Exam 3 Metabolic Regulation
Which of the following statements is true? The longer the vessel, the lower the resistance and the greater the flow. As blood volume decreases, blood pressure and blood flow also decrease. Increased viscosity increases blood flow. All of the above are true.
As blood volume decreases, blood pressure and blood flow also decrease.
Which of the following is a positive inotrope? Na+ K+ Ca2+ both Na+ and K+
Ca2+
Which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle cells? Only cardiac muscle contains a sarcoplasmic reticulum. Only cardiac muscle has gap junctions. Only cardiac muscle is capable of autorhythmicity Only cardiac muscle has a high concentration of mitochondria.
Only cardiac muscle is capable of autorhythmicity
T cells that secrete cytokines that help antibody responses are called ________. Th1 Th2 regulatory T cells thymocytes
Th2
Which of the following statements is true? The left and right common carotid arteries both branch off of the brachiocephalic trunk. The brachial artery is the distal branch of the axillary artery. The radial and ulnar arteries join to form the palmar arch. All of the above are true.
The radial and ulnar arteries join to form the palmar arch.
Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur? The diaphragm moves downward. The rib cage is compressed. The thoracic cavity volume decreases. The ribs and sternum move upward.
The ribs and sternum move upward.
The force the heart must overcome to pump blood is known as ________. preload afterload cardiac output stroke volume
afterload
In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, ________. decreased blood pressure prompts the release of renin from the liver aldosterone prompts increased urine output aldosterone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium all of the above
aldosterone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium
Venoconstriction increases which of the following? blood pressure within the vein blood flow within the vein return of blood to the heart all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following are structural features of the trachea? C-shaped cartilage smooth muscle fibers cilia all of the above
all of the above
The right and left brachiocephalic veins ________. drain blood from the right and left internal jugular veins drain blood from the right and left subclavian veins drain into the superior vena cava all of the above are true
all of the above are true
Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone? pharynx nasal cavity alveoli bronchi
alveoli
Nervi vasorum control ________. vasoconstriction vasodilation capillary permeability both vasoconstriction and vasodilation
both vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Arteries serving the stomach, pancreas, and liver all branch from the ________. superior mesenteric artery inferior mesenteric artery celiac trunk splenic artery
celiac trunk
Removing functionality from a B cell without killing it is called ________. clonal selection clonal expansion clonal deletion clonal anergy
clonal anergy
The first heart sound represents which portion of the cardiac cycle? atrial systole ventricular systole closing of the atrioventricular valves closing of the semilunar valves
closing of the atrioventricular valves
Which of the following signs is not characteristic of inflammation? redness pain cold swelling
cold
Which type of immune response is most directly effective against bacteria? natural killer cells complement cytotoxic T cells helper T cells
complement
Which type of T cell is most effective against viruses? Th1 Th2 cytotoxic T cells regulatory T cells
cytotoxic T cells
What drug is used to counteract the effects of anaphylactic shock? epinephrine antihistamines antibiotics aspirin
epinephrine
Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes? mediastinum fissure root pleura
fissure
A healthy elastic artery ________. is compliant reduces blood flow is a resistance artery has a thin wall and irregular lumen
is compliant
The cardiac cycle consists of a distinct relaxation and contraction phase. Which term is typically used to refer ventricular contraction while no blood is being ejected? systole diastole quiescent isovolumic contraction
isovolumic contraction
Which of the following cells is phagocytic? plasma cell macrophage B cell NK cell
macrophage
Which type of immune response works in concert with cytotoxic T cells against virally infected cells? natural killer cells complement antibodies memory
natural killer cells
Which of the following best describes veins? thick walled, small lumens, low pressure, lack valves thin walled, large lumens, low pressure, have valves thin walled, small lumens, high pressure, have valves thick walled, large lumens, high pressure, lack valves
thin walled, large lumens, low pressure, have valves
Which structure allows lymph from the lower right limb to enter the bloodstream? thoracic duct right lymphatic duct right lymphatic trunk left lymphatic trunk
thoracic duct
The endothelium is found in the ________. tunica intima tunica media tunica externa lumen
tunica intima
Ventricular relaxation immediately follows ________. atrial depolarization ventricular repolarization ventricular depolarization atrial repolarization
ventricular repolarization
Which class of antibody is found in mucus? IgM IgA IgE IgD
IgA
Which class of antibody has no known function other than as an antigen receptor? IgM IgA IgE IgD
IgD
Which class of antibody crosses the placenta in pregnant people? IgM IgA IgE IgG
IgG
Which of the following statements is true? In one day, more fluid exits the capillary through filtration than enters through reabsorption. In one day, approximately 35 mm of blood are filtered and 7 mm are reabsorbed. In one day, the capillaries of the lymphatic system absorb about 20.4 liters of fluid. None of the above are true.
In one day, more fluid exits the capillary through filtration than enters through reabsorption.
Which type of cancer is associated with HIV disease? Kaposi's sarcoma melanoma lymphoma renal cell carcinoma
Kaposi's sarcoma
Which of the following statements is true? Two umbilical veins carry oxygen-depleted blood from the fetal circulation to the placenta. One umbilical vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetal heart. Two umbilical arteries carry oxygen-depleted blood to the fetal lungs. None of the above are true.
One umbilical vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetal heart.
Which component of the heart conduction system would have the slowest rate of firing? atrioventricular node atrioventricular bundle bundle branches Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers
Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree? alveoli bronchi terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles
alveoli
The taking in of antigen and digesting it for later presentation is called ________. antigen presentation antigen processing endocytosis exocytosis
antigen processing
The coronary arteries branch off of the ________. aortic valve ascending aorta aortic arch thoracic aorta
ascending aorta
Most blood enters the ventricle during ________. atrial systole atrial diastole ventricular systole isovolumic contraction
atrial diastole
In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult? interatrial septum interventricular septum atrioventricular septum all of the above
atrioventricular septum
A section of the lung that receives its own tertiary bronchus is called the ________. bronchopulmonary segment pulmonary lobule interpulmonary segment respiratory segment
bronchopulmonary segment
Which primitive area of the heart will give rise to the right ventricle? bulbus cordis primitive ventricle sinus venosus truncus arteriosus
bulbus cords
The influx of which ion accounts for the plateau phase? sodium potassium chloride calcium
calcium
The two tubes that eventually fuse to form the heart are referred to as the ________. primitive heart tubes endocardial tubes cardiogenic region cardiogenic tubes
cardiogenic tubes
In a blood pressure measurement of 110/70, the number 70 is the ________. systolic pressure diastolic pressure pulse pressure mean arterial pressure
diastolic pressure
Closer to the heart, arteries would be expected to have a higher percentage of ________. endothelium smooth muscle fibers elastic fibers collagenous fibers
elastic fibers
The ________ layer secretes chemicals that help to regulate ionic environments and strength of contraction and serve as powerful vasoconstrictors. pericardial sac endocardium myocardium epicardium
endocardium
Which of the following is not important in preventing backflow of blood? chordae tendineae papillary muscles AV valves endocardium
endocardium
What disease is associated with bone marrow transplants? diabetes mellitus type I melanoma headache graft-versus-host disease
graft-versus-host disease
The earliest organ to form and begin function within the developing human is the ________. brain stomach lungs heart
heart
Which of the following is a critical feature of immediate hypersensitivity? inflammation cytotoxic T cells recruitment of immune cells histamine release
histamine release
Slight vasodilation in an arteriole prompts a ________. slight increase in resistance huge increase in resistance slight decrease in resistance huge decrease in resistance
huge decrease in resistance
A form of circulatory shock common in young children with severe diarrhea or vomiting is ________. hypovolemic shock anaphylactic shock obstructive shock hemorrhagic shock
hypovolemic shock
Why do we have natural antibodies? We don't know why. immunity to environmental bacteria immunity to transplants from clonal selection
immunity to environmental bacteria
A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure. decrease in equalization of increase in zero
increase in
What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity? increase surface area exchange gases maintain surface tension maintain air pressure
increase suface area
Which of the following leads to the redness of inflammation? increased vascular permeability anaphylactic shock increased blood flow complement activation
increased blood flow
In a healthy young adult, what happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases above 160 bpm? It increases. It decreases. It remains constant. There is no way to predict.
it decreases
What happens to preload when there is venous constriction in the veins? It increases. It decreases. It remains constant. There is no way to predict.
it increases
The myocardium would be the thickest in the ________. left atrium left ventricle right atrium right ventricle
left ventricle
The hepatic portal system delivers blood from the digestive organs to the ________. liver hypothalamus spleen left atrium
liver
Which enzymes in macrophages are important for clearing intracellular bacteria? metabolic mitochondrial nuclear lysosomal
lysosomal
Which of the following cells is important in the innate immune response? B cells T cells macrophages plasma cells
macrophages
Blood islands are ________. clusters of blood-filtering cells in the placenta masses of pluripotent stem cells scattered throughout the fetal bone marrow vascular tubes that give rise to the embryonic tubular heart masses of developing blood vessels and formed elements scattered throughout the embryonic disc
masses of developing blood vessels and formed elements scattered throughout the embryonic disc
The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain? medulla oblongata pons mesencephalon (midbrain) cerebrum
medulla oblongata
Of the three germ layers that give rise to all adult tissues and organs, which gives rise to the heart? ectoderm endoderm mesoderm placenta
mesoderm
Which of the following is not important in the antiviral innate immune response? interferons natural killer cells complement microphages
microphages
Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle? mitral tricuspid pulmonary aortic
mitral
The ductus venosus is a shunt that allows ________. fetal blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium fetal blood to flow from the right ventricle to the left ventricle most freshly oxygenated blood to flow into the fetal heart most oxygen-depleted fetal blood to flow directly into the fetal pulmonary trunk
most freshly oxygenated blood to flow into the fetal heart
What is the reason that you have to be immunized with a new influenza vaccine each year? the vaccine is only protective for a year mutation macrophage oxidative metabolism memory response
mutation
Which of the following cells would be most active in early, antiviral immune responses the first time one is exposed to pathogen? macrophage T cell neutrophil natural killer cell
natural killer cell
The elimination of self-reactive thymocytes is called ________. positive selection. negative selection. tolerance. clonal selection.
negative selection
Which portion of the ECG corresponds to repolarization of the atria? P wave QRS complex T wave none of the above: atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization
none of the above: atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization
Enhanced phagocytosis of a cell by the binding of a specific protein is called ________. endocytosis opsonization anaphylaxis complement activation
opsonization
The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx? nasopharynx laryngopharynx nasal cavity oral cavity
oral cavity
Which of the following terms means "many genes"? polymorphism polygeny polypeptide multiple alleles
polygeny
When does class switching occur? primary response secondary response tolerance memory response
primary response
Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in? pulmonary ventilation production of pulmonary surfactant resistance surface tension
pulmonary ventilation
What causes the delay in delayed hypersensitivity? inflammation cytokine release recruitment of immune cells histamine release
recruitment of immune cells
Which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing? residual volume tidal volume expiratory reserve volume inspiratory reserve volume
residual volume
Gas flow decreases as ________ increases. resistance pressure airway diameter friction
resistance
The ________ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body. pulmonary interlobular respiratory bronchial
respiratory
Which of the following is an autoimmune disease of the heart? rheumatoid arthritis lupus rheumatic fever Hashimoto's thyroiditis
rheumatic fever
Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit? left atrium left ventricle right atrium right ventricle
right atrium
An especially leaky type of capillary found in the liver and certain other tissues is called a ________. capillary bed fenestrated capillary sinusoid capillary metarteriole
sinusoid capillary
Net filtration pressure is calculated by ________. adding the capillary hydrostatic pressure to the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure subtracting the fluid drained by the lymphatic vessels from the total fluid in the interstitial fluid adding the blood colloid osmotic pressure to the capillary hydrostatic pressure subtracting the blood colloid osmotic pressure from the capillary hydrostatic pressure
subtracting the blood colloid osmotic pressure from the capillary hydrostatic pressure
How does cyclosporine A work? suppresses antibodies suppresses T cells suppresses macrophages suppresses neutrophils
suppresses T cells
Clusters of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulate blood pressure are known collectively as ________. baroreceptors angioreceptors the cardiomotor mechanism the cardiovascular center
the cardiovascular center
Hydrostatic pressure is ________. greater than colloid osmotic pressure at the venous end of the capillary bed the pressure exerted by fluid in an enclosed space about zero at the midpoint of a capillary bed all of the above
the pressure exerted by fluid in an enclosed space
Why is clonal expansion so important? to select for specific cells to secrete cytokines to kill target cells to increase the numbers of specific cells
to increase the numbers of specific cells
What is the role of alveolar macrophages? to secrete pulmonary surfactant to secrete antimicrobial proteins to remove pathogens and debris to facilitate gas exchange
to remove pathogens and debris
Which of the lymphoid nodules is most likely to see food antigens first? tonsils Peyer's patches bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
tonsils
The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called ________. atmospheric pressure pulmonary pressure negative pressure transpulmonary pressure
transpulmonary pressure
Which of the following lists the valves in the order through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart? tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar mitral, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar aortic semilunar, pulmonary semilunar, tricuspid, bicuspid bicuspid, aortic semilunar, tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar
tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar
The pulmonary trunk and aorta are derived from which primitive heart structure? bulbus cordis primitive ventricle sinus venosus truncus arteriosus
truncus arteriosus
What type of chronic lung disease is caused by a Mycobacterium? asthma emphysema tuberculosis leprosy
tuberculosis
Which type of hypersensitivity involves soluble antigen-antibody complexes? type I type II type III type IV
type III
In the myogenic response, ________. muscle contraction promotes venous return to the heart ventricular contraction strength is decreased vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch endothelins dilate muscular arteries
vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch
The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________. visceral and parietal pleurae. mediastinum and parietal pleurae. visceral and mediastinum pleurae. none of the above
visceral and parietal pleurae.
