BIOL 1543 Chapter 3 Smartbook

multicellular

An organism that consists of many cells is said to be a) acellular b) single-celled c) multicellular

microtubules

Centrioles are formed from which of the following?

Rough ER, Golgi, secretory vesicle

List, in order, the BEST sequence of organelles/structures which can be used to synthesize and secrete a particular protein from a cell. a) Rough ER, nucleus, Golgi b) Nucleolus, smooth ER, Golgi c) Rough ER, Golgi, secretory vesicle d) Golgi, smooth ER, rough ER

peroxisomes

Liver and kidney cells filter and destroy many toxins. As a result they contain high numbers of which type of organelle? a) lysosomes b) peroxisomes

chromatin, chromosome

The substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins in a eukaryotic cell's nucleus is called _____________. When highly condensed, as it is in preparation of cell division, this material is called ______________.

motor molecules

Molecules that can attach, detach, and reattach to actin filaments to produce movement are called _________________.

cytoskeleton

The internal framework of the cell, which consists of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments is collectively referred as the _______________.

proteins, phospholipids

Select all of the following that are components of the plasma membrane of prokaryotes. a) cellulose b) proteins c) phospholipids d) peptidoglycan e) plasmids

dissolved organic molecules, salts, water

Select all of these that are components of the cytoplasm. a) dissolved organic molecules b) salts c) water d) DNA e) phospholipids

cell shape, organelle movement, cilia and flagella

Select the following which relate to the role of microtubules in a eukaryotic cell. a) cell shape b) organelle movement c) cell contraction d) cilia and flagella

fimbriae

Some bacteria have short extracellular appendages that function in attachment. These appendages are called ______________.

false

True or False? The main characteristic that distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell is a cell wall.

true

True or False? The nucleoplasm has a different fluid composition than the cytoplasm of a cell.

true

True or False? Vacuoles may function in storage or elimination of water from a cell and intracellular digestion.

flagella

What are the long thin appendages used for locomotion?

fimbriae

What are the short appendages used for attachment?

mitochondria, chloroplasts

Which two eukaryotic organelles function to convert energy into a form that cells can use?

prokaryotes

Which type of cells lack membrane-bound organelles?

vacuole

A large membranous sac located in the cytoplasm of a cell

eukaryotic cells

Humans, oak trees and protists are all composed of which type of cell? a) archaean cells b) eukaryotic cells c) prokaryotic cells

cytoplasm

In a bacterial cell, ribosomes are located in the a) nucleus b) cytoplasm c) nucleoid region d) cell wall

nucleoid

In a bacterial cell, the chromosome is located in a region called the ______. a) nucleus b) nuclei c) nucleolus d) nucleoid

mitochondria

In a eukaryotic cell, within which organelle does cellular respiration occur?

bilayer

In the plasma membrane of a prokaryote, the phospholipids are arranged in a a) trilayer b) bilayer c) monolayer

enzymnes

Tay-Sachs is often referred to as a lysosomal storage disorder because it prevents the function of lysosomal _____________, such as beta-hexosaminidase.

plasma

The __________ membrane separates the cytoplasm from the surrounding environment and regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.

secretion

The action known as ____________, or exocytosis, involves the release of materials from the cell via vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

cell

The basic unit of living organisms, which can carry out all of the necessary functions of life is the _________.

nuclear envelope

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum is called the _____________.

nuclear envelope

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum is called the ____________________.

stroma

The fluid-filled space inside a chloroplast is called the _________________.

matrix

The inner fluid-filled space of a mitochondrion is called the ____________.

true

True or False? A sperm does not contribute mitochondrial genes when fertilizing an egg.

false

True or False? All cells in a multicellular organism tend to have a similar number of mitochondria.

true

True or False? Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain circular DNA like chromosome found in a prokaryotic cell.

true

True or False? Both plant and animal cells contain organelles.

false

True or False? Peptidoglycan is a structural component of the cell walls of bacteria, archaeans, and eukaryotes.

false

True or False? Ribosomes may occur singly in the cytoplasm or in groups called Golgi bodies.

true

True or False? The Golgi apparatus produces both secretory vesicles and lysosomes.

opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of molecules into and out of the nucleus

A nuclear pore is best described as a(n): a) opening in the plasma membrane that permits the passage of molecules into and out of the nucleus b) opening in the nucleolus that permits the passage of molecules into and out of the nucleus c) opening in the endoplasmic reticulum that permits the passage of molecules into and out of the nucleus d) opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of molecules into and out of the nucleus

chloroplasts, mitochondria

Evidence supports a similar process for the origin of the energy organelles, the _______________ that carry out photosynthesis and the ________________that carry out cellular respiration.

ribosomes

In a cell, proteins are made at structures called __________.

100

One meter is equal to how many centimeters (cm)?

Archaea, Bacteria

Prokaryotic cells are found in which of the following domains? a) Archaea b) Bacteria c) Eukarya

bacterial chromosomes are located in the nucleoid region of the cell, bacteria typically have only one chromosome

Select all of the correct statements about bacterial chromosomes. a) bacterial chromosomes are composed of DNA, RNA, and proteins b) bacterial chromosomes are located in the nucleoid region of the cell c) bacterial chromosomes are surrounded by a protective membrane d) some bacteria have a plasmid instead of a chromosome e) bacteria typically have only one chromosome

electron microscopes

Transmission and scanning are types of: a) compound microscopes b) light microscopes c) dissecting microscopes d) electron microscopes

peroxisomes

Vesicles that function in the metabolism of fatty acids and contain an enzyme to break down the hydrogen peroxide byproduct of this metabolism, are called _________________.

All cells come from pre-existing cells, All organisms are made up of cells

Which two statements are part of the cell theory? a) All cells come from pre-existing cells b) All infectious diseases are caused by specific organisms c) Energy cannot be created nor destroyed d) All organisms are made up of cells

polyribosome

A group of ribosomes that are attached to a single mRNA are called a _____________.

nucleolus

A darkly staining region that may appear within the nucleus on an electron micrograph is called a(n) ___________. This is the location of rRNA production.

compound light

A microscope that uses a set of glass lenses to focus light rays passing through a specimen to produce an image viewable by the human eyes is called a(n) ___________________ microscope.

compound microscope

A microscope that uses more than one lens to produce an image is called a: a) complex microscope b) compound microscope c) transmission microscope d) dynamic microscope

lysosome

A protistan engulfs a macromolecule via a vesicle. Which organelle could fuse to this vesicle and aid in breaking down this molecule?

lysosome

A vesicle that contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes is called a ______________.

chloroplasts

According to endosymbiotic theory, organelles specific to plants called _______________, probably evolved from cyanobacterial ancestors.

mitochondria

All eukaryotic cells convert carbohydrate energy to ATP within an organelle called the _________________.

single-celled

An organism that consists of a single cell is said to be a) acellular b) single-celled c) multicellular

decreases

As cell size increases, surface area-to-volume ratio ___________.

peptidoglycan

Bacterial cell walls contain which complex molecule composed of carbohydrate chains connected by peptides? a) peptidoglycan b) chitin c) phospholipid d) cellulose

prokaryotic ribosomes are structurally different from eukaryotic ribosomes

Bacterial ribosomes are generally a good target for antibiotic drugs, because a) prokaryotic ribosomes are structurally different from eukaryotic ribosomes b) eukaryotic cells lack ribosomes c) prokaryotic cells depend more on ribosome function than eukaryotic cells do

Archaeans

Based on evolutionary relationships, which is the more likely ancestor to eukaryotic cells?

microtubules

Both cilia and flagella are composed of what type of cytoskeletal component?

thylakoids

Chloroplasts contain numerous structures called grana, each of which is a stack of _______________.

proteins

Chromatin consists of DNA and associated __________.

photosynthesis

Cyanobacteria have internal membranes called thylakoids, which are involved in what biochemical process? a) protein synthesis b) cellular respiration c) fermentation d) photosynthesis

intermediate

Cytoskeletal filaments that are larger than actin filaments but smaller than microtubules are called _______________ filaments.

lysosomes

Due to a mutation in the HEXA gene, a substance called GM2, normally present in the tissues and nerve cells of the brain, accumulates there. This mutation mainly effects enzymes associated with which organelle in an affected individuals' cells? a) endoplasmic reticulum b) lysosomes c) plasma membrane d) nucleus

plasma membrane

During the evolutionary development of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells, the nuclear envelope and membranous organelles may have developed from the __________________ of the original prokaryote.

actin

Formerly called microfilaments, _____________ filaments are long, very thin flexible fibers that account for the formation of pseudopods (false feet) used by some cells in order to move in an amoeboid fashion.

mother

From which parent(s) are mitochondrial genes inherited? a) both parents b) mother c) neither parent d) father

centrosome

From which part of a eukaryotic cell do microtubules radiate?

intracellular digestion, autodigestion

Functions of the lysosome include: a) intracellular digestion b) autodigestion c) mdification and routing of proteins made in the rough ER d) protein synthesis e) storage of water

ATP

Mitochondria use carbohydrates to produce a) solar energy b) ATP c) carbohydrates d) oxygen

Small size allows for more efficient exchange of materials with the surrounding environment

On average, all cells are approximately the same size whether they are found in elephants or beetles. What is the best explanation for why cells are so small? a) Smaller cells have have the capacity to reproduce more rapidly b) Smaller cells are more efficient in using the energy obtained from nutrients c) Small size allows for more efficient exchange of materials with the surrounding environment d) Smaller cells require less energy

1000

One micrometers (μm) is equal to how many nanometers (nm)?

1000

One millimeter (mm) is equal to how many micrometers (μm)?

plasma membrane

One side of the Golgi apparatus is directed toward the endoplasmic reticulum, while the other faces the ________________________.

mitochondria, plasma membrane, nucleoli, centrioles

Select all of the following structures that are found in animal cells. a) chloroplasts b) mitochondria c) plasma membrane d) cell wall e) nucleoli f) centrioles

central vacuole, mitochondria, plasma membrane, cell wall, chloroplast

Select the structures that are found in plant cells. a) central vacuole b) mitochondria c) plasma membrane d) centriole e) cell wall f) chloroplast

plasma membrane

The main cellular structure that regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell is the a) cell wall b) Golgi apparatus c) plasma membrane d) endoplasmic reticulum

storage

The main function of a vacuole is: a) digestion b) oxidation c) reproduction d) storage e) respiration

centrosome

The main microtubule organizing center for a eukaryotic cell that lies near the nucleus is called the ______________.

cellulose

The material that is common to the cell walls of plants and algae is called ______________.

ATP

The molecule produced by cellular respiration that is used to fuel energy dependent cellular reactions is _____________.

endomembrane system

The nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum are components of the a) endomembrane system b) nucleolus c) mitochondrion d) cytoskeleton

pores

The openings in the nuclear envelope through which particles may pass are called nuclear ___________.

nucleus

The organelle that contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell is called the ___________.

ribosomes

The organelles that function in protein synthesis are called ______________.

chloroplasts

The process of photosynthesis occurs within organelles called ____________.

secretion

The release of cellular products from a cell is called ________________.

ribosomes

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ___________.

nucleoplasm

The semifluid material enclosed by the nuclear envelope is called ___________.

cytoplasm

The semifluid medium within a cell is called the __________.

cytoplasm

The semifluid medium within a cell is called the _____________.

organelles

The small structures within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that perform specific functions are called ____________.

cell

The smallest structure capable of performing all the basic functions of life is the __________.

lipid, protein

The smooth ER synthesizes primarily ______________ molecules while the rough ER is involved with the production of _______________ molecules.

true

True or False? Lysosomes and peroxisomes are structurally similar, but differ according to the enzymes that they contain.

microtubule assembly and disassembly

What is the function of the centriole? a) microtubule assembly and disassembly b) excretion of cellular wastes c) protein synthesis d) DNA replication e) intracellular digestion and autophagy

capsule

What is the gelatinous sheath that surrounds and protects the cell?

protection

What is the main function of the bacterial cell wall? a) excretion b) synthesis c) reproduction d) protection

capture solar energy

What is the the function of chlorophyll? a) produce solar energy b) produce ATP c) convert oxygen into water d) capture solar energy e) convert oxygen into carbon dioxide

convert substrates into ATP

What is the the function of the mitochondria? a) produce solar energy b) convert carbon dioxide into oxygen c) convert substrates into ATP d) capture solar energy e) convert water into carbohydrates

the cell would be unable to separate its chromosomes during cell division

What would be the result if a cell was unable to form a spindle apparatus? a) the cell would be unable to reform its cells wall following cell division b) the cell would be unable to separate its chromosomes during cell division c) the cell would be unable to produce ATP d) the cell would be unable to synthesize proteins

rough

When ribosomes in a cell's cytoplasm are attached to an organelle, that organelle now studded with ribosomes is then called _________ endoplasmic reticulum.

free in the cytoplasm, attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Where are ribosomes typically located in a cell? a) attached to the Golgi appartus b) free in the cytoplasm c) attached to the endoplasmic reticulum d) inside the lysosome

smaller cell

Which cell has a greater surface-area-to-volume ratio? a) smaller cell b) larger cell

centriole

Which cellular organelle may function in the process of microtubule assembly and disassembly?

spindle apparatus

Which cellular organelle will attach to the chromosomes and ensures they are distributed evenly during cell division?

catalase

Which enzyme found within the peroxisome functions to degrade hydrogen peroxide? a) amylase b) sucrase c) catalase d) DNase e) protease

electron microscope

Which has a higher magnification ability? a) electron microscope b) compound light microscope

animal cell

Which is larger, a chloroplast or an animal cell?

bacterial cell

Which is larger, a virus or a bacterial cell?

ATP

Which molecule is used to fuel all energy dependent cellular processes?

Golgi apparatus, vesicles, nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following are components of the endomembrane system? a) mitochondria b) Golgi apparatus c) vesicles d) chloroplasts e) centriole f) nuclear envelope g) endoplasmic reticulum

formation of cell-to-cell junctions, support the plasma membrane, support the nuclear envelope

Which of the following are functions of intermediate filaments? a) formation of pseudopods for movement b) formation of cell-to-cell junctions c) support the plasma membrane d) support the nuclear envelope

aids in cell division, cellular structural support, intracellular transport

Which of the following are functions of the cytoskeleton? a) stores water and nutrients b) aids in cell division c) cellular structural support d) intracellular transport

they are shorter than flagella, they all beat together in a coordinated manner

Which of the following are true about cilia? a) they are typically limited to one or a few for any particular cell b) they are shorter than flagella c) their microtubular structure is very different from that of flagella d) they all beat together in a coordinated manner

archaeans

Which of the following have undergone adaptation to the most extreme habitats on Earth? a) archaeans b) bacteria c) animals d) fungi e) plants

vacuole

Which of the following is larger? a) vacuole b) vesicle

SEM

Which of the following uses a narrow beam of electrons to scan a specimen, the resulting image of which can show the three dimensional features of a very small structure? a) dissecting microscope b) TEM c) compound light microscope d) SEM

thylakoids

Which of these are internal cellular membranes that contain light-sensitive pigments needed for photosynthesis? a) thylakoids b) cristae c) fimbriae d) nucleoid

eukaryotes

Which of these cells have a membrane bound nucleus? a) prokaryotes b) eukaryotes c) both d) neither

chlorophyll

Which of these is a pigment located within the thylakoid membrane that functions to capture solar energy? a) chlorophyll b) stroma c) nucleoplasm d) matrix e) cytoplasm

prokaryotes

Which of these live in a broader range of habitats? a) prokaryotes b) eukaryotes

chitin

Which of these materials are found in the cell walls of fungi? a) phospholipid b) peptidoglycan c) chitin

ribosome

Which organelle is assembled in the nucleolus of the nucleus? a) mitochondrion b) chloroplast c) chromosome d) ribosome

lysosome

Which organelle is formed in the Golgi apparatus?

mitochondria

Which organelle is often referred to as the "power plant of the cell?"

Golgi apparatus

Which organelle receives proteins and lipid-filled vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum and then repackages them for export in secretory vesicles?

tubulin

Which protein forms microtubules in the cell?

cell theory

Which theory states that all organisms are made up of cells that are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting living cells?

archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes

Which type(s) of cells may possess a cell wall? a) archaea only b) eukaryotes only c) bacteria and eukaryotes d) archaea and eukaryotes e) bacteria only f) archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes

Hooke

Who coined the term "cell"?

Leeuwenhoek

Who made microscopes?

Schwann

Who stated that animals are composed of cells?

Virchow

Who stated that cells come from preexisting cells?

Schleiden

Who stated that plants are composed of cells?

lysosomes

____________ are the organelles that function in intracellular digestion.