Exam 2-Pharmacology-Anticoagulants/Antiplatelets/Thrombolytics

Important nursing interventions for the diagnoses, 'deficient knowledge related to anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy', would include: (select all those that apply) A. Avoid intramuscular injections B. When removing an IV, pressure should be applied for 45 minutes C. Monitor closely for sign of bleeding D. Have the pt wear compression stockings

A, C, D

A patient is being discharged from the hospital on warfarin [Coumadin] for deep vein thrombosis prevention. Which instructions should the nurse include in the patient's discharge teaching plan? (Select all that apply.) A. Wear a medical alert bracelet. B. Check all urine and stool for discoloration. C. Do not start any new medication without first talking to your healthcare provider. D. Enteric-coated aspirin and any aspirin products can be used unless they cause a gastrointestinal ulcer. Incorrect E. No laboratory or home monitoring of international normalized ratio (INR) is required after the first 6 months

A,B,C.Advise the patient to wear some form of identification (eg, Medic Alert bracelet) to alert emergency personnel to warfarin use. Bleeding is a major complication of warfarin therapy. Inform patients about the signs of bleeding, which include discolored urine or stools. Inform patients that warfarin is subject to a large number of potentially dangerous drug interactions. Instruct them to avoid all prescription and nonprescription drugs that have not been specifically approved by the prescriber. Aspirin and aspirin products should be avoided because aspirin can increase the effects of warfarin to promote bleeding and on the gastrointestinal tract to cause ulcers, thereby initiating bleeding. The INR should be determined frequently: daily during the first 5 days, twice a week for the next 1 to 2 weeks, once a week for the next 1 to 2 months, and every 2 to 4 weeks thereafter.

For what period of time should the nurse take precautions to prevent bleeding, including applying pressure to puncture sites for 5 minutes, after warfarin (Coumadin) therapy has been discontinued? A. 5 days B. 2.5 days C. 6 hours D. 8-12 hours

A. 5 days

A patient with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation is to be discharged on dabigatran etexilate [Pradaxa]. Which statement should the nurse include in the discharge teaching? A. The medication must be stored in the manufacturer-supplied bottle. B. Once a new bottle is opened, the capsules maintain efficacy for 90 days. C. If you have difficulty swallowing the capsule, you can open it and mix it with food. D. You will need to learn how to give yourself a subcutaneous injection in your abdomen.

A. Dabigatran is unstable, especially when exposed to moisture, and should be stored in the manufacturer-supplied bottle, which has a desiccant cap. Current labeling of the pill bottle indicates that once the bottle is opened, the pills should be used within 30 days. However, recent evidence indicates that they maintain efficacy for 60 days, provided they have been stored in the original container. Capsules should be swallowed intact, because chewing, crushing, or opening enhances absorption by 75% and increases the risk of bleeding. The medication is administered orally, not subcutaneously.

The laboratory calls to report a drop in the platelet count to 90,000/mm3 for a patient receiving heparin for the treatment of postoperative deep vein thrombosis. Which action by the nurse is the most appropriate? A. Notify the healthcare provider to discuss the reduction or withdrawal of heparin B. Call the healthcare provider to discuss increasing the heparin dose to achieve a therapeutic level. C. Obtain vitamin K and prepare to administer it by intramuscular (IM) injection. D. Observe the patient and monitor the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) as indicated.

A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a potential immune-mediated adverse effect of heparin infusions that can prove fatal. HIT is suspected when the platelet counts fall significantly. A platelet count below 100,000/mm3 would warrant discontinuation of the heparin.

A man suffers a leg wound which causes minor blood loss. As a result of bleeding, the process of primary hemostasis is activated. What occurs in primary hemostasis? A) Severed blood vessels constrict. B) Thromboplastin is released. C) Prothrombin is converted to thrombin. D) Fibrin is lysed

A. Primary hemostasis involves the severed vessel constricting and platelets collecting at the injury site. Secondary hemostasis occurs when thromboplastin is released, prothrombin converts to thrombin, and fibrin is lysed.

The appropriate drug to use as an antidote when an overdose of heparin needs to be treated, would be__________? A. Protamine sulfate B. Naloxone (Narcan) C. Fondaparinux (Tinzaparin) D. Omeprazole (Prilosec)

A. Protamine sulfate works by binding with the heparin to inactivate its blood thinning effect. It should be administered directly into the bloodstream, and dosing depends on the dosage of heparin.

The nurse is caring for a patient who takes warfarin [Coumadin] for prevention of deep vein thrombosis. The patient has an international normalized ratio (INR) of 1.2. Which action by the nurse is most appropriate? A. Administer intravenous (IV) push protamine sulfate. B. Continue with the current prescription. C. Prepare to administer vitamin K. D. Call the healthcare provider to increase the dose.

An INR in the range of 2 to 3 is considered the level for warfarin therapy. For a level of 1.2, the nurse should contact the healthcare provider to discuss an order for an increased dose.

20. An individual has accidentally cut his hand, immediately initiating the process of hemostasis. Following vasoconstriction, what event in the process of hemostasis will take place? A) Fibrin will be activated at the bleeding site. B) Platelets will aggregate at the injury site. C) Thromboplastin will form a clot. D) Prothrombin will be converted to thrombin.

B. Following vasoconstriction, circulating platelets aggregate at the site and adhere to the vessel and to one another, forming an unstable hemostatic plug. Events involved in the clotting cascade take place subsequent to this initial platelet action.

Which of these laboratory test results (which are flagged on the laboratory sheet as abnormal) would be a priority to report to the prescriber if a patient is prescribed heparin? A. WBC 11, 000/mm3 B. Platelet count 40,000/mm3 C. BUN 22 mg/dL D. aPTT 75 seconds

B. Normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood

The nurse is caring for a patient receiving clopidogrel [Plavix] to prevent blockage of coronary artery stents. Which other drug on the patient's medication administration record may reduce the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel? A. Aspirin [Bayer] B. Omeprazole [Prilosec] C. Acetaminophen [Tylenol] D. Warfarin [Coumadin]

B. Omeprazole and other proton pump inhibitors may reduce the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel. Patients sometimes take them to reduce gastric acidity and the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding.

Intravenous heparin 1280 units every hour is infusing today. Which aPTT results suggests that heparin therapy is in the therapeutic range? How often should it be monitored? A. aPTT 3 to 3.5 times the control and every 7 days. B. aPTT 1.5 to 2.5 times the control and every 4-6 hours. C. aPTT 2.5 to 3.5 times the control and every 7 days. D. aPTT 3 to 3.5 times the control and every 3 days.

B. The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is a measure the coagulation of blood in relation to heparin. The therapuetic range is 1.5-3.5 times the normal or control range and should be assessed every 4-6 hours to check to see if it has been reached.

A patient presents to the emergency department with symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. After a diagnostic workup, the healthcare provider prescribes a 15-mg IV bolus of alteplase (tPA), followed by 50 mg infused over 30 minutes. In monitoring this patient, which finding by the nurse most likely indicates an adverse reaction to this drug? A. Urticaria, itching, and flushing B. Blood pressure of 90/50 mm Hg C. Decreasing level of consciousness D. Potassium level of 5.5 mEq/L

C. The greatest risk with this drug is bleeding, with intracranial bleeding being the greatest concern. A decreasing level of consciousness indicates intracranial bleeding. Alteplase does not cause an allergic reaction or hypotension. Thrombolytic agents, such as alteplase, do not typically cause an elevated potassium level.

A patient is admitted for an acute myocardial infarction. The nurse has just administered a tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase/Activase/tPA) as ordered. Which of the following is a nursing priority intervention? A. Monitor for renal function B. Monitor for headache C. Have heparin sodium available D. Monitor for signs of bleeding

D. TPA protein involved in the breakdown of blood clots therefore monitoring for signs of bleeding would be a priority.

Which instruction about clopidogrel [Plavix] should the nurse include in the discharge teaching for a patient who has received a drug-eluting coronary stent? A. Constipation is a common side effect of clopidogrel, so take a stool softener daily." B. If you see blood in your urine or black stools, stop the clopidogrel immediately. C. Check with your healthcare provider before taking any over-the-counter medications for gastric acidity. D. Keep the amount of food containing vitamin K, such as mayonnaise, canola and soybean oil, and green, leafy vegetables, consistent in your diet.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), such as omeprazole [Prilosec], and CYP2C1 inhibitors, such as cimetidine [Tagamet], can be purchased over the counter to treat heartburn. However, patients taking clopidogrel should consult their healthcare provider before using them. PPIs and CYP2C1 inhibitors can reduce the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel. Diarrhea (5% incidence), not constipation, is a side effect of clopidogrel. Patients should immediately contact their healthcare provider if signs of bleeding occur, such as bloody urine, stool, or emesis. The drug should not be stopped until the prescriber advises it, because this could lead to coronary stent restenosis. Consistency of vitamin K intake is indicated while taking warfarin [Coumadin].

The nurse should teach patients who are prescribed warfarin (Coumadin) to eat consistent amounts of which vitamin foods? Select all that apply. A. Vitamin K in Kale B. Vitamin K in collards C. Vitamin K in spinach D. Vitamin K in rice E. Vitamin D in cereal F. Vitamin C in crackers

A, B, C. To ensure that warfarin is effectively thinning your blood, it's important to eat about the same amount of vitamin K every day. Vitamin K normally helps your blood clot so wounds don't bleed too much. Warfarin works against vitamin K, making your blood clot more slowly. Foods rich in Vitamin K include leafy greens such as kale, collards and spinach.

he nurse is caring for a group of patients taking warfarin [Coumadin]. Which patients are at moderate to high risk for harm as a result of warfarin therapy? (Select all that apply.) A. A patient with variant genes that code for VKORC1 and CYP2CP B. A patient with a current INR of 2.2 treated for deep vein thrombosis C. A woman with a new onset of symptoms of a pulmonary embolus D. A patient on day 4 after hip replacement with a new order for warfarin E. A patient with a prosthetic heart valve, for whom an interacting drug is being deleted from the regime

A,C,E Patients with genetic alterations in VKORC1 and CYP2CP are at increased risk of warfarin-induced bleeding. An INR of 2.2 indicates a therapeutic warfarin level. Warfarin can cause fetal hemorrhage and is listed as Pregnancy Risk Category X. Warfarin could be prescribed for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after hip replacement surgery. The day of prescription would not likely be a day to expect a dangerous adverse effect from warfarin, because its half-life is 1.5 to 2 days. Warfarin interacts with many other agents. The greatest risk for harm is when an interacting drug is being added to or deleted from the regimen.

A patient is receiving continuous heparin infusion for venous thromboembolism treatment. Which laboratory results should the nurse monitor? (Select all that apply.) A. Platelets B. Vitamin K C. Prothrombin time (PT) D. International normalized ratio (INR) E. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

A,E. To reduce the risk of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), platelet counts should be monitored. Heparin therapy is monitored by measuring the laboratory test activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Warfarin therapy is monitored by measuring prothrombin time (PT) and results are expressed as an international normalized ratio (INR). Vitamin K is not monitored for a heparin infusion.

A patient diagnosed with a pulmonary embolism is receiving a continuous heparin infusion at 1000 units/hr. Of which findings should the nurse immediately notify the healthcare provider? (Select all that apply.) A. aPTT of 65 seconds B. aPTT of 40 seconds Correct C. Nosebleeds Correct D. aPTT of 100 seconds Correct E. Platelet count of 300,000/mcL

B,C,D Measurement of the aPTT is essential to determine whether the heparin infusion is having the desired effect. If the normal value of the aPTT is 40 seconds, the goal is to achieve a therapeutic range of a factor of 1.5 to 2 (60 to 80 seconds). Because 40 seconds is too short (increases the risk for clotting) and 100 seconds is too long (increases the risk for bleeding), the physician requires notification for adjustment of the infusion rate. Evidence of bleeding, such as nosebleeds, hematuria, and red or tarry stools, warrant a call to the physician. An aPTT of 65 seconds indicates that a therapeutic effect has been achieved, and a platelet count of 300,000/mcL is within normal limits, indicating no evidence of thrombocytopenia.

A nurse provides discharge instructions to a post-operative patient who is taking warfarin (Coumadin). Which statement made by the patient reflects the need for further teaching? A. I will take my pills everyday at the same time and eat consistent amounts of foods with vitamin K B. I can take my enteric coated aspirin for my headache because it is coated C. I will follow up regularly for INR blood draws D. I will pick up my medical alert bracelet

B. Acetaminophen (Tylenol), acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), Cimetidine (Tagamet), Glucosamine/chondroitin, and Miconazole (Monistat intravaginal cream) all increase the risk for bleeding when taking warfarin (Coumadin).

A patient with deep vein thrombosis receiving an intravenous (IV) heparin infusion asks the nurse how this medication works. What is the nurse's best response? A. Heparin prevents the activation of vitamin K and thus blocks synthesis of some clotting factors. B. Heparin suppresses coagulation by helping antithrombin perform its natural functions. C. Heparin works by converting plasminogen to plasmin, which in turn dissolves the clot matrix. D. Heparin inhibits the enzyme responsible for platelet activation and aggregation within vessels.

B. Heparin is an anticoagulant that works by helping antithrombin inactivate thrombin and factor Xa, reducing the production of fibrin and thus decreasing the formation of clots.

Which laboratory result for international normalized ration (INR), if identified in a patient with atrial fibrillation who is receiving warfarin (Coumadin), would indicate that warfarin therapy has achieved the desired effect? See the table within the chapter reading. A. INR 5 B. INR 3 C. INR 1 D. INR 7

B. The goal of using Warfarin (coumadin) is to raise the INR to an appropriate value or get it into a therapeutic range. Table 52-3 provides recommended ranges.

The nurse is ready to begin a heparin infusion for a patient with evolving stroke. The baseline activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is 40 seconds. Which aPTT value indicates that a therapeutic dose has been achieved? A.50 B.70 C.90 D.110

B. The therapeutic level of heparin is achieved when the aPTT reaches 1.5 to 2 times normal. Thus, a range of 60 to 80 seconds would be appropriate for this patient.

The nurse knows that which statement is accurate for enoxaparin [Lovenox]? A. t equally reduces the activity of thrombin and factor Xa. B. It has selective inhibition of factor Xa and no effect on thrombin. C. It reduces the activity of factor Xa more than the activity of thrombin. D. It has a lower bioavailability and shorter half-life than unfractionated heparin.

C. Enoxaparin acts primarily on factor Xa and also, but to a lesser degree, on thrombin. Unfractionated heparin equally reduces the action of thrombin and factor Xa. Fondaparinux [Arixtra] causes selective inhibition of factor Xa. Low-molecular-weight (LMW) heparins, such as enoxaparin, have greater bioavailability and a longer half-life than unfractionated heparin.

The nurse is monitoring a patient receiving a heparin infusion for the treatment of pulmonary embolism. Which assessment finding most likely relates to an adverse effect of heparin? A. Heart rate of 60 beats/min B. Blood pressure of 160/88 mm Hg C. Discolored urine D. Inspiratory wheezing

C. The primary and most serious adverse effect of heparin is bleeding. Bleeding can occur from any site and may be manifested in various ways, including reduced blood pressure, increased heart rate, bruises, petechiae, hematomas, red or black stools, cloudy or discolored urine, pelvic pain, headache, and lumbar pain.

Fondaparinux [Arixtra] is not approved for use in which circumstance? A. Prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after knee replacement B. Treatment of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) (in conjunction with warfarin) C. Prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after abdominal surgery D. Prevention of ischemic complications in patients with unstable angina

D. Enoxaparin [Lovenox], not Arixtra, is approved for use in preventing ischemic complications in patients with unstable angina, non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI), and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Arixtra is approved for (1) preventing DVT after hip surgery, knee replacement, and abdominal surgery and (2) treating acute PE and acute DVT in conjunction with warfarin.

23. A patients diagnosis of atrial fibrillation has prompted the primary care provider to prescribe warfarin (Coumadin), an anticoagulant. When assessing the therapeutic response to this medication, what is the nurses most appropriate action? A) Assess for signs of myelosuppression. B) Review the patients platelet level. C) Assess the patients capillary refill time. D) Review the patients international normalized ratio (INR).

D. The INR and aPTT serve as useful screening tools for evaluating a patients clotting ability and to monitor the therapeutic effectiveness of anticoagulant medications. The patients platelet level is not normally used as a short-term indicator of anticoagulation effectiveness. Assessing the patient for signs of myelosuppression and capillary refill time does not address the effectiveness of anticoagulants.