Exam 3

Which is not a function of blood?

synthesis of hormones

If capillary hydrostatic pressure equals 30 mmHg, capillary colloid osmotic pressure equals 26 mm Hg, interstitial fluid osmotic pressure equals 5 mm Hg, and interstitial hydrostatic pressure equals 2 mm Hg, the net filtration pressure will be

+7 mm Hg

Which metabolic control substance causes capillary dilation in a tissue

nitric oxide

If a doctor orders a blood test requiring the use of serum

no anticoagulaent agent should be added to the tube of the blood

The first thing that stops a muscle contraction after a motor neuron stops releasing acetylcholine is

Acetylocholinesterase destroys the acetylcholine as it is removed from the membrane receptors

The sliding filament model of contraction involves

Actin and myosin sliding past each other but not shortening

___ over lap in ___, the functional units of skeletal muscle cells

Actin and myosin, sarcomeres

The most abundant plasma protein is

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

What are the more abundant plasma proteins?

Albumins, globulins, fibrongen

Which blood vessel would you find the highest blood pressure?

Aorta

Pulse is measured in what?

Arteries

The blood vessel type bringing oxygen and nutrients to the tissues is the

Artery

The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates

Atrial depolarization

The Lubb heart sound occurs with the ___ valves closing, while the Dub heart sound occurs as ___ valves close

Atrioventricular, semilunar

Oxygen is transported by red blood cells, it is carried by

Attaching to the iron ion heme

If plasma proteins are lost due to kidney disease, then which of the following pressure changes occur as a result?

Blood colloid osmotic pressure decreases

Select the correct statement about blood flow

Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.

During the period of ventricular filling

Blood flows from the atria and through the open AV valves

Which provides long-term control for blood pressure?

Blood volume

Intense exercise can cause

Both of the above

The dicrotic notch refers to the

Brief rise in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off the aortic semilunar valve

The function of hemoglobin is to

Carry oxygen

Norepinephrine acts on heart muscle cells by

Causing threshold to be reached more quickly

In an isotonic contraction, the muscle

Changes in length and moves the "load"

Which is not a risk factor for essential hypertension?

Circulatory shock

Which ion is not directly involved in a muscle action potential?

Cl-

Which is NOT directly involved in a muscle action potential

Cl-

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

Closure of the heart valves

The first heart sound (lubb of lubb-dubb) is caused by the

Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves

Which is a blood vessel that does not do vasodilation or vascoconstriction?

Conduction artery

How does exercising assure greater blood delivery to the active muscles?

Exercising provides increased venous return to the heart

Negative chronotropic factors are

Factors that decrease heart rate

Starling law of the heart states that the heart contracts less forcefully when it fills with more blood

False

Which is a risk factor for essential hypertension?

Family history, obesity, unavoidable risks

The sheet of connective tissue beneath skin around a muscle, providing a pathway for nerves and blood vessels is called the

Fascia

Which blood protein serves as antibodies that tag foreign substances for elimination from the body?

Gamma globulins

Blood group antigens, including the ABO blood group antigens on the surface of blood cells, are comprised of

Glycoproteins

Which organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

Kidney

If a cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from

Lack of oxygen in myofibers

Athletes sometimes complain of oxygen debt, a condition that results when insufficient oxygen is available to completely break down pyruvic acid. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to

Lactic acid

Blood flow to a tissue increases if

Level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases

Which returns fluid escaping from the circulatory system to the circulatory system?

Lymphatic vessels

Which of the following is a precursor of a lymphocyte?

Lymphoblast

Blood by-passing a capillary bed flow through its

Metarteriole

A person with chronic leukemia is ___ likely to suffer a bacterial infection in/on their body

More

The myocardium requires ___ oxygen than skeletal muscle and has ___ mitochondria.

More, more

Heart sounds other than those caused by closing of valves are called

Murmurs

The number of muscle fibers in a contracted state in an otherwise relaxed muscle is known as its

Muscle tone

Which of the following is a precursor of a neutrophil?

Myeloblast

Which of the following is a precursor of a basophil?

Myeoblast

Which of the following is a precursor of an eosinophil?

Myeoblast

Oxygen is stored in myofibers on/in

Myoglobin

When a muscle fiber is stimulated by acetylcholine, ___ channels on the plasma membrane open.

Na+ channels open when Ach binds

Which is the correct sequence of events in a cardiac myocardium action potential?

Na+ inward flux -> Ca++ inward flux -> K+ outward flux

Contractile myocardial fibers use ___ to initiate action potentials while, authorhythmic fibers use ___

Na+, Ca++

The most abundant human leukocytes are the

Neutrophils

Which of the following chemicals doesn't control blood pressure?

Nitric acid

Which will decrease blood pressure?

Nitric oxide

Which provides a positive chronotropic effect on the heart?

Norepinephrine

Which will increase blood pressure?

Norepinephrine, antidiuretic hormone

When neither anti-A nor anti-B agglutinates with a patient's blood, their blood type is

O

The exercising muscle, myoglobin repletes___ and creatine phosphate repletes ____

O2, ATP

Rigor mortis occurs because

Of chemical changes in muscles after death, causing limbs to stiffen

Initiation of a cardiac action potential in contracting cardiac muscle cells begins with

Opening voltage-gated fast sodium channels

What can poor nutrition lead to?

Orthostatic Hypotenstion

On an EKG, the ___ wave represents atrial depolarization, while the ___ wave represents ventricular depolarization.

P, QRS

Angina pectoris is

Pain accompanying myocardial ischemia

If acetylcholine is applied to the heart, but cardiac output is to remain constant, which of the following would have to happen?

Stroke volume must increase

The viscosity of blood most directly affects

Systemic vascular resistance

A sustained and frequent muscles stimulus brings about

Tetanus

Which statement is true about an EKG?

The T wave indicated ventricular repolarization

Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells

The all-or-none law as applied to cardiac muscle means that the entire heart contracts as a unit or doesn't contract at all

Carbon dioxide is transported by red blood cells; it is carried in part by

The amino acids of hemoglobin

The mechanisms of contraction in smooth muscle parallels that of skeletal muscle in the following ways except

The calcium-mediated regulation of contraction differs

What is pulse pressure?

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure readings

Mechanisms that do not help autoregulate blood pressure include

The dural sinus reflex/liver synthesis of albumin blood protein and alcohol

If the vagus nerve to the heart were cut, the result would be

The heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute

Muscle cells work together in groups known as motor units. These consist for a motor neuron and

The muscle fibers innervated by it

Which is not directly involved in maintain your blood pressure?

The thymus

Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except

There are more thick filaments than thin filaments

Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?

There are no antibodies to A, B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma

Which of the following is a characteristic of all leukocytes

They are nucleated

Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?

They are nucleated

Which of the following are composed of myosin?

Thick filaments

Which of the following are composed of actin?

Thin filaments

When erythrocytes are worn and tattered, the some of the hemoglobin molecule is recycled. Transferrin assists in this by

Transferring the iron to the red bone marrow for incorporation into new hemoglobin

Sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by

Travel at high altitude and vigorous exercise

The warm-up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called

Treppe

What causes the sounds heard in an artery when blood pressure is measured?

Turbulence

The blood vessel type removing carbon dioxide and wastes from the tissues is the

Vein

The buffy coat of centrifuged blood consists mainly of

White blood cells and platelets

Acute leukemia is more common in ___ persons, chronic leukemia is more common in ___ persons

Younger, older

Cancer of lymphoblasts developing quickly in a young child would be called

acute lymphocytic leukemia

Which blood protein(s) regulates osmotic pressure, pulling water into the blood

albumin

Which is not a term referring to the immune system proteins made by plasma cells?

beta globulins

The blood vessel type allowing exchange of respiratory gases, delivery of nutrients, and removal of wastes to and from the tissues is the

capillary

Calcium ions bind to ___ in skeletal muscle cells

troponin

Factors aiding venous return include all of the following except

urinary output

Where in the body would you find low blood oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasolidation?

lungs

Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood

maintenance of normal pH in body tissues

Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood?

maintenance of normal pH in body tissues

When old blood cells are worn out, their components are recycled. The globin of the hemoglobin is

metabolized as amino acids

No visible granules are present in

monocytes

Each muscle fiber is stimulated by a nerve ending known as a

motor end plate

A motor neuron and the myofibers it innervates is know as a(n)

motor unit

A motor neuron and the myofibers it innervates is known as

motor unit

The tricuspid valve is closed

when the ventricle is in systole

Control of blood flow through a capillary bed occurs at its

precapillary sphincter

Which of the following is a protective function of blood

prevents infection

Aldosterone will

promote an increase in blood pressure

Which takes the longest time in a contracting skeletal myofiber?

recovery

An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that function in calcium storage is the

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Excessive secretion of the hormone renin can cause

secondary hypertension

Which lists the components of the heart's conduction system in the proper order

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, conduction myofibers

Gas exchange occurs in

Capillaries

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?

Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood

Select the correct statement about the movement of materials at the capillary level

Carbon dioxide moves from its production site into the interstitial fluid and capillaries

Glucose delivered to a recovering myofiber is used to

Reestablish glycogen stores

Which of the following periods is when a muscle is temporarily unable to respond to stimuli?

Refractory period

The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to

Regulate intracellular calcium concentration

Which is a function of blood?

Regulation of temperature, transportation of nutrients, protection against disease

The diameter of blood vessels most directly affects

Resistance

The lymphatic vessels

Return fluid escaping the circulatory system to veins above the heart

Where in the heart is a pacemaker located?

Right atrium

During a normal cardiac cycle, the atria contract when they are directly stimulated by the

SA node

Initiation of a normal heart beat is the responsibility of the

SA node

The muscle cell plasma membrane is called a

Sarcolemma

Which is not a vital sign used to assess the cardiovascular system?

Serum cholesterol

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is

Significant because resistance goes up when the diameter goes down

Which requires nervous system input for stimulation of muscle contraction?

Skeletal muscle

Which of the following factors doesn't influence heart rate?

Skin color

Velocity of blood flow is ___ in the capillaries

Slowest

Smooth muscle is significantly different from striated muscle in several ways. Which of the following is true?

Smooth muscle can shorten and stretch more than striated muscle

The primary organs whose marcophages are responsible for phagocytizing worn-out red blood cells are the

Spleen and liver

In an isometric contraction, muscles

Stay the same length

An increase in venous return most directly affects

Stroke volume

Oxygen and nutrients are carried to the ventricular myocardium

during ventricular diastole

Which is NOT a nutrient required for erythropoiesis

iodine

All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except

low blood viscosity

Which of the following wraps an entire muscle?

Epimysium

The process of forming new red blood cells is called

Erythropoiesis

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure

Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase

When red blood cells wear out, the iron of hemoglobin is saved and recycled. The remainder of the heme is

Excreted as bile pigments

On average, normal resting cardiac output for an adult is about

5 liters/min

What is normal resting cardiac output?

5.25 L/min

The stroke volume for a normal resting heart is ___ ml/beat

70

An extended P-Q interval on a EKG usually indicates

A blockage in the conduction system

Acute hypotension may be the result of

A large-scale blood loss

Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes

A lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

A motor unit is

A motor neuron and myofibers it stimulates

Cardiac ischemia can result in

A myocardial infarcation

The functional unit of a skeletal muscle is

A sacromere

Select the correct statement about cardiac output

A slow heart rate increases end diastole volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction

which hormone reduces blood pressure?

ANP

Damage to the ___ is referred to as a heart block

AV node

Which component of the intrinsic autorhythmicity system of the heart functions to assure that the ventricles contract after the atria?

AV node

Which of the following is not part of the conduction system of the heart?

AV valve

What is the normal lymphocyte percentage of white blood cells?

About 25%

The normal neutrophil percentage of white blood cells is

Above 50%

The neurotransmitter used a motor end plate is

Acetylcholine

Which is the correct equation for the relationship between blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (CO), and peripheral resistance (PR)?

BP = CO x PR

When you go from squatting to standing too quickly, you feel dizzy. The drop in blood pressure stimulates vasoconstriction and increased heart rate to compensate. This is called

Baroreceptor reflex

The least abundant human leukocytes are the

Basophils

If a person has hepatitis, the liver may not convert bile pigments normally or transport them appropriately to the gall bladder. Thus, pigments accumulate in the blood, this is called jaundice. Which bile pigment would you expect to be in highest concentration in the blood of a person with this condition?

Bilirubin

The role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to

Bind to regulatory sites on troponin, changing the configuration contraction

Which indicates an EKG with second degree heart block

C

Cardiac muscle fibers remain depolarized longer than skeletal muscle fibers because

Ca++ enters the cytosol from extracellular fluid to contribute more depolarization just after Na+ has entered

The cardiac muscle contraction occurs when

Ca++ enters the myofibers through slow channels

What ion is responsible for the depolarization of cardiac autorhymic cells during an action potential?

Calcium

During contractions of heart muscle cells

Calcium comes in from the extracellular space and then is additionally released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

The molecule binding calcium in smooth muscle cells is

Calmodulin

An individual who is blood type AB negative

Can receive any blood type in moderate amounts except those with the Rh antigen

A drop in blood pressure stimulates the cardiovascular center to

DECREASE in arterial blood pressure/INCREASE blood pressure and heart rate via epinephrine

Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ___ period during which calcium ions are released from the terminal cisternae.

Depolarization

Which of the following is not one of the 3 main factors influencing blood pressure?

Emotional state

A heart beat is normally initiated when

Enough Ca++ enters the cells of a SA node to reverse their resting potentials

Which of these is not a normal plasma protein?

Hemoglobin

Which would be associated with prematurely ruptured erythrocytes?

Hemolytic anemia

Which of the following is not a complication of aplastic anemia?

Hypertension

Blood pressure peaks each day (assuming awakening in the morning, and going to sleep at night)

In the morning

Input from the sympathetic nervous system causes the heart rate to

Increase

Exercising returns more blood to the heart. Therefore, exercising causes ___ stroke volume and ___ heart contraction force

Increased, increased

Peripheral resistance

Increases as blood viscosity increases

Blood flow to the skin ___

Increases when environments temperature rise

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by

Intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms

The effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower resting heart rate. This phenomenon

Is caused by the hypertrophy of the heart muscle

After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, the acetylcholine

Is destroyed by the acetyl choline esterase

The velocity of blood flow

Is slowest in capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

To lift a 50lb, you use an ___ contraction; to hold it above your head you use an ___ contraction.

Isotonic, isometric

Which of the following is true about blood plasma?

It is about 90% water

The father is Rh and the mother is Rh+. They have had 3 kids without adverse problems due to the Rh factor. The mother is pregnant again. In terms of the Rh factor, what is the risk to this fetus?

It is not greater than the risk of the previous kids

In skeletal muscle, each myofiber is surrounded by

Perimysium

Which of the following surrounds a bundle of myofibers?

Perimysium

A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale red blood cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of

Pernicious anemia

Which formed element is not a cell?

Plasma

You obtain a tube of blood from a patient. EDTA anticoagulant is in the tube, so the blood doesn't clot. The tube is centrifuged and you remove the liquid from atop the cells. The liquid thus obtained is called

Plasma

Which is the most important factor affecting stroke volume?

Preload

Which of the following is not required for erythropoiesis?

Production of vacuoles

Correct developmental sequence of an RBC:

Proerythroblast, late erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte

On an EKG, depolarization of the ventricles is represented by the

QRS Complex

Which component of an electrocardiogram indicates electrical activity associated with ventricular depolarization?

QRS complex

What is vascular resistance mainly affected by?

Radius of vessels

When stimuli bring about more and more fibers in a contracted state, this is called

Recruitment

Which is a condition that may cause transient hypertension

anxiety, panic

The dicrotic notch refers to the

brief rise in aortic pressure caused by back flow of blood rebounding off the aortic seminar valve

In skeletal muscle, each myofiber is surround by

endomysium

Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?

endomysium

Formed elements found in the blood that are about 7-8 Um in diameter with no nuclei are

eruthrocytes

When cardiac muscles die the result is

fibrosis

Which is the best definition of blood pressure

force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel

Exercising returns more blood to the heart. Therefore, exercising causes __ stroke volume and ___ heart contraction force.

increased, increased

What organ in the body regulates erythorcyte production

kidneys

Red blood cells do not consume any of the oxygen they transport because they

lack mitochondria

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from

lack of oxygen in myofibers

In muscle action potential, the wave of positive mV charge travels through the ___ to the sarcoplasm from the sarcolemma

t-tubules

Heguy became excited when he saw Shegal, so he developed ___. However, Shegal found Heguy boring, so she developed

tachycarida, bradycardia

A muscle cell undergoing treppe is exhibiting ___ summation

temporal