Exam 3
Which is not a function of blood?
synthesis of hormones
If capillary hydrostatic pressure equals 30 mmHg, capillary colloid osmotic pressure equals 26 mm Hg, interstitial fluid osmotic pressure equals 5 mm Hg, and interstitial hydrostatic pressure equals 2 mm Hg, the net filtration pressure will be
+7 mm Hg
Which metabolic control substance causes capillary dilation in a tissue
nitric oxide
If a doctor orders a blood test requiring the use of serum
no anticoagulaent agent should be added to the tube of the blood
The first thing that stops a muscle contraction after a motor neuron stops releasing acetylcholine is
Acetylocholinesterase destroys the acetylcholine as it is removed from the membrane receptors
The sliding filament model of contraction involves
Actin and myosin sliding past each other but not shortening
___ over lap in ___, the functional units of skeletal muscle cells
Actin and myosin, sarcomeres
The most abundant plasma protein is
Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
What are the more abundant plasma proteins?
Albumins, globulins, fibrongen
Which blood vessel would you find the highest blood pressure?
Aorta
Pulse is measured in what?
Arteries
The blood vessel type bringing oxygen and nutrients to the tissues is the
Artery
The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates
Atrial depolarization
The Lubb heart sound occurs with the ___ valves closing, while the Dub heart sound occurs as ___ valves close
Atrioventricular, semilunar
Oxygen is transported by red blood cells, it is carried by
Attaching to the iron ion heme
If plasma proteins are lost due to kidney disease, then which of the following pressure changes occur as a result?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure decreases
Select the correct statement about blood flow
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
During the period of ventricular filling
Blood flows from the atria and through the open AV valves
Which provides long-term control for blood pressure?
Blood volume
Intense exercise can cause
Both of the above
The dicrotic notch refers to the
Brief rise in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off the aortic semilunar valve
The function of hemoglobin is to
Carry oxygen
Norepinephrine acts on heart muscle cells by
Causing threshold to be reached more quickly
In an isotonic contraction, the muscle
Changes in length and moves the "load"
Which is not a risk factor for essential hypertension?
Circulatory shock
Which ion is not directly involved in a muscle action potential?
Cl-
Which is NOT directly involved in a muscle action potential
Cl-
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
Closure of the heart valves
The first heart sound (lubb of lubb-dubb) is caused by the
Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
Which is a blood vessel that does not do vasodilation or vascoconstriction?
Conduction artery
How does exercising assure greater blood delivery to the active muscles?
Exercising provides increased venous return to the heart
Negative chronotropic factors are
Factors that decrease heart rate
Starling law of the heart states that the heart contracts less forcefully when it fills with more blood
False
Which is a risk factor for essential hypertension?
Family history, obesity, unavoidable risks
The sheet of connective tissue beneath skin around a muscle, providing a pathway for nerves and blood vessels is called the
Fascia
Which blood protein serves as antibodies that tag foreign substances for elimination from the body?
Gamma globulins
Blood group antigens, including the ABO blood group antigens on the surface of blood cells, are comprised of
Glycoproteins
Which organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?
Kidney
If a cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from
Lack of oxygen in myofibers
Athletes sometimes complain of oxygen debt, a condition that results when insufficient oxygen is available to completely break down pyruvic acid. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to
Lactic acid
Blood flow to a tissue increases if
Level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases
Which returns fluid escaping from the circulatory system to the circulatory system?
Lymphatic vessels
Which of the following is a precursor of a lymphocyte?
Lymphoblast
Blood by-passing a capillary bed flow through its
Metarteriole
A person with chronic leukemia is ___ likely to suffer a bacterial infection in/on their body
More
The myocardium requires ___ oxygen than skeletal muscle and has ___ mitochondria.
More, more
Heart sounds other than those caused by closing of valves are called
Murmurs
The number of muscle fibers in a contracted state in an otherwise relaxed muscle is known as its
Muscle tone
Which of the following is a precursor of a neutrophil?
Myeloblast
Which of the following is a precursor of a basophil?
Myeoblast
Which of the following is a precursor of an eosinophil?
Myeoblast
Oxygen is stored in myofibers on/in
Myoglobin
When a muscle fiber is stimulated by acetylcholine, ___ channels on the plasma membrane open.
Na+ channels open when Ach binds
Which is the correct sequence of events in a cardiac myocardium action potential?
Na+ inward flux -> Ca++ inward flux -> K+ outward flux
Contractile myocardial fibers use ___ to initiate action potentials while, authorhythmic fibers use ___
Na+, Ca++
The most abundant human leukocytes are the
Neutrophils
Which of the following chemicals doesn't control blood pressure?
Nitric acid
Which will decrease blood pressure?
Nitric oxide
Which provides a positive chronotropic effect on the heart?
Norepinephrine
Which will increase blood pressure?
Norepinephrine, antidiuretic hormone
When neither anti-A nor anti-B agglutinates with a patient's blood, their blood type is
O
The exercising muscle, myoglobin repletes___ and creatine phosphate repletes ____
O2, ATP
Rigor mortis occurs because
Of chemical changes in muscles after death, causing limbs to stiffen
Initiation of a cardiac action potential in contracting cardiac muscle cells begins with
Opening voltage-gated fast sodium channels
What can poor nutrition lead to?
Orthostatic Hypotenstion
On an EKG, the ___ wave represents atrial depolarization, while the ___ wave represents ventricular depolarization.
P, QRS
Angina pectoris is
Pain accompanying myocardial ischemia
If acetylcholine is applied to the heart, but cardiac output is to remain constant, which of the following would have to happen?
Stroke volume must increase
The viscosity of blood most directly affects
Systemic vascular resistance
A sustained and frequent muscles stimulus brings about
Tetanus
Which statement is true about an EKG?
The T wave indicated ventricular repolarization
Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells
The all-or-none law as applied to cardiac muscle means that the entire heart contracts as a unit or doesn't contract at all
Carbon dioxide is transported by red blood cells; it is carried in part by
The amino acids of hemoglobin
The mechanisms of contraction in smooth muscle parallels that of skeletal muscle in the following ways except
The calcium-mediated regulation of contraction differs
What is pulse pressure?
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure readings
Mechanisms that do not help autoregulate blood pressure include
The dural sinus reflex/liver synthesis of albumin blood protein and alcohol
If the vagus nerve to the heart were cut, the result would be
The heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute
Muscle cells work together in groups known as motor units. These consist for a motor neuron and
The muscle fibers innervated by it
Which is not directly involved in maintain your blood pressure?
The thymus
Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except
There are more thick filaments than thin filaments
Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?
There are no antibodies to A, B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma
Which of the following is a characteristic of all leukocytes
They are nucleated
Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?
They are nucleated
Which of the following are composed of myosin?
Thick filaments
Which of the following are composed of actin?
Thin filaments
When erythrocytes are worn and tattered, the some of the hemoglobin molecule is recycled. Transferrin assists in this by
Transferring the iron to the red bone marrow for incorporation into new hemoglobin
Sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by
Travel at high altitude and vigorous exercise
The warm-up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called
Treppe
What causes the sounds heard in an artery when blood pressure is measured?
Turbulence
The blood vessel type removing carbon dioxide and wastes from the tissues is the
Vein
The buffy coat of centrifuged blood consists mainly of
White blood cells and platelets
Acute leukemia is more common in ___ persons, chronic leukemia is more common in ___ persons
Younger, older
Cancer of lymphoblasts developing quickly in a young child would be called
acute lymphocytic leukemia
Which blood protein(s) regulates osmotic pressure, pulling water into the blood
albumin
Which is not a term referring to the immune system proteins made by plasma cells?
beta globulins
The blood vessel type allowing exchange of respiratory gases, delivery of nutrients, and removal of wastes to and from the tissues is the
capillary
Calcium ions bind to ___ in skeletal muscle cells
troponin
Factors aiding venous return include all of the following except
urinary output
Where in the body would you find low blood oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasolidation?
lungs
Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood
maintenance of normal pH in body tissues
Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood?
maintenance of normal pH in body tissues
When old blood cells are worn out, their components are recycled. The globin of the hemoglobin is
metabolized as amino acids
No visible granules are present in
monocytes
Each muscle fiber is stimulated by a nerve ending known as a
motor end plate
A motor neuron and the myofibers it innervates is know as a(n)
motor unit
A motor neuron and the myofibers it innervates is known as
motor unit
The tricuspid valve is closed
when the ventricle is in systole
Control of blood flow through a capillary bed occurs at its
precapillary sphincter
Which of the following is a protective function of blood
prevents infection
Aldosterone will
promote an increase in blood pressure
Which takes the longest time in a contracting skeletal myofiber?
recovery
An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that function in calcium storage is the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Excessive secretion of the hormone renin can cause
secondary hypertension
Which lists the components of the heart's conduction system in the proper order
sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, conduction myofibers
Gas exchange occurs in
Capillaries
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood
Select the correct statement about the movement of materials at the capillary level
Carbon dioxide moves from its production site into the interstitial fluid and capillaries
Glucose delivered to a recovering myofiber is used to
Reestablish glycogen stores
Which of the following periods is when a muscle is temporarily unable to respond to stimuli?
Refractory period
The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to
Regulate intracellular calcium concentration
Which is a function of blood?
Regulation of temperature, transportation of nutrients, protection against disease
The diameter of blood vessels most directly affects
Resistance
The lymphatic vessels
Return fluid escaping the circulatory system to veins above the heart
Where in the heart is a pacemaker located?
Right atrium
During a normal cardiac cycle, the atria contract when they are directly stimulated by the
SA node
Initiation of a normal heart beat is the responsibility of the
SA node
The muscle cell plasma membrane is called a
Sarcolemma
Which is not a vital sign used to assess the cardiovascular system?
Serum cholesterol
The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is
Significant because resistance goes up when the diameter goes down
Which requires nervous system input for stimulation of muscle contraction?
Skeletal muscle
Which of the following factors doesn't influence heart rate?
Skin color
Velocity of blood flow is ___ in the capillaries
Slowest
Smooth muscle is significantly different from striated muscle in several ways. Which of the following is true?
Smooth muscle can shorten and stretch more than striated muscle
The primary organs whose marcophages are responsible for phagocytizing worn-out red blood cells are the
Spleen and liver
In an isometric contraction, muscles
Stay the same length
An increase in venous return most directly affects
Stroke volume
Oxygen and nutrients are carried to the ventricular myocardium
during ventricular diastole
Which is NOT a nutrient required for erythropoiesis
iodine
All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except
low blood viscosity
Which of the following wraps an entire muscle?
Epimysium
The process of forming new red blood cells is called
Erythropoiesis
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase
When red blood cells wear out, the iron of hemoglobin is saved and recycled. The remainder of the heme is
Excreted as bile pigments
On average, normal resting cardiac output for an adult is about
5 liters/min
What is normal resting cardiac output?
5.25 L/min
The stroke volume for a normal resting heart is ___ ml/beat
70
An extended P-Q interval on a EKG usually indicates
A blockage in the conduction system
Acute hypotension may be the result of
A large-scale blood loss
Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes
A lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
A motor unit is
A motor neuron and myofibers it stimulates
Cardiac ischemia can result in
A myocardial infarcation
The functional unit of a skeletal muscle is
A sacromere
Select the correct statement about cardiac output
A slow heart rate increases end diastole volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction
which hormone reduces blood pressure?
ANP
Damage to the ___ is referred to as a heart block
AV node
Which component of the intrinsic autorhythmicity system of the heart functions to assure that the ventricles contract after the atria?
AV node
Which of the following is not part of the conduction system of the heart?
AV valve
What is the normal lymphocyte percentage of white blood cells?
About 25%
The normal neutrophil percentage of white blood cells is
Above 50%
The neurotransmitter used a motor end plate is
Acetylcholine
Which is the correct equation for the relationship between blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (CO), and peripheral resistance (PR)?
BP = CO x PR
When you go from squatting to standing too quickly, you feel dizzy. The drop in blood pressure stimulates vasoconstriction and increased heart rate to compensate. This is called
Baroreceptor reflex
The least abundant human leukocytes are the
Basophils
If a person has hepatitis, the liver may not convert bile pigments normally or transport them appropriately to the gall bladder. Thus, pigments accumulate in the blood, this is called jaundice. Which bile pigment would you expect to be in highest concentration in the blood of a person with this condition?
Bilirubin
The role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to
Bind to regulatory sites on troponin, changing the configuration contraction
Which indicates an EKG with second degree heart block
C
Cardiac muscle fibers remain depolarized longer than skeletal muscle fibers because
Ca++ enters the cytosol from extracellular fluid to contribute more depolarization just after Na+ has entered
The cardiac muscle contraction occurs when
Ca++ enters the myofibers through slow channels
What ion is responsible for the depolarization of cardiac autorhymic cells during an action potential?
Calcium
During contractions of heart muscle cells
Calcium comes in from the extracellular space and then is additionally released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
The molecule binding calcium in smooth muscle cells is
Calmodulin
An individual who is blood type AB negative
Can receive any blood type in moderate amounts except those with the Rh antigen
A drop in blood pressure stimulates the cardiovascular center to
DECREASE in arterial blood pressure/INCREASE blood pressure and heart rate via epinephrine
Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ___ period during which calcium ions are released from the terminal cisternae.
Depolarization
Which of the following is not one of the 3 main factors influencing blood pressure?
Emotional state
A heart beat is normally initiated when
Enough Ca++ enters the cells of a SA node to reverse their resting potentials
Which of these is not a normal plasma protein?
Hemoglobin
Which would be associated with prematurely ruptured erythrocytes?
Hemolytic anemia
Which of the following is not a complication of aplastic anemia?
Hypertension
Blood pressure peaks each day (assuming awakening in the morning, and going to sleep at night)
In the morning
Input from the sympathetic nervous system causes the heart rate to
Increase
Exercising returns more blood to the heart. Therefore, exercising causes ___ stroke volume and ___ heart contraction force
Increased, increased
Peripheral resistance
Increases as blood viscosity increases
Blood flow to the skin ___
Increases when environments temperature rise
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by
Intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
The effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower resting heart rate. This phenomenon
Is caused by the hypertrophy of the heart muscle
After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, the acetylcholine
Is destroyed by the acetyl choline esterase
The velocity of blood flow
Is slowest in capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
To lift a 50lb, you use an ___ contraction; to hold it above your head you use an ___ contraction.
Isotonic, isometric
Which of the following is true about blood plasma?
It is about 90% water
The father is Rh and the mother is Rh+. They have had 3 kids without adverse problems due to the Rh factor. The mother is pregnant again. In terms of the Rh factor, what is the risk to this fetus?
It is not greater than the risk of the previous kids
In skeletal muscle, each myofiber is surrounded by
Perimysium
Which of the following surrounds a bundle of myofibers?
Perimysium
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale red blood cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of
Pernicious anemia
Which formed element is not a cell?
Plasma
You obtain a tube of blood from a patient. EDTA anticoagulant is in the tube, so the blood doesn't clot. The tube is centrifuged and you remove the liquid from atop the cells. The liquid thus obtained is called
Plasma
Which is the most important factor affecting stroke volume?
Preload
Which of the following is not required for erythropoiesis?
Production of vacuoles
Correct developmental sequence of an RBC:
Proerythroblast, late erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte
On an EKG, depolarization of the ventricles is represented by the
QRS Complex
Which component of an electrocardiogram indicates electrical activity associated with ventricular depolarization?
QRS complex
What is vascular resistance mainly affected by?
Radius of vessels
When stimuli bring about more and more fibers in a contracted state, this is called
Recruitment
Which is a condition that may cause transient hypertension
anxiety, panic
The dicrotic notch refers to the
brief rise in aortic pressure caused by back flow of blood rebounding off the aortic seminar valve
In skeletal muscle, each myofiber is surround by
endomysium
Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?
endomysium
Formed elements found in the blood that are about 7-8 Um in diameter with no nuclei are
eruthrocytes
When cardiac muscles die the result is
fibrosis
Which is the best definition of blood pressure
force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel
Exercising returns more blood to the heart. Therefore, exercising causes __ stroke volume and ___ heart contraction force.
increased, increased
What organ in the body regulates erythorcyte production
kidneys
Red blood cells do not consume any of the oxygen they transport because they
lack mitochondria
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from
lack of oxygen in myofibers
In muscle action potential, the wave of positive mV charge travels through the ___ to the sarcoplasm from the sarcolemma
t-tubules
Heguy became excited when he saw Shegal, so he developed ___. However, Shegal found Heguy boring, so she developed
tachycarida, bradycardia
A muscle cell undergoing treppe is exhibiting ___ summation
temporal