Exam 2 Sports

Ticketing.

This department may or may not include the ticket sales staff. Ticketing personnel manage the ticket inventory. They are responsible for ticket distribution, printing, accounting, game-day box office sales, complimentary tickets, and the financial settlement for the visiting team.

Stadium and facility staff.

This group is responsible for the maintenance, upkeep, and repair of the playing surface.

adult fantasy sport camps

These are a cross between a vacation and a training camp where participants pay for the privilege of spending a few days hanging out with their sport idols and receiving instruction from the pros while competing.

Coaching staff.

These professionals are primarily concerned with coaching, managing, and training the players on their rosters.

jobs for Media relations.

This department is involved in assisting and working with the media by providing information necessary for game coverage and publicity.

Player personnel.

This department is involved in identifying, evaluating, and developing potential and current players.

jobs for Community relations.

This department may be part of the public relations or marketing department. The community relations staff is responsible for creating and administering grassroots functions such as clinics and other charitable events that the team sponsors.

The Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA) noted that a trip may be classified as an adventure trip if it involves two of the following three elements:

"(1) interaction with nature or (2) interaction with culture or (3) a physical activity"

Medical, training, and team support.

People employed in these positions aid in the physical (and sometimes mental) preparation and readiness of the players.

Player education and relations.

People in these positions are, in general, obligated with educating players on issues such as financial management, substance abuse, nutrition, image management, and additional higher education.

Database marketing coordinator.

People in this area focus on building databases of information about the team's customers so the team can more effectively serve its customers and better meet their needs.

Towns and cities may choose to host sport events that draw spectators and sport tourists to combat seasonality and create or enhance their ________ __________.

destination image.

Another phenomenon that appears to be associated with hosting the mega event is the ____________ ____________: Some potential visitors avoid a host city and region in the years leading up to and during the event because they are dissuaded by fear of congestion, construction-related hassles, and terrorism

displacement effect

The WSF report and subsequent research also revealed that physical education classes, which are indicative of other sport and exercise participation, are even further unequal based on

gender and geography.

youth are still leaving organized sports in high numbers, particularly

girls, children of color, and low-income children, and multiplier effects are in play when any or all of those identities intersect

two of the most popular active sports

golf and skiing - spain and portugal are the most popular destinations for golf

Community sport clubs, also known as _____________ _______________ ___________, provide myriad sport opportunities including curling, ice hockey, cross-country skiing, basketball, and soccer.

nonprofit sport organizations

In native communities, sport and contests often served the purposes of

training youth for adult experiences; displaying the strength, skill, and prowess of community members; or celebrating the culture and religion of the community.

Nostalgia sport tourism involves

traveling to visit sport halls of fame, taking sport-themed vacations on cruise ships or at resorts, attending fantasy sport camps, and touring famous sport stadiums.

Cycle tourism breaks down into three segments:

(1) events such as races and charity rides, (2) supported rides organized by nonprofits such as Bike Florida or commercial entities such as Back Roads Bike Tours, and (3) trails, green-ways, and railtrails.

Although in some cases much of the original meaning and symbolism of community sport from these native peoples has been lost or redefined, there are still examples ___________________________ that have remained popular despite European and American influences.

(e.g., Mexican charreria, bullfighting)

However, the future ability to increase rights fees may be lessened due to the following factors:

1. Many leagues now have their own networks 2. Sponsorship dollars that are a large part of television rights were diminished by the economic crisis that began in 2008. 3. Leisure and entertainment offerings have never been more fragmented and diverse

Goeldner and Ritchie (2011) proposed that conceptions of tourism must include four components:

1. Tourists 2. Businesses that provide goods and services for tourists 3. The government in a tourist destination 4. The host community or the people who live in the tourist destination

Thus, community tourism agencies such as ____________ ____________ ____________ and _________ ________________ are often engaged in marketing and assisting amateur and professional sport organizations and events in their communities.

1. destination marketing organizations (DMOs) 2. sports commissions

The demand for a signage location that is visible to attendees and television viewers has led sport marketers to seek new and innovative display techniques such as _____________ _____________ (signage placed on scoreboards and around the playing surfaces that rotates the advertisements shown, usually in 15-to 30-second intervals), ________ __________ (computer-generated signage that can be animated), and ________ _____________ (also computer-generated but imposed over an existing space, such as the wall behind home plate on telecasts during baseball games).

1. rotating signage 2. LED (light-emitting diode) signage 3. virtual signage

The NBA salary cap is referred to as a __________ ________, meaning there are exceptions in which the team can exceed the salary cap; one example is the _________ _________, in which the team can offer a contract of five years at maximum value to retain their free agent.

1. soft cap 2. Bird rule

As Crompton (1995) explained, several common mistakes can occur when communities estimate economic impact, such as using the wrong multiplier, measuring _______ ________ and __________, and including people whose primary motivation was not to attend the event but who happened to be in the vicinity or switched the timing of their visit to coincide with the event.

1. time switchers 2. casuals

hallmark event

A major sporting event associated with a certain time each year (e.g., Super Bowl) or a specific geographical location (e.g., Wimbledon).

In the early 1800s, however, voluntary sport clubs emerged for sports such as curling, rowing, cycling, snowshoeing, quoits, cricket, track and field, and baseball. These clubs were mostly the domain of upper-and middle-class men who could afford the time and membership dues required to belong to the sport clubs. _____________ was limited. Contests were arranged first within clubs for the benefit of the club members and then later between clubs.

Access

mega event

An event, such as the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup, that garners international participation and attention and is of international significance and scale.

___________ was the first team sport to employ professionals.

Baseball

Hospitality coordinators.

Hospitality coordinators are responsible for the game-related needs of corporate clients, club seat holders, and luxury box owners.

sport and games were part of communities and cultures long before the arrival of

Europeans.

Benefits of sport participation extend beyond the individual to include improved family well-being.

Families report a greater sense of belonging and increased bonds through sport and recreation participation

Leagues associated with professional sport need TV for three reasons.

First, as already discussed, the leagues and member teams receive significant revenue outlays from network, satellite, and cable TV agree-ments. Second, TV enhances the enjoyment associated with watching professional sport events. Third, TV helps increase the amount that teams and leagues can charge for corporate and individual sponsorships because of the increased exposure that it provides.

__________ ____________ (through a CBA) is the ability of play-ers, after fulfilling an agreed-on number of years of service with a team, to sell their services to another team with limited or no compensation to the team losing the players.

Free agency

according to the data, girls have a shorter time frame in which to participate than boys do.

Girls typically start organized sport later (i.e., age 7.4 compared with 6.8 for boys) and exit sooner, usually during middle school (i.e., between the ages of 12 and 14), and are not represented as broadly in competitive sports, which tend to be the sports that have the highest levels of physical activity.

Each professional sport has its own structure and system of governance, typically referred to as the league office, which usually involves the following components:

League commissioner, Board of governors or committee structure composed of the team owners, Central administrative unit (negotiates contracts and agreements on behalf of the league and assumes responsibility for scheduling, licensing, record keeping, financial management, discipline and fines, revenue-sharing payments, marketing and promotional activities, developing and managing special events, and other functions such as coordinating publicity and advertising on behalf of the teams as a whole)

____________ ____________ are generated when leagues and teams grant merchandise and apparel manufacturers the right to use their names and logos.

Licensing revenues

jobs for Promotions.

Like the game experience area, the field of promotions offers increasing opportunities as organizations focus on providing an optimal experience to spectators. Responsibilities typically include overseeing all promotional activity that occurs on the field of play or in the stands during the game.

small-scale sport event

Local or regional level event that attracts active sport tourists, such as marathon or triathlon partic-ipants, or event sport tourists, such as spectators of a NCAA regular-season sporting competition.

_______________ refers to the collective group of coaches, owners, and managers that negotiate with the players, or labor.

Management

In the United States, the ___________________________ (established in 1850) built the first cinder track and sponsored the first national amateur track and field championship in 1876. This club also sponsored the first national amateur championships for swimming (1877), boxing (1878), and wrestling (1878).

New York Athletic Club

______________started in 1929, is still the only youth football organization that requires participants to maintain academic standards.

Pop Warner football

_______________ ______________ is any sport activity or skill for which the athletes receive compensation for performance (salaries, medal bonuses, corporate sponsorships, expense reimbursements, or any other type of direct payment.).

Professional sport

Jobs for Game experience.

Responsibilities for these positions focus on enhancing the experience of people who attend games.

jobs for Advertising.

Responsibilities in advertising include designing and writing advertising copy and strategically placing advertisements in a variety of media.

Video support staff.

Responsibilities of the video support staff include producing and editing videos, purchasing and maintaining video hardware and software products, supervising and coordinating satellite feeds, and coordinating all broadcasting that originates at the home facility.

____________ ____________ are agreements collectively bargained between labor and management establishing a league-wide team payroll threshold that cannot be exceeded in most cases.

Salary caps

Globalization can mean any or all the following activities:

Sales and distribution of broadcast and other media rights outside of the country of origin ° Merchandise sales outside of the country of the team identified on the merchandise ° Corporate partnerships that can be activated outside the country of origin of the corporate entity ° Exhibition contests, regular season games, and tours played outside of the continental United States and Canada by U.S. professional leagues and teams and by college conferences and their respective teams ° Extending social media content outside the national boundaries of the country that produced the content

leverage

Strategic planning to optimize the benefits or outcomes associated with an event.

the _________ ___________ has become one of the most successful televised events of all time and is viewed by millions around the world.

Super Bowl

destination image

The impression that people (especially potential tourists) have of a certain location.

synergy

The interaction between two components such as tourism and sport.

seasonality

The variable patterns of tourist visitation throughout the year at a destination. Most destinations have three seasons: a peak season, a shoulder season (which occurs just before and just after the peak), and an off-season.

Thus, in Canada, sport is delivered on a local level but typically is coordinated under the auspices of the national governing body (i.e., __ _________ ____________ _____________).

a national regulatory association

Active sport tourism includes activities such as skiing, mountain biking, and hiking, which can also be classified as

adventure tourism

_________-________ _____________have been viewed as beneficial to children for the personal enjoyment that they experience, the safety and supervision pro-vided, the academic enrichment and improvement in social skills that may occur, and the emphasis on physical health and fitness

after-school programs

Olympic sport has historically been viewed as amateur sport, but some early Olympic athletes received compensation. Beginning with the Olympic Games in 776 BCE, a class of professionals in sport known as _____________ existed. _____________ were well-paid men recruited from mercenary armies and trained exclusively for brutal competition

athletai (both blanks)

Five unique circumstances and conditions are present in the labor-management relationship in North American professional sport:

baseball's antitrust exemption, collective bargaining, free agency, salary caps, and player draft.

When this happens, the algae that live in and give the corals their colors and food abandon the coral and cause what is known as __________.

bleaching

Outside of the Olympics, ____________, _____________, ________________ were some of the first athletes to receive compensation for their athletic prowess during the early and mid-19th century

boxers, jockeys, and runners

Soft adventure activities include

camping, canoeing, and wildlife viewing

The term _____________ _________________ is used because all active league players are in the bargaining unit and thus form a collective unit (labor) for nego-tiating and bargaining with the commissioner and team owners (management).

collective bargaining

salary caps and luxury taxes help ensure __________ _____________

competitive balance

Children can continue in the ______________ ____________ until they graduate from high school and enter adult leagues.

competitive leagues

people who participate in recreation and sport report better

concentration, task persistence, disposition, and analytical ability.

management concerns for community sport revolve around

continuing to attract new participants and keeping them involved in the programs as well as the types of programs or sports offered, the time and place of activities, the organization and delivery of programs, and cost and pricing considerations

Professional athletes' use of performance-enhancing drugs (commonly referred to as ______________) has been a topic of conversations since at least the 1960s.

doping

Sport tourism, as defined by Gibson (1998),

encompasses three main types of travel and sport participation: 1. Active sport tourism: a trip in which the tourist takes part in a sport such as golf 2. Event sport tourism: a trip in which the tourist watches a sport event such as the Super Bowl 3. Nostalgia sport tourism: a trip in which the tourist visits a sport-themed attraction such as the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York

three-pronged approach to sustainability

environment, economics and social well-being.

The Boys Clubs also began in the 1800s with a mission of providing safe spaces for boys to play. The charter was expanded in 1990 to represent its current participants as the Boys and Girls Clubs, reflecting an _______ approach.

equity

The types and availability of positions in professional sport organizations vary from team to team and sport to sport, but they generally fall under three categories:

executive-level positions, player personnel, and business positions.

__________________ (i.e., the professional sport leagues) attempts to regulate, but not completely control, labor and management. _______________ is typically represented by a league commissioner who is responsible for signing player contracts, developing and implementing league rules and regulations, and handling disputes and discipline, amongst other responsibilities.

governance (both blanks)

The WNBA, NFL, and NHL all operate with ________ _________ ________, meaning there are no exceptions to the collectively bargained cap amount.

hard salary caps

One benefit of sport participation for children is that it

helps maintain a healthy weight. (also reduce weight in obese kids)

positive effects of social tourism include

improved political relations, improved cultural relationships, and enhanced community pride, attachment, and excitement

The physical benefits of sport participation include

increased cardiovascular health, decreased stress, and increased functioning of the musculoskeletal system

People also report psychological benefits of participation such as

increased self-esteem and social belonging

The goal of _______ _____________ is to provide information and knowledge to children as they begin to play sports or are introduced to new sports.

instructional leagues

Four aspects of professional sport distinguish it from other industries:

interdependence, structure and governance, labor-management relations, and the role of electronic and new media.

examples of hard adventure.

mountain biking, whitewater rafting, and hang gliding are

Another type of community sport organization is the ___________ ___________. For instance, the MSOC is a multisport organization arm of the USOC (United States Olympic Committee, n.d.).

multisport organization (MSO)

_____________, in regard to the professional athletes, aggressively protects and procures additional resources for its membership. The athletes are typically represented by a union head in negotiations with management.

labor

Therefore, demands on the three principles that form the professional sport industry—___________, ____________, _______________—are complex, diverse, and ever changing.

labor, management, and governance

When teams function together collectively, some teams sacrifice the potential for higher revenue in the interest of league stability. This is an idea of

league think

Likewise, the Australian Tourist Commission actively worked to ________ the tourism associated with the 2000 Olympic Games in the years following by inviting the international travel media to visit and showcase various aspects of Australia in their travel writing and television coverage.

leverage

Namely, MLB, the NBA, the WNBA, MLS and the NHL all permit their member teams to negotiate _________ __________ __________ for regular season games, but the NFL does not. This arrangement results in great revenue disparities among teams.

local television contracts

Over the past couple decades, the disparity in local media revenues has created significant discrepancies in the amount of money MLB teams are able to pay their players. Such revenue disparities led MLB to implement a _________ _________ on teams that had the highest payrolls. Teams with disproportionately high payrolls pay a tax to MLB, and the collected ________ __________ money is then shared among teams with lower payrolls.

luxury tax

Professional sport teams will face a variety of chal-lenges and opportunities in the future. Although the challenges are too many to enumerate here, three major challenges are isolated below:

maintaining reasonable labor-management relations, managing new technology, and dealing with globalization.

In defining community sport, we take a broad approach wherein it is conceptualized as

organized physical activity that is based in community, school, and local sport organizations. Thus, this definition—drawn from work by Stewart, Nicholson, Smith, and Westerbeek (2004)—encompasses both recreational and competitive sport but does not include exercise and fitness facilities or programs.

In terms of youth community sport, these needs and wants include

participation and education on the rules and strategies of the game as well as the related social and ethical development of the children

the emphasis in community sport is on

people as participants.

In professional sport, management concerns are often focused on

people as spectators and consumers of sport as entertainment.

Numerous benefits are associated with sport participation. Some of these positive aspects include

physical and health outcomes, improved family well-being, a sense of community, and increased social capital for families and other groups.

sport in north america varies widely by

place of residence, ability, religion, gender identity, social class, race, ethnicity, sexual identity, and family back-ground.

In accordance with the principles of league think, the _____________ __________ aims to be an equitable system for distributing new talent among all league members.

player draft

Event sport tourism

positions sport events as tourist attractions to the sport tourists who travel to watch them.

Although a ___________ __________ ___________ ______________ ___________can sometimes be a hindrance in volunteer-run sport organizations, it can be helpful in providing guidelines, structure, and accountability for community sport organizations

professional human resource management (HRM) model

Physical activity for children improves

psychological health and helps cognitive, physical, social, and emotional development.

Overall, there is general agreement that sport participation can positively affect a person's _________ ___ ________ and that childhood physical activity through sport increases the likelihood of maintaining an active lifestyle as an adult.

quality of life

native community contests in north america

races, wrestling, and rites-of-passage con-tests of the North American Dene and Inuit peoples, to moose-skin ball of the Athapaskan women, to per-haps the most influential game, lacrosse, among the Iroquoian, Algonquian, Sioux, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Cherokee nations

Academic studies show that hosting mega sport events can

raise awareness and the image of a country around the world

Chief marketing officer (CMO)

responsible for coordinating the marketing mix among communications, ticket sales, and corporate sponsorship and partnership sales

General counsel

responsible for overseeing all legal matters associated with the team including player contracts, liability issues, and marketing contracts

Chief executive or operating officer (CEO/ COO)

responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the entire organization, both on the field (performance) and off the field (revenue generation)

Chief financial officer (CFO)

responsible for the organization's accounting and financial planning

Consequently, spending on player salaries rose significantly, particularly among teams with greater resources. In response, ________ ________ setting a ceiling on player payrolls were created to protect the owners from overbidding for talent.

salary caps

Amateur sport

single sport: road running, triathlon, cycling, and multisport adventure racing multisport: junior olympics, special olympics

_______ type of event tourism is the most beneficial

small-scale

One of the main outcomes of sport at its various levels is community development and the building of ________ ________within and across communities.

social capital

sport participation can create a sense of community and create ________ ________ for families and other groups of people. __________ ________ can be defined as a "contextual characteristic that describes patterns of civic engagement, trust, and mutual obligation among individuals"

social capital (both answers)

Corporate _________________ have become one of the main sources of revenue for professional sport teams and leagues.

sponsorships

the City of Lakewood, a suburb of Denver, Colorado, provides sport and recreation facilities and programs for its citizens. They offer everything from pay-as-you-use recreation facilities to organized _______ _________ for participants aged 5 years and older.

sport leagues

These ASA national standards and rules provide the structure for a positive environment with quality instruction that adds the competitive aspect of standings and the opportunity to enter the ASA district _______ _______________ and progress to a national championship.

sport tournament

Other nonprofit and commercial organizations also offer after-school sport programming. Like the YMCA, this programming typically uses sport to teach larger life lessons. Such programming subscribes to the ______-_________ _________ ________________ __________

sport-based youth development (SBYD) model.

As community leaders have recognized the __________ between sport and tourism, they have increasingly looked to develop a destination image by hosting sport events to generate tourism.

synergy

sustainability involves

taking the approach of balancing the needs of today with those of the future (environment and conversion of natural resources)

Organized youth sport has a broad definition in North America that ranges from

the community organizations highlighted earlier to interscholastic and club programs.

data show that interest in being physically active in sport and exercise results not from biological inheritance but rather from

the opportunity and encouragement of influential people in a child's life.

social capital contributes to

the overall health of a community and its residents.

Jobs for Two types of sales

ticket sales and corporate sales (sell corporate sponsorships, luxury suites and club seats)

General manager

typically responsible for acquiring, developing, trading, and releasing talent and creating a development system for young players

In Mexico, the Aztecs, Mayans, Mixtecs, and Zapotecs enjoyed the ballgame

ulama, which resembled volleyball

Also, adopting innovative technologies such as _________ ___________ for professional sport events may transform the landscape of new revenue streams in the sport industry.

virtual reality

Small-scale sport events usually operate

within the existing infrastructure of a community, require minimal investment of public money, are more manage-able in terms of crowding and congestion, and may minimize the effects of seasonality for a destination

Over time, community-based ________ _______ has evolved to include more girls, particularly after the passage of Title IX in 1972 and its enforcement beginning in the 1980s.

youth sport