special bit collect at key intervels

starboard

right side of the ship has a green light

Lt. Don Walsh and Dr. Jacques Piccard

rode in the Triesete

salt dome

salt is pushed up forming a dome. hydrocarbons are trapped at each layer around dome

1970s- onward

satellite oceanography

SCUBA

self-contained underwater breather apparatus

hills

are over under water mountains

1977 SONAR

austrian artist, H.Beram, worked with Tharp and Heezan to make a more detailed, color, shaded relief of the entire sea floor. clearly showed MORs, trenches, shelves, abyssal plains

aft

back area at the stern of a ship

system of orbiting satellites

began era of remotely-sensed observation of Earth

drill cuttings

brought to the surface by circulation mud. collected by mudlogger

tripping the hole

can take 2-3 days. all pipes must be pulled out to replace the worn out drill bit

Fridtjof Nansen

captain of the norwegian ship Fram.

1860s

civil war time. confederates had a sub the Hunley

HMS Endeavor

collected samples of plants and animals, noted geology of islands, measured ocean depths, noted currents, wind patterns etc. Their maps of the Pacific were still used in WWII.

bathymetry

contour lines use to show shape of the ocean floor, all negative

topography

contour lines used to show shape of lands surface

1968

deep sea drilling program started. using a ship with a drill in the middle

Meteor

determined the seafloor. discovered the MOR's. spent 2 years at sea. suggests a 4 layer structure of ocean water

1920

development of electronics begins new era in research.

hydrothermal vents

ecosystem surrounds vent. bacteria is base of food chain they use chemosynthesis. thought to be where life originated

Hunley

first sub to sink a ship, had a long pole on front with an explosive charge. Sank a union ship in Charleston Harbor

anticline

fold arched downward like an ant hill. the gas and oil is lighter than water so it will sit at the top of the anticline

Captain James Cook

founder of oceanography. He insisted on cleanliness, good ventilation, and gave his crew limes to prevent scurvy. returned to England and was promoted to Admiral and sailed twice more to South Pacific. Eventually killed in Hawaii.

fore

front area at the bow of a ship

mudlogger

geologist who studies the cuttings to determine rock type, age of rock, shows of oil and gas.

1940s WWII

greatly spurs ocean research because Germans based their navel strategy on subs

HMS Challenger

had a steam winch to haul up samples. large net brought up 4700 new species of marine animals; from depths as great as 26,000 ft, 100s of readings of temp, salinity, density of H2O, currents, sediments, weather. Published 50 volume challenger report

perforating

holes punched in side of well to allow for oil and gas to flow in

Deep sea sampling problem

how to sample the ocean floor? how to get accurate depths? very time consuming to lower rope to sea floor .

1903

institute and museum oceanographique in the tiny country of Monace on the French Meditarranean coast

depth range of ordinary sub

is a secret possible a few 1000 feet

shows of gas and oil

will fluoresce under a black light

1620

wood sub built in England by C Drebble

1930

woods hole oceanographic institute in Massachutes

1977 deep sea diving

Robert Ballard, in Alvin, discovered MOR hydrothermal vents

1905

Scripps Institute of Oceanography in San Diego. Part of the University of California

20,000 pounds

$12,000,000 offered by the British government to any one who could built an accurate clock

1959

1st chart of the sea floor, based on SONAR data. compiled by Maria Tharp and Bruce Heezan at Lamont-Doherty Observatory at Columbus University New York

early 1900s

1st oceanographic research institutions

age dating

2 techniques

average thickness of continental crust

30 miles

1970s deep sea diving

Alvin could carry 3 and had remote arms to collect samples

1769

Ben Franklin and his cousin, Tim Folger, a whaling captain from new England, produced the first chart showing an ocean current the gulf stream. chart used by ships to aid in traveling between North America and Europe

1768

Captain James Cook of England sailed the HMS Endeavor to South Pacific and discovered New Zealand. mapped the Great Barrier Reef.

major figure in early science

Charles Darwin

1925

German ship Meteor sailed back and forth across the Atlantic. used SONAR then called "echosounding".

Famous Alumni of institute and museum oceanographique

Jacque Croseteau

1943

Jacque Croseteau coninvented SCUBA gear and had many tv specials

1714

John Harrison built a clock that used springs; was accurate within a minute per 80 days

SONAR acronym

Sound Navigation And Ranging

WWII

Sub warfare was used extensively by Germany, other countries had to rapidly develop sup technology. Led to increase in knowledge about words oceans

1872

The Challenger Expedition sailed from England in HMS Challenger. a 4 yr voyage led by Charles Thompson and John Murray. 1st to use the term oceanography

1995

The Hunley was found using side-scan SONAR. brough up and is on display at South Carolina musuem

1960

The Trieste descended to the bottom of the Mariana Trench about 36,000 feet

1776

The Turtle. An egg shaped sub that used a hand-cranked propellor. attempted to attach a bomb to the bottom of a British ship in New York Harbor

1893

allowed ship to be frozen into the arctic ice, drifted across arctic for 3 years proved there was no land at the North pole. Noble peace prize?

1934

William Beebe built a round craft w/ thick steel walls with an air hose connected to ship above. lowered 3000 ft.

the gulf stream

a current of warm water from the gulf that goes up U.S. East coast and goes across North Atlantic

"mud"

a mix of clay and heave elements/minerals

Alvin

a small deep diving sub for science research. Has made over 4,000 dives to the ocean floor mostly MOR's

average thickness of oceanic crust

about five miles

sampling devices gradually improved

larger amounts collected, even cores of sediment with layers preserved; collect water samples, temperatures and organisms at various depths

port

left side of a ship has a red light

1 technique for age dating

look at sea floor mud just on top of basalt. the age of microfossils gives the age of basalt

early method for sampling

lower a grease covered lead ball to the sea floor, mud would stick

oceanic crust

made of basalt none older than about 200 million years. much less deformed

polar tangent projection

map horizontal and touches N and S pole, accurate for polar region

conic projection

map is rolled around globe to a form a cone, contacts earth at mid-latitudes

Charles Darwin

marine biologist on the HMS Beagle in 1831 on 4 yr voyage in Southern Hemisphere. studied coral atolls in the pacific. he studied the biology of sea and islands. published book on barnacles fossils volcanic islands

casing

metal sheets lowered around the drill. the hole is then filled with concrete and drilled again to prevent collapses

early 1600s

microscope invented by Dutch Antony van Leeuwenhoek. 200X, discovered bacteria, blood cells, etc. looked at lake water and sea water. described plants and animals he saw.

drill bits

most have a rotating cone with 3 parts called cones with hard projections aka knobs that rotate and chew up rock

continental crust

mostly granitic and up to 4 billion years old. much thicker and more deformed.

1962

new technology developed. Multi-beam imaging

1960s

next advance drilling the ocean floor

1950s

nuclear powered subs developed. technology developed for extracting oxygen from sea water. they could stay submerged as long as food supplies lasted

1958

nuclear sub Nautilus sailed beneath the North pole

satellite imagery revealed

ocean surface has hills and valleys undetectable by eye

late 1700s

ocean voyages for science began to collect data about the oceans and islands

fathom

old depth measurement, originally the width of a man's out stretched arms; then standardized to 6 ft

1970s SONAR advancement

side scan SONAR added even more beams from a tow fish. produced extremely detailed images of the sea floor clearly showing downed ship and planes. was used to find the Titanic and is still finding treasure ship

SONAR measurement

sound wave generated then bounces off the sea floor. It's 2 way travel time is recorded and sea floor depth can be calculated

submarine

special water craft that can operate under water

WWI

subs not important

seismic reflection profiles

technology that enables seeing beneath the layers of marine sediments and the basalt below. uses shock waves instead of sound pulses

spudding the well

the beginning of drilling

cylindrical projection

the map is rolled around a globe and thus forming a cylinder, contacts Earth around the equator, most common, big advantage , longitude and latitude are straight lines

drill bit attached

to the first 30 ft section of drill pipe

blowouts and gushers

uncontrolled escape of highly pressurized oil or gas from well. can catch on fire

hydrophone

underwater microphone invented by the British used to listen for propellers of subs and other ships

early clocks

used a pendulum mechanism and was useless on ships

multi-beam imaging

used multiple beams of sonar pulses

Glomer Challenger

used thrusters on 4 sides of the ship to stay over sea floor drill site

radioactive age dating

uses decay of radioactive , unstable, elements. They change to stable elements and uniform rates

chemosynthesis

uses heat sulfur and metals to create energy and food

SONAR

uses pulses of sound generated by an electronic instrument on a ship

prevent blowouts and gushers

wells drilled using heave "mud" pumped into well using the drill pipe