Exam 5

Approximately how long ago did green algae and the land plants share a common ancestor?

1 Billion Years Ago

Plasmolysis would occur when

A cell is places in a very concentration solution

A major adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle in land plants is

A cuticle on exposed surfaces.

Which of the following describes a bulb?

A large bud.

Solutions that are not bounded by a cell wall or cell membrane have

A pressure potential of 0

The plant hormone that regulates stomatal opening in response to drought is ___ acid

Abscisic

This plant hormones causes a response to water stress by causing guard cells to deflate

Abscisic acid

Select the two processes that allow transpiration to pull water molecules up a plant.

Adhesion - Cohesion.

The movement of water across membranes is aided by transport channels called

Aquaporins.

Select all important features of leaves that impact photosynthesis.

Arrangement, shape, size.

Most eudicot leaves have a flattened portion called the leaf ___ to maximize photosynthesis capacity

Blade

Axillary buds develop into

Branches and flowers.

A leave vein is a vascular

Bundle.

What gas enters plants through the stomata and is used for photosynthesis

CO2

What extant organisms are closest known relatives to the land plants?

Charophytes

The green algae are composed of these two clades:

Chlorophytes, charophytes.

In contrast with parenchyma cells, palisades parenchyma cells are

Closely packed and elongated.

Select all tissues that make up the periderm.

Cork, Cork cambium, Phelloderm.

The addition of solutes to water

Decreases the water potential.

Which of the following distinguish land plants from the clade of green algae known as the charophytes?

Diploid embryos, Multicellular sporophytes, Multicellular gametophytes.

Compared to haploid genome, a major advantage of diploid genome is that

Each gene is backed up by a second copy.

Fungi played an important role in the colonization of land by plants for what reason?

Enhancing nutrient uptake from the soil.

Fungi played an important role in the colonization of land plants for what reason?

Enhancing nutrient uptake from the soil.

The mesophyll encompasses all the tissues between the lower and upper ___ of a leaf.

Epidermis.

T/F: Simple leave always have smooth edges.

False.

T/F: The mesophyll of monocots is differentiated into palisades and spongy mesophyll.

False. Only eudicots have palisade and spongy mesophyll.

Land plants evolved from

Freshwater algae

The colonization of land by plants was facilitated by ___, which helped enhance the uptake of nutrients from the soil.

Fungi

Over the course of plant evolution from bryophytes to seed plants, the general trend has been toward a significant decrease in the size of the ___ sage in the life cycle

Gameophyte.

The gametophytes of plants contain multicellular structures called ___, which produce gametes

Gametangia

Plant gametes (egg and sperm) are produced in multicellular structures within gametophytes called

Gametangia.

Which of the following is true of gamete production in humans and land plants?

Gametes are formed by meiosis in humans - Gametes are formed by mitosis in land plants.

Which of he following are involved in haploid gamete production in land plants?

Gametophyte, Mitosis

In plants, the haploid generation is called the ___ and the diploid generation is the ___

Gametophyte/Sporophyte.

The outer bark usually contains some unsuberized cells called lenticles. Why?

Gas exchange can occur through lenticles.

Approximately 1 billion years ago, land plants shared a common ancestory with

Green Algae.

In contrast to eudicot leaves, monocot leaves:

Grow directly from the stem to form a leaf sheath and have parallel veins.

The main role of gametophytes is to produce

Haploid gametes.

Stomata are required in land plants because land plants

Have a cuticle.

Under what conditions would you expect to see the highest transpiration rates?

High temp, low humidity

Why are plant leaves typically flattened?

Increase photosynthetic surface of leaf.

Select all true statements about osmosis.

It involves the movement of water molecules - It requires a membrane.

Select all true statements about transpiration

It is the most important force that helps move water across long distances in plants - It pulls water upward from the roots to leaves.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of blue light in stomatal opening?

It triggers proton transport, which generates a proton gradient used o transport K+ into the cell.

The colonization of ___ by plants was an important event in Earth's history, providing a food source for other organisms in new habitats and playing a major role in the conversion of bare ground to soil.

Land

In mosses and ferns, the haploid (gametophyte) generation occupies a

Larger portion of the life cycle than it does in seed plants.

Vital to life as we know it, ___ are the plant organs where most of photosynthesis occurs

Leaves

Tendrils are modified

Leaves, stems.

Which of the following is the correct order of divergence for modern plant phyla.

Liverworts, mosses, hornworts, tracheophytes.

In plants, spore mother cells undergo

Meiosis to produce haploid spres.

In this plant life cycle, ___ is occuring at the position labeled A and ___ is occuring at B

Meiosis/Fertilization

Over the course of plant evolution, the general trend has been toward:

More embryo protection and smaller gametophytes.

Organisms that exhibit a haplodiplontic life cycle have

Multicellular haploid and diploid stages.

What happens when solute concentrations increase inside guard cells?

Osmotic water uptake occurs via plasma membrane aquaporins.

Select all possible products of primordia produced by the shoot apical meristem

Other shoots, leaves, flowers.

In this leaf cross section, the black circle is within the ___ parenchyma.

Palisade

The upper surface of a leaf is made of one to several rows of tightly packed, barrel shaped chlorenchyme cells called the ___ mesophyll

Palisade.

Most eudicot leavess have a flattened blade and a slender stalk, called the

Petiole

The stalk at the base of a leaf is called a

Petiole.

In mosses and ferns, the gametophyte generation is

Photosynthetic and free-living.

The shoot apical meristem produces small bulges which develop into leaves, other shoots or flowers. What are these bulges called?

Primordia

The shoot apical meristem produces small bulges which develop into leaves, other shots or flowers. What are these bulges called?

Primordia.

Place the lineages in order, from oldest to most recent: Red Algae, Tracheophytes, Bryophytes, Green algae

Red Algae, Green Algae, Bryophytes, Tracheophytes.

What atmospheric conditions are required for water vapor to exit through open stomata?

Relatively low atmospheric humidity.

How many veins does a megaphyll contain?

Several to many veins.

Choose all components of the water potential of a solution in a plant cell.

Solute concentration - Pressure - Gravity.

The total water potential of a cell is obtained by adding the pressure potential and ___ potential.

Solute.

Loosely arranged photosynthesizing cells located near the lower epidermis of a leaf constitute the ___ mesophyll

Spongy

The lower interior portion of a leaf is composed of loosely arranged cells called

Spongy mesophyll.

In plants, meiosis occurs within what structure?

Sporangia.

In plants, meiosis produces haploid

Spores

In plants, meiosis produces haploid ____

Spores.

Most of a corm is composed of

Stem tissue.

A turgid cell is

Stiff

Crassulacean acid metabolism CAM plants conserve water in dry environments by opening ___ at night

Stomata

Structural features of leaf epidermal cells, called ___, have evolved to minimize water loss, while allowing carbon dioxide uptake

Stomata

Under mild drought conditions, plants may be stunted because

Stomata are closed so carbon dioxide is not taken in for photosynthesis.

Select all adaptations of land plants that distinguish them from their algal relatives.

Stomata for gas exchange, presence of specialized water transporting tissues, presence of a waxy cuticle on air-exposed surfaces.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between CO2 concentration and stomatal opening?

Stomata may close when CO2 concentrations are high.

Charophytes and all land plans are collectively referred to as

Streptophytes

What feature of guard cells allows them to open stomata when turgor pressure in them changes?

Their cells are thicker on the inside and thinner elsewhere.

Select all features of cells in the outer bark

They are impregnated with suberin, They are dead.

Select all features of monocot and herbaceous eudicot stems

They have green, photosynthetic, stems - They do not have cork cambium - They may have various types of trichomes.

Select all features of cells in the epidermis of leaves

They lack chloroplasts, they are transparent.

This type of evaporation drives water movement through the xylem.

Transpiration.

T/F: Five hundred million years ago prior to the colonization of land by plants, the terrestrial environment was a barren landscape.

True.

The hydrostatic pressure that builds as water enters plant cells and presses on the cell wall is called ___ pressure.

Turgor

The hydrostatic pressure that builds as water enters plant cells and presses on the cell wall, is called ___ pressure.

Turgor

Vascule bundles of leaves are also called

Veins

The spongy mesophyll contain many air spaces which allow the exchange of gases and

Water

The spongy mesophyll contains many air spaces which allow for the exchange of gases and

Water

The adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment required more

Water loss management.

If the water potential outside a cell is -0.3 MPa and the water potential inside the cell is -0.5 MPa, will water move and in what direction.

Water will move into the cell.

Select all that describe the leave around a stem

Whorled, Alternate, Opposite.

Tracheophytes transport water through specialized tissue called

Xylem

The area of stem between two nodes is called an

internode

The tissue between the lower and upper epidermis of a leaf is called

mesophyll

The part of a stem where leaves are attached is called a

node

Stomata open when the ___ pressure in guard cells increases

turgor