Exam Help

What are the components of the communication process? List only.

1. Environment 2. Interference 3. Source 4. Message 5. Channel 6. Receiver 7. Feedback 8. Context

Select a persuasive article or video from a Web site that you feel uses unethical techniques to persuade the audience. What techniques are being used? What makes them unethical? Discuss your findings.

A persuasive post made by a highly influential celebrity that exhibits unethical techniques would be appetite suppressant lollipops. Kim Kardashian readily endorsed the product through a paid ad on instagram. The product itself is harmful to the public, and the post is what makes it unethical. By using a world renowned celebrity to endorse their product, it influences the viewers to purchase an item that is destructive, harmful, and unhealthy. What makes this unethical would be that the company, Flat Tummy Co, has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration to prove their claims of health benefits. This is immoral because their entire brand is constructed around this claim; however, their product hasn't even passed the regulatory requirements for such statements. The persuasive technique of using Kim Kardashian as a spokesman for this company automatically attracts thousands of impressionable people. The company sells products that are harmful and mediocre at best.

When is a second page of your résumé justified? Explain.

A resume is a document that showcases your experience from education to employment history, while also mentioning skills and talents. This document allows future employers to see what you look like from a piece of paper and mentions all of your best qualities. A second page of a resume can be justified when the content on the second page extends more than halfway down. Managers and recruiters spend little time looking at resumes and only want a quick peep- so if a resume is filled with too much fluff and way too many details, it loses their attention quickly. A second page is not always the best route, but when necessary details are put forth and not filled with exaggeration for references- then a second page can be justified as long as it doesn't contain useless information and is extended throughout the second page.

What is the difference between an informative presentation and a persuasive one? Provide an example in your response.

An informative presentation's main goal is to help an audience understand a certain topic. It is used to share ideas, help the audience further understand the issue, change their perceptions, or even help them pick up new expertise. An example of an informative presentation can be a college professor giving a lecture on a specific topic during class. Or a more specific example can be a presentation of the history of Arizona. However, a persuasive presentation's goal is to move, motivate, or change your audience. It's function is to stimulate thoughts and opinions, convince, call to action, increase consideration, or expand the tolerance of differing perspectives. An example of this could be a presentation focused around Abortion; either against it or in support of it.

Which is the more powerful, appeal to reason or emotion? Discuss your response with an example.

Appeal to reason and appeal to emotion are two very different tactics but both are remarkably powerful. Using reason and emotion can all depend on what the majority of the audience might appeal to more or if they use more sensing vs. intuition, or thinking vs. feeling mechanisms. However, using reason can usually be more effective. Although appealing to a person's emotional side is useful, it would be better to reason with a person why overall a certain topic should be true. For example, if someone is trying to persuade someone to buy more ethically; either food brands, clothing companies, home products, etc.. An easy tactic to use would be how it is ethically incorrect, but that does not always get the person to change their ways when it comes down to buying. Thus, bringing up points of cost, environment effects, consumer power, longevity, etc.. can allow the person to fully understand all the benefits as to why ethical shopping is better not only for the people selling the items, but even more for the buyer as well.

Note how television programs (or other media) use novelty to get your attention. Find at least three headlines, teaser advertisements for television programs, or similar attempts to get attention.

Companies pay big money to showcase advertisements during television breaks. What might seem like a small thirty seconds to viewers means so much more to the people bringing you the ads as they must be effective, persuasive, and get/keep the attention of the viewers. This can be especially hard for television companies as they have to sell their shows to people already watching different rivaling ones. This season one teaser advertisement that captivated my attention and the rest of my family's eye was Freeform's 31 Nights of Halloween. In this ad, they did a mashup of scenes from favorited halloween movies and explained how their traditional 13 Nights of Halloween simply was not enough; which is something I have always thought, too! This teaser was attention grabbing and exactly what my family has been waiting for since we were kids. An old popular television show that effectively used headlines and teasers with a twist was Gossip Girl. This specific show took bad headlines from articles warning viewers not to watch it, and used it in their advantage. For example, they used headlines like, "Mind-blowingly inappropriate (Parents Television Council)" and, "Every parent's nightmare (Boston Herald)", to showcase their angsty "never been seen on tv" series. Another ploy that some television shows use to get attention from a broader audience is by using "queerbaiting". This tactic seems okay and sometimes brings in more viewers, however it is an inadequate and poorly misleading representation for the community. A show that has been accused of this could be Scandal in a common trope of killing of the LGBTQ+ members; an often used character runoff.

One of the Gestalt principles, _____, is a tendency to use previous knowledge to fill in the gaps in an incomplete idea or picture.

Completion

Our tendency to like things to be orderly and to see lines and movement where none exist is attributed to the Gestalt principle of _____

Continuity

Which do you think is a more difficult challenge, discontinuance or deterrence? Why? Give some examples and discuss

Discontinuance is when a speaker tries to persuade an audience to stop doing something that they have already been doing. Examples of this could be a presentation on why smoking is bad to an audience full of smokers, or why people should vote on a republican candidate to an audience full of democrats. Deterrence is when a speaker tries to persuade an audience not to start something if they already haven't started. An example of this could be a presentation on why using hard drugs is horrible. I believe that discontinuance is much more of a difficult challenge to achieve. It is hard to persuade a group of people to stop doing something that they have already been doing because they have likely believed that their way was always okay, or else they would not have been doing it in the first place. Everybody has their own personal beliefs and absolute truths, and it can be very difficult to change the mind of a person that sees no wrong in their actions, or actually get them to change even if they might start to believe the speaker. Changing a perspective for someone is hard, and getting that person to physically manifest that rivaling belief can be even harder.

_____ is the deliberate use of words to disguise, obscure, or change meaning

Doublespeak

When is e-mail inappropriate? Why?

E-mailing can be very effective and is a great tool to use for students and workers. However, there are some instances when e-mailing can be inappropriate especially in a business setting. An e-mail can be deemed inappropriate when it does not reflect the company or the worker well. All e-mails could have to the potential to be sent to a third party, thus they all should keep a professional tone that reflects as such- even more informal messages. Not only should these messages be kept formal and with proper netiquette for third parties and the reflection of the company- but it is always safe just in case a worker sends their message to the wrong recipient. This way, it is easily identifiable for the wrong recipient to know what happened, and for the sender to not feel embarrassed or in trouble for sending sensitive material to the wrong person.

____, one of the elements of rhetoric, refers to credibility, character, and trust.

Ethos

_____ is composed of messages the receiver sends back to the source.

Feedback

_____ is the message the receiver sends in response to the source

Feedback

While your organizational structure will vary from speech to speech, there are nonetheless _____ main parts of any speech.

Five

When should you use an indirect approach in delivering a negative news message?

Indirect approaches involves fluff or buffers between negative news instead of directly stating it. It is good to use indirect approaches to delay the bad news until the reader has been prepared to accept or deal with the bad news in a good way. For example, let's say there is someone that has been injured and they need to inform the rest of the extended family about them. So the family could say that their loved one is doing well and fine, but then go on to say that they got injured in some way but are doing well.

_____ is anything that blocks or changes the source's intended meaning of the message.

Interference

_____ is anything that blocks or distorts the communication process.

Interference

Sharing with yourself is called:

Intrapersonal Communication

____ is an occupation-specific language used by people in a given profession.

Jargon

The way medical caregivers speak to one another, frequently using abbreviations for procedures and medications, is referred to as _____

Jargon or slang

Structuring your speech on the psychological aspects of the audience is also called "_____."

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Does it limit or enhance our understanding of communication to view nonverbal communication as that which is not verbal communication? Explain your answer

Nonverbal communication is important as much as verbal communication is. Nonverbal communication usually indicates someone's body language and habits that someone does. For example, eye contact, facing the speaker, being focused on distractions, not looking like they are engaged in the conversation, etc... all play a role in communication. If someone sounds like they are paying attention and gives adequate responses throughout an encounter but is looking at their phone the entire time, and does not look engaged- it will still affect the other person in the discussion in a bad way even if their verbal responses were okay.

Select an online advertisement that you find particularly effective or ineffective. Why does it succeed, or fail, in persuading you to want to buy the advertised product? Discuss.

One commercial that I have been seeing quite often on Hulu that strikes me as ineffective is a commercial from Zulily. Zulily is an online store that sells clothing, toys, and home products. In this commercial, a woman is taking a bath while online shopping for shoes, and the narrator persuades her to grow more feet so she can buy more shoes. Although this commercial is not meant to be taken literally, I still think that it is completely ineffective. Instead of rationing or trying to convince the audience that it does not matter how many pairs of shoes one person can own, they made the actress grow more feet for all of the shoes she could buy. I specifically chose this commercial because I remember the first time I watched it, my friend and I talked about how weird the advertisement was an yet we did not catch what they were trying to sell. Later when it aired for the second time we realized the company was trying to sell shoes, but we agreed that it was a horrible gimmick because 1) we did not understand what they were trying to sell, and 2) it did a horrible job of persuading why people should buy from that site.

Watch a "how-to" television show, such as one about cooking, home improvement, dog training, or crime solving. What informative techniques and visual aids are used in the show to help viewers learn the skills that are being demonstrated?

One of my favorite how-to shows is Gadia at Home. The episode that I watched was Late Night Munchies where she makes chicken fingers, a Monte Cristo sandwich, a twist on pigs in a blanket, and a special ice-cream float. Giada is a great demonstrated and speaker because she never leaves out instructions, and is very descriptive of all the steps she is doing. However, aside from being very informative, there are also a variety of visual aids the show uses as well. Everytime she adds her measurement utensils in a certain ingredient, the camera does a close up to reinstate just how much she is using. The camera also does a lot of close ups to cooking ingredients in a skillet or pan so the audience can know what things should start to look like throughout the process. Also, whenever she is chopping ingredients up or taking ingredients out the fridge, she always displays the items to the audience to further demonstrate what she is doing or how things look.

What functions does organization serve in a speech? Can organization influence or sway the audience? Explain your response and position.

Organization is vital to any presentation and can sway and audience on a certain subject. For example, if someone is giving a presentation about veganism; the placement of animal cruelty, health benefits, and environmental issues could play a key factor on whether or not someone might take the presentation more seriously. If this presentation was for a health and fitness class, more points would be made and focused on the beneficial side of the argument. However, if this was presented at a whole foods festival/market, then it would be more focused on animal cruelty and environmental issues. However, organization also includes time and the length of the presentation. If the speaker was not time efficient and gabbed on and on during their speech with too many unnecessary details, the audience would not be interested and/or they would zone in and out of the speaker.

_____ messages refer to the intentional content, both verbal and nonverbal

Primary

_____ involves the act of creating your speech from the elements you have gathered; you may start to consider what comes first, what goes last, and how you will link your ideas and examples together.

Production

List some of the goals that visual aids accomplish. Visual aids accomplish several goals: List at least 4

RIght: Make your speech more interesting Enhance your credibility as a speaker Serve as guides to transitions, helping the audience stay on track Communicate complex or intriguing information in a short period of time Reinforce your verbal message Help the audience use and retain the information My Answer: Visual aids are a beautiful and handy way to help a presentation be perceived better, and help the audience have a better and easy going time. Visual aids can help a presentation be more interesting, it reinforces the verbal message, it can help the audience retain the information better, and allows for the audience to visualize exactly what the speaker is talking about. For example, let's say a speaker is talking about a hefty subject and uses terms that the speaker knows not everyone will understand or get right away. Therefore, by adding images of certain things that the speaker is referencing, it allows the audience to quickly understand exactly what the person is talking about. Another example can be when someone is giving a long presentation to a class, that person will most likely add a lot of visual aids to hold the attention of their audience to keep it more entertaining and easy to understand. (4/4 points)

The _____ is a message or thought that stays with your audience well after the communication is finished.

Residual message

Describe the three steps related to gestures that can make your presentation memorable

Right: A well-chosen gesture can help make a point memorable or lead the audience to the next point. As professional speakers lead up to a main point, they raise their hand slightly, perhaps waist high, called an anticipation step. The gesture clearly shows the audience your anticipation of an upcoming point, serving as a nonverbal form of foreshadowing. The implementation step involves using your arms and hands above your waist. By holding one hand at waist level pointing outward, and raising it up with your palm forward, as in the "stop" gesture, you signal the point. The nonverbal gesture complements the spoken word and audiences respond to this nonverbal reinforcement. You then slowly lower your hand down past your waistline and away from your body, letting go of the gesture, and signaling your transition. The relaxation step, where the letting go motion complements your residual message, concludes the motion. My Answer: There are three steps related to gestures that can make a presentation memorable. These three steps are the anticipation step, implementation step, and the relaxation step. The anticipation step is a hand movement that involves the speaker's hands coming up but only around to the waist area. This subtle yet effective gesture allows the audience to understand there is going to be a key point coming up. The implementation step is a hand movement where the arms are above waist level and hands are signaling toward the audience about the key point the speaker is making. Once the point has been made, the speaker will then transition their arms back down to let the audience know that the speech is transitioning as well. Lastly, the relaxation step is when the speaker lets go of their hand gestures and movements for a small period to signal a calm stage when the message has been delivered. (12/12 points)

Differentiate (discuss by defining and providing examples) analyzing and reading.

Right: Analyzing is distinct from reading. When you read, you attempt to grasp the author's meaning via words and symbols, and you may come away with a general emotional feeling about what the writer has written instead of an arsenal of facts. When you analyze a document, you pay more attention to how the author assembled the information to present a coherent message. Business writing often involves communication via words and symbols in ways that meet audience expectations; in many cases, the audience needs to be able to analyze the content, and reading is secondary. For this reason, a solid organizational pattern will greatly enhance your document's effectiveness. My Answer: Reading and analyzing can be similar, however they are two different functions that someone does when in taking information. Reading is when a person reads information; either a book, paper, instructions, absolutely anything. However, analyzing is when that person examines those words forms structure within that information, or interprets what those words mean. For example, when someone is going over instructions on a recipe; the first begin to read the information or step, and then begin to analyze what exactly they need to do. Another example could be when a student is given an excerpt to read first followed by questions regarding that small piece. A student could read the text first, and then when they get to the questions portion, they will begin to analyze everything they just took in, or go back to the text and analyze the piece again. (4/4 points)

What is the significance of feedback?

Right: Feedback is composed of messages the receiver sends back to the source. Verbal or nonverbal signals allow the source to see how well the message was received. Feedback also provides an opportunity for the receiver or audience to ask for clarification, to agree or disagree, or to indicate that the source could make the message more interesting. As the amount of feedback increases, the accuracy of communication also increases. My Answer: Feedback is both important in necessary for positive growth. Feedback can comes in forms of helpful information or supportive criticism. A person can use these types of feedback to alter or improve their current or future actions. These actions can either pertain to behaviors, work, problems, habits, assignments, etc. The significance of feedback can allow someone to grow in a certain field, or help them toward a better, more well rounded path. (4/4 points)

Discuss the myth that public speaking is like killing lions.

Right: From an evolutionary biological perspective, our bodies have developed to respond to stress in advantageous ways. When we needed to run from a bear, hunt a lion, or avoid a snake, our bodies predictably got us prepared with a surge of adrenaline. Hunters who did not respond well to stress were less likely to live long enough to reach maturity and reproduce. So we have the successful hunter to thank for our genes. Our need to respond to threats and stress has shifted to concern over our job, our relationships, and how we negotiate a modern economy. Communication is a great resource and tool, and we can apply the principles to ourselves. We can create the perception that the speech is like defeating the lion and really get ourselves worked up. Or we can choose to see it as a natural extension of communication with others. Speaking in public itself is not inherently stressful, but our response to the stimulus can contribute to or reduce our level of stress. We all will have a stress response to an unfamiliar stimulus. Nevertheless, nervousness is a response we can choose to control by becoming more familiar with the expectations, preparation, and performance associated with speaking in public. My Answer: There is a myth that public speaking is like killing lions. This expression relates the nerves and adrenaline of hunting, with the those of public speaking. Some people can get really worked up when delivering a public speech, which can lead to the rise stress levels, stuttering, anxiety, and/or choking up; something that people also felt when trying to kill lions back when hunting was necessary for survival. However, things to help combat the fears of public speaking today can involve constant practice, letting go of being a perfectionist, trail runs, anxiety exercises, preparations, etc... (10/10 points)

What is language?

Right: Language is a system of words and/or gestures used as symbols to convey ideas, and it has rules of syntax, semantics, and context. My Answer: Language is a system of spoken or written symbols that human beings use to express themselves. Language functions as communication. It can be used to inform, express oneself, emotionally release a person, etc. (2/2 points)

Explain the relation between sensitivity and priming. (define and discuss)

Right: Sensitivity refers to your capacity to respond to stimulation, being excited, responsive or susceptible to new information. This starts with a self-inventory of your current or past interests and activities. When you are intrigued by a topic or area of interest, you begin the process of investigation and thus tend to notice elements or ideas associated with your topic everywhere. Cognitive psychologists use the term priming to refer to this excited state of awareness. My Answer: Sensitivity and priming can fall under the same umbrella, however, they are two different terms. Sensitivity is the way a person responds to a certain situation. This starts with past feelings toward the general topic. For example, if someone is being taught how to make a special Italian cuisine for their first time but that person has already made/enjoyed an easier dish like the new one, then this can flow into how they make the new recipe or recipes in the future. Whereas priming is specifically referred to as the excited state of awareness. (4/4 points)

Describe (meaning list and define) the five general purposes for speaking in public. It is important for you to have a clear understanding of your purpose, as all the other factors depend on it. The five general purposes for speaking in public are:

Right: Speech to inform—Increase the audience's knowledge, teach about a topic or issue, and share your expertise. Speech to demonstrate—Show the audience how to use, operate, or do something. Speech to persuade—Influence the audience by presenting arguments intended to change attitudes, beliefs, or values. Speech to entertain—Amuse the audience by engaging them in a relatively light-hearted speech that may have a serious point or goal. Ceremonial speech—Perform a ritual function, such as give a toast at a wedding reception or a eulogy at a funeral. My Answer: Inform: Informing an audience about a given topic is useful, effective, and necessary within any community. Without information and a wide variety of opinions, communities would lack growth. Persuade: Persuading an audience about a given topic is a key factor when giving any speech; it's one of the main takeaways an audience should have to determine whether the presentation was successful or not. Any presentation should sway an audience or try to open that group up to new ideas. Entertain: Entertaining presentations are enjoyable and fun, yet still effective. The more entertaining a speech is, the more effective it could possibly be. (6/10)

What is the role of the attention statement? Do not simply state that is "gets audience attention". Explain how and why it is important.

Right: The attention statement is used to capture the attention of your audience. While it may be used anywhere in your message, it is especially useful at the outset. There are many ways to attract attention from readers or listeners, but one of the most effective is the "what's in it for me" strategy: telling them how your message can benefit them. My Answer: The attention statement has many useful purposes, both obvious and obscure. An attention statement is supposed to grabs the audience's attention, but it's role is bigger than that. An attention statement engages the audience while also setting the path to what a subject will be based around. It is supposed to captivate the audience, while prepares them of what a certain presentation or speech will pertain to. This attention getter also allows the audience to see how the speaker has prepared- or hasn't- based on whether the statement was entertaining and appropriate to the subject, or dull and completely off-topic. (2/2 points)

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy? How does it affect one's performance? Is there connection between potential and expectation of performance? Address each question please.

Right: The concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy is one in which someone's behavior comes to match and mirror others' expectations. When people encourage you, it affects the way you see yourself and your potential. The expectations put on you encourage you to improve your performance. Researchers have observed that the opposite effect can also happen. For example, when students are seen as lacking potential, teachers tend to discourage them or, at a minimum, fail to give them adequate encouragement. As a result, the students do poorly. As the experiment cited in the text says, there need not be any connection between the real potential and expectation of performance. Conscious or unconscious encouragement of performance is found to lead to improved performance by people who are not necessarily identified as having any special potential. My Answer: The self-fulfilling prophecy is a phenomenon where a positive or negative expectation about a certain subject, circumstance, or person may affect someone's behavior toward that thing in a way that causes the expectation to be fulfilled. The self-fulfilling prophecy can affect one's performance in numerous ways. For example, if someone is dreading a test that they believe will be very difficult and fail, then that person is more than likely to do rather poorly on that test. Vice versa, if an individual believes they will do remarkably well on a quiz and have zero difficulties, then that person is more than likely to do rather well on that quiz. However, this does not only pertain to internal feelings. For example, a study shows that at the beginning of the year teachers were told certain students were excelling in school even though the person that was conducting this study chose students at random. As the year went on and the teacher believed that a certain select of students were very intelligent, that teacher would act differently toward the "gifter students" and paid more attention to them. This caused the random select of students to inherently becoming better students as a whole- getting good grades and being more effective in their classroom. Therefore there is a connection between potential and expectation of performance. Everyone has the potential to become or develop into something in the future. An expectation is a strong belief that something will happen in the future. Therefore, in my example of the teacher study above, when a teacher expected the students to perform very well in the classroom, the subconsciously made that statement/thought to be true. That being said, an expectation can hold people more accountable for future actions and outcomes. This can either be in a bad or good way. Just how the teacher expected certain students to excel in studies, there are teachers that expect some notorious kids to underperform and will treat those students as such too. The potential of a student is the basis that everyone starts out with; the expectation of a student can bring forth a bigger outcome for that individual. (12/12 points)

What is the five-finger model of public speaking? Define and discuss each aspect.

Right: The five-finger model of public speaking consists of the attention statement, introduction, body, conclusion, and the residual message Each should be defined. My Answer: The five finger model of public speaking is constructed of the attention statement, introduction, body, conclusion, and residual message. The attention statement is the way the speaker focuses the audience's attention on themselves. The introduction is when the speaker introduces themselves as well as the topic and thesis statement. The body is the content area of the speech. This portion will include all of the information and key points. The conclusion is when the speaker can restate their thesis and mention the key points without detail. This allows the audience to begin to wind down and make the full circle of everything that was discussed while adding closure. The residual message is the information and idea that the audience resonates with once the speech is over. (4/4 points)

How do internal summaries and foreshadowing help in communication?

Right:Internal summaries and foreshadowing help the audience keep track of where they are in the message. These strategies work by reviewing what has been covered and by highlighting what is coming next. My Answer: Internal summaries and foreshadowing help in communication as it allows an audience to keep track of what they had just heard within communication, or a speech. It helps the audience know where they are, and things have been mentioned early in the talk. This can be especially useful when a topic was complicated or complex, or when the speaker wants to transition to a next point in the speech. (4/4 points)

_____ messages refer to the unintentional content, both verbal and nonverbal

Secondary

What are the three parts of selection? List and Explain each.

Selection has three main parts: exposure, attention, and retention. Selective exposure is both information we choose to pay attention to and information that we choose to ignore, or that is unavailable to us. Selective attention involves focusing on one stimulus. Selective retention involves choosing to remember one stimulus over another.

Distinguish between self concept and self image in 2-3 sentences.

Self-concept refers to an individual's sense of self and knowing who they are; this concept is the same as our identity. For example, when asked who someone is or what someone does a self-concept answer could be "I am a chef," or "I am German", "My name is Erin, and I identify as a girl". Rather, self image refers to how an individual sees themself, or how they would describe themself to be; physically. For example, when asked how someone sees themselves as, a self image response could be, "I am beautiful", or "I am pretty short".

The concept in which someone's behavior comes to match and mirror others' expectations is referred to as _____.

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

The _____ refers to the setting, scene, and context of the communication interaction, and can be equally applied to written or oral communication.

Stage

According to the text, the most time-honored form of communication is _____.

Story Telling

____ involves identifying your weak areas and specifically working to improve them

Targeted practice

How does the intended audience influence the choice of words and use of language in a document? Think of a specific topic and two specific kinds of audiences. Then write a short example (250-500 words) of how this topic might be presented to each of the two audiences.

The intended audience always influences the choice of words and use of language in a document. A speaker should adjust and write their speech in a way that will allow the audience to become engaged with every point, and allow them to have a full understanding of the point that is trying to be reached. For example, when a cheer coach is giving a speech- one to their team and one to the parents of the team concerning a new uniform change, they would use different terms and language when presenting this disquisition. For instance, when the cheer coach introduces their speech to the spirit squad they would have less of a formal tone and a more casual talk. They would more likely have a conversational tone- rather than a lecture while presenting this information. The coach might also allow the team to help chose the uniforms or ask for their input concerning this information. After that practice would either begin or end after that speech was made. However, when the coach is giving a lecture to the parents concerning this topic, the speech would look a lot different. Rather than a casual talk, the coach would talk to them formally and present this information to a more appropriate manner. The coach would greet and thank everybody for coming, and allow for every parent to get situated and comfortable until presenting. Topics such as costs and reasoning to this change would also be more detailed and explained more thoroughly. This lecture would end with questions at the end if there is still something that is hazy to the audience, but this speech would have been more detailed and effective. After this has ended, the parents would be thanked for coming and then sent home with their cheerleader child, and a paper with any pamphlets or main points that were discussed. Although both topics were the same, the audience was delivered two different types of speeches; one being casual, and the other more formal and detailed.

The _____ statement is key to the success of your speech.

Thesis

React to and explain, based on your reading, the following statement. Use definitions and explanations from the text. The meanings of words are not in the words; they are in us. S. I. Hayakawa

This excerpt reflects that meaning resonates within us, and not simply in the words we use. The concept of communication is to share your meaning with people, and we use language to exchange this meaning we have with others. Thus, our vernacular or the the types of words we use can influence understanding and other individual's interpretations of our meanings.

While you are discussing a recent movie with a friend, your friend clarifies your descriptions, and throws in his opinion about what he thought about the movie. As a third person views it, both of you are taking the role of source and receiver throughout the conversation in turns. Which communication model explains the blurring of the distinction between you and your friend as the source and receiver?

Transactional Model

"Now that we've examined X, let's consider Y," is an example of a(n):

Transitional Statement

_____ are core concepts and ideas of what we consider good or bad, right or wrong, or what is worth sacrifice

Values

A(n) _____ is something that helps us feel comfortable or indicates emotions or moods.

adaptors

Face-to-face conversations, speeches, telephone conversations, voice mail messages, radio, are public address systems are examples of:

channels

The _____ meaning can involve an emotional association with a word, positive or negative, and can be individual or collective, but is not universal.

connotative

Words have two types of meanings: _____ and _____.

denotative and connotative

The _____ person believes what he thinks is true even though he has never questioned why he believes it.

egocentric

A(n) _____ is a nonverbal gesture that carries a specific meaning and can replace or reinforce words.

emblem

In The Hidden Dimension, Edward T. Hall indicated there are two main aspects of space: territory and _____

personal space

Julia T. Wood expresses a clear connection between everyday speech and _____

public dialogue

One key fairness principle, _____, refers to a relationship of mutual exchange and interdependence.

reciprocity

_____ is recognizing that each person has basic rights and is worthy of courtesy.

respect

The word "_____" implies an expectation of how one is supposed to act in certain settings and scenes.

role identities

_____ refers to your sense of self and awareness of who you are.

self-concept

Your tone of voice, your facial expression and body language are examples of _____

social signals

If a person believes something because everyone in his group or community believes it, even though he himself has never questioned or confirmed the belief, he is guilty of _____

sociocentrism

_____ communication involves the words you say, and _____ communication involves how you say them.

verbal/nonverbal

The semantic triangle illustrates how the _____ refers to the _____, which then refers to the _____ itself

word/thought/thing