EXAM 3: CH 15,16,18,22,24

Precentral Gyrus

Primary motor area - region of brain that sends nerve impulses down spinal cord toward muscle (when you want to control specific muscle and make a movement)

Postcentral Gyrus

Primary somatosensory area - Posterior to the central sulcus - place where we conciously feel sensation - sensations of skin, muscle, and joints (In red)

f'n pacemaker cells

SA node f'n: set pace at which our heart will contract - depolarize spontaneously means that the pacing activity will dictate the rhythm our hear will contract

the brachial vein drains blood into the _______ vein which drains blood into the ______ vein

axillary;subclavian

loc'n grandular/receptive layer

axon of purkinje cell + tightly packed small neurons

During ventricular diastole what happens to the semilunar and AV valves

The semilunar valves close and the AV valves open

Cranial Nerve Nuclei in Pons

Trigeminal (V) Abducens (VI) Facial (VII) Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

- lumbar region - drains blood from lumbar veins - goes up and passes through aortic hiatus - drains blood from most of the vessels of the thoracic cavity

azygous vein

what runs parrallel to the inferior vena cava?

azygous vein

Tracts are paired how along the spinal cord?

bilaterally and symmetrically - sensory tract arriving at both sides of vertebrae and motor tracts

after the auxillary artery crosses the axial and enters the arm, what does it become?

brachial artery

examples of muscular arteries

brachial artery in arm and radial artery in forearm, femoral artery

at level of the elbow, the radial and ulnar veins become what?

brachial veins

where does all deoxy. blood from head and arms end up?

brachiocephalic trunk

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

loc'n second order neuron

brain stem

why does the arachnoid mater have spider like apperance ?

due to arachnoid trabecula - made of collagen fibers

f'n left/right subclavian artery

branched off of the brachiocephalic f'n: goes under clavicle and supplies blood to right/left upper limb

loc'n tastebuds

dorsal surface of tongue

why is the azygous vein considered an important collateral circulation for the superior and inferior vena cava?

drains blood from thorax and lumbar region

f'n external jugular vein

drains deoxy. blood from exterior of skull and face

f'n lacrimal punctum

drains tears from the eye and into inferior lacrimal canioulus

why does blood start passing passively during ventricular diastole?

due to the change in pressure difference, then cycle starts again

why is the tip of our nose kind of bendable?

due to the hyaline cartilage in the nasal vestibule

mater meaning tough

dura

sinusoid

gaps in capillaries - blood vessels can enter and leave the blood stream through these gaps

refers to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, and proprioception

general senses

f'n auto messaging* pace maker cells

generation of pacemaking stimuli

Auscultation of heart does what?

give a quick assesment of heart valves

f'n of the internal and external elastic membranes

give more elasticity to the arteries and sustain pressure of the blood flowing through it

loc'n vocal chords

glottis (opening in larynx)

what structure is inbetween the intima and media layer (arteries)

internal elastic membrane

why do they lungs recoil back to a resting shape when stretched?

internal elasticity of lungs

veins of brain empty themselves into sinuses which deliver blood to ______

internal juglar vein in the neck

when the diagphram and intercostal muscles contract, what happens to chest volume?

it gets smaller - if the chest is smaller, the pressure inside the chest increases - air is forced out of our lungs

center of emotion in the brain

limbic system - causes hypothalamus to speed up heart rate and blood pressure

palpebral conjunctiva

lines the innser side of the eyelid

f'n projection fibers

link cerebraum w/ other regions of the spinal cord + brain (group of axons)

what can pass through the lipid bilayer/tight junctions formed by the capillar endothelial cells?

lipid soluble compounds

Auscultation

listening to internal sounds within the body

only digestive organ draining into inferior vena cava?

liver

cricothyroid ligament

loc'n of tracheostomy - between cricoid and thryroid cartilage

pericardial cavity

loc'n: between parietal and visceral layers - filled with fluid that makes up P&V layers

thermoreceptors

loc'n: dermis (superficial, papillary layer) - exisits as free nerve ending - detect temp - phasic receptor

f'n pulmonary / semilunar valve

loc'n: entrance of pulmonary trunk f'n: prevent backflow of blood from pulmonary trunk back into heart

loc'n of the highest concentration of macula cells

macula

areas located more ______ on the body have their sensory areas located more _____ on the brain

medially;laterally

when arteries and veins run parallel to each other, we have medium sized veins running with ______ _______ and larger veins running with ______ _________

medium veins + MUSCULAR ARTERIES large veins ELASTIC ARTERIES

loc'n pharyngeal opening of auditory tube

nasal pharynx - auditory tube f'n: equalize pressure on both side of tympanic membrane

1st order neuron

neuron that arrives to PNS and gets info from dorsal root ganglion, takes info to CNS via brianstem, synapses with 2nd order neuron

eyelashes

protect foregin objects from hitting eye - contain root hair plexus: unencapsulated tactile receptor, helps w/ blinking

f'n accessory structures of the eye

protection of eye

what is the function of CSF?

protects our brain by creating a liquid cushion - protects brain when we move head around

f'n orbital fat

provide cushion for eyeball

f'n of baroreceptors in carodtid and aortic sinus

provide info on blood pressure to cardiovascular and respiratory control centers

f'n of baroreceptors in colon

provide info on volume of fecal matter in colon, trigger defecation reflex

f'n of baroreceptors in digestive tract

provide info on volume of tract secretions, trigger reflex movement of matter along tract

f'n of baroreceptors in bladder wall

provide info on volume of urinary bladder, triggers urinary reflex

f'n of baroreceptors in lungs

provide info stretching to respiratory, rhythimicity, centers for control of respiratory rate

f'n pericardial fluid

provide lubrication to prevent friction in pericardial layers as they glide over each other everytime heart beats

what is the anatomical name for the ciliated mucous membrane?

pseudostratified stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

what lines the inside lining of nasal cavity all the way to bronchioles?

pseudostratified stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells - anatomical name of ciliated mucous membrane

when the ventricles contract, where do they push blood into?

pulmonary and sysemic circuits

what two circuits are the cardiovascular system divided into?

pulmonary and systemic

which has more oxygen, blood in the pulmonary veins or in the pulmonary arteries?

pulmonary veins why: pul. arteries take blood away from heart to the lungs so the blood gets oxygenated

skeletal muscle pump

pumping effect of contracting skeletal muscles on blood flow through underlying vessels

contractile wave

pushing order because of the order in which cells are contracting (think gap junction of cardiac cells)

examples of medium-sized veins

radial, tibial, and popliteal vein

f'n levator palpebrae superioris

raises upper eyelid

pons

relay station betwen cerebrum and cerebellum - related to cerebellum (by middle peduncle of cerebellum) - F'N: plays a role in cerebellum by coordination of skeletal muscle activity - has centers for respiratory reflex regulation

which blood has more waste in it, blood in the reina arteries or renal veins?

renal arteries why: renal arteries take oxygenated blood to kidneys and kidneys filter our blood, meaning that when blood leaves kidneys inside renal veins, it has less waste

purkinje cells

responsible for motor movement

f'n goblet cells

responsible for secreting mucous - particles and pathogens get stuck to this muscous

where do the right and left gonadal veins drain into?

right: inferior vena cava left: left renal vein (then inferior vena cava)

what allows us to see black and white

rod

cardiac output

amount of blood pumped out per minute

loc'n intermediate/Purkinje layer

Purkinje cell bodies

f'n of nasal conchae

(superior, middle, inferior) works as speec bumps creating turbulence in inhaled air - turbulence makes air move around - dust particles and pathogens get stuck in mucus - air gets warmed, cleaned, and humidified before it gets to lungs - helps us smell better (odorant molecules getting trapped in nucleus)

f'n chordae tendineae

- "heart strings" - anchor AV valve cusps to papillary muscle

when discussing visual pathways, 50% of nerves go _____ and 50% of nerves go _____

- 50% of nerves cross to one side of the optic chiasm - other 50% goes straight and does not cross over

vision

- a sensation detected by receptors for vision - loc'n: posterior part of eye - photoreceptors - sensitive to photons, able to detect different wavelengths of light, allowing us to see diff. colors

tonic receptors

- always active - adapt very slowly or not at all - respond to EVERY single stimulus with the same magnitude - w/ continued exposure, sensitivity to the stimulus reamins constant X: photoreceptors of the eye, nociceptors (pain receptors), do NOT adapt

arterial anastomosis

- area (apex) received blood from two arteries - interconnected network of capillaries - arteries that interconnect

brachiocephalic

- arm and head trunk - called this because if bifuractes - splits into right subclavian artery and right common carotid

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

- function: (sensory) equilibrium balance and hearing - origin: inner ear (receptors of vestibule and cochlea - foramen: internal acoustic matus - destination: pons - made up of vestibular and cochlear nerve - vestibular nerve: axons travel to vestibular nuclei of medulla oblongata - cochlear nerve: axons synapose in the cochlear nuclei of the medulla oblongata

tears

- basic/alkaline secretion that contains lysosome and antibodies capable of breaking down bacterial cell wall, preventing bacterial infection

f'n conjunctiva (2)

- stratified squamous epithelium f'n: 1. lines sclera (white part of eye) 2. forms sheath that prevents debris from getting behind the eyeball

f'n intrinsic laryngeal muscles (2)

- tense or relax vocal folds 1. regulate tension in vocal cord - allows us to produce deep or high pitched sounds 2. control opening and closing of glottis

diencephalon

- top part of lollipopstick - 3 parts: epithalamus, thalamus, pineal gland

free nerve endings

- basically dendrites - loc'n: papillary layers of the dermis, can be found in epidermis - found throughout the skin - receptros can detect light contact/light pressure - have thermal and pain (nociceptor) receptors

functional anatomy divisions of respiratory system (2)

conducting and respiratory zone

basal cells

- basically stem cells that replace olfactory receptor cells and supporting cells every 2 months why: bc they get damaged - replacement activity declines w/ age - this is why when we get old we can't smell as well

Trigeminal (V)

- both (sensory and motor) - divides into 3 branches: opthalmic (sensory) , maxillary (sensory) and mandibular (lower branch, both, muscles of mastication) - associated w/ sensation from entire face (upper teeth=maxillary, lower teeth=mandibular) - voluntary controls (chewing Recieves somatic sensation from face and head and provide motor impulses

Injuriy to Medulla Oblongata

-Dens of axis - impinge -Medullary respiratiory center -Paralysis on opposite side -Loss of sensation on opposite side -Irregular heart beat -Irregular respiration

Diencephalon

- broken down into thalamus + hypothalamus + epithalamus - thalamus: relay + processing center for sensory info - hypothalamus: emotion, automatic (f'n = hormone production) - epithalamus: secrete melatonin (pineal gland) -Left and right are connected via the interthalamic adhesion Relay station (except smell)

corpus callosum

- bundle of axons that cross between two hemispheres - make connection between right and left sides of cerebrum f'n: allow for communication

pulmonary arteries carry what type of blood?

deoxygenated blood

intrinsic muscles of eye are responsible for what? (3)

- change diameter of pupil - adjust amount of light entering eye - changes shape of lens to give focus to images on retina

emphysema

- chronic progressive degeneration of lungs (doesn't go away or get better) - alveolar sacs degenerate - affects air and blood flow - dramatic impact of the oxygen's ability to get to alveolar sacs and impact on blood's ability to flow through capillaries to receive oxygen - most people with emphysema also have bronchitis

nociceptor

- consist of free nerve ending and large receptive fields - tonic receptors = do not adapt - extreme temp, mechanial damage, chemical damage can active this receptor - v. large receptive fields

blood pulse

- continues through arteries until it reaches arterioles but disappears by the time it gets to capillaries

what type of blood does the superior vena cava bring into the heart?

deoxygenated blood

Cerebrum

- Conscious thought processes/intellectual functions, memory storage/conscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions - Paired cerebral hemispheres separated by the lonitudinal fissure - Largest portion - Contains sulci (grooves) - Contains of gyri (ridges) - Latera ventricles

mechanoreceptors

- defined by nature of stimulus - sensitive to distortion of cell membranes 1. pressure and vibration 2. sensative to stretch, compression, twisting or distortion of the cell membrane 3. three different types of mechanoreceptors - tactile receptors (most common, unencapsulated/encapsulated)

Pons

- Info to cerebellum and the thalamus - Regulates somatic and visceral motor centers - Bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another - White matter tracts of - Pontine nucleus connects cerebrum with opposite side of cerebellum - Coordinate voluntary motor output throughout the body

barorecptors

- detect changes in pressure - loc'n: digestive tract, urinary bladder, lungs, carotid and aortic sinus - in lungs: provide info stretching to respiratory, rhythimicity, centers for control of respiratory rate - carodtid and aortic sinus: provide info on blood pressure to cardiovascular and respiratory control centers - digestive tract: provide info on volume of tract secretions, trigger reflex movement of matter along tract - colon: provide info on volume of fecal matter in colon, trigger defecation reflex - bladder wall: provide info on volume of urinary bladder, triggers urinary reflex

low peak of the pulse

- disatolic - pressure that remains during diastole

Common AV Bundle (Bundle of His)

- electrical impulse that was at AV node keeps going down and reaches common AV bundle - bifurcates into left and right bundle branches

lamellar corpuscle

- encapsulated - pacini corpuscle - large receptors, deep in dermis - onion like capsule surrounding it - sensitive to deep pressure as well as high frequency vibrations

Bulbus corpuscles

- encapsulated - loc'n: deep in dermis - respond to deep and continous pressure - shape allows them to detect stretch

tactile corpuscle

- encapsulated - loc'n: papillary layer of the dermis - found in higher concentration (fingertips, lips, nipples, genitals) - involved in fine sensation in sensitive parts of the body - touch - good at discriminating touch through out the body - helps to sense if something is smooth or rough - capable of responding to low frequency vibrations that occur when objects are moved across our skin (places w/ no hair)

pineal gland

- endocrine gland f'n: produce melatonin

why is the hyaline cartilage c shaped instead of a full ring?

- esophagus is right behind trachea - through esophagus we have food we swallow passing through - if ring was full: swallowed food would go down esophagus, bumping into every single ring = very unpleasant sensation

what happens at the level of capillaries

- exchange between surrounding tissues - exchange of waste and nutrients (only blood vessel thin enough)

Optic (III)

- f'n: VISION (sensory) - origin: retina - foramen: optic canal - destination: diencephalon then to occipital lobe - only pair that comes together in middle, crosses, then splits again - optic chaism: where nerves cross, allows us to eye sensory info from each eye at the same time - pass through optic canal of sphenoid bone & anterior margin of diencephalon

left coronary artery

- f'n: supply blood to left atrium and ventricle - two branches - anterior introventricular artery: branch goes down between ventricles in anterior aspect of heart - circumflex artery: keeps going around in a circle towards the left side

phasic receptors

- fast adapting - receptors become less sensitive to a particular stimulus over time, we begin to ignore that stimulus - send signals at beginning/end of stimulus touch and pressure receptors - forgetting you placed glasses on the top of your head and searching for them olfactory receptors of the nose - wearing perfume, we smell it initially but after a while we are unaware we still have it on

Purkinje fibers

- fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract - subdivisions of Bundle of His

what is the f'n of valves in medium sized veins?

- folds of tunica intima that prevent blood back flow - guarantee one way flow of blood - blood keeps moving towards heart and not get backed up in legs

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

- function: (both), sensory = taste information of posterior third of tongue, barorecptors (blood pressure), chemoreceptors (dissolved gas concentrations) + motor: swallowing (pharyngeal & parotid gland) - origin: sensory = posterior 1/3 of tongue + motor = salivary gland - foramen: jugular - destination: sensory: medulla oblongata + visceral motor: parotid salivary gland + somatic motor = pharyngeal muscles for swallowing

Oculomotor (III)

- function: (motor) control extra ocular eye muscles (superior, inferior, and medial rectus, inferior oblique, intrinstic eye muscls), helps move upper eyelid - controls all extrinsic except the superior oblique and lateral rectus muscle - origin: mesencephalon - foramen: superior orbital fissure - destination: extra-ocular eye muscle Motor impulse to control eye ball movement, pupil constriction, shape of lens

Abducens (VI)

- function: (motor) control eye movement, move eye laterally towards outside (intervates: lateral rectus) - origin: pons -foramn: superior orbital fissure -destination: intervates the later rectus eye movement Motor impulses that control eye ball movement

Hypoglossal (XII)

- function: (motor) control tongue movement - origin: medulla oblongata - foramen: hypoglossal canal - destination: tongue muscles leaves cranium and passes through HPC of occipital bone

Trochlear (IV)

- function: (motor) controls superior oblique eye movement - origin: mesencephalon - foramen: superior orbital fissure - destination: superior oblique muscle Motor impulse to control eye ball movement

Facial (VII)

- function: both, sensory = taste from 2/3 tongue + motor = controls muscles of face, lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingual glands - origin: sensory = taste buds + motor: pons -foramen: internal acoustic meatus - destination: sensory: pons + motor: muscles of the face - related to muscles of facial expression Sensory information for taste and provide motor impulses to reguate saliva, tears, facial expressions

Olfactory (I)

- function: smelll (sensory) - origin: olfactory epithelium - foramen: olfactory foramina within cribiform plate - destination: olfactory bubls (roof of nose holds olfactory recptors) - olfactory bulbs are on both sides of the cristae galli - cristae galli loc'n where bundles of nerves pass through - only nerve we have exposed to exterior - shortest nerve

Vagus (X)

- goes to diff. regions of body - sensory + motor function of internal organs - intervates: respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive organs, throacic + abdominal cavities - LONGEST OUT OF 12 CRANIAL NERVES Sensory and motor to pharynx, larynx, many thoracic and abdominal viscera

choroid plexus

- highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes CSF

the autonomic nervous system can control which types of things concerning blood vessels?

- how big or dilated our blood vessels get - how constricted our blood vessels get

olfactory senses

- individual sensory neurons have diff. sensitivities - each olfactory sensory neuron expresses its own type of receptor which is sensitive to a selective amount of chemical molecules

meningitis

- inflammation of the meninges - may have problem with reabsorption (lack of communication) leading to a rise in intracranial pressure

what happens when diaphragm muscle contracts?

- it becomes shorter and becomes a straight line - chest gets bigger from top to bottom

fossa ovalis

- loc'n interatrial septum (right atrium) - scar = due to closing of opening between right and left atria during development

great cardiac vein

- loc'n: anterior aspect of heart, between right and left ventricles - goes up and surrounds heart at coronary sulcus - great cardiac vein runs parallel to the anterior interventricular artery and cirumflex artery

middle cardiac vein

- loc'n: posterior aspect of heat - runs parallel to posterior interventricular branch of right coronary artery

pulmonary trunk bifurcation means ...

- means it divides into two: right and left pulmonary arteries

loc'n of heart

- mediastinum (medium of sternum) between second and fifth pair of ribs - base of heart loc'n: level of second pair of ribs - apex of heart: level of fifth pair of ribs

tactile receptors

- most common - two structural classes 1. unencapsulated X: free nerve endings (not wrapped in only connective tissue or glial cells), tactile discs, root hair plexus 2. encapsulated tactile recptors X: tactile/messiner's corpuscle, bulbous/ruffini corpuscle. lamellar pacinian corpuscle

Accessory (XI)

- only nerve that has CRANIAL and SPINAL ROOOT (when two roots converge = accessory muscle) - function: (motor) control sternocleidmastoid, trapezius, palate, pharynx, and larynx muscles - origin: spinal cord and medulla oblongata - foramen: jugular - destination: internal branch = muslces of palate, pharynx, and larynx + external branch: sternocleidomastoid + trapezius muscles think of purse or backpack bc it intervates nerves of superior back

optic disc

- part of the retina where blood vessels and nerves are entering and exiting the eye - the blindspot of the eyes because it lacks photoreceptors - usually do not notice because one eye compensates for the other

how cilia work (particles in air coming into body)

- particles in air that we inhale trapped in mucus - cilia inside mucus move in a specific direction - move particles stuck in mucus towards our throat - we swallow it - all particles in air go to stomach and get destroyed by acid in stomach mucus = respiratory defense system

cavities

- posterior & anterior chambers posterior: where aqueous humor is released into, eventually flowing into anterior chamber

respiratory pump

- replies on changes in pressure inside thorax Steps: 1. during inhalation, thoracic wall expands 2. increase volume of thorax 3. decrease in pressure in throax area 4. blood flows from high to low pressure point aka inside thorax

what does the cardiac cycle consist of?

- right and left atria contracting at same time - relaxation of both - ventricles contracting at the same time

right coronary artery

- right coronary artery ends up @ posterior aspect of heart - then goes down betwen right and left ventricles - then called posterior interventricular artery - f'n: supplies blood to right atrium and right ventricle AND conduction system of the heart - conduction system: specialized heart muscle cells (special deep branch for conduction system) - loc'd deep right side, meaning they get their blood supply from R.C.A

precapillary sphincters

- rings of smooth muscle f'n: regulate blood flow into true capillaries

f'n coronary vessels/arteries?

- running on coronary sulcus - f'n: supply the heart muscle with its blood supply

heart

- size of clenched fist - if you make heart work harder is become enlarged

What causes vasoconstriction?

- smooth muscle in tunica media contracts - leading to a decrease in the size of th vessel lumen

what causes vasodilation?

- smooth muscle relaxing - leads to wider vessel lumen - decrease in resistence - increase in blood flow

tactile discs

- unencapsulated - merkel's disc - associated with merkel cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis - merkel cells: specialized epithelial cells that release neurotransmittrs containing vessicles that can activate nerve fibers that send action potentials to the brain in response to light touch on the skin

hair root plexus

- unencapsulated - loc'n: dermis - associated with hair follicles throughout skin, surrounding hair follicles - responsible for sensing movement of hairs on the body, through bending of hairs X: allows us to feel a mosquito lands on our skin

loc'n of sinusoid capillaries

- useful in places where new blood cells are produced X: red bone marrow (new RBCs are produced here and enter the bloodstream through big gaps X: liver and spleen (help break down damaged blood cells)

lateral ventricles

- ventricles 1 & 2 - located in the cerebral hemispheres - most of the lateral ventricles are located in the parietal lobe

capillaries

- vessels that interconnect arteries and veins - vessel with very thin wall - substances can pass through

correlation between smell and memory

- when info travels to the brain - reaches the olfactory cortex, hypothalamus (longterm memory), and the amygdala (complex emotions)

antiduretic gland (kidney)

- when it reaches the kidney = retention of water - release H2O into urine (response to low BP) result: increase in blood pressure

why does food we are swallowing go into esophagus and not trachea?

- when swallowing, muscles attached to hyoid bone pull hyoid bone - hyoid bone pulls larynx up - epiglottis covers glottis

atrioventricular node

- where electrical impulse is held for a brief period of time - short amount of time is the time needed for the atria to eject blood into ventricles

three types of capillaries

1. Continuous 2. Fenestrated 3. Sinusoidal

divisions of the pharynx (3)

1. Nasopharynx (nose) 2. Oropharynx (oral cavity) 3. Laryngopharynx (larynx)

primary taste sensations (5)

1. Sweet: sugar in food 2. Salty: salt, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium iodine 3. Sour: acid (lactic acid) 4. Bitter: complex organic moleculs that may be toxic 5. unami: receptors activated by specific receptors in food (MSG = monosodium gultamate) - beef and chicken broth

three tunicas/layers that organize arteries and veins

1. adventitia 2. media 3. intima

cones

1. allows us to see color 2. provide high degree of resolution, sharpness to the image - utilized during the day

f'n fibrous pericardium (2) (outermost layer)

1. anchor heart to surrounding structrues (like sternum, diaphragm, and lungs) 2. prevent hear from overfilling + overexpanding - dense connective tissue

diffrences between arteries and veins (5)

1. arteries have thicker walls than veins 2. lumen of a vein is wider than an artery 3. tunica media thicker in arteries 4. arteries have elastic fibers w/in tunica media & bands of elastic tissue inbetween 3 layers of blood vessels 5. veins have a larger lumen diameter than arteries

phases of cardiac cycle

1. atrial systole begins 2. atrial systole ends/atrial diastole begins 3. ventricular systole 1st and 2nd phase 4. ventricular disatole early and late phase

how can you classify receptors? (2)

1. body location 2. nature of stimulus

branches of arteries coming off the thoracic aorta (4)

1. bronchial arteries: provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue 2. esphoageal: provide oxygenated blood to esophagus 3. intercostal arteries: provide oxygenated blood to intercostals 4. superior phrenic: provide oxygenated blood to diaphragm

BBB made up of (2)

1. capillary endothelial cells 2. astrocytes (glial cell)

main branches of the abdominal aorta (5)

1. celiac trunk (left gastric, splenic, common hepatic 2. inferior/superior mesenteric 4. renal 5. gonadal

6 major regions in adult brain

1. cerebrum 2. diencephalon 3. cerebellum 4. mesencephalon/midbrain 5. pons 6. medulla (oblongata)

what structures prevent the AV valve cusps from turning inside out and when the right ventricle contracts to eject blood to pulmonary trunk? (2)

1. chordae tenindeae 2. papillary muscle

what are the four areas of the brain where the blood brain barrier is absent?

1. choroid plexus: bc no astrocytes present 2. hypothalamus: bc receptors are present to sense chemical content of blood, so hypothalamus needs to have easy access to blood content 3. pituitary gland 4. pineal gland - both because both endocrine glands need to release hormones straight into bloodstream

f'n conducting zone (2)

1. cleaning system (w/ mucus) 2. warms and humidifies inhaled air conducting air until it reaches the respiratory zone - certain parts are very exposed to external environment

what are the important respiratory muscles? (2)

1. diaphragm: separates our abdominal and thoracic cavities 2. intercostal muscles: between ribs

f'n internal jugular vein

1. drains blood from face 2. drains blood from all sinuses found on dura mater folds X: superior/inferior sagittal sinus

3 meninges

1. dura mater (tough, right under meninges) 2. arachnoid mater (spider web encloses and protects blood vessel supply) 3. pia mater (most pliable) - pia M. delicate connective tissue that attaches to the brain itself, on top of cerebral cortex, has blood vessels, contours every gyri, helps nourish brain cells

different types of arteries (3)

1. elastic arteries 2. muscular arteries 3. arterioles

f'n gap junctions (2)

1. electrically connect two cardiac muscle cells 2. allow the electrical current to flow from one cell to the next - order of cell contraction depends on on electrical current spreading from one cell to the next

three structures of the heart wall

1. epicardium: external surface containing visceral pericardium 2. myocardium: cardiac tissue (cardiac muscle cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves) 3. endocardium: internal endothelial surface

what pieces of cartilage make up our larynx?

1. epiglottis 2. thyroid cartilage 3. cricoid cartilage

receptor classification based on body location

1. exterorecptor: provide info about external environment - found more superficially - aware of these sensations 2. proprioceptors: provide info about the position of body - exclusively related to our understanding of the position and stretch within our joints and tendons - propria = self - allows us to know where limbs are located if we have our eyes closed 3. interoceptors: provide info about the inside of the body - loc'n: walls of digestive and respiratory organs - involved in detecting oxygen levels in the blood and pressure within walls of our organs - not always aware of what they are detecting

when the posterior tibial artery splits into two, which arteries does it give rise to

1. fibular artery 2. plantar artery

f'n viterous humour (3)

1. fills posterior cavity of the eye 2. gelatenous substance that helps maintain round eyeshape 3. gives support to the retina by pressing neural layer against the pigmented layer

f'n liver

1. filters all blood coming from all organs before passing to inferior portal vein 2. detoxifies chemicals 3. metabolizes drugs (alcohol)

what is the importance of the nasal conchae

1. forces air to move around - moving motion warms and humidifies air - helps with dust particles and pathogens getting stuck to mucus 2. helps us smell better/aids in process of smell - odorant molecules getting trapped in mucus - odorant molecules bind w/ olfactory receptors on superior surface of nasal cavity

what is the purpose of pumping blood to the lungs?

1. gain oxygen 2. get rid of CO2

the common hepatic artery breaks up and goes to which two places

1. hepatic proper goes to liver 2. gastroduodenal artery goes to stomach and dudoenum

heart muscle damage depends on (2)

1. how long myocardium cells were deprived of oxygen 2. how big the affected area is

possible causes of hydrocephalus (3)

1. increased amount of CSF 2. obstruction at some point in ventricular system 3. realated to problems with CSF absorption

flow of smell (olfactory nerves to temporal lobe) (4)

1. information received from chemical molecules is transduced into action potential 2. travels up through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone 3. reaches olfactory bulb 4. travels through olfacory tract (bundles of axon) to olfactory cortex located in temporal lobe of brain

what are the two parts of the pericardium?

1. inner serous pericardium 2. fibrous pericardium (outer layer)

cardio vascular system f'n

1. keep blood circulating, helping to provide oxygen, nutrients, hormones and even heat to all tissues/all different part of body 2. remove waste products from all tissues. - circulatory system aiding in dfense against infectious agents - all part of body linked together by cardiovascular system heart and blood vessels working to move blood throughout entire body

tear flow

1. lacrimal punctum drains tears from the eye into inferior lacrimal canioulus 2. then travels down into lacrimal sac 3. then into nasolacrimal duct (opens up inside of nose)

what structures make up the lower respiratory system (5)

1. larynx 2. trachea 3. bronchi 4. lungs 5. bronchioles

three main arteries branching off celiac trunk

1. left gastric (stomach) 2. common hepatic (liver and stomach) 3. splenic (spleen) f'n: supply blood to stomach, liver, and spleen

as we get smaller and smaller in the airways, what changes in histology? (2)

1. less and less hyaline cartilage explaination: hyaline cartilage in the trachea prevents it from collapsing, but as you get smaller and smaller, there is less cartilage meaning that airways are capable of collapsing 2. increase in the amount of elastic tissue and the amount of smooth muscle - small airways are very flexible and have a thick layer of viscera smooth muscle in the walls (intervated by autonomic motor neruons = constriction or dilation of airway)

visual pathway (10)

1. light enters eye 2. gets through the lens and gets focused on retina 3. in the retina, light activates photoreceptors (rod and cone cells) activating other cells that lead to activation of retinal ganglion cells 4. actions of ganglion cells from the optic nerve 5. 50% of nerves cross to one side of the optic chiasm 6. other 50% goes straight and does not cross over 7. once fibers cross at optic chiasm, it is called optic tract (over optic nerve) 8. 75% of visual information goes to thalamus 9. next goes to the primary visual cortex, where we become concious of visual information 10. approx. 25% of visual info goes to mesencephalon in area called the superior colliculus

f'n of diaphragm sellae (3)

1. lines sella turcia 2. anchors dura mater to sphenoid bone 3. encases pituitary gland

f'n surfacant

1. lowers surface tension = preventing alveoli from collapsing - does not allow sides of alevolar sacs to glue to each other

which regions of the brain make up the brainstem (3)

1. mesencephalon/midbrain 2. pons 3. medulla (oblongata)

3 layers of cerebellum

1. molecular layer (close to surface) loc'n: where we find dendrites of Purkinje cells 2. Intermediate/Purkinje layer loc'n: Purkinje cell bodies 3. Grandular/receptive layer loc'n: axon of purkinje cell + tightly packed small neurons

f'n proprioceptors

1. monitor the position of joints 2. integration w/ sensory info from the inner ear covery info about body position

f'n brainstem (2)

1. move eyes 2. help with processing light, sound, and associated reflexed

factors that influence venous blood flow (2)

1. muscular skeletal pump 2. respiratory pump

two parts of inner layer (eye)

1. neural layer 2. retina layer

what structures make up the upper respiratory system (5)

1. nose 2. nasal cavity 3. nasal conchae 4. paranasal sinuses 5. nasopharynx

f'n of respiratory system

1. olfaction 2. vocalization

f'n of the folds of the dura mater (3)

1. subdivide the cranial cavity 2. support brain 3. limit brain movement

what two structures are the AV values connected to?

1. papillary muscles 2. chorda tendineae

the dura mater is divided into what two layers?

1. periosteal layer (attaches to surface of skull) 2. meningeal layer (closer to arachnoide mater)

f'n medulla oblongata

1. play role in cerebellum by coordination skeletal muscle activity 2. relay station betwen spinal cord and thalamus

f'n CSF (4)

1. prevent contact of neural tissue w/ surrounding bones 2. provide support for brain 3. transport nutrients to CNS tissue 4. transport waste away from CNS

f'n interoceptors (2)

1. provide info about the inside of the body 2. involved in detecting oxygen levels in the blood and pressure within walls of our organs

f'n metarteriole (2)

1. regulate blood flow to capillaries 2. blood delivery to particular tissue can be increased quickly to respond to the need of our body at a certain time

f'n serous pericardium

1. secrete serous fluid (pericardial fluid) - formed by parietal and visceral layer - visceral layer in actual contact with the heart - squamous epithelium

respiratory centers of medulla oblongata (chemoreceptor)

1. sensitive changes in pH and PCO2 2. triggers reflective adjustments in depth and rate of respiration

f'n carotid bodies (chemoreceptor) (2)

1. sensitive to changes in pH, PCO2, and PO2 blood 2. triggers reflexive adjustments in respiratory and cardiovascular activity (via cranial nerve)

f'n aortic bodies (2)

1. sensitive to changes in pH, PCO2, and PO2 in blood 2. triggers reflective adjustments in respiratory and cardiovascular activity (via cranial nerves)

which 3 anatomical principls can the sensors be arranged into

1. sensory modality arrangement: diff. types of sensory info comes from specific areas of spinal cord 2. medial lateral rule: info coming from inferior areas of body run more medially 3. somatotopic arrangement: ascending sensory fibers will be arranged w/in individual tracts depending on their site of origin in body

which blood vessels bring blood to the right atrium? (3)

1. superior vena cava 2. inferior vena cava 3. coronary sinus

the wave of depolarization goes down until it reaches what? (wave of depolarization flow)

1. the AV node (located at very bottom of atrium) 2. then moves to Bundle of His which splits into left and right branches 3. electrical impulse continues traveling down until interventricular septum until apex of heart 4. from apex to ventricular cardiac muscle cells through perkinje fibers 5. then ventricles contract bottom up, then blood enters pulmonary trunk and aorta

what are the receptive responses (2)

1. tonic 2. phasic

divisions of respiratory system

1. upper respiratory tract 2. lower respiratory tract

four different types of specialized epithelial tissue that has gustatory cells

1. valiate papilla 2. follate papilla 3. fungiform papilla 4. filliform papilla - each papilla contains our tastebud which lines the clef within the papilla, open to taste

two passageways for blood to our brain (cerebral arterial circle)

1. vertebral artery 2. internal carotid arteris

veterbral artery journey to brain

1. verterbral artery travels up through brain via transverse foramen in vertebrae 2. VA passes through foramen magnum, right and left vertebral arteries join together to form basilar arteries 3. basilar arteries bring oxy. blood to brain

Air flow to produce sound (5)

1. when we breathe in, glottis opens up 2. air goes into our lungs when we talk: 3. pushing air out of respiratory tract 4. when air passes through glottis, it vibrates elastic vocal folds 5. creates sound waves

what does the complexity of the body's response depend on? (2)

1. where info is processed 2. where info is going (where motor response is initiated)

remaining __% of CSF continues to flow through a central canal that runs through entire spinal cord

10%

How many cranial nerves are there?

12 pairs

a normal adult replaces ___ mililiters of CSF every 8 hours

150 mililiters

how many alveolar sacs does each lung have?

150 million - sacs give lungs spongey texture

CSF reduces weight of brain from ____ grams to __ grams

1500 grams to 50 grams - allows brain to float

3 types of sensory nuerons that send info from PNS to brain

1st, 2nd, and 3rd order neurons 1. 1st order neruon: arrives to PNS and gets info from dorsal root ganglion, takes info to CNS via brianstem, synapses with 2nd order neuron 2. 2nd order neuron: cell body of neuron loc'd in brain stem/spinal cord (dependind on when it will synapse), after it gets to thalamus it synapses w/ 3rd order neuron 3. 3rd order neuron: once it reaches thalamus, info sent to specific areas of cerebral cortex, different sensations in diff. areas depend on where info arrived

the sensory tract ending in the cerebellum involves how many neurons?

2

The sensory tract ending in cerebellum involves how many neurons?

3

__ to ___ percent of our blood is inside arteries

30 to 35%

3rd order neuron

3rd order neuron: once it reaches thalamus, info sent to specific areas of cerebral cortex, different sensations in diff. areas depend on where info arrived

how many chambers does the heart have?

4

which ventricle is located between the pons and the cerebellum

4th ventricle

every minute, how much blood do we have ejected out of the right and left ventricles?

5 liters of blood

veins have what percentage of our blood volume at rest?

65-70%

how much blood do kidneys filter every hour?

7 liters - entire blood volume is filtered in less than one hour

__ % of blood passes passively to ventricles at the bottom

70% - due to pressure difference

how many times does your heart beat per mintue

70-75 - 100,000 beats per day

___% of the CSF flows out through the lateral and median aperatures into the subarachnoid space

90%

pneumothorax

= damage to pleura - air entering either right or left pleural cavity - lungs will pull away from thoracic cavity - results in partial or complete collapse of lungs Treatment: inserting needle of syringe in pleural cavity and trying to aspirate air into syrine

what is generated during cellular respiration?

ATP (from oxygen) waste: CO2

Opration of the AV Valves *

AV valve open 1. blood returning to heart fills atria 2. pressure against AV values forces valves to open 3. as ventricles fill, AV valve flaps hang limply into ventricles 4. atria contracts, forcing additional blood into ventricles AV Valve close 1. venricles contract, force blood against AV valve cusp 2. AV valves close 3. chordae tenindeae tighten and prevent valve flaps from entering atria

Globus Pallidus

Adjusts muscle tone to prepare for walking

Association Areas

Areas associated with integrating and understanding sensory or motor information Somatosensory Association Area Premotor Cortex Visual Association Area Auditory Association Area

Pia Mater

Attached to the surface of the brain Anchored to brain by processes of astrocytes Follows the sulci and gyri of the brain Helps to anchor the larger blood vessels of the cerebrum

Major Reflex Centers

Cardiovascular Centers - Cardiac and vasomotor Respiratory Rhythmicity Centers - Rhythmic breathing

how is trachea held open?

C shaped hyaline cartilage rings

how can CSF leave the ventricular system

CSF can leave the ventricular system through two apertures (median and lateral) found at the roof of the fourth ventricle

what will happen if the CSF pressure is greater than the venous pressure of the superior sagittal sinus?

CSF will be squeezed out of the subarachnoid space, flow into the blood stream, and get reabsorbed

F'n Frontal Lobe

Conscious control of skeletal muscles + trouble solving, reasoning, and planning

Temporal Lobe

Conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli/deep is the insula

f'n parietal Lobe

Conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and taste

allows us to know where limbs are located if we have our eyes closed

proprioceptors

Cerebellum

Coordinates somatic motor function/adjusts output of somatic motor centers resulting in smooth Consists of: Cerebellar Cortex -Subconscious coordination of movements Arbor Vitae -Connects cerebellar cortex with cerebellar peduncles Cerebellar Peduncles

Commissural Tracts

Corpus Callosum Anterior Commissure Posterior Commissure Gyri in one hemisphere to other

Third Ventricle

Diencephalon

Brainstem

Diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla

Cranial Meninges

Dura Mater -Periosteal cranil dura -Meningeal cranial dura Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater

Falx Cerebelli

Extends from the tentorium cerebelli to separate the cerebellar hemispheres #7

arachnoid granulations

Extensions of the arachnoid mater - f'n: allow excess CSF to be absorbed by the dural sinuses.

Medulla Oblongata

F'n (1) Info to thalamus and brainstem, regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion Cardiovascular Center -Rate and force of heart beat -Relay proprioception - cerebellum - TOUCH, CONSCIOUS, proprioception, pressure, vibration -Medullary respiratiory center -Paralysis on opposite side -Loss of sensation on opposite side -Irregular heart beat -Irregular respiration

Thalamus

F'n: Relays information to the cerebrum, (2) Processes sensory information -Left and right thalamus are connected via the interthalamic region Egg-shaped Relay station (except smell)

Cerebral Hemispheres

Frontal Lobe Occipital Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Insula Central Sulcus Precentral Gyrus Postcentral Gyrus Lateral Sulcus

Lentiform Nucleus

Globus pallidus- lateral to thalamus Putamen - close to cerebral cortex

Claustrum

Gray matter lateral to putamen #2

Sulci

Grooves

cerebral arterial circle

Group of arteries at the base of the brain where the anastomizing of arteries providing the blood supply of the brain occurs

alveolar macrophages

HELP US NOT GET SICK BY egulfing any virus, bacteria, or debris from getting into lungs

Gray Matter and White Matter Organization

In the cerebrum and the cerebellum, the white matter is covered by gray matter (cortex) Gray matter consist of cell bodies

Meningeal Cranial Dura

Innermost layer of the dura mater Large veins called dural sinuses

F'n hypothalamus

Involved in emotions, thirst, some habitual activity/connects to the pituitary gland (hypophysis) via the infundibulum - Extending from the hypothalamus is the infudibulum connecting the pituitary gland Mamillary Region: Includes mamillary bodies- sense of smell Subconscious control of the skeletal muscles Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and digestive functions Secretion of antiduretic hormone (via the supraoptic nucleus) and oxytocin (via the paraventricular nucleus) Emotional and behavioral drives Coordination between voluntary and autonomic functions Body temperature (via pre-optic area) Circadian rhythm (via suprachiasmatic nucleus)

Corpus Striatum

Lentiform and caudate

Insula

Lies deep in the lateral cerebral sulcus

The Limbic System

Limbic lobe Cingulate gyrus Dentate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus Hippocampus

Diaphragma Sellae

Lines the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone It anchors the dura mater to the sphenoid bone It encases the pituitary gland

F'n mesencephalon

MIDBRAIN F'n: Processes visual and auditory data, (2) maintains conciousness and alertness, (3) involved with reflexive somatic motor responses to stimuli

muscular arteries have lots of what type of muscle?

smooth muscle

Myelencephalon

Medulla and fourth ventricle (lower part)

Falx Cerebri

Meningeal layer that extends into the longitudinal fissure Inferior/anterior portion attaches to the crista galli (ethmoid) Inferior/posterior portion ataches to the internal occipital creast and the tentorium cerebelli Superior sagittal sinus and the inferior sagittal sinus

Medulla

Nuclei of cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII

carotid body measures what

O2 (chemoreceptors) carotid bO2dy

mnemonic for remembering the name of cranial nerves

OLd OPerators OCcasionally TROubleshoot TRIcycles ABDUCted FACtions VESTIges GLOSSily VAGUe History Olfactory (l), Optic (ll), Oculomotor (lll), Trochlear (lV), Trigeminal (V), Abducens (Vl), Facial (Vll), Vestibulocochlear (Vlll), Glossopharyngeal (lX), Vagus (X), Acessory (Xl), Hypoglossal (Xll)

Cranial Nerve Nuclei in Midbrain

Occulomotor (III) Trochlear (IV)

what don't capillaries have in their walls?

smooth muscle

what nervous system are the cranial nerves apart of?

PNS

Communication Between Brain and Spinal Cord

Passes through the medulla oblongata Medulla Oblongata Nuclei: Relay stations Gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus: Somatic sensory information to the thalamus Solitary Nucleus: Visceral sensation from the spinal nerves and cranial nerves Olivary Nucleus: Large bulges (olives); pass information from the cerebrum, spinal cord, diencephalon, and brainstem o the cerebellum

Occipital Lobe

Perception of visual stimuli

Two Layers of Dura Mater

Periosteal cranial dura Meningeal cranial dura

Epithalamus

Pineal gland- melatonin

Fourth Ventricle

Pons and cerebellum

Metacephalon

Pons, cerebellum, fourth ventricle (upper part)

Arachnoid Mater

Projections called arachnoid granulations CSF flows through these to enter into venous circulation Contains subdural space: space between arachnoid mater and meningeal cranial dura Deep to the arachnoid mater is the subarachnoid space Consists of weblike material underlining the arachnoid layer These collagenous fibers help anchor cerebral blood vessels

Auditory Association Area

Recognizes sound In temporal lobe

Medulla Oblongata Nuclei

Relay stations

Gyri

Ridges

cilliary body

smooth muscle that controls shape of lense

Tentorium Cerebelli

Separates the cerebellar hemispheres from the cerebral hemispheres Extends across the cranium at right angles to the falx cerebri Contains the transverse sinus

Gracile Nucleus and Cuneate Nucleus

Somatic sensory information to the thalamus

mnemonic for remembering the function of cranial nerves

Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More! S = sensory function M = motor function B = both

CNS Filled Ventricles

Transports nutrients to the CNS and transports waste away from the CNS CSF also provides cushion for the CNS

Cranial Nerve Nuclei in Medulla

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Vagus (X) Accessory (XI) Hypoglossal (XII)

Visual Association Area

Visually recognizes and interprets objects In occipital lobe

Carpus Collosum

White matter track #1

can a patient survive damage in the cerebrum?

YES note: a patient can survive damage in the cerebrum but NOT the brainstem - brainstem means death bc has system necessary of survival

aortic arch

a curved blood vessel from which arteries branch to the head and neck.

each broncopulmonary segment is supplied by what?

a tertiary bronchus

what cells are involved in processing visual information and refining the information before its sent out to brain? (3)

amocrine, bipolar, ganglion cells

iris

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil f'n: controls the size of the pupil opening

artery

a vessel that carries blood away from the heart - A(rteries) AWAY(from heart) - carry blood away from heart into smaller and smaller arteries

f'n of digestive system

absorb nutrients from blood

afer the aorta passes through the aotric hiatus what is it called?

abdominal aorta

what is a heart murmur?

abnormal heart sound from the cusps not completely closing

how are axons within each tract grouped?

according to the body region innervated - specific information from specific regions are groups in the same area of the spinal cord of brain - this is how we differentiate different types of information depending on the pathway or tract the info is traveling and where the info will be arriving at the level of the spinal cord, brain, or brain stem

f'n pleural fluid

act as a lubricant - allows two pleural membranes to slide against each other during respiratory movements

f'n melatonin

affects moedulation of awake/asleep pattern - time for bed = increase in concentration of melatonin

when both atria contract simultaneously, what hapens?

all blood squeezes out from atria into ventricles

peripheral nervous system

all nervous system ouside of cell - cranial nerves + spinal nerves - whatever leaves brain and spinal cord

f'n capillary

allow for exchange of nutrients with surrounding tissue

how wide is the diameter of a capillary

almost as wide as one red blood cell - RBCs need to get squeezed when passing the capillary bed

Bronchioles split to form what

alveoli ducts and alveolar sacs (alveoli)

when vasoconstriction happens what also happens?

an increase in resistance which leads to a decrease in blood flow in that vessel

facial nerve (Vll) intervates what part of the face?

anterior 2/3 of our tongue

which artery gives rise to the dorsalis pedis

anterior tibial artery

anterior/posterior interventricular sulcus

anterior: separates left and right ventricles in the anterior portion posterior: separates left and right ventricles in the posterior portion

the azygous vein uses the same holes as the _____ to cross diaphragm

aorta

what is the closest artery to the heart?

aorta

which is the larges artery in body?

aorta

examples of elastic arteries

aorta (brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian), pulmonary trunk, common carotid, common iliac arteries

auricle f'n

appendeges of the atria -f'n: increase the volume of chamber (volume of blood each atria can contain)

how does the third ventricle communicate with the fourth ventricle?

aquduct of midbrain / cerebral aquduct

glaucoma

aqueous humor not being absorbed fast enough - aqueous humor builds up in anterior cavity - increase pressure in eye - can cause permanent blindness

spider web that encloses and protects blood vessel supply

arachnoid mater

what helps anchor cerebral blood vessels to their place?

arachnoid trabecula

if CSF pressure is less than venous pressure what happens?

arachnoid villi will not allow for CSF to enter bloodstream

costal surface of lung

area of lung that faces ribcage

diaphragm surface of lung

area of the lungs in contact with the diaphragm

f'n palmar arches

arise from radial and ulnar, give off the digital arteries of the thumb and fingers f'n: supply blood to all of hands

how many times does the bronchi subdivided until we get to bronchioles?

around 24

why do arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins

arteries carry blood with higher pressure than veins - since arteries carry blood away from the heart, they are closest to where the pressure is generated

lateral arteries

arteries that interconnect and form arterial anastomosis why: bc they together provide circulation to this area - would be optimal to have more anastomosis/interconnections because if 1/2 arteries gets blocked you have another artery supplying blood to that area

musclar arteries branch into what

arterioles

thinnest out of all arteries we have

arterioles

which has more smooth muscle? (artey/vein)

artery

blood flow

artery --> arteriole --> capillary --> venule --> vein --> back to heart

which type of glial cell plays a key role in providing nourishment for the neurons?

astrocyte

What forms the blood brain barrier?

astrocytes

where does the brachial artery divide into the radial and ulnar artery?

at the coronary fossa of the humerus

when does the popliteal artery split into two?

at the popliteal fossa

where do you find the carotid body?

at the splitting point between the external and internal carotid arteries

receiving chambers (2)

atria

______ need to contract first to push blood into the ________

atria;ventricles

autonomic motor neurons

automatically control internal organs

why does the amount of times our heart beats per minute change?

autonomic neural fibers reaching the SA and AV node

artries carry blood ______

away from the heart

what helps maintain shape of alveolar sac during inhale and exhale?

bands of elastic fibers

blood brain barrier

barrier that prevents substances present in our blood stream from getting into brain tissue

which arteries supply blood to cerebral arterial circle?

basilar + internal carotid artery

the right and left vertebral arteries join together to form which artery?

basilar artery

why is grey mater dark on the outside?

bc of neuronal cell bodies

why can't the heart cannot feel beyond pericardium sites?

bc of the toughness of pericardium

why is the funciton of the mesencephalon to move the eyes

because almost all extrinsic eye muscles are intervaed by cranial nerves that leave the mescencephalon

why is the heart shoved into the left lung?

because it is positioned slightly to the left

why is the common carotid artery named as such?

because it splits into two, the external and interal carotid arteries

why does the left lobe have one less lung? (2 lobes)

because the heart is shoved into the left lung

why do we say the medulla is related to the autonomic centers that regulate the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system

because the vagus nerve (CN #10) is related to the autonomic control of organs in thoracic abdominal cavities

why is there no moderator band in the left ventricle?

because the wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than the wall of the right ventricle

Central Sulcus

between frontal and parietal lobes

parieto-occipital lobe

between parietal and occipital lobe

loc'n aortic / semilunar valve

between the left ventricle and the aorta

Which valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?

bicuspid valve / left AV valve

coronary thrombosis

blockage on obstruction of blood flow through one of the left coronary artery branches - leads to myocardial infarction (heart attack)

what DON'T you find in CSF?

blood protein and blood cells X: RBCs and WBCs

Metarterioles

blood vessel that links arterioles and capillaries - think precapillary sphincter - ONLY found in mescenteric circulation

choroid means ____

blood vessels

vascular means

blood vessels (60,000 miles of blood vessels)

what gives heart "lubb-dubb" sounds?

both AV valves closing at the same time and both semilunar valves closing at the same time

f'n coronary sinus

brings deoxygenated blood into right atrium from heart muscle itself

after the main bronchi enter the lungs, it starts splitting into what?

bronchiole tree

how is the connection between cardiac muscle cells made?

by gap junctions

how is the cerebellum separated from the other parts of the cortex?

by the 4th ventricle

the cephallic drains blood from the _____ of our hands while the basillic drains blood from the _____ of our hands

cephallic = back of hands basillic = front of hands

2nd largest part of the brain

cerebellum

basically just made of tunica intima layers

capillaries

smallest blood vessel we have

capillaries

what are the most abundant but also smallest and thinnest of our blood vessels?

capillaries

what level does the exchange of substances happen between the blood and surrounding tissues

capillaries

arteries become progressively smaller as they branch resulting in what?

capillaries - arteries branch so much and become very thin resulitng in capillaries

why does the pulse disappear at capillary level?

capillaries do not have elastic fibers or smooth muscle so they cannot expand and contract

what do arterioles branch into?

capillaries which form the capillary bed

when oxygen goes into our body, what do we eliminate?

carbon dioxide - need air reaching oxygen to get in and air reaching carbon dioxide to get out

what artery does the jugular vein pair up with?

carotid artery

loc'n baroreceptors

carotid sinus

vein

carry blood to heart

2nd order neuron

cell body of neuron loc'd in brain stem/spinal cord (dependind on when it will synapse), after it gets to thalamus it synapses w/ 3rd order neuron

why do we need oxygen in our bodies?

cellular respiration

where is the area with the sharpest vision

center of macula

fovea centralis

center of the macula - rod cells are NOT present in macula - only cone cells present - highes concentration of cone cells - center of visual field

brainstem

center that regulates basic vital functions --> impo for survival

which runs more laterally, cephallic or basillic vein?

cephallic

where is coordination of complex skeletal muslce movements found X: drive a car, play sports

cerebellum

each hemisphere controls opposite side of body

cerebral cortex

sensory tract ending

cerebral cortex (brain)

loc'n third order neuron

cerebral cortex --> THALAMUS

what is the largest portion of the brain?

cerebrum

what is the point of awareness in the brain?

cerebrum - how you know what's going on - where we are aware of our senses + initiate voluntary movements of body

What allows CSF to flow into ventricles

cilia of the ependymal cells

what lines the entire conducting zone of respiratory tract and why?

ciliated mucous membrane lines the conducting zone why: to filter out dust particles we inhale before getting to deeper part of lungs EXCEPTIONS: laryngopharynx and oropharynx

what is the blood pressure of some larger veins?

close to zero why: they are so far away from where pressure is generated

f'n orbicularis oculi

closing both eyelids (inferior and superior)

what is the "lubb" or first heart sound?

closure of AV valves

what is the "dubb" or second heart sound?

closure of semilunar valves

cortex

collection of neuronal cell bodies in surface of CNS

f'n great saphenous vein

collects blood from superficial veins at the leg and foot - returns blood from superficial veins in lower limbs to femoral vein

which nutrients are allowed to go in and nurish brain tissue and what is allowed out, via the blood brain barrier?

comes in: glucose and oxygen goes out: waste and co2

anterior commissure

commisure fibers (together w/ corpus collosum) f'n: fibers that connect two separate hemispheres

what do you get when the external and interal illiac veins merge?

common illiac vein

f'n superior peduncles

communicates cerebellum w/ mesencephalon, diencephalon + cerebrum (everything superior aspect of cerebellum)

inferior peduncle

communicates cerebellum with medulla oblongata

f'n middle peduncle

communicates cerebellum with pons

f'n median cubital vein

communication between cephallic and basillic vein

perception

concious awarness of a sensation - occurs in cortex areas of the brain

f'n pyramidal cells

concious control of skeletal muscle movements - large neurons

what allows us to see color

cones

f'n association fibers

connect areas of cerebral cortex within same hemisphere * arcuate fibers & longitudinal fasciculus

f'n extrinsic laryngeal muscles

connect larynx to nearby structures - w/ hyoid bone, extrinsic laryngeal muscles move up and down

both sclera and connective tissue are made up of what?

connective tissue

meninges

connective tissue layers that separate soft tissue of brain for skull

what do the three meninges do?

connective tissue layers that separate soft tissues of brain from skull

f'n desmosomes

connects cell membranes of two neighboring cells together

f'n infundibulum

connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

infundibulum

connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

interthalamic adhesion

connects right and left thalamus

f'n trachealis

connects two ends of C-shaped hyaline cartilage of trachea

what is inside the vascular layer? (layer of the eye) (3)

contains iris, cilliary body, choracoid

f'n neural (inner layer)

contains the photoreceptor cells that can help sense light

bronchiole tree

continued division of bronchi - splitting into smaller and smaller branches - system of tubes formed by main bronchi

what is the most common type of capillary

continuous

capillary that makes blood brain barrier

continuous - blood brain barrier = barrier that prevents substances present in our blood stream from getting into brain tissue

where is the highest blood pressure of our entire body found?

cornary arteries

first arteries to branch off aorta?

coronary arteries

which vessels supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself?

coronary arteries

which are the first arteries of our body to receive blood?

coronary arteries bc they are at the beginning of the aorta

where do the small, great, and middle cardiac vein all dump blood?

coronary sinus

5% of sensory information that does not go to thalamus goes where ?

corresponds to sense of smell and comes in through olfactory nerve, straight through cerebrum and does not pass through thalamus

bulbar conjunctiva

covers anterior surface of eye

which nerve is related to the autonomic control of organs in the thoracic and abdominal arteries?

cranial nerve #10 vaugus nerve

only cartilage of larynx with a posterior surface

cricoid cartilage

loc'n for tracheostomy

cricothyroid ligament - you know you will not damage the vocal cords of a person - make a hole in he cricothyroid ligament - allow air to go into person's lung in case the obstruction of the airway was located above this area

point of attachment in the inferior anterior aspect of the falx cerebri

crista galli

how do we differentiate different types of information

depending on the pathway or tract the info is traveling and where the info will be arriving at the level of the spinal cord, brain, or brain stem

the right side of our heart works with what type of blood?

deoxy. blood - blood pumped to lungs to get oxygen - pulmonary circuit: blood going into the lungs and coming back from the lungs

grey mater

dark outside surface - dark because it's composed of neuronal cell bodies

what stops the passive flow of blood from atria to ventricles?

decrease in difference in pressure between atria and ventricles

blood pressure ______ from aorta to vena cava

decreases

what happens when the trachealis constricts?

decreases the lumen of the trachea why: it brings the endings of the C-shaped ring together

fissure

deep depression

what is the first artery to branch off femoral artery?

deep femoral artery

what encases the sellae turcia?

diaphragm sellae

relaxation

diastole

where is the third ventricle located?

diencephalon - between right and left thalami

the pharynx belongs to what two systems?

digestive and respiratory

arteriovenous anastomosis

direct connection between arteriole and venule

the azygous vein dumps venous blood where?

directly into superior vena cava

asthma

disorder characterized by conducting airways contracting too much and too easily - related to tightening of smooth muscle that surrounds airways - asthma attack can happen spontaneously or due to exposure to a wide range of stimuli - asthma attack = inflammation in the air passage, which results in temporary narrowing of the airways - leads to shorting of breathe and tightening

Longitudinal Fissure

divides right and left sides of the brain

receptive fields

each receptor has a specific area that is monitors - can have large and small receptive fields - large fields: makes it MORE difficult to localize a stimulus in one specific area - small fields: several receptors are placed close together making it easy to localize a stimulus X: if you place two fingers in the same receptive field, brain cannot interpret that as two, it feels as if it was one stimulus

loc'n tarsal plates

either corner of the eye - tarsal gland: produce oily secretions that prevents the eyelid from sicking together

largest of our arteries?

elastic arteries

which specific type of arteries need to sustain a higher amount of pressure

elastic arteries

what makes elastic arteries more elastic?

elastic fibers

how are cardiac cells joined together?

electrically

gyrus

elevations in brain - gyrus (singular) - gyri (plural)

which layer of the heart is the inner layer?

endocardium - simple squamous epithelium (same tissue that forms inside of blood vessels) - flat cell = very smooth surface for blood to flow through

what happens when intercostal muscles contract?

enlarges the rib cage - increases chest from side to side and front to back

f'n of ALL valves throughout body

ensure one way flow

what do the interventricular septum and interatrial septum have in common?

ensure that blood from right and left sides of heart do not mix

laryngopharynx starts at the level of the hyoid bone and goes until _____

entrance of esophagus

vessels in choroid plexus are surrounded by what kinds of cells?

ependymal cells

which layer is the most outside layer of our heart?

epicardium

contains pineal gland

epithalamus

Iso-volumetric contraction

equal volumes of blood pumped into the pulmonary and systemic circuit

how often do basal cells replace olfactory receptor cells

every 2 months

aductor hiatus

gap between femur and aductor magnus f'n: allows passage of blood vessel

f'n choroid

extensive capillary network that (1) helps nourish the retina found in the inner layers (2) help with the cooling of the inside of eyeball

Dura Septa

extentsions of the dura mater that go deep inside the brain

the right and left common illiac arteries bifurcate into what? (2)

external and internal illiac arteries

what structure is inbetween the media and adventitia layer (arteries)

external elastic membrane

external carotid artery supplies blood where

external skull and face

provide info about external environment

exteroceptors

somatosensory association area

f'n: allows you to understand the texture, size, and shape of something

f'n superior colliculus (3)

f'n: controls reflex responses to visual stimulate, (2) controls focusing/accomodation of our eyes, (3) how much pupils dilate

cilliary zonule

f'n: help change the shape of lens in order to focus light in the retina - suspensery ligaments controlled by cilliary muscles

Premotor Cortex

f'n: planing of motor movements X: thinking about wanting to grab a pen - In frontal lobe - sends info to primary motor cortex which sends the output to early skeletal muscle then you grab pen

f'n arterial anastomosis

f'n: reduce the impact a blockage causes by having another available artery to supply nutrients surgical connection between two arteries - if one artery gets blocked, the other one will supply blood to that area

f'n heptic portal system

f'n: routes venous blood from all organs to liver for liver to do its job made up of: hepatic vein + all the veins that leave the stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancrease that drain into the superior/inferior mescenteric veins

f'n ependymal cells

f'n: take nutrients from blood and produce cerebral spinal fluid at constant rate (type of glial cell) - take blood plasma and its components to make CSF

dura mater fold located between the right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum

falx cerebelli

dura mater fold located between the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum (along longitudinal fissure)

falx cerebri

which arteries supply blood to thigh area?

femoral and deep femoral arteries

as soon as external illiac arteries passed boarder of pelvic girddle what does it become?

femoral arteries

what type of capillary is founf on the choroid plexus of brain and in kidneys

fenestrations - found in places where we need to have filtration of blood - allow waterm waste and small ions to pass through and get removed from blood stream

three layers of the eye

fibrous layer, vascular layer, inner layer

f'n kidney

filter waste products out of blood

loc'n center of the macula

fovea centralis

palpebral fissure

fissure between palpebra

ventricles

fluid filled cavities - hold CSF

third ventricle

fluid filled space between right and left ventricle

what are autonomic motor neurons responsible for?

frequency of firing - can increase/slow down rate of firing

subarachnoid space

space between arachnoid and pia mater (true space) - loc'n of CSF

fornix

fold between the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva ** loc'n for lacrimal ducts from the lacrimal glands, open up and tears/lacrimal fluid is released

folia of cerebrum

folds (like cerebrum gyrus)

why does go to the lungs?

for gas exchange to happen

valsalva maneuver

forcing exhalation with airways closed

loc'n for lacrimal ducts from the lacrimal glands, open up and tears/lacrimal fluid is released

fornix

which ventricle communicates with the central canal of the spinal cord

fourth ventricle

tricuspid valve ensures blood flow in what direction?

from right atrium to right ventricle

how does blood flow in the capillaries?

from the arteole end across the capillary towards the venous end

how are AV valves formed?

from the folds of endocardium

longest vein in our body

great saphenous vein

nuclei

group of central neural cell bodies in CNS

what gives the perception of taste?

gustatory cortex

what allows us to feel a mosquito lands on our skin?

hair root plexus

separates nasal and oral cavities

hard and soft palate

action of inhaling brings blood toward _____

heart

what is the muscle pump (right and left) that pumps bloods to the two circuits

heart

f'n tunica adventitia/externa

help hold vessels to surrounding tissue - made up of: dense, fibrouus connective tissue

vestibular folds / false vocal cords are mostly involved in what?

helping to close glottis - durng valsalva maneuver, vestibular folds keep the glottis closed and prevent air from escaping - leads to increased pressure in abdominal area X: helps when lifting weight and delivering babies and bathroom activities

How does the liver receive blood?

hepatic portal vein

where do the splenic vein, superior/ inferior mescenteric veins drain their blood?

hepatic portal vein

which blood has more nutrients, blood in the superior mescenteric artery or blood in the hepatic portal vein?

hepatic portal vein why: hepatic portal vein receives blood from all digestive tract which means the nutrients would be absorbed from all over

fluids always flow from ___ pressure to ____ pressure

high to low

what is the foramen ovale (when discussing the heart)?

hole between right and left atrium present before development - hole needed for oxygen - if the hole does not close during birth, condition known as a "hole in the heart"

Venal caval foramen

hole where vena cava crossed diaphragm

f'n cerebellar peduncle

how cerebellum communicatd w/ other brain regions

- asvascular - weakest type of cartilage - loc'n: between ribs and sternum, articular cartilage, synovial joints, passageways of respiratory tract

hyaline cartilage

what forms the inferior portion of nasal septum?

hyaline cartilage - makes for flexibility of nasal septum

what marks the line that separates the oral and laryngopharynx?

hyoid bone

brain's thermostat

hypothalamus

controls release of hormones by pituitary gland

hypothalamus

loc'n of temperature control and many reflex centers that play a role in maintaining internal balance?

hypothalamus

what is the center of of homeostasis

hypothalamus

what links the nervous and endocrine system

hypothalamus

which part of the brain is greatly affected by emotion?

hypothalamus

described forced contraction of blood from arteriole end to venule in capillaries

if all precapillary sphincters contract at the same time, blood has no option but to go from the arteriole end to the venule end via the metarteriole - in this situation the metarteriole acts as a thoroughfare channel and entire capillary network is bypassed

where is the wave of depolarization generated?

in the SA node at the upper part of the right atrium

why are gyri needed in the cerebellum?

increase surface area

which vena cava is bigger? superior or inferior

inferior

where do the right and left renal veins drain directly into?

inferior vena cava

endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

bronchitis

inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes - those with bronchitis often cough up thickened mucus trying to eliminate from their airways

pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium sac = friction every time the heart beats

insula

inside cerebrum

where is the gustatory cortex located

inside insula

loc'n gustatory cortext

inside insula - inside cerebrum

what separates right and left atria?

interatrial septum

how are cardiac cells bound together?

intercalated discs - consists of desmosomes + gap junctions

anastomosis

interconnecting - crictical in areas where blood flow is restricted for some reason

anastomosis

interconnection

venous anastomosis

interconnections between veins

vascular anastomosis

interconnections of blood vessels

how does the lateral ventricle communicate with the third ventricle?

interventricular foramen

what separates right and left ventricles?

interventricular septum

where do the superior and inferior mescenteric arteries supply blood to

intestines superior mescenteric: oxy blood to basically entire intestine inferior mescenteric: terminal portion of large intestine an rectum

during gas exchange, oxygen goes out into blood and CO2 goes where?

into alveolar sacs

how can we subdivide our lung lobes?

into bronchopulmonary segments

after heart muscle cells use oxygen and nutrients present in blood where does the blood go?

into coronary veins

once the electrical impulse reaches the Purkinje fibers, where does it go?

into the ventricular myocardium (heart muscle cells of the ventricles)

what kind of control is the trachealis udner?

involuntary why: smooth muscle

rod

involved in black and white vision - better for seeing at night - able to see grey scale

why is myelin white?

it is basically fat

why is deoxygenated blood coming from the pulmonary arteries so high in pressure?

it is coming from the right ventricle

why is the hypothalamus so greatly affected by emotion?

it is controlled by the limbic system, which is the center of emotion in the brain

what is the importance of humidification?

it protects cells against dehydration - if we got dry, NON humidified air into body, it could dehydrate the membrane linning the inner side of our respiratory tract = cell damage of respiratory tract

if you squeeze the lungs what happens?

it retracts then slowly goes back to resting shape

which vein drains blood out of our brain

jugular vein

renal arteries go through _____

kidneys

place where vocal cords are anchored anteriorly

laryngeal prominence

voice box + loc'n of vocal chord?

larynx

the ocularmotor nerve (lll) does not control which two extrinsic eye muscles

lateral rectus and superior oblique

describe the flow of CSF

lateral ventricle --> third ventricle ---> fourth ventricle - due to ciliated movement of ependymal cells

there is NO direct connection between which ventricles?

lateral ventricles

the two right pulmonary veins and the two left pulmonary veins arrive where in the heart?

left atrium

where to the four pulmonary veins arrive within the heart

left atrium

flow of in oxygen rich blood within the heart

left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta

where are the pectinate muscles located in the lft side of the heart?

left auricle

where does the apex of the heart point towards?

left hip

which side of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circuit?

left side

why is the left ventricle much bigger than the right?

left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta and from the aorta the blood goes to our entire body

which ventricular wall is thicker?

left ventricular wall

dividing line betwen anterior and posterior cavity

lens

in what time frame do all the events in the cardiac system happen?

less than one second

where do the external illiac arteries / femoral artery carry blood to?

lower limbs

where does blood gain oxygen and get rid of CO2

lungs

continous capillaries

made up of simple squamous epithelium - single layer of endothelial cells held together by tight junctions

what are the functions of the three meninges?

maintain and circulate cerebral spinal fluid

which branch innervates the muslces of mastication?

mandibular division of the trigeminal nerves

f'n meninges

mantain and circulate cerebral spinal fluid

f'n lacrimal caruncle

mass of soft tissue with glands that produce thick secretions

visual association cortex

matching face w/ person - perception of visual stimuli

what makes up the hard palate

maxilla and palatine bones

connects brain and spinal cord

medulla oblongata

f'n gonadal arteries (men and women)

men: testicular arteries f'n: supply blood to testes and scrotum women: ovarian arteries f'n: supply blood to ovaries, uterine tube, and uterus

the _____ layer of the dura mater is closer to the arachnoide mater

meningeal

which layer of the dura mater is the true layer that covers the brain and extends into vertebral canal as spinal dura mater?

meningeal layer

approx. 25% of visual info goes to

mesencephalon - specifically: superior colliculus

where are metarterioles found?

mesenteric circulation ONLY

thoroughfare channel

metareriole/ main street between a capillary and a venule - where all capillary branches emerge from

why are the main streets connecting arteries and veins in capillaries called metarteriole instead of capillaries?

metarterioles have precapillary sphincters with smooth muscle cells and capillaries cannot have smooth muscle cells in their walls

f'n mescencephalon

midbrain - above mesencephalon: cerebrum + diencephalon - below mescenphalon: medulla oblongata + pons f'n: moving eyes why: almost all extrinsic eye muscles are intervaed by cranial nerves that leave the mescencephalon

f'n moderator band

moderate how much chamber extends (since right ventricle wall is much thinner than left ventricle wall)

loc'n molecular layer

molecular layer (close to surface) loc'n: where we find dendrites of Purkinje cells

function of sensory receptors

monitor conditions inside the body and in external environment

collateral arteries

more than one artery supplying blood to one specific area - fuse and form capillary bed - arterial anastomosis

how do we ensure that areas needing rich blood flow all the time (heart and brain) always have the blood they need?

more than one artery supplying blood to one specific area (collateral arteries)

info exits spinal cord

motor tract

pulmonary ventilation

movement of air into and out of the lungs - venting: releasing air - like moving air around - linked to cardiovascular system

f'n soft palate

moves up and closes nasal passage when swallowing

regulates blood pressure and blood flow

muscular arteries

specific type of arteries that can change their diameter and cause vasoconstriction/dilation

muscular arteries

f'n trabeculae carneae

muscular ridges on the internal surface of the ventricles f'n: help squeeze the maximum amount of blood out of the ventricle

what is white mater composed of?

myelinated axons

which layer of the heart is the muscle layer and the thickest layer?

myocardium - loc'n of cardiac muscle cells and blood vessels and nerves

what happens to vessels as they cross anatomical boundaries?

name change

epithelium change when crossing from nasal to oral pharynx

nasal pharynx: regular respiratory epithelium = pseudostratified ciliated columnar oral/laryngo pharynx: stratified squamous epithelium

where do we find hairs that extend towards our nostrils and work as strainers to inhibit large particles from getting into nasal cavity

nasal vestibule

why do we get a runny nose wehn we cry?

nasolacrimal duct opens up inside the nose

detect odor molecules

nerve fibers on the superior part of the nasal cavity - chemical molecules that bind to receptors found on nerve fibers - nerve fibers = olfactory nerves

how do the CNS and PNS communicate?

nerves and tracts (pathways) - nerves have other names like axon and fibers

pelxus means ____

network

hydrocephalus (new borns/adults)

new borns: bc skull is not fused yet and increased pressure causes head to become very large adults: bc skull is formed, increase in pressure is kept within and leads to potential brain damage --> compression of brain vessels and crushing of soft nervous tissue fix: drainage of CSF via hole and tube in ventricle

external nares

nostrils

flow of air through nose

nostrils-> nasal vestibule-> nasal cavity --> nasal conchae->internal nares

why are false vocal cords considered false?

not elastic enough to vibrate when air passes through them = they CANNOT produce sound

aqueous humor

nourishing fluid - produced similarly to CSF - basically filtered blood plasma that fills anterior cavity f'n: (1) helps nourish iris and cornea (2) gives nutrients to cornea (since it is avascular) - constantly being made and and getting reabsorbed - reabsorbed in scleral venous sinus loc'd in corneoscleral junction

_____ lobe = VISION

occipital

chemicals in saliva can activate receptors where?

on taste hairs - allows gustatory cells to activate nerve fibers that go back to our brain to allow us to be concious of taste

when does the air reach the pharynx?

once it passed the posterior nasal aperture

the inability to smell peanut butter is related to what?

onset of Alzheimer's disease later in life

aortic hiatus

opening in diaphragm for the aorta to pass from the heart to the abdomen

glottis

opening in larynx

pupil

opening in the center of the iris

median and lateral aperatures f'n

openings that communicate with the subarachnoid space in the brain and spinal cord - communication important for CSF to get into base of the CNS

where are the blind spots of the eyes located

optic discs why: lacks photoreceptors

where do the internal illiac arteries supply blood to?

organs found within pelvic girddle x: urinary bladder, walls of the pelvis, and external genitalia

autonomic nervous system modulates ______

our heart rate

proprioception

our sense of body position

loc'n vestibular folds

outside of vocal folds

the left side of our heart works with what type of blood?

oxy. blood - systemic circuit: blood going to systems of body and coming back

during gas exchange, what goes into the blood and what comes out?

oxygen goes into the blood CO2 comes out

what type of blood just arrives in the left atrium from the pulmonary veins?

oxygenated blood

what happens after gas exchange occurs in the lungs?

oxygenated blood flows back inot the heart via a vein

which cells are constantly firng the electrical signal?

pacemaker cells in SA node

f'n + loc'n sinoatrial node

pacemaker of the heart f'n: regulate how many time heart contracts per minute loc'n: upper posterior wall of right atrium (near where superior vena cava connects to right atrium

normally we do not feel sensations in body, but the main sensation that can be felt is

pain - but still not sharply defined, we are not able to pinpoint which organs is causing pain

reffered pain

pain that feels as if it is coming from some part of the body other than the part being stimulated - painful sensations from visceral organs that is perceived as coming from another region X: during heart attack you feel pain in left arm why: nerve fibers from a particular part of the body shares the same pathway as another organ, brain cannot differentiate between the two

_____ lobe = SENSATIONS

parietal

ascending + decending aorta

part of aorta where blood is being ejected upwards/downwards

the ______ layer of the dura mater is closer to the skill

periosteal

what forms the nasal septum? (2)

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone fused with the vomer

will give different intensities in rate of change in stimulus

phasic receptors

rods and cones are

photoreceptors

what allows us to see different colors?

photoreceptors being sensitive to photons causing for the ability to detect different wavelengths of light

recptor specificity

photoreceptors in retina of eye primarily detect photons, - photons:pockets of light - can respond to pressure X: seeing flashes of light when you rub your eyes

mater meaning soft

pia

which meninges ataches to the brain itself?

pia mater

which meninges has blood vessels, contours at every gyri and helps nourish the brain cells?

pia mater

f'n retina (inner layer)

pigmentd layer: has lots of melanocytes that abosorb light, (2) prevent scattering of light inside the eyeball (3) keeps image clear

what separates 2 lobes

primary fissure

master gland

pituitary gland

cardiac notch

place in left lung where heart fits in

what keeps our lungs inflated?

pleura

space between lungs and wall

pleural cavity - surrounds respective lungs

what is between the parietal and visceral pleura membrane ?

pleural fluid - fluid secreted by simple squamous epithelial cells that make up visceral and parietal layers of pleura

Glossopharyngeal (IX) intervates what part of the face?

posterior 1/3 of tongue

what are the two arteries the popliteal artery splits into?

posterior and anterior tibial arteries

where does the deep brachial artery supply blood to?

posterior surface of our arm

catoid sinus measures what

pressure (baroreceptors) carotid Sinus measures preSSure

f'n parietal and visceral pleura membrane

prevent our lungs from collapsing

where we become concious of visual information

primary visual cortex

f'n neurosecretaory cells (hypothalamus)

produce hormons X: antiduretic hormone (ADH) + oxytocin

tarsal gland

produce oily secretions that prevents the eyelid from sicking together

what lines the lumen of the trachea ?

regular respiratory epithelium - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

f'n respiratory center (medulla oblongata)

regulate breathing pattern - pons can modulate

f'n blood brain barrier

regulate substance between blood and brain tisuse

arterioles contribute to ______

regulating blood pressure and blood flow at the arteriole level

if someone loses their sense of taste, what could be a possible problem?

related to facial nerve, or glossopharyneal nerve, brain, tissue, or tastebud damage

temporal lobe

related to smell and hearing

during ventricular systole and diastole, what are both atria doing?

relaxing - they are in natural systole getting ready for next cycle

if an object goes down our trachea, would you expect it in the right or left lung?

right why: bc they right main bronchi is wider and steeper than left main bronchi

the ____ ventricle of the heart pumps blood with less force

right why: because the pulmonary circuit is shorter

Which lung has 3 lobes?

right - superior, inferior, and middle

what does the abdominal aorta break up into? (2)

right and left common illiac arteries

when the hepatic artery proper goes into the liver, what does it split into? (2)

right and left hepatic artery

what does trachea split into?

right and left main bronchi

what is a big difference between the left and right atria?

right atria HAS pectinate muscles while the left atria does NOT (left auricle DOES have pectinate muscles present)

name the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

right atrioventricular valve - tricuspid valve - think TRI before you BI (bicuspid valuve before tricuspid valve)

blood arrives back at which part of heart via superior and inferior vena cava for the cycle to be complete again?

right atrium

superior and inferior vena cava arrive in which portion of our heart?

right atrium

where does the coronary sinus directly connect to?

right atrium - same chamber that superior and inferior vena cava arrive to

flow of blood low in oxygen within the heart

right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary trunk

where do we find pectinate muscles

right auricle & right atrium wall

small cardiac vein runs parallel to ______

right coronary artery itself

cigarette smoke is more likely to go into which lung?

right lung - higher instance of smoking related cancers on right lung rather than left (could also be due to having one extra lobe in right lung vs left lung)

which lung is bigger?

right lung why: bc heart is shoved into left side of thoracic cage

a stroke on the primary motor cortex of the left hemisphere, impairment will develop on what side of the body?

right side

which side of the heart pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit?

right side

where is the moderator band located?

right ventricle ONLY (extends from interventricular wall to side of right ventricle)

pericardium

sack around heart

where is aqueous humor reaborbed?

scleral venous sinus - loc'n: corneoscleral junction

f'n type 2 alveolar cells

secrete surfactant

gustation

sensation and taste - gustatory cells: specialized cells that help with taste (loc'n tastebuds) - tastebuds loc'd in doral surface of tongue

chemoreceptors

sensitivie to chemical conecentrations within the body

sensory modality arrangement

sensory fibers are arranged within the spinal cord according to the type of sensory info carried by individual neuron X: (1) posterior spinal cord: carry info on touch, pressure, and vibration (2) lateral spinal cord: pain and temperature (3) anterior

sensation

sensory info arriving at CNS

interface between the nervous system and the internal and external environment

sensory receptors

info enters spinal cord

sensory tract

f'n of septum pellucidium?

separate lateral ventricles

coronary / atrioventricular sulcus

separates atria from ventricles - goes around person's entire heart like a crown - loc'n: coronary vessels

Lateral Sulcus

separates frontal and temporal lobe

interatrial groove

separates left and right atria

f'n nasal septum

separates right and left wall of nasal cavity - formed by perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone fused with the vomer

oblique fissure

separates superior and inferior lobes of left lung

oblique fissure of right lung

separates the middle lobe from the inferior lobe

horizontal fissure

separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung

why is carina of trachea so important?

several nerve endings group together here - if somehow a pathogen gets all the way down here, free nerve endings are stimulated and we start coughing like crazy - LEADS TO COUGHING REFLEX - coughing = defense mechanism bc you can remove debris out of airways

sulcus

shallow depression

sensory homunculus

shows specific areas of your body where you feel more or less sensation X: lips and hands have a lot of sensors

subdural space

space between dura mater and arachnoid mater - poential to be filled with fluid, does not normall exist X: filled with blood in a subdural hematoma

type 1 alveolar cells

simple squamous cells where gas exchange occurs (alveoli)

what are capillaries made out of?

simple squamous epithelium - layer of endothelial cells held together by lots of tight junctions and desmosomes - have a basal lamina surrounding

what forms capillary wall

simple squamous epithelium - same tissue forms walls of alveolar sacs

what is the tunica intima layer made up of ?

simple squamous epithelium - single layer of epithelial cells that provides smooth lining for blood to flow through

superior sagittal sinus

sinus between right and left cerebral hemispheres in superior side

least abundant type of capillaries

sinusoid

which capillary has a discontinuous basement lamina

sinusoid capillaries - discontinous basement allow for large gaps to exist

hilum of the lung

site of entrance and exit of all structures associated w/ lungs (including blood vessels)

do hands have small or large receptive fields?

small

fenestrations

small pores f'n: allow rapid movement of fluid and proteins that need to be exchanged BUT cells cannot cross fenestrations

venule

small veins

vasa vasorum

small vessels that supply blood to outer part of the larger vessels - needed so big vessels get their oxygen and nutrients - latin for vessel of the vessel - loc'n: aorta

arterioles

smallest arteries

designates the line that separates the nasal and oral pharynx

soft palate

general senses

somatic and visceral - refers to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, and proprioception - general sensory receptors are distributed throughout body

transducens

something that converts one stimulus into another - done by picking up stimuli and converting it into action potentials - changes in conditions can be both inside and outside body stimulating sensory receptors - sensory receptors work as transducens

refers to smell, taste balance, hearing, and vision

special senses

merkel cells

specialized epithelial cells that release neurotransmittrs containing vessicles that can activate nerve fibers that send action potentials to the brain in response to light touch on the skin

specialized epithelial tissue that has gustatory cells that have what?

specialized epithelial tissue that has gustatory cells that have gustatory receptros that allow us to be sensitive to different types of chemical stimuli

sensory recptors

specialized to respond to changes in environment (stimulus) - each sensory receptor responds primarily to one particular type of stimulus

loc'n first order neuron

spinal cord

blood leaving capillary beds supplied by the celliac trunk and superior/inferior mescenteric artery to into where? (3)

splenic vein, superior/ inferior mescenteric vein

f'n pectinate muscle

squeeze out maximum amount of blood into ventricle when atria contracts

pockets of info

stimuli

Where does the hepatic portal vein get its blood supply? (4)

stomach, intestines, pancrease and spleen

what are the laryngopharynx and oropharynx lined with?

stratified epithelium - several layers of squamous cells

cerebral vascular accident

stroke

f'n lacrimal apparatus

structures involved with production, distribution, and removal of tears - to some extent, always active

where do you find cerebral spinal fluid flowing through?

subarachnoid space

what gives different lobes of the brain

sulcus

which has more oxygen, blood in the superior mescenteric artery or blood in the hepatic portal vein?

super mescenteric artery why: the superior mescenteric artery is a branch of the abdominal aorta and inside all vessels that leave the aorta, there is oxy. blood + the hepatic vein takes deoxy. blood to the liver then hepatic veins leave the liver and dump all deoxy. blood into inferior vena cava

examples of large veins

superior and inferior vena cava

big veins that bring blood low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide into heart

superior and inferior vena cava - vena = vein - cava = big

where does CSF get back into blood stream

superior sagittal sinus

brachiocephalic trunks get together and from what?

superior vena cava that delivers blood to right atrium

the base is the ____ border of the heart while the apex is the ______ portion of the heart

superior;inferior

f'n cornoary arteries

supply oxy. blood to heart muscle itself

f'n left/right common carotid artery

supply oxy. blood to right/left side of our heads

f'n of anterior and posterior tibial arteries and fibular arteries

supplying blood to our legs

what are the adial and ulnar artery responsible for?

supplying blood to the forearm

mediastinal surface

surface of each lung facing the mediastinum

sympathetic vs parasympathetic neurons

sympathetic neurons increase: heart rate & force of contraction parasympathetic neurons decrease: heart rate & force of contraction

there is more blood found in the _______ circuit than the ______ circuit

systemic; pulmonary

contraction

systole

high peak of the pulse

systolic pressure - high peak of pulse generated while in systole

merkel's disc is also known as

tactile disc

most common receptor

tactile receptors

f'n right and left pulmonary arteries

take blood away from heart to lungs

transition cells (support) and gustatory epithelial cells are located where?

taste buds

where are gustatory cells located

taste buds

gustatory microvilli are also called what

taste hairs

where do taste hairs open up into?

taste pores

dura mater fold located along the transverse cerebral fissure

tentorium cerebelli

why is the larynx of a man bigger than the larynx of a woman?

testosterone

what divides the cerebrum and cerebellum?

transverse cerebral fissure

75% of visual information goes to ____

thalamus

relay station for all sensory info that comes up through spinal cord + eyes + ears

thalamus

what is considered the largest nuclei in our brain?

thalamus - basically group of neuronal cell bodies in one specific area

what structure relays important sensory info?

thalamus - relay station for all sensory info that comes up through spinal cord + eyes + ears

95% of the info arriving in the cerebral cortex has to pass through what

thalamus - thalamus sends info where it needs to go

95% of sensory info goes where ?

thalamus - then forewarded to the place it needs to go

after blood is pumped from the left ventricle, through the aortic valve, and into the aorta, where does the blood go?

the OXYGENATED blood goes to all systems of the body

when we blow air on a mirrow, why does it get foggy?

the air exhaled condensed on the mirror - think conducting system f'n

collateral circulation

the alternative route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis - works as a detour around blockage

after the subclavian artery passed under the clavicle, what does it become?

the auxillary artery

why can't we smell as well as we age?

the basal replacement of olfactory receptor cells decline

the visceral layer of the pericardium is exactly the same as what?

the epicardium itself

what blood vessel would be used to replace a blocked coronary artery?

the great saphenous why: (1) its a superficial vein meaning easy access (2) can handle pressure well

periphral distribution of arteries and veins are identical except for where in the body

the heart

veins carry blood toward what?

the heart

what generates blood pressure in the body?

the heart

where are pulmonary veins carrying blood towards?

the heart

only 7% of blood is found here

the heart - talking about chambers and not the vessels within the heart

how do the heart cardiac cells depolarize in terms of direction?

the heart cardiac cells depolarize in a wave direction that favors the blood being ejected in a specific direction

why do men have deeper voices?

the larynx of a man is bigger than a woman's and the voicebox is located in the larynx

f'n of the left side of the heart / why is the systemic circuit called systemic?

the left side pumps this oxygenated blood throughout all other systems of body - works 6 times harder than right side of heart

what does the tunica intima layer line?

the lumen or inside of our blood vessels - made of simple squamous epithelium

which cranial nerve #10 (vagus nerve) leaves which portion of the brain?

the medulla

solitary nucleus

the medullary relay nucleus of the gustatory system - from either facial or glossopharyngeal nerves - sent to a nucleus in brainstem

mesentery is the name given to

the membrance that attaches the intestines to the abdominal wall and holds it in place

optic chiasm

the point in the brain where the visual field information from each eye "crosses over" to the appropriate side of the brain for processing - allows us to see sensory info from each eye at the same time

Where is the pituitary located?

the sella turcica

olfactory sensory neurons

the sensory receptors for smell that reside high up inside the nose - olfactory epithelium embeded w/ these specialized cells - supporting cells and basal cells

visceral pleural membrane is in direct contact with

the surface of the lungs ' - attached to surface of lungs

loc'n laryngeal prominence (adam's apple)

thyroid cartilage

cornea

the transparent layer forming the front of the eye. - covers the anterior part of eye - corneal-scleral junction is where sclera and cornea join together - provides a degree of protection - point of attachment of extrinsic eye muscles

the four ventricles form _____

the ventricular system of the brain

why do pulmonary veins have low pressure?

they are bringing blood from the lungs back to the heart - thinner walls

why do we need several layers of cells in the oral/laryngo pharynx?

they are on the path that food follows - we need straified squamous so we know that they can withstand abrasion caused by foods we swallow

when semilunar valves get filled with blood what happens?

they close (both valves, semilunar and aortic)

when respiratory muscles contract what happens?

they increase chest volume which creates suction that draws air into our lungs

f'n prefrontal cortex

thinking, trouble solving, concentration, behavior, personality, morality, judgement - anterior premotor cortex - when something goes wrong in this area = psych disorder

before the aorta passes through the aotric hiatus what is it called?

thoracic aorta

what is the parietal pleura membrane in contact with?

thoracic wall - attached to inner wall of chest

how does each main bronchi enter the mediastinal surface of our lungs?

through the hilum

internal carotid artery enters skull via carotid canal in temporal bone and supplies blood where?

to our brain

blood pumped into the pulmonary circuit goes where ?

to the lungs - pump blood to the lungs to get blood oxygenated

95% of sensory information goes where

to the thalamus - in thalamus info is sorted out into other parts of the brain - thalamus = relay center for all parts of the brain

most dangerous behavior that causes people to develop emphysema?

tobacco smoke - exposed to air pollution, chemical fumes, and dust - small % of cases are caused by inherited deficiency of a protein that protects elastic structures of lungs

bringing vocal cords together/apart leads to

together: very high pitched sound apart: deep sound

taste goes from _____ to _____ to _______

tongue to the thalamus, which relayes 95% of sensory info in our bodies thalamus to gustatory cortex - loc'n inside insula (inside cerebrum)

respond to EVERY single stimulus with the same magnitude

tonic receptors

epicaranial aponeurosis

tough layer of dense fibrous system

epicranial aponeurosis

tough layer of dense fibrous tissue which covers the upper part of the cranium

what happens when the trachealis relaxes?

trachea dilates and the lumen of the trachea increases

f'n of arteries and veins

transport blood

what nerve is also called the pathetic nerve?

trochlear - why: paralysis of this nerve causes deviation of eye = patient to fuse two images

bronchial tubes

tubes that carry air to and from our lungs

layer that we see on the outside of the blood vessels?

tunica adventitia/externa

both veins and arteries have this distinct layer

tunica media - smooth muscle (involuntary = controlled by autonomic nervous system)

special senses

unique to head - refers to smell, taste balance, hearing, and vision - special sense receptors are located in complex sense organs X: eyes, ears, tastebuds

when skeletal muscle contracts what prevents blood flow in both directions?

valves - blood only flows up in direction that valve permits - valves are the ones blocking the backflow of blood - valves etablish the unit direction of venous flow

periosteum of cranium

vascular connective tissue that involved bone

64% of blood is found in _______

veins

under normal conditions what vessel does not pulse?

veins - if you feel a vessel pulsing, it is not a vein - only pulse under abnormal conditions X: pulsing of jugular vein6

blood reserviors are also known as

veins - most of blood found at veneous end

which holds more blood? (veins/arteries)

veins - why: larger diameter of the lumen

dural venous sinuses

venous blood filled space created by gaps formed between the inner and outer layers of the dura- mater. - majority of blood drains into here

discharging chambers (2)

ventricle

2 hemispheres separated by

vermis

very first artery branching of left subclavian artery

vertebral artery

false vocal cord

vestibular fold

how does blood come back to the heart?

via four pulmonary veins (two veins from each lung)

what fills the posterior cavity of the eye

viterous humor

true vocal cord

vocal fold

f'n eyelids (palpebrae)

washes debris off the surface of eye

tight junctions hold cells together to strongly it prevents ____ from passing between them

water

CSF is basically gatorade, meaning it has ____, _____, and ______

water, sugar, and electrolytes

why is it important to warm the air we are inhaling?

we don't want cold air possibly freezing our lungs, so we must warm it up before it gets deep into lungs

the visual cortex controls

what you see

When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

when is passed the aductor hiatus

when respiratory muscles contract/relax what happens?

when respiratory muscles contract, we inhale when respiratory muscles relax, we exhale

why do we have smooth muscle in the veins if they do not have to sustain high blood pressure?

when veins constrict, it helps squeeze blood back towards our heart

f'n respiratory zone

where gas exchange occurs - thin enough for gases to move across via diffusion

corneal-scleral junction

where sclera and cornea join together

arbor vitae

white mater under cerebellar cortex

sclera

white part of the eye

name the pulmonary veins (4)

why four: bc we have two veins leaving each lung - two left pulmonary veins - two right pulmonary veins - all arrive at left atrium of heart

right main bronchi

wide and much steeper than left main bronchi why: 3 lobes in right lung and 2 lobes in left

capillary beds

wide areas of capillaries forming big blankets and networks of little vessels that spread out and within tissue allow for nutrient and waste exchange to happen

why is the cricothyroid ligament the perfect loc'n for a tracheostomy

you know you will not damage the vocal cords of a person