EXAM 2 Questions (Contin.)
What is Isometic contraction?
90 degree muscle remains at the same length. EX: Holding a heavy weight parallel to his forearm. EX: Biceps Brachii is contracting but not shortening
What action does the Gluteus medius & minimis muscle have?
Abduct thigh, Medially rotate thigh **All other muscles Laterally rotate thigh**
Action: Crunching toes in/toward the bottom of your foot Which of the following muscle(s) causes the toes to be curled? A: Fibularis Longus B: Flexor Digitorum Longus C: Flexor Hallucis Longus D: B & C E: All the above
D: B & C Flexor Digitorum Longus & Flexor Hallucis Longus
What structure connects the right and left lateral ventricles? A: Septum pellucidum B: Central sulcus C: Interventricular foramen D: Aqueduct of midbrain E: The lateral ventricles are not connected
E: The lateral ventricles are not connected
What action does the Trapezius muscle have?
Elevate scapula and clavicle |Retracts scapula at the pectoral girdle
What action does the Levator scapulae muscle have?
Elevate scapula at the pectoral girdle
Each muscle fiber is surrounded by the ___________ and contains ______________
Endomysium; Myofibrils
The skeletal muscle is surround by the ___________ and contains _____________
Epimysium; Muscle fascicle
What are the 4 properties of muscle tissue?
Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, and Elasticity
What action does the Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle have?
Extends and abducts the hand at the wrist
What action does the Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle have?
Extends and abducts the hand at the wrist
What action does the Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle have?
Extends and abducts the hand at the wrist
What action does the Extensor pollicis brevis muscle have?
Extends digit 1 (Thumb)
What action does the Extensor pollicis longus muscle have?
Extends digit 1 (Thumb)
What action does the Extensor digiti minimi muscle have?
Extends digit 5
What action does the Extensor Digitorum Longus muscle have?
Extends digits 2-5
What action does the Extensor digitorum muscle have?
Extends digits 2-5
What action does the Extensor Hallucis Longus muscle have?
Extends hallux
What action does the Rectus Femoris muscle have?
Extends leg AND (on its own) Flexes thigh
What action does the Gluteus maximus muscle have?
Extends thigh, Abducts thigh
When the torso is laterally flexed what muscles are contracting?
External/Internal Oblique, Quadratus Lumborum
True/False: Both Cardiac muscle and Smooth muscle are voluntary muscles?
FALSE. They are generally involuntary
What action does the Palmaris longus muscle have?
Flex the wrist
What action does the Flexor carpi radialis muscle have?
Flexes and abducts the hand (2-5) at the wrist
What action does the Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle have?
Flexes and adducts the hand at the wrist
What action does the Flexor pollicis longus muscle have?
Flexes digit 1 (Thumb)
What action does the Flexor digitorum longus muscle have?
Flexes digits 2-5
What action does the Flexor digitorum profundus muscle have?
Flexes digits 2-5
What action does the Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle have?
Flexes digits 2-5
What action does the Flexor hallucis longus muscle have?
Flexes hallux
What action does the Biceps brachii muscle have?
Flexes the arm, flexes the forearm ** Helps hold humeral he'd in Glenoid Fossa (LONG HEAD ONLY) **
What action does the Brachioradialis muscle have?
Flexes the forearm
What action does the Brachialis muscle have?
Flexes the forearm at the elbow
Function of the Psoas major when fixed
Holds the torso up from falling in any direction and balances just above the lower limb
What muscle causes extension of the knee?
Quadriceps Femoris
The myofibril is surrounded by the ______________ and consists of ______________
Sarcoplasmic reticulum; Sarcomeres
TRUE/FALSE: Muscles in group 1 (upper limb muscles) move the pectoral girdle not the action at the shoulder.. They only move the clavicle and scapula
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: Psoas Major work together with an axial and appendicular muscle
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: Muscle contraction doesn't always involve movement of the skeletal system
TRUE ** Muscles sometimes contract to stabilize a joint (psoas major) **
What action does the Sartorius muscle have?
3 actions Flexes, Abducts & Laterally rotates the thigh EX: Stand up yoga flamingo
What muscles make up the Quadriceps Femoris group and what is the action?
4 muscles 1. Vastus Intermedius 2. Vastus Lateralis 3. Vastus Medialis 4. Rectus Femoris Action: Extend the leg
The cervical plexus is composed of how many nerves?
5
Have many types of neuroglia cells are there?
6
Each muscle fascicle is composed of many
muscle fibers
Thick and thin filaments are
myofilaments
What muscles do you use starting from flexed position to extension on the torso?
The Erector Spinae group (Spinals, Longissimus, Iliocostalis)
What muscle is the longest in the body?
The Sartorius muscle
What is Extensibility?
The ability to continue to contract over a range/series of resting lengths. (Stretching) EX: Smooth muscle cells can be stretched several times more than their original length and still contract when stimulating
What is Elasticity?
The ability to rebound the muscles to original length after it has contracted (Resting Phase) *Not actively contracting and not exerting a pull or tension on another structure
Ependymal Cell
-Present in the ventricles of brain -Not only do they help with circulation but they're specialized ependymal cells that are present in the ventricles that will participate in the secretion of CSF -Not only it helps to secret the CSF, but the cilia present in these cells help to circulate the CSF within the ventricles
Neuroglia functions
-Provide the framework (support) for the neural tissue -Maintaining (waste removed) the intercellular enviornment -Acting as phagocytes (remove the pathogens) **100 billion neuroglia, or glial cells** *****20 Billion neurons... 100 Billion Glial cells*****
Schwann Cells
-They have the same function as oligodendrocytes in the CNS -Production of myelin
Microglia
-come from the same stem cells that produce monocytes -smallest glial cell -act as phagocytic (AKA Macrophages) cells by engulfing in (REMOVE) Cellular debris, Waste products, pathogens -Represent 5% of population
Serial processing
1 neuron, 1 neuron, 1 neuron (sequential)
Divergence
1 neuron, 2 neuron, into 3 neurons
Parallel processing
1 neuron, divergence into 3 sections then serial process (straight down)
Convergence
1, 2, 3, 4 into 1 neuron
Afferent Divison carries information from:
1. Somatic sensory receptors (skeletal muscles, joints & skin) 2. Visceral sensory receptors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands) 3. Special sense organs (Eye, nose, tongue, & ear)
What are the 3 groups of layers in the Intrinsic muscles of the back
1. Superficial Layer 2. Intermediate Layer 3. Deep Layer
The rotator cuff muscles has 3 actions what are they
1. Holds the humeral head in glenoid fossa 2. Lateral rotators: Suprasinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor 3. Medial rotator: Subscapularis
Splenius wapitis has 2 actions what are they
1. If both sides are contracting at the same time, its going to extend the neck because it pulls on the occipital bone toward the back of the spine. 2. If only one side is contracting its going to pull the head to that certain side creating lateral flexion
Neural tissue contains 2 distinct cell types
1. Nerve cells, or neurons -Responsible for the transfer and processing of information in the nervous system 2. Supporting cells, or neuroglia -support & isolate the neurons
Central Nervous System (4 neuroglia)
1. Oligodendrocytes 2. Astrocytes 3. Microglia 4. Ependymal cells
What are the 4 muscle primary action groups?
1. Prime movers (Agonists): Biceps Brachii; Flexion of the forearm at the elbow 2. Antagonists: Triceps Brachii; Extension (Opposite of Agonists) 3. Synergists (Helper buddy of Agonists and Antagonists): Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major cause adduction of the arm together 4. Fixators: Agonists & Antagonists that contract the same time to stabilize a muscle. EX: Flexion/Extension (Grabbing a drink) stretched hand
Peripheral Nervous System (2 neuroglia)
1. Satellite Cells 2. Schwann Cells
Hamstrings consist of 3 muscles, what are they and what are their action as a group?
1. Semitendinosus 2. Biceps Femoris 3. Semimembranosus ACTION: Extend thigh Flex Leg **The muscles in this group crosses over the hip &knee joint, if hip is flexed they will contract to extend and pull fetus more posteriorly. If the leg is extended, these muscles will pull the tibia & fibula more posteriorly which causes flexion of the leg**
What are the 5 functions of skeletal muscle?
1. Skeletal movement 2. Maintain posture/body position 3. Support/protect soft tissues EX: Abdominal wall muscles & relic floor muscles 4. Regulate entrance/exit of material EX: Orifices of digestive & unitary systems 5. Maintain body temperature
What are the 7 steps for a synaptic terminal to occur?
1. The ACTION POTENTIAL signal arrives at the axon terminal (TERMINAL BOUTON) 2. The local depolarization causes CA 2+ CHANNELS to open 3. Ca 2+ enters the presynaptic cell because its concentration is GREATER outside the cell than inside 4. The Ca 2+, by binding with calmodulin, causes VESICLES filled with NEUROTRANSMITTER to migrate towards the presynaptic membrane 5. The vesicle FUSES with the presynaptic membrane 6. The presynaptic membrane and vesicle now form a continuous membrane, and the neurotransmitter is released into the SYNAPTIC CLEFT. This process is called EXOCYTOSIS. 7. The neurotransmitter DIFFUSES through the synaptic cleft and BINDS with receptor channel membranes that are located in the postsynaptic membranes.
Trauma to the spinal cord is always serious. The higher is occurs in the spine, the more serious it is. Why is it that a reflex arc below the level of the trauma may continue to function for s short while, regardless of the extent of the trauma? A: A reflex arc is independent of brain stimulus B: A reflex arc is so powerful that it will make its way to the brain passing through the injured location C: A reflex arc uses the help if brain commands, making it easier to occur D: A reflex arc does not have to pass through the central nervous system at all for it to occur
A: A reflex arc is independent of brain stimulus
Which of the following causes extension of the hip? A: Semitendinosus B: Vastus Lateralis C: Adductor Longus D: Piriformis
A: Semitendinosus
What happens when ATP converts to ADP and when ADP converts back to ATP?
ATP --> ADP = Releases energy ADP -->ATP= Causes muscle to relax
What action does the Abductor pollicis longus muscle have?
Abducts digit 1 (Thumb)
All muscles named "adductor" & gracilis have what action?
Adduct the thigh
What action does the Latissimus dorsi muscle have?
Adducts and extends humerus at the shoulder
What action does the Coracobrachialis muscle have?
Adducts and flexes humerus at the shoulder
What action does the Pectorals major muscle have?
Adducts and medially rotates humerus at the shoulder
What action does the Triceps brachii muscle have?
Adducts arm, extends forearm
What action does the Adductor Magnus muscle have?
Adducts the thigh ALSO Flexes & Extends the thigh **because of the 2 insertions 1- Linea aspera in back of femur 2- On the Medial Epicondyle of femur in the ventral side This is why it can perform opposite actions at the same joint.
The PNS is subdivided into 2 divisions. what are they
Afferent: arriving (brings sensory information to the CNS) [touch, pressure, pain] Efferent: Exiting (carries motor commands to muscles and glands) -Somatic nervous system (skeletal muscle) -Autonomic nervous system
What is a sarcomere?
An arrangement of alternating thick & thin filaments which are a type of protein
In the Medial compartment of the thigh what is the rule?
Anything in the medial side will always be ADDUCTORS, pulling the muscle closer to the body
The cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata originate from: A: Prosencephalon B: Rhombencephalon C: Mesencephalon D: Diencephalon E: Telencephalon
B: Rhombencephalon
What action does the Fibularis Longus & Fibularis Brevis muscle have?
BOTH evert foot (outward)
Efferent divison
Begins inside the CNS (brain & spinal cord) & ends at an effector. 1. Somatic nervous system -Controls skeletal muscle contractions -May be voluntary or involuntary 2. Autonomic nervous system -Also called visceral motor system (internal organs) -Regulated smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & gland -Is Involuntary
Central nervous systems contains what
Brain & Spinal cord Integrating, processing, & coordinating Intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion
Wendy falls down a flight of stairs and suffers spinal cord damage due to hyperextension of the cord during the fall. The injury results in edema of the spinal cord between T12-L1 with resulting compression of the anterior horn cells of the spinal region. What symptoms would you expect to observe as a result of this injury? A: She could loose sensation of her upper limbs but could move her upper limbs B: She could loose movement from her neck down but still maintain all sensation C: She could loose movement of her lower limbs but still maintain all sensation D: She could loose control of respiration from a poor innervated diaphragm
C: She could loose movement of her lower limbs but still maintain all sensation
Muscle fibers are considered the ______ of the muscles
Cells
Nervous system is composed of what 2 systems?
Central Nervous and Peripheral Nervous System
What is a shared characteristics between nervous and endocrine system?
Chemical communication with targeted tissues
3 ways skeletal muscle contraction works
Concentric, Eccentric, Isometric Contraction
What is the sliding filament theory
Contraction is trigged when calcium ions are present. Thin filaments are being pulled closer together whereas thick filaments remain in the same location. The sarcomeres shorten simultaneously and the ends of the myofibril are pulled towards the center
Nervous and endocrine systems
Control and adjust the activities of other systems
What action does the Pectoralis minor muscle have?
Depresses and protracts scapula at the pectoral girdle Explanation: - If your scapula is already elevated this muscle will pull and depress the scapula -If the scapula is already retracted this muscle being on the anterior side, if it were to shorten and pull toward the origin its going to protract the scapula or pull it anteriorly
What movement is occurring at the jaw while chewing gum?
Depression/Elevation
Having your eyes closed and frown on face (crying) The ______ helps you frown. while the ______ constricts the opening surround the eye:
Depressor anguli oris; Orbicularis oculi
In the Anterior compartment of the leg, what is the rule?
Dorsiflexors & Toe Extensors
In the Lateral compartment of the leg, what is the rule?
Foot Evertors **causes eversion at the ankle**
What is Eccentric contraction?
Force generation is insufficient to overcome the external load on the muscle and muscle fiber length as they contract (ELONGATES) EX: Extension at the elbow being cause by the Triceps Brachii. EX: Slowly lowering something heavy instead of letting it drop
Pseudounipolar Neuron
Found in PNS, send sensory info to CNS. They are myelinated. (Doesn't pass the cell body)
Muscular organization is ________________
Hierarchical
In the Posterior compartment of the thigh what is the rule?
If the muscle crosses the hip joint they EXTEND the thigh, if the muscle crosses over the knee joint they FLEX the leg.
In the Anterior compartment of the thigh what is the rule?
If the muscle crosses the thigh joint they FLEX the thigh, if the muscle crosses over the knee joint they EXTEND the leg.
Rotating the torso consist of which muscles contracting?
Iliocostalis and longissimus and external/internal oblique
What action does the Tibialis posterior muscle have?
Inverts foot
What action does the Tibialis anterior muscle have?
Inverts foot **Doesnt go into toes, it goes on the medial side of foot , it will pull the medial side of foot to pull inward/invert the foot**
Astrocytes
Largest & most numerous glial cells FUNCTIONS: 1. Maintaining the blood-brain barrier 2. Creating a 3-dimensional framework for CNS 3. Performing repairs in damaged neural tissue 4. Guiding neuron development 5. Controlling the interstitial enviornment
The median nerve arises from which cord(s)?
Lateral cord and Medial cord
What action does the Infraspinatus muscle have?
Laterally rotates humerus at the shoulder
What action does the Teres minor muscle have?
Laterally rotates humerus at the shoulder
What action does the supraspinatus muscle have?
Laterally rotates humerus at the shoulder
Oligodendrocytes
Making sure the information that is received by the cell bodies (neuron) the information gets passed on from one neuron to the other *Production of Meylin* -Myelin isolates the info to make sure it gets to one neuron to the next (myelin sheets) Lack on Myelin leads to MS (Multiple sclerosis)
What muscle causes the eye to point inward (toward the nose)?
Medial rectus
What action does the Subscapularis muscle have?
Medially rotates the humerus
What action does the Teres major muscle have?
Medially rotates the humerus at the shoulder
Multipolar Neuron
Most common, present in CNS. Axon will be myelinated (typical neuron). Axon is long
Skeletal muscle fiber are unique because they are and have
Multinucliated and long. They have a striated appearance caused by the contraction of proteins in myofibrils
What is Concentric contraction?
Muscle shortens as it contracts EX: Flexion at the elbow (Biceps Brachii)
What are muscles?
Muscles are organs that create MOVEMENT in the body
Thick filaments are composed of
Myosin heads that binds to the active sites on the actins on the thin filament
what is a distinct characteristic between nervous and endocrine system?
Nervous System: Fast responses ** Released hormone or chemicals known as: Neurotransmitters. Can be either Excitatory (making sure action occurs/signal be transmitted) or Inhibitory (block that signal from occurring) Endocrine: Slower, last much longer
Peripheral nervous system contains what
Neural tissue outside the CNS Provides sensory information to the CNS Carriers motor commands to peripheral tissues
Muscles that raise the eyebrows
Occipitofrontalis
The muscle fascicle is surround by the ___________ and contains ______________
Perimysium; Muscle fibers
In the Superficial posterior compartment of the leg, what is the rule?
Plantarflexors **Pulling on the foot & drawing it more posteriorly**
All together which muscles cause Plantarflex of the foot?
Plantaris, Soleus, Gastrocnemius,
What is insertion
Point of muscle attachment that is movable
What is origin
Point of muscle attachment that remains stationary
Psoas major is a __________ muscle when lower limb is fixed
Postural
Satellite Cells
Present in the ganglions -Give support to the neurons that are present in the ganglia. by doing this they're going to help regulate the exchange of nutrients & waste products that occur between the neuronal cell bodies that are present in the ganglia & the extra cellular fluid
What action does the Pronator teres muscle have?
Pronates the forearm
Planters is also a __________
Proprioceptor (Senses spatial position of foot) **contains specialize nerve cells. Plantaris muscle sends information to the brain allowing us to know exactly where our foot is at any point of walking**
What action does the Serratus anterior muscle have?
Protracts scapula at the pectoral girdle (Like a knife because its on every rib)
Iliopsoas muscle consists of what 2 muscles?
Psoas major and Iliacus
Bipolar Neuron
Rare neurons in sensory information, sight, smell, hearing. -unmyelinated axons, special senses
What muscles do you use starting from an hyperextended position to flexion on the torso?
Rectus abdominis and Psoas major
Which muscle(s) flex the torso?
Rectus abdominis and Psoas major
What is Excitability?
Responds to stimuli from the nervous system (skeletal) or circulating hormones (smooth)
What action does the Rhomboid major and minor muscle have?
Retracts scapula at the pectoral girdle
Longissimus & Iliocostalis contract together and they do what
Rotate the torso to either right of left
What muscles are in the Deep layer?
Semispinalis, Multifidus, Rotators, Interpinalis, intertransersarii
What does the intermediate tendon do?
Series of separate muscle bellies that is divided by a small tendon (intermediate tendon) Example: Rectus Abdominis
What is Contractility?
Shortens actively & exerts tension (pull) on what it is attached to that muscle
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac Muscles
A sarcomere is considered to be the _____________ functional unit
Smallest
The spinal cord is connected to the periphery by the _________?
Spinal Nerves
What muscles are in the Intermediate layer?
Spinals group, Longissimus group, Iliocostalis group= Erector Spinae (Extension of the torso/Extend the spine)
What muscle is in the superficial layer?
Splenius (Splenius Capitis= Extends the neck; 2 muscles)
Thick Filaments are ________________ while Thin Filaments are ____________
Stationary (stay in place); Move round the thick filaments to create muscle contraction
What is action
The function of the muscle upon contraction
What muscles (group) causes abduction of the thigh at the hip?
The gluteal muscles
What is the function of T-tubules?
They are the outside of the sarcolemma and work as a passage way for action potentials to pass through
Extrinsic and Intrinsic muscles are separated by what
Thoracolumbar Fascia
All together which muscles cause Dorsiflex of the foot?
Tibialis anterior, Extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus
What makes the thick filaments stationary?
Titian, is protein that hold thick filaments in place
In the Deep posterior compartment of the leg, what is the rule?
Toe Flexors
What are the 3 proteins in thin filaments?
Troponin, Tropomyosin, and Actin
TRUE/FALSE: Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscles are striated but smooth muscle is not
True
What is a tendon?
Type of connective tissue that connects the muscle to either bone, skin or another muscle
What action does the Popliteus muscle have?
Unlocks fully extended knee
Are skeletal muscles involuntary or voluntary?
Voluntary
Is it correct to say that at one point in all sensory tracts the information crosses to the other side before reaching its final destination either on the cerebral cortex or the cerebellum? Yes or No?
Yes
Is it correct to say that in the spinocerebellar tract the signal will always end on the side it originated from? Yes or No?
Yes
Reverberation
a feedback loop. may be excitatory or inhibitory
What action does the Deltoid muscle have?
abducts humerus at the shoulder
Muscle fascicles are ____________ of cells
bundle
What action does the Iliopsoas muscle have?
consist of the psoas major and iliacus and together they flex the thigh
Typical neuron consist of
dendrites, cell body (soma or perikaryon), axon (only 1), terminal boutons (end feet)
Anaxonix Neuron
small hard to distinguish where dendrite and axon is. Like an astrocyte only found in CNS & special senses.