Exam 3 test review

BLANK motion -

Uni-axial

movement in one planes (finger joints, elbow, knee)

Uniaxial

When a joint calcifies over time it is called

fibrodysplasia ossificans progressivica

BLANK motion - linear movements where bones slide (vertebrocostal joints, sacroiliac joint, and intercarpal joints)

non-axial

opposite to dorsiflexion, extend the ankle and elevates the heel (as when you point your toes).

plantar flexion

BLANK joint - only slight movement is permitted. An amphiarthrotic joint permits more movement than a synarthrotic joint, but is much stronger than freely moveable joints.

Amphiarthrosis

BLANK motion: movement in two planes (metacarpophalangeal joint, occipital condyles to atlas)

Biaxial

movement in two planes (metacarpophalangeal joint, occipital condyles to atlas)

Biaxial

compression of the nucleus pulposus which may distort the anulus fibrosus (bulging disc) or protrude through the anulus fibrosus into the vertebral canal (herniated disc).

Bulging and hernated discs

angular movement within the anterior-posterior plane that reduces the angle between the articulating elements (lifting dumbbell as in a biceps curl).

Flexion

a synarthrotic joint sometimes called a "peg-in-socket" joint. A gomphosis joint is found on the maxillae and mandible where the teeth are fixed securely in the sockets of the alveolar margins. The fibrous connective tissue between a tooth and its socket is a periodontal ligament.

Gomphosis

Gout is caused by too much uric acid in the blood. Most of the time, having too much uric acid is not harmful. Many people with high levels in their blood never get gout. But when uric acid levels in the blood are too high, the uric acid may form hard crystals in your joints. It can cause an attack of sudden burning pain, stiffness, and swelling in a joint, usually a big toe. These attacks can happen over and over unless gout is treated. More common in men.

Gouty arthritis

cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another bone; uniaxial (elbow joint, knee joint, ankle joint, and interphalangeal joints).

Hinge joints

angular movement where the body part is extended past the anatomical position (looking up at the stars).

Hyperextension

a twist motion of the foot that turns the sole inward, elevating the medial edge of the sole (seen in club foot).

Inversion

What are the different parts of the synovial joint

Joint cavity, articular cartilages, synovial fluid, joint capsule, and accessory structures

opposite to medial rotation; the anterior surface of a limb turns away from the midline of the body (first position in a ballerina stance)

Lateral rotation

What are the accessory structures of a synovial joint?

Ligaments, bursa, fat pads, and meniscus

the anterior surface of a limb turns towards midline of the body (pigeon toe in the leg).

Medial rotation

BLANK motion - movement in three planes (shoulder joint and hip joint)

Multi-axial

movement in three planes (shoulder joint and hip joint)

Multi-axial

linear movements where bones slide (vertebrocostal joints, sacroiliac joint, and intercarpal joints)

Non-axial

the movement of the thumb toward the surface of the palm or the pads of the other fingers (as in snapping to music).

Opposition

inadequate ossification of bone is called osteopenia and begins between the ages of 30 and 40 years of age when osteoblast activity declines while osteoclast activity continues at previous levels. Thereafter, women begin to lose roughly 8% of their bone mass every decade (men lose 3% per decade). When the reduction in bone mass is sufficient to compromise normal function, the condition is known as osteoporosis.

Osteopenia and osteporosis

also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, generally affects individuals age 60 or older. It can result from the cumulative effects of wear and tear on the joint surfaces or from genetic factors affecting collagen formation. In the U.S. population, 25% of women and 15% of men over age 60 show signs of this condition.

Oteoarthritis

iv. Gomphosis = a synarthrotic joint sometimes called a "peg-in-socket" joint. A gomphosis joint is found on the maxillae and mandible where the teeth are fixed securely in the sockets of the alveolar margins. The fibrous connective tissue between a tooth and its socket is a BLANK

Periodontal ligament

rounded end of one bone protrudes into a sleeve or ring composed of bone or ligament; uniaxial (proximal radio-ulnar joint, the dens of the axis to atlas).

Pivot joints

What are the functions of skeletal muscle tissue?

Produces skeletal movement, maintains posture and body position, supports soft tissues, guards entrances and exits, maintains body temperature, provides nutrient reserves

moving a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane (an under-bite with the lower jaw).

Protraction

Each joint reflects a compromise between the need for strength and the need for mobility. As a result, articulations differ in the amount of movement permitted, and this property is known as BLANK

Range of motion

opposite to protraction; moving the body part posteriorly in the horizontal plane (an overbite with the lower jaw).

Retraction

an autoimmune disease. RA can occur at any age but is more common in middle age and women get RA more often than men. Infection, genes, and hormone changes may be linked to the disease. RA usually affects joints on both sides of the body equally. Wrists, fingers, knees, feet, and ankles are the most common affected body parts. The disease often begins slowly with only minor pain but progressively becomes debilitating.

Rhematoid arthritis

the spherical end of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another bone; multi-axial (shoulder joint and hip joints).

Ball and socket

inflammatory or degenerative disease of the joint where synovial membranes thicken (called pannus) and fluid production decreases resulting in friction and pain. Arthroscopic surgery may be necessary to treat joint injuries or artificial joints may need to be installed when a joint is damaged beyond repair.

Arthritis

Because the bones of the skeleton are relatively inflexible, movement can occur only at BLANK, or joints, where two bones interconnect.

Articulations

found only in the heart; cells are short and branched; usually uni-nucleated but occasionally can be bi-nucleated; involuntary; possesses striations and intercalated discs; intermediate twitch with intermediate contractions. Cardiac muscle moves blood and maintains blood pressure.

Cardiac

BLANK joints are held together by fibrous connective tissues such as ligaments but they also possess either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. Cartilaginous joints lack a joint cavity and are either synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic.

Cartilaginous

also known as ellipsoid joint, oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another; biaxial (metacarpophalanges 2-5 or knuckles, radiocarpal joints, and metatarsophalangeal joints).

Condyloid joints

BLANK joint - freely moveable joints. Diarthrotic joints provide a wide range of motion as typical in the joints of our appendages.

Diarthrosis

flexion at the ankle joint and elevation of the sole (as when you dig in your heel).

Dorsiflexion

opposite to inversion; a twist motion of the foot that turns the sole outward, elevating the lateral edge of the sole.

Eversion

opposite of flexion; an angular movement within the anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between the articulating elements. When in anatomical position, all of the major joints of the axial and appendicular skeleton (except the ankle) are at full extension (lowering the dumbbell back to a starting position).

Extension

A single skeletal muscle is composed of large bundles called BLANK

Fascicles

BLANK joints are held together by fibrous connective tissues but lack cartilage and possess no cavity between the bones. Fibrous joints are either synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic.

Fibrous

What are the components of a joint capsule?

Fibrous capsule, synovial membranes

articular surfaces have a concave area on one that fits with the convex area of the other; biaxial (first carpometacarpal joint in the thumb).

Saddle joints

Functional unit of muscle

Sarcomere

found attached to bones; accounts for 40% of the body mass; long, cylindrical-shaped cells; multi-nucleated cells with the nuclei peripherally located, voluntary, possesses striation; quick twitch with short contractions. Skeletal muscle has many functions (see list below).

Skeletal muscle

found throughout the body in the walls of hollow organs of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts; the walls of blood vessels and in the arrector pili muscle of skin. The cells are short and spindle-shaped, lack striations and intercalated discs, and have only a single nucleus per cell. They demonstrate slow twitch and long contractions. Smooth muscle moves food, urine, and reproductive secretions; controls the diameter of respiratory passageways and regulates the diameter of blood vessels.

Smooth muscle tissue

a synarthrotic joint located only between the bones of the skull. The edges of the bones are interlocked and bound together at the suture by dense fibrous connective tissue.

Sutures

What type of joint is pubic symphesis

Symphysis

articulating bones are separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage. The articulation between the vertebrae where a thick pad of fibrocartilage forms the intervertebral disc is a common example of a symphysis. The articulation between the two pubic bones (called the pubic symphysis) is another joint typical of this category. A symphysis is considered an amphiarthrotic joint. Each vertebral joint, for example, only provides slight movement but because the vertebral column is formed by so many vertebral joints, collectively the vertebral column demonstrates a high degree of mobility.

Symphysis

BLANK joint - no movement is permitted. At synarthrotic joints, the bony edges are quite close together and may even interlock. These extremely strong joints are located where movement between bones must be prevented.

Synarthrosis

a rigid, hyaline cartilage bridge unites the bones of a synchondrosis joint. One example is the cartilaginous joint found between the ends of the first pair of ribs and the manubrium of the sternum (all other ribs form synovial joints). A second example is the epiphyseal plate found holding the epiphysis of a long bone to the diaphysis (remember this becomes a synostosis in adulthood when the cartilage is replaced with bone). Both of these examples are synarthrotic joints.

Synchondrosis

What type of joint is at the distal articulation between the tibia and fibula called the tibiofibular joint?

Syndesmosis

bones are connected by an interosseous ligament and are amphiarthrotic. The most common example is the distal articulation between the tibia and fibula called the tibiofibular joint. Another example is the middle radio-ulnar joint but should not to be confused with the joints formed at the proximal and distal ends of the radius and ulna which are both synovial joints that are

Syndesmosis

a synarthrotic joint created when two bones fuse and the boundary between them disappears. In adulthood, the sutures of the skull normally transform to synostoses creating a secure cranial cavity around the brain. The epiphyseal plate of the long bones also ossifies to form a synostosis, called the epiphyseal line, in adulthood. Abnormal fusion of bones may also occur resulting synostoses where they should not exist. One example is the premature ossification of the cranial sutures (which limits the normal growth of the brain). Another example is radio-ulnar synostosis.

Synostosis

BLANK joints are held together by fibrous connective tissues, hyaline cartilage and/or fibrocartilage, and possess a joint cavity. All synovial joints are diarthrotic. Synovial joints are quite complex in structure, are the most numerous type of joint in the body, and permit the greatest range of motion. Because of this, we will discuss synovial joints in detail.

Synovial