Exam2 Ch2

Great Migration

1630s The migration of approximately 21,000 English Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Act Concerning Religion (Maryland Toleration Act)

1649 law that granted free exercise of religion to all Christian denominations in colonial Maryland

Half-Way Covenant

A 1662 religious compromise that allowed baptism and partial church membership to colonial New Englanders whose parents were not among the Puritan elect

Virginia Company

A joint-stock enterprise that King James I chartered in 1606 The company was to spread Christianity in the New World as well as find ways to make a profit in it

Pequot War

An armed conflict in 1637 that led to the destruction of one of New England's most powerful Indian groups

Mayflower Compact

Document signed in 1620 aboard the Mayflower before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth; the document committed the group to majority-rule government

Roanoke Colony

English expedition of 117 settlers, including Virginia Dare, the first English child born in the New World; the colony disappeared from Roanoke island in the Outer Banks sometime between 1587 and 1590

Puritans

English religious group that sought to purify the Church of England; founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony under John Winthrop in 1630

Identify the statements that describe Oliver Cromwell and his policy of colonial expansion.

English ruler who assumed power after the execution of Charles I led an aggressive policy of colonial expansion, extending English control over Ireland and Jamaica

Colonial English women were defined by their legal status as "feme covert" (married) or "feme sole" (single). Identify the unique privileges feme sole women enjoyed.

Feme sole women could make contracts and conduct business. Feme sole women could own land.

It took convincing to get Queen Elizabeth I to support colonization. Identify all of the following ideas that were reflected in Richard Hakluyt's A Discourse Concerning Western Planting, which listed 23 reasons why Queen Elizabeth I should support the establishment of colonies.

Hakluyt argued that the English could compete against the Spanish Catholics for converted Indian souls in the New World. Hakluyt argued that colonies would be a solution for unemployment. Hakluyt argued that the New World needed to be rescued from the Spanish empire.

Place the following events in chronological order to describe early English colonization.

Hakluyt wrote a Discourse Concerning Western Planting, arguing that Queen Elizabeth I should support the colonies in the New World Roanoke Island was settled but ultimately failed due to lack of planning Jamestown, Virginia, was established in hopes of turning a quick profit but ultimately faced numerous challenges

What was the first college established in the English colonies?

Harvard

Identify which criticisms of the church and the King of England resulted in Roger Williams's banishment from the colony of Massachusetts.

He was critical of the King of England for taking land from the natives without payment. He believed in religious toleration, citing that God had singled out not only the Puritans for salvation.

Dower Rights

In colonial America, the right of a widowed woman to inherit one-third of her deceased husband's property

Identify the first permanently settled English colony

Jamestown

Why does Winthrop consider "natural" liberty dangerous?

Natural liberty doesn't obey authority; instead it acts on its own will, and as such, has the potential to lead men to evil

Identify the statements that describe the Jamestown Uprising of 1622.

Powhatan Indians allied with neighboring tribes and killed one-quarter of the Jamestown population because of the continued encroachment of English colonies onto native lands

Dissenters

Protestants who belonged to denominations outside of the established Anglican Church

John Winthrop

Puritan leader and governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who resolved to use the colony as a refuge for persecuted Puritans and as an instrument of building a "wilderness Zion" in America

Pilgrims

Puritan separatists who broke completely with the Church of England and sailed to the New World aboard the Mayflower, founding Plymouth Colony on Cape Cod in 1620

In the mid-seventeenth century, some Puritan leaders began to worry about their society's growing commercialization and declining piety, or "declension." Identify the statements that describe the Half-Way Covenant and its impact on the church.

The Half-Way Covenant made ancestry, not religious conversion, the pathway into the church and inclusion among the elect. Massachusetts churches were forced to deal with a growing problem—the religious status of the third generation. This led to the creation of the Half-Way Covenant.

Anglican Church

The established state church of England, formed by Henry VIII after the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon

House of Burgesses

The first elected assembly in colonial America, established in 1619 in Virginia Only wealthy landowners could vote in its elections

Uprising of 1622

Unsuccessful uprising of Virginia Native Americans that wiped out one-quarter of the settler population, but ultimately led to the settlers gaining supremacy

There were many demographic differences when looking at the early settlers of Virginia and those who settled in Massachusetts. Identify the characteristics of the two colonial settlements.

Virginia The majority of the population was single men. The House of Burgesses was their first body of government. Tobacco was the most common cash crop. Massachusetts The population was healthier due to the climate. Family farms produced a diverse array of crops along with fish and timber. The majority of the population consisted of families

Identify the statements that describe the Great Migration and its impact on New England.

involved the emigration of Puritans from England to Massachusetts between 1629 and the 1640s created the foundation for a stable and thriving society in Massachusetts

What was the enclosure movement?

landlords displacing small farmers from their lands and fencing in their holdings to keep commoners away

By the 1660s and 1670s, ministers were regularly castigating the people for selfishness, manifestations of pride, violations of the Sabbath, and a "great backsliding" from the colony's original purposes. Identify the statements that describe "jeremiads" and how ministers used them to influence the actions of settlers.

warnings issued by ministers for violations of the church's teaching interpretations of social and environmental issues—like failed crops and disease—as God's disapproval

Identify the statements that describe John Winthrop and his beliefs about the concept of liberty.

John Winthrop was the first governor of Massachusetts. John Winthrop believed that true freedom required individuals to submit to both religious and secular authorities.

English Liberty

The idea that English people were entitled to certain liberties, including trial by jury, habeas corpus, and the right to face ones accuser in court These rights meant that even the English king was subject to the rule of law

Identify the statements that describe the English Civil War in 1642.

There were religious disputes about how fully the Church of England should distance its doctrines from Catholicism. There was conflict over restrictions to liberties, including the king issuing taxes without parliamentary consent. There was conflict over the concept of "English Liberty."

Headright System

A land-grant policy that promised fifty acres to any colonist who could afford passage to Virginia, as well as fifty more for many accompanying servants The headright policy was eventually expanded to include any colonists-and was also adopted in other colonies

Enclosure Movement

A legal process that divided large farm fields in England that were previously collectively owned by groups of peasants into smaller, individually owned plots The enclosure movement took place over several centuries, and resulted in eviction for many peasants

John Smith

A swashbuckling soldier of fortune with rare powers of leadership and self-promotion who was appointed to the resident council to manage Jamestown

Captivity Narratives

Accounts written by colonists after their time in Indian activity, often stressing the captive's religious convictions

The settlement at Roanoke represented an early failure for the English to colonize. Identify why it most likely failed.

Although it is not known for sure, the English colonists at Roanoke most likely moved and blended in with native tribes

Identify the statements that describe the significance of the headright system and the House of Burgesses to the development of Virginia.

In order to attract more settlers, the Virginia Company introduced the headright system that awarded land to individuals who paid for their passage to the New World. The House of Burgesses was the first elected assembly in colonial America, and it was established in place of the governor's militaristic regime.

Identify the statements that describe an indentured servant or the conditions in which indentured servants lived.

Indentured servants could be bought and sold like slaves, and their obligations to labor were enforced by the court Indentured servants were men and women from Europe who signed a labor contract in order to pay their way to the New World.

Identify the reasons why land ownership was so important to English settlers.

It gave men the right to vote in most colonies. It gave men control over their own labor.