Exam 3 Metabolic Regulation

Which of the following statements is true? The longer the vessel, the lower the resistance and the greater the flow. As blood volume decreases, blood pressure and blood flow also decrease. Increased viscosity increases blood flow. All of the above are true.

As blood volume decreases, blood pressure and blood flow also decrease.

Which of the following is a positive inotrope? Na+ K+ Ca2+ both Na+ and K+

Ca2+

Which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle cells? Only cardiac muscle contains a sarcoplasmic reticulum. Only cardiac muscle has gap junctions. Only cardiac muscle is capable of autorhythmicity Only cardiac muscle has a high concentration of mitochondria.

Only cardiac muscle is capable of autorhythmicity

T cells that secrete cytokines that help antibody responses are called ________. Th1 Th2 regulatory T cells thymocytes

Th2

Which of the following statements is true? The left and right common carotid arteries both branch off of the brachiocephalic trunk. The brachial artery is the distal branch of the axillary artery. The radial and ulnar arteries join to form the palmar arch. All of the above are true.

The radial and ulnar arteries join to form the palmar arch.

Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur? The diaphragm moves downward. The rib cage is compressed. The thoracic cavity volume decreases. The ribs and sternum move upward.

The ribs and sternum move upward.

The force the heart must overcome to pump blood is known as ________. preload afterload cardiac output stroke volume

afterload

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, ________. decreased blood pressure prompts the release of renin from the liver aldosterone prompts increased urine output aldosterone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium all of the above

aldosterone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium

Venoconstriction increases which of the following? blood pressure within the vein blood flow within the vein return of blood to the heart all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following are structural features of the trachea? C-shaped cartilage smooth muscle fibers cilia all of the above

all of the above

The right and left brachiocephalic veins ________. drain blood from the right and left internal jugular veins drain blood from the right and left subclavian veins drain into the superior vena cava all of the above are true

all of the above are true

Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone? pharynx nasal cavity alveoli bronchi

alveoli

Nervi vasorum control ________. vasoconstriction vasodilation capillary permeability both vasoconstriction and vasodilation

both vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Arteries serving the stomach, pancreas, and liver all branch from the ________. superior mesenteric artery inferior mesenteric artery celiac trunk splenic artery

celiac trunk

Removing functionality from a B cell without killing it is called ________. clonal selection clonal expansion clonal deletion clonal anergy

clonal anergy

The first heart sound represents which portion of the cardiac cycle? atrial systole ventricular systole closing of the atrioventricular valves closing of the semilunar valves

closing of the atrioventricular valves

Which of the following signs is not characteristic of inflammation? redness pain cold swelling

cold

Which type of immune response is most directly effective against bacteria? natural killer cells complement cytotoxic T cells helper T cells

complement

Which type of T cell is most effective against viruses? Th1 Th2 cytotoxic T cells regulatory T cells

cytotoxic T cells

What drug is used to counteract the effects of anaphylactic shock? epinephrine antihistamines antibiotics aspirin

epinephrine

Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes? mediastinum fissure root pleura

fissure

A healthy elastic artery ________. is compliant reduces blood flow is a resistance artery has a thin wall and irregular lumen

is compliant

The cardiac cycle consists of a distinct relaxation and contraction phase. Which term is typically used to refer ventricular contraction while no blood is being ejected? systole diastole quiescent isovolumic contraction

isovolumic contraction

Which of the following cells is phagocytic? plasma cell macrophage B cell NK cell

macrophage

Which type of immune response works in concert with cytotoxic T cells against virally infected cells? natural killer cells complement antibodies memory

natural killer cells

Which of the following best describes veins? thick walled, small lumens, low pressure, lack valves thin walled, large lumens, low pressure, have valves thin walled, small lumens, high pressure, have valves thick walled, large lumens, high pressure, lack valves

thin walled, large lumens, low pressure, have valves

Which structure allows lymph from the lower right limb to enter the bloodstream? thoracic duct right lymphatic duct right lymphatic trunk left lymphatic trunk

thoracic duct

The endothelium is found in the ________. tunica intima tunica media tunica externa lumen

tunica intima

Ventricular relaxation immediately follows ________. atrial depolarization ventricular repolarization ventricular depolarization atrial repolarization

ventricular repolarization

Which class of antibody is found in mucus? IgM IgA IgE IgD

IgA

Which class of antibody has no known function other than as an antigen receptor? IgM IgA IgE IgD

IgD

Which class of antibody crosses the placenta in pregnant people? IgM IgA IgE IgG

IgG

Which of the following statements is true? In one day, more fluid exits the capillary through filtration than enters through reabsorption. In one day, approximately 35 mm of blood are filtered and 7 mm are reabsorbed. In one day, the capillaries of the lymphatic system absorb about 20.4 liters of fluid. None of the above are true.

In one day, more fluid exits the capillary through filtration than enters through reabsorption.

Which type of cancer is associated with HIV disease? Kaposi's sarcoma melanoma lymphoma renal cell carcinoma

Kaposi's sarcoma

Which of the following statements is true? Two umbilical veins carry oxygen-depleted blood from the fetal circulation to the placenta. One umbilical vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetal heart. Two umbilical arteries carry oxygen-depleted blood to the fetal lungs. None of the above are true.

One umbilical vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetal heart.

Which component of the heart conduction system would have the slowest rate of firing? atrioventricular node atrioventricular bundle bundle branches Purkinje fibers

Purkinje fibers

Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree? alveoli bronchi terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles

alveoli

The taking in of antigen and digesting it for later presentation is called ________. antigen presentation antigen processing endocytosis exocytosis

antigen processing

The coronary arteries branch off of the ________. aortic valve ascending aorta aortic arch thoracic aorta

ascending aorta

Most blood enters the ventricle during ________. atrial systole atrial diastole ventricular systole isovolumic contraction

atrial diastole

In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult? interatrial septum interventricular septum atrioventricular septum all of the above

atrioventricular septum

A section of the lung that receives its own tertiary bronchus is called the ________. bronchopulmonary segment pulmonary lobule interpulmonary segment respiratory segment

bronchopulmonary segment

Which primitive area of the heart will give rise to the right ventricle? bulbus cordis primitive ventricle sinus venosus truncus arteriosus

bulbus cords

The influx of which ion accounts for the plateau phase? sodium potassium chloride calcium

calcium

The two tubes that eventually fuse to form the heart are referred to as the ________. primitive heart tubes endocardial tubes cardiogenic region cardiogenic tubes

cardiogenic tubes

In a blood pressure measurement of 110/70, the number 70 is the ________. systolic pressure diastolic pressure pulse pressure mean arterial pressure

diastolic pressure

Closer to the heart, arteries would be expected to have a higher percentage of ________. endothelium smooth muscle fibers elastic fibers collagenous fibers

elastic fibers

The ________ layer secretes chemicals that help to regulate ionic environments and strength of contraction and serve as powerful vasoconstrictors. pericardial sac endocardium myocardium epicardium

endocardium

Which of the following is not important in preventing backflow of blood? chordae tendineae papillary muscles AV valves endocardium

endocardium

What disease is associated with bone marrow transplants? diabetes mellitus type I melanoma headache graft-versus-host disease

graft-versus-host disease

The earliest organ to form and begin function within the developing human is the ________. brain stomach lungs heart

heart

Which of the following is a critical feature of immediate hypersensitivity? inflammation cytotoxic T cells recruitment of immune cells histamine release

histamine release

Slight vasodilation in an arteriole prompts a ________. slight increase in resistance huge increase in resistance slight decrease in resistance huge decrease in resistance

huge decrease in resistance

A form of circulatory shock common in young children with severe diarrhea or vomiting is ________. hypovolemic shock anaphylactic shock obstructive shock hemorrhagic shock

hypovolemic shock

Why do we have natural antibodies? We don't know why. immunity to environmental bacteria immunity to transplants from clonal selection

immunity to environmental bacteria

A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure. decrease in equalization of increase in zero

increase in

What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity? increase surface area exchange gases maintain surface tension maintain air pressure

increase suface area

Which of the following leads to the redness of inflammation? increased vascular permeability anaphylactic shock increased blood flow complement activation

increased blood flow

In a healthy young adult, what happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases above 160 bpm? It increases. It decreases. It remains constant. There is no way to predict.

it decreases

What happens to preload when there is venous constriction in the veins? It increases. It decreases. It remains constant. There is no way to predict.

it increases

The myocardium would be the thickest in the ________. left atrium left ventricle right atrium right ventricle

left ventricle

The hepatic portal system delivers blood from the digestive organs to the ________. liver hypothalamus spleen left atrium

liver

Which enzymes in macrophages are important for clearing intracellular bacteria? metabolic mitochondrial nuclear lysosomal

lysosomal

Which of the following cells is important in the innate immune response? B cells T cells macrophages plasma cells

macrophages

Blood islands are ________. clusters of blood-filtering cells in the placenta masses of pluripotent stem cells scattered throughout the fetal bone marrow vascular tubes that give rise to the embryonic tubular heart masses of developing blood vessels and formed elements scattered throughout the embryonic disc

masses of developing blood vessels and formed elements scattered throughout the embryonic disc

The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain? medulla oblongata pons mesencephalon (midbrain) cerebrum

medulla oblongata

Of the three germ layers that give rise to all adult tissues and organs, which gives rise to the heart? ectoderm endoderm mesoderm placenta

mesoderm

Which of the following is not important in the antiviral innate immune response? interferons natural killer cells complement microphages

microphages

Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle? mitral tricuspid pulmonary aortic

mitral

The ductus venosus is a shunt that allows ________. fetal blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium fetal blood to flow from the right ventricle to the left ventricle most freshly oxygenated blood to flow into the fetal heart most oxygen-depleted fetal blood to flow directly into the fetal pulmonary trunk

most freshly oxygenated blood to flow into the fetal heart

What is the reason that you have to be immunized with a new influenza vaccine each year? the vaccine is only protective for a year mutation macrophage oxidative metabolism memory response

mutation

Which of the following cells would be most active in early, antiviral immune responses the first time one is exposed to pathogen? macrophage T cell neutrophil natural killer cell

natural killer cell

The elimination of self-reactive thymocytes is called ________. positive selection. negative selection. tolerance. clonal selection.

negative selection

Which portion of the ECG corresponds to repolarization of the atria? P wave QRS complex T wave none of the above: atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization

none of the above: atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization

Enhanced phagocytosis of a cell by the binding of a specific protein is called ________. endocytosis opsonization anaphylaxis complement activation

opsonization

The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx? nasopharynx laryngopharynx nasal cavity oral cavity

oral cavity

Which of the following terms means "many genes"? polymorphism polygeny polypeptide multiple alleles

polygeny

When does class switching occur? primary response secondary response tolerance memory response

primary response

Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in? pulmonary ventilation production of pulmonary surfactant resistance surface tension

pulmonary ventilation

What causes the delay in delayed hypersensitivity? inflammation cytokine release recruitment of immune cells histamine release

recruitment of immune cells

Which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing? residual volume tidal volume expiratory reserve volume inspiratory reserve volume

residual volume

Gas flow decreases as ________ increases. resistance pressure airway diameter friction

resistance

The ________ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body. pulmonary interlobular respiratory bronchial

respiratory

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease of the heart? rheumatoid arthritis lupus rheumatic fever Hashimoto's thyroiditis

rheumatic fever

Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit? left atrium left ventricle right atrium right ventricle

right atrium

An especially leaky type of capillary found in the liver and certain other tissues is called a ________. capillary bed fenestrated capillary sinusoid capillary metarteriole

sinusoid capillary

Net filtration pressure is calculated by ________. adding the capillary hydrostatic pressure to the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure subtracting the fluid drained by the lymphatic vessels from the total fluid in the interstitial fluid adding the blood colloid osmotic pressure to the capillary hydrostatic pressure subtracting the blood colloid osmotic pressure from the capillary hydrostatic pressure

subtracting the blood colloid osmotic pressure from the capillary hydrostatic pressure

How does cyclosporine A work? suppresses antibodies suppresses T cells suppresses macrophages suppresses neutrophils

suppresses T cells

Clusters of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulate blood pressure are known collectively as ________. baroreceptors angioreceptors the cardiomotor mechanism the cardiovascular center

the cardiovascular center

Hydrostatic pressure is ________. greater than colloid osmotic pressure at the venous end of the capillary bed the pressure exerted by fluid in an enclosed space about zero at the midpoint of a capillary bed all of the above

the pressure exerted by fluid in an enclosed space

Why is clonal expansion so important? to select for specific cells to secrete cytokines to kill target cells to increase the numbers of specific cells

to increase the numbers of specific cells

What is the role of alveolar macrophages? to secrete pulmonary surfactant to secrete antimicrobial proteins to remove pathogens and debris to facilitate gas exchange

to remove pathogens and debris

Which of the lymphoid nodules is most likely to see food antigens first? tonsils Peyer's patches bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

tonsils

The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called ________. atmospheric pressure pulmonary pressure negative pressure transpulmonary pressure

transpulmonary pressure

Which of the following lists the valves in the order through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart? tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar mitral, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar aortic semilunar, pulmonary semilunar, tricuspid, bicuspid bicuspid, aortic semilunar, tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar

tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar

The pulmonary trunk and aorta are derived from which primitive heart structure? bulbus cordis primitive ventricle sinus venosus truncus arteriosus

truncus arteriosus

What type of chronic lung disease is caused by a Mycobacterium? asthma emphysema tuberculosis leprosy

tuberculosis

Which type of hypersensitivity involves soluble antigen-antibody complexes? type I type II type III type IV

type III

In the myogenic response, ________. muscle contraction promotes venous return to the heart ventricular contraction strength is decreased vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch endothelins dilate muscular arteries

vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch

The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________. visceral and parietal pleurae. mediastinum and parietal pleurae. visceral and mediastinum pleurae. none of the above

visceral and parietal pleurae.