F U APUSH

Swann v Charlotte Mecklenburg

(1971) School Desegregation Whether forced busing was a good method to desegregate schools. Court ruled that a school district has broad powers to fashion a remedy that will assure a unitary school system.

women's roles

-women had the choice to work/be a housewife -made up the majority of the working population (secretaries etc) -baby boom

Slave life

-worked dusk till dawn under the eye of a black driver/white overseer (whips carried) -not civil/political rights of protection (couldn't testify) -floggings were common -strong willed slaves were sent to breakers -lived in large plantations (20+) along the lower Mississippi River (75% of population) -concentrated along the black belt of the deep south (SC to GA)

Atlantic Tribes

...

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1 year of black boycott of city buses and decreed that blacks would no longer stand by as segregation continued (bring MLK to the forefront of anti-segregation protests)

television (impact)

1) TV overpowered newspapers, magazines, radios as source of news info and diversion 2) TV advertising = vast market for new fashions/ products 3) televised athletic events made college/pro sports a major source of entertainment 4) TV programming created a popular image of american life: white, middle class, suburban, with traditional gender roles. also sometimes portrayed less conventional lifestyles. 5) oppressed/less fortunate people could see the way everyone else lived - contributed to sense of powerlessness and isolation

Bay of Pigs Invasion

1,200 exiles land in the bay in Cuba (invasion government stuck there) and JFK keeps hands off the Castroites surrendered (JFK assumes full responsibility for failure) -pushes Castro into Russian arms

Civilian Conservation Corps

100 Day congress responds to FDR's spurs with this, which was a law providing employment in fresh air government camps for 3 million uniformed young men (who may have otherwise become criminals) -these people firefight, reforest, control floods, and drain swamps -recruits send money to parents

The Office of Scientific Research and Development

100s of millions of dollars cancelled into scientific research (partnership between government and universities were established)

1924 Democratic Convention

103 attempts to pick a candidate (many opposing groups fighting for representation) and finally settle on John W Davis

John Tyler

10th US President, considered slavery evil but never freed any of his own slaves. Was a Whig in name only and only became president because he was vice president when William Henry Harrison died, but vetoed all the Whig bills because he was politically a Democrat. Did literally nothing in office except the Webster-Ashburton Treaty and the start of annexing Texas.

Japanese American Internment

110,000 Japanese on Pacific coast were feared to be saboteurs of Japanese in case of invasion -Pearl harbor backs up anti-Japanese prejudice -2/3 are born in USA -internees loose money and rights

Executive Order 9066

112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes and businesses

"Black Tuesday"

16 million shares of stocks are sold to save those needed, stockholders lose 40 billion

Battle of Quebec

1759 battle in the French and Indian War. Both the British and the French commander died in it, but the British ended up winning. The city they were attacking surrendered. Huge victory for the British.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 "rebellion" in which the Ottawa chief, Pontiac, organized a bunch of Native Americans (and some French) to attack almost every British fort west of the Appalachians. British defeated the rebellers, but the peace was uneasy. Directly resulted in the Proclamation of 1763, which made a lot of colonists mad in turn.

Land Ordinance

1785, sets up a system for surveying/selling land in the North West that provided for: -money from land sales should be used to pay off national debt -land should be surveyed before its sale -territory divided into townships six miles square -the 16th section should be sold to support education

Shay's Rebellion

1786-7: led by Daniel Shay (veteran of revolution) and farmer in Massachusetts leads a rebellion of poor farmers -caused by: foreclosed farms -demands: lower taxes, end foreclosures, paper money, end debt imprisonment. These these demands weren't met and mobs stop the collection of taxes which closed down courts (debtors) --> try to seize armory weapons -govt. is too weak to stop rebellion (eventually broken up by military) -result: increased calls for strong central govt. (wealthy) and increased tension between people in the backcountry and the east coast.

NW Ordinance

1787, a system which was set up for territories to enter the union as new states (Wisconsin, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan) -60,000+ residence = could petition to become states -bans slavery north of the Ohio River

Citizen Genet (Edmund Genet)

1793 Proclamation of Neutrality is tested when Edmund Genet (french minister) travels to convince citizens to support France which violates the rule of diplomacy condemned & recalled by France (he stays in US)

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States

Samuel Morse

1824: invented the telegraph in 1844 which causes a revolution in communication

Comstock Lode

1859, 59-ers pour into Nevada when this was discovered. It was a fantastic amount of gold/silver worth upwards of 340 million and was mined by the "kings of Comstock" from 1860-1890. -Nevada became the "child of Comstock Lode" and is prematurely railroaded in 1864 to provide the Union and Lincoln with 3 electoral votes

Gettysburg Address

1863, Lincoln gives ________ that was considered by Democrats to be silly and draw relatively no attention but the President spoke for the ages. It was delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at this battlefield. In this Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Sand Creek (Chivington) Massacre

1864, Colonel JM Chivington's militia massacred (in cold blood) killed 400+ natives who though they had been promised immunity on their territory

The National Labor Union (TNLU)

1866 organized to represent a giant boot strike by workers -lasted 6 years and had 600K members (skilled/unskilled) -excluded Chinese -attempted to include women and black workers(who later developed their own Colored National Labor Union which was kept separate b/c of racism/opposing political parties -wanted the arbitration of industrial disputes and the 8 hour workday

The Grange

1867 and led by Oliver H Kelley (minesota farmer) -his objectives were to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social/economic/fraternal activities -the movement spread and by 1875 (800,000 members in Mid-West and South and met in red schoolhouses with stoves of gossip -goals change: individual self improvement and the improvement of farmers collective plight -established cooperatively owned stores for consumers and owned grain elevators/warehouses for production -also attempt to manufacture machinery for harvest failed (financial disaster)

2nd Treaty of Fort Laramie

1868, government abandoned Bozemen trail, sprawling "Great Sioux reservation" was granted to the Sioux tribes

Credit Mobilier Scandal

1872 -Union Pacific Railroad insiders form this and hired themselves at inflated prices to build the line and earned a dividen of 348% -the company (fearing congressional opposition) distributed shares of stock to key congressmen (later an expose on this would end the career of 2 congressmen and the idea that the VP of the USA took payment from this company)

Whiskey Ring Scandal

1874-1875 this robbed the Treasury millions of excise tax revenue

Munn vs Illinois

1877 Supreme Court case that allowed Granger laws to be upheld

Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce

1877, north eastern Oregon -the natives are goaded to fight after being herded into a reservation by US authorities -Chief Joseph surrendered his breakaway band (7,000 natives) after trek across the Continental Divide (towards Canada) to meet with Sitting Bull (who had taken refuge north of the border after little Bighorn)

the Carlisle Indian school

1879, government funded, in PA, native children were separated from tribes and taught English and white values/customs ("kill the Indian, save the man")

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882, Congress prohibits any more immigration from China and some exclusions tried to get rid of native Chinese American citizenship (would last until 1943)

Wabash vs Illinois

1886 Supreme Court competition causes Granger's influence to fade (organized lives to be vocal for farmer interests and brighten rural life with social activities) -Supreme court: states couldn't regulate interstate commerce (power rested in federal government, who didn't want to regulate it either)

Pan American Conference

1889, Blaine presides over this conference which begins an important series of inter-American assemblages

Anti-Saloon League

1893 sang against drinking and gained a statewide prohibition in Maine and elsewhere (pre-civil war) and after in 1919 brought 18th (prohibition) amendment into the Constitution

In re Debs

1895, Supreme Court approved the use of court injunctions against strikes, which gave employers a very powerful weapon to break unions.

Treaty of Paris

1898, Spain and USA meet in Paris and Cuba which has been freed from Spanish influence, in addition the US secures Guam and Puerto Rico (RR paid for war costs)

Boxer Rebellion

1900, Chinese don't want to be used as a doormat by western powers and a super patriotic group with martial arts training broke loose and murder 200+ foreigners and thousands of the Chinese christians and diplomat community in Beijing

Insular Cases

1901, flag outran the constitution (Supreme court was divided) and the outdistanced document didn't extend with full force to the new areas (Puerto Rico and Philippines are under American rule but not all American rights)

Hay-Paunce fote Treaty

1901, gave USA a free hand to build the canal and conceded fortification rights as well

Lincoln Steffens

1902, launches articles in McClure's called "the Shame of the Cities" where he revealed corrupt monopolies and municipal government.

muller vs oregon

1908 Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws protecting women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women's weaker bodies

The Red Scare

1910-1920 led to nationwide crusade against left wingers whose Americanism is suspected (immigrants) -Bombings occur in 8 American cities → believed to be the result of a radical revolution attempting to take over USA

17th amendment

1913, established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures), was slow working at first

National Defense Act

1916-A compromise between those who argued for national preparedness and the (mostly rural) people wary of a national army. It expanded the federal army and national guard, made provisions for training, and set up training camps for civilians.

Naval Construction Act

1916-Authorized the expansion of the US navy. It was seen as less of a threat than an army, and thus was met with less opposition.

Soviet Recognition

1933, FDR recognizes the USSR and extends his hand in diplomatic regulation/recognition to Bolsheviks (for trade and counterweight for German/Japanese powers)

Agricultural Adjustment Act

1933, Protected farmers from price drops by providing crop subsidies to reduce production, educational programs to teach methods of preventing soil erosion.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

1934, designed partially to lift American export trade up and aimed for recovery/relief/activates low tariff policies of New Dealers (whittled down the Hawley Smoot laws with amendments by 50%) -reversed traditional tariff policy

The Second New Deal

1935-38; in response to critics of the 1st New Deal (particularly Huey Long and the more radical critics); contained more relief programs and greater protection for labor unions (this was radical for the 1920s anti-union atmosphere); the most extensive of the reform programs that emerged was social security

Butler v US

1936 a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act were unconstitutional.

Spanish Civil War

1936-1939 -"dress rehearsal for WW2 -rebels (lefties) in Madrid (led by fascist General Francisco Franco) rise against government -helped out by Hitler and Mussolini and he tries to overthrow the established loyalist regime (helped by USSR) which calms things down -Washington maintains good relations with loyalists and supply both sides with munitions and allows Franco to kill Republican government of Spain (accidentally killed democracy there)

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

Atlantic Charter

1941, outlined a vision in which a world would abandon their traditional beliefs in military alliances and spheres of influence and govern their relations with one another though democratic process, with an international organization serving as the arbiter of disputes and the protector of every nation's right of self determination.

Korematsu v US

1944 SCOTUS case upheld internment as being constitutional (later apologizes with reparations)

National Security Act

1947, creates department of defense to be housed in the pentagon under Secretary of Defense (headed over civilian secretaries, all under the Joint Chiefs of Staff)

Warren Court: rights of the accused decisions

1953, appointed Warren let Court into a series of decisions that drastically affected sexual freedom/rights of criminals/practice of religion (separation of church and state)/civl rights/structure of political representation (focus on concern for individuals regardless of how lowly)

Eisenhower Years

1953-1961

Rosa Parks (1955)

1955, educated seamstress gets on a bus and took a seat in the whites only section (refused to give it up and was arrested for violating Jim Crow laws)

Eisenhower Doctrine

1957, pledged US military and economic aid to mid East nations threatened by communist aggression

Cuban Revolution/Fidel Castro

1959, engineered a revolution that ousted Bastia and denounced Yankee imperialists and began to expropriate valuable US properties in pursuing a land distribution program -Washington releases Cuba from "imperialistic slavery" by cutting of heavy US imports of Cuban sugar -Castro retaliated by wholesale confiscation of Yankee property and in effect made his left wing dictatorship an economic/military satellite with new bff in Moscow

Trade Expansion Act

1962, authorized tariff cut of up to 50% to promote trade in Common Market countries (this led to Kennedy Round of tariff negotiations and the expansion of EU/American trade)

24th amendment

1964, abolishes poll tax in federal elections

Summer of '67 riots

1967, rioting in major US. cities due to frustration of discrimination. In April 1968, Dr. Martin Luther King was assassinated, riots spread to over 100 cities across the country -Detroit -CA -NJ -NY

Apollo 11

1st successful moon mission by the US in 1969

Progressives/Progressive Era

2 goals: -to use state power to curb the trusts -stem the socialist threat by generally improving the common person's conditions of life and labor -majority mood -want to regain the power of the people from those of the "interests" (democracy)

Martin Luther King Jr

27, raised in the North with priviledged family (away from segregation used his oratorical skills and devotion to religion/justice/nonviolence of Ghandi to lead the black revolution across the USA

Herbert Hoover

31st President of the United States

William James

35 years at Harvard on staff he made a deep mark on many fields; Principles of Psychology established modern discipline of behavioral psychology; explored philosophy/psychology of religion; pragmatism describes USA's greatest contribution to the history of philosophy

The Burger Court

4 conservatives to al 9 members appointed but although Nixon shaped this Court, it proved reluctant to remove "liberal" rulings of the Warren Court and even produced the most controversial judicial opinion of modern times with Roe v Wade

"40 acres and a mile"

40 acre tracts were confiscated from the Confederacy during Reconstruction and given to the Freedmen's Bureau in order to give economic independence for freedmen (land is rarely given out)

Watts Riots

5 days after Rights Act and was signed by LBJ, a riot explodes out of the black LA ghetto, this enraged blacks about police brutality -burn and loot the ghetto (31 blocks and 3 whites were dead and many injured)

Annapolis Convention 1786

5 states attended to discuss trade/commerce

Confederate States of America

7 seceders meet in Alabama February 1861 and created this government

Battle of Little Big Horn

7th calvary attacks superior force with some 2,500 well-armed warriors camped along little Bighorn River, the colonel and his men are wiped out in 1876 (no support from other part of calvalry)

Bataan Death March

80 miles to POW camp, vicious treatment of captured US soldiers

The Federalist Papers

85 essays written by James Madison, Hamilton, and John Jay to persuade people to support ratification of the constitution -guarantee of a Bill of Rights helps get enough Anti-Feds to support ratification of the Constitution

Ratification process

9 of 13 states have to ratify before Constitution can go into effect

domino theory

A 20th Century Foreign Policytheory, promoted by the government of the United States that speculated if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino

Virtual representation

A British idea that all representatives in Parliament represented all British citizens, even if not all British citizens elected them. Criticized massively in the colonies.

Alan Freed

A Cleveland disc jockey who coined the term "rock 'n' roll" in 1951.

Jose Marti

A Cuban poet and journalist who launched a revolution against Spainand led the fight for Cuba's independence from Spain from 1895 through the Spanish-American War

Stephen Douglas

A Democratic Senator from Illinois who debated Abraham Lincoln during his run for Senator in the Lincoln-Douglass Debates. He was an avid supporter of the Compromise of 1850, supported popular sovereignty, he rescued Clay's faltering compromise, he divided the compromise into 5 parts to he could mobilize a majority for each issue separately. He also created the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Tammany Hall

A Democratic party political machine in New York City. Most notably run by Boss Tweed. They managed to steal millions of taxpayer dollars from the city members.

Fort Louisburg

A French fort located in North America. It was captured by the British during King George's War, but peace terms in 1748 gave it back to the French, which angered New England colonists who had fought for it.

Hiram Westley Evans

A KKK leader after William J. Simmons that helped revive the KKK and make it about more than just hating African Americans

US troops in Lebanon (1958)

A Lebanese political crisis caused by political and religious tensions in the country. It included a U.S. military intervention. U.S. spy plane shot down over the USSR which ended a move toward "rapprochement" at the end of the Eisenhower administration.

Joseph Brant

A Native American chief who worked as a spokesperson for his people as well as a Christian military officer and British General during the war.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

A New Deal-era labor organization that broke away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in order to organize unskilled industrial workers regardless of their particular economic sector or craft. The CIO gave a great boost to labor organizing in the midst of the Great Depression and during World War II. In 1955, the CIO merged with the AFL.

Elkins Act 1903

A Railroad legislation that was aimed primarily at the rebate evil, heavy fines could now be imposed both on the railroads that gave rebates and on the shippers that accepted them

The Goliad Massacre

A battle during the Texas War for Independence where Mexico totally thrashed Texas. This and the Alamo influenced Americans to support the Texan forces, which culminated in them winning their independence.

electoral college

A body of electors who represent the people's vote (according to which party wins in the state) in choosing the president.

The Imperial Presidency

A book written in the later days of the Richard M. Nixon presidency by Arthur M. Schlensinger, Jr (powers of president are too extensive)

silverites

A branch of the populist party for free silver

Overspeculation

A cause of the stock market crash in 1929; buying stocks with borrowed money.

over-speculation

A cause of the stock market crash in 1929; buying stocks with borrowed money.

Olive Branch Petition

A document of American colonial grievances addressed to King George III and signed by members of the Continental Congress in July 1775. It was delivered by Richard Penn to the King in London in August 1775. The King refused to see him or the document and declares the colonies in a state of rebellion (sends Hessians). It was an effort by the Americans to resolve differences with Britain and to avert the Revolutionary War.

City commission form

A form of city government where Exectutive power is invested in a group of professional commissioners chosen for their skills and expertise

Baron von Steuben

A former Hessian turned American general for the Continental Army, who whipped the soldiers into gear with his strict rules and serious military drills.

Zachary Taylor

A general that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States (election of 1848). Was a Whig. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated. Died in 1850

Niagra Movement

A group of black and white reformers, including W. E. B. DuBois. They organized the NAACP in 1909.

Farm bloc

A group of both Democratic and Republican members of Congress from the farming states of the Middle West that pressures the federal government to adopt policies favorable to farmers. -an attempt to bring relief to hard pressed farmers and this was a coalition of agricultural states in 1921 Congress and provided helpful new laws

Lewis and Clark Expedition

A group of men lead a scientific exploration of the trans Mississippi West (Lewis is a secretary of Thomas Jefferson's and Clark is an army officer) -scientific studies -begins the start of US claims for the Oregon territory and the Pacific Coast (Conflict)

Radical Whigs

A group of people who believed that monarchy led to corruption and threatened personal liberties. Their ideas affected the colonist's beliefs strongly in the pre-revolution, and led to paranoia about the idea of the monarchy.

The "Ohio Gang"

A group of poker-playing men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

Admiralty courts

A kind of court where defendants were tried without a jury and essentially guilty until proven innocent. Offenders of the (Sugar and) Stamp Act were tried here.

Dartmouth College vs Woodward

A landmark decision in United States corporate law from the United States Supreme Court dealing with the application of the Contract Clause of the United States Constitution to private corporations.

Meat Inspection Act 1906

A law passed by Congress to subject meat shipped over state lines to federal inspection.

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other. (p. 757)

Open Door Notes

A message sent by Hay to all the great powers urging them to announce that in their leash holds/spheres of influence they should be respecting Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition (even though Hay didn't consult the Chinese before this decision)

Common Sense

A pamphlet written in America by Englishman Thomas Paine (radical thinker based on the ideas of John Locke), published on January 10, 1776. It called for American independence and a union of the American colonies, and as propaganda, it influenced colonists to pursue both in the Revolutionary War. (available to commoners, easy to understand for everyone)

The Roaring 20s

A period of sustained economic prosperity with a distinctive cultural edge in the United States, people who were rich get richer and the wealth gap widens (underlay of tension)

Judith Sargent Murray

A poet and playwright, and the most prominent woman essayist of the eighteenth century. She was also among America's earliest champions of financial independence and equal rights for women. She argued forcefully for improved female education and for women to be allowed a public voice.

Huey Long

A presidential candidate in the 1936 election known for his Share the Wealth program. He and other demagogues pushed FDR to move the New Deal to help people directly.

Direct Primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

cultural nationalism

A process of protecting, either formally (with laws) or informally (with social values), the primacy of a certain cultural system against influences (real or imagined) from another culture.

Archibald Cox

A professor of Harvard law school who also worked with the Department of Labor. He was the appointed Special Prosecutor over the Watergate case.

Big Stick Policy

A proverbial symbol of Roosevelt's belief that presidents should engage in diplomacy but also maintain a strong military readiness to back up their policy

rebates

A return of a portion of the amount paid for goods or services.

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Townshend Acts

A series of acts passed in 1767 by Britain that externally taxed products like paper and tea. Charles Townshend, the mastermind of the act, thought colonists wouldn't really mind, because only the people at port would pay the tax, but they were still upset at taxation without representation. He also thought they wouldn't be able to boycott the goods he taxed, but they did anyway, which led to its eventual repeal (except for the tea tax) because Britain spent more enforcing it than money it got from it. The revenue raised by this tax also paid for the salaries of royal officials in the colonies, which made colonists nervous because they thought these officials would now side with Britain more because they're giving them their paycheck.

Coercive Acts

A series of acts passed in 1774 by Britain to punish Boston for the Boston Tea Party. They closed the Boston port until the damages to it were paid, shut down their colonial government and town meetings, and created a Second Quartering Act that allowed British soldiers to lodge anywhere they wanted, including private homes. It also allowed royal officials to get a trial in England, because the British thought there wouldn't be a fair trial in the colonies despite John Adams having tried the redcoats in the Boston Massacre. Made colonists upset because they thought trials there wouldn't be fair.

Breed's Hill

(June 17, 1775) First major battle of the American Rev. 2 months after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, colonial troops assemble to protect Bunker and ___________ in Boston. Colonists fortified ________ in Charlestown, across the Charles River from Boston. They withstood a cannonade from British ships in Boston Harbor and fought off assaults by 2,300 British troops but were eventually forced to retreat. Although the British won the battle, it was a Pyrrhic victory that led to encouragement to the revolutionary cause. British casualties (about 1,000) and the colonists' fierce resistance convinced the British that subduing the rebels would be difficult.

coup in Czechoslovakia

- Czechoslovakia succumbed to Soviet attacks. Although moderates and Communists shared power after WWII, in 1947-1948, fearing a loss of popular support, the Communists seized control of the government and the moderates gave in to avoid civil war. - Czechoslovakia - 1948 - Led to more expansion of communism which worried Truman

McKinley Tariff

- Increased tariffs over 50%, benefitted wealthy industrialists - Republicans lost 93 seats, gave democrats majority

Effects of the Depression

- Many banks fail. - Many businesses and factories fail. - Millions of Americans are out of work. - Many are homeless and hungry. - Families break up and people suffer

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

- Similar to Bland Allison, govt purchased set amount of silver each month, caused stop of silver production - Silver was devaluing currency, act got repealed - Repeal caused panic of 1893

Populists

- Support from rural West/South - Nominated James B Weaver - At first, appealed to Black citizens but as the party progressed became very racist

flappers

- became the symbol of this more independent and gay lifestyle -carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

George Kennan

- formulated the "containment doctrine" which stated that Russia was relentlessly expansionary. the soviet union was cautious. the flow of the soviet power could be stemmed by firm and vigilant containment. - all over world - late 40's early 50's - Showed that the US would take a stand against communism however moderate it might have been

The Kellogg-Brand Pact

- treaty signed in 1928 outlawed war (but can't really be enforced and allowed defensive wars) -an agreement between 15 nations outlawing war; eventually 48 other nations joined the pact; had no way of enforcing peace

Sputnik

-"baby moon" satelite is sent to space by soviet scientists (Sputnik I was 184 lbs, Sputnik II was 1,120 lbs with a dog inside) -this event rattles US self confidence and casts doubts on America's scientific superiority (raised military questions) -if USSR can shoot missiles to space they can certainly reach America

Sacco and Vanzetti case

-"judicial lynching" Sacco (shoe factory worker) and Vanzetti (fish peddler) is convicted of robbery and murdering Massachusetts paymaster and guard -A prejudice jury is against "anarchist" Italians (people protest guilty verdict and in 1927 they are killed by electrocution) -trial demonstrates tensions of the era as many felt as though the trial was unfairly biased because they are Italian, Anarchists, and WW1 draft dodgers) -provides martyrs for radicals (class struggles) -Exemplifies the anti-immigrant sentiments

Schecter v US

-"the sick chicken case"; Declared the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional on three grounds: -That the act delegated legislative power to the executive; that there was a lack of constitutional authority for such legislation; and that it sought to regulate the businesses that were wholly intrastate in character

expansionist arguments

-*looked at expamples from Especially Great Britain and France *these control virtually all of Africa and Asia *the US looked to them and realized they did not want to fall behind -European examples, New Ideas, New Markets and Access to Vast Natural Resources, "In Favor of Imperialism"

Muckrakers

-10-15 cent popular magazines flood market with fierce circulation wars that dug into societies dirt -editors researched and young reporters wrote pugnaciously/zealously -named this because Roosevelt's annoyance at them stirring up dirt -checked all their sources to avoid legal reprisal

Preparedness Campaign

-100 campaigns in the US cities (shift in the mainstream public discord) -labor shifts from neutrality to supporting this effort -American Federation of Labor secures union jobs for white/unskilled workers -War was the product of capitalist system (antiwar movement relies on radicals) and people stop resisting

impact on Women's Suffrage Movement

-13, 14, 15th amendments didn't disappoint advocates for women's rights -many women fought for abolitionism -after the 13th passed many feminist believed it was time for women to rise up again however, the 14th said that only men could vote (defied equal national citizenship) -Stanton/Anthony campaigned for sex to be inserted into the 15th amendment ("prohibit denial to vote based on sex, color, etc.") -women's suffrage wouldn't be a success until 50 years later

Lodge Reservations

-14 reservations (savage roast of Wilson) -reserved US rights under Monroe Doctrine and Constitution and protected US sovereignty

George Washington's precedents

-2 terms presidency -establishes the cabinet (advisors to the president who head different presidential departments)

William H Taft

-27th president of the U.S. -supported CONSERVATISM rather than progressivism -angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms -by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

plantation slavery

-4 million black human chattels (cotton increased demand for slaves) -collars, belts and whips were used for discipline -women were encouraged to breed in exchange for freedom (if they were really successful)

New France

A settlement founded first in Quebec in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain; they were friendly with the Huron Native Americans, but hated the Iroquois; had a low population; was ruled royally because governing companies failed. By 1682 extended all the way to New Orleans (founded by Robert de la Salle in that year).

Socialist Party

A socialist political party in the United States. It was formed in 1901 by a merger between the Social Democratic Party, and a wing of the older Socialist Labor Party of America. It flourished in numerous ethnic enclaves 1904-1912, with Eugene Debs as presidential candidate. It splintered over support for World War I, and was a minor political movement after 1920, often nominating Norman Thomas for president.

Aftermath

-600,000 men die or action/disease -lost many young men and potential leaders and fathers -costs 15 billion (not including pensions and interest -dislocations, disunities, wasted energy, bitter enemies, lowered ethics, high death rate -national government was broken -tested democracy and answered whether a nation dedicated to democracy could endure

The Six Day War

-A war fought in 1967 by Israel on one side and Egypt, Syria, and Jordan on the other. -tension in West Bank -The West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, and the Gaza Strip were controlled by the Israel

Election of 1928 (Democrats)

-Alfred Smith was chose (4 time NY governor) -Democrats from dry states didn't like Smith and give him a "dry" running mate for appeal -Radio aids Hoover (vocally appealing to masses)

Alien and Sedition Acts

-Alien: president could deport/arrest dangerous immigrants -Sedition: illegal to criticize the government -It was said that they were created for security but they actually reduced liberty and violated 1st amendment rights (passed by federal controlled congress to limit the political opposition)

Dwight D Eisenhower

-Allied commander in WW2 in Europe; helped plan the D-Day invasion at Normandy; 34th President -secret attack is launched under him in the far east with 400K men and 850 ships, he traps German Italian forces in Tunisia and surrenders in May 1943

Atlanta Compromise

A speech by Booker T. Washington in which he encouraged education as a method of social advancement

Election of 1892

-Benjamin Harrison vs Grover Cleveland -Cleveland won (Democrats) -Pretended to take different stances on issues when in reality pretty similar.

Union League

-Black men in South become politically active, based in the North and assisted by Northern blacks and pro-Union. -They make the club a network of political clubs for education (civil duties) and campaigned for Republican Candidates. -their mission was to expand into building churches/schools for black people and representing grievances before local employers/government and create/recruiting militias to protect them from white retaliation.

Election of 1856

-Buchanon wins -Fremont loses because the South didn't want an abolitionist for president and North wanted to keep the Union together/don't trust Fremont

Depression of 1893

-Caused by repealing the Sherman Silver Purchase Act -Silver was no longer bought by US govt so widespread panic -Shakey railroad building and shakey financial institutions

"Cross of gold speech"

A speech given by William Jennings Bryan that advocated the use of silver coins, convinced the Democrats to elect him as their presidential candidate in the 1896 election

VA Stature for Religious Freedom

A statute created by Thomas Jefferson that really allowed for religious freedom (for jews and catholics too!)

The Haymarket Riot

-Chicago had lots of anarchists -tension builds with Haymarket Square -labor disorders break out and May 4th, 1886 police advance on meeting with alleged brutalities occurring (bomb goes off and kills 12 people) -8 anarchists were rounded for the bomb but weren't connected to the bomb (5 sentences to death and 3 imprisoned) -ended the Knights of Labor because of their association in the public mind of being allied with anarchist and inclusion of unskilled laborers (easily replaced by scabs)

Charles Evans Hughes

-Chief Justice of SCOTUS -Also Governor of NY for a short time -1916, becomes the REPUBLICAN nominee for President against Wilson, and Wilson beats him -Wanted to find a replacement for the League of Nations to ensure foreign peace -Overall good guy

Slave life: religion

-Christian and African traditions/ religions mix -responsorial preaching inspired by ring shout

Union Pacific RR

-Commissioned by Congress -went west from Nebraska, 20 miles of land given per 1 mile constructed with alternating 640 acre sections next to the track -tented rail towns for laborers (hell on wheels) -Irish paddies worked very hard and once lay 10 miles in one day -native attacks were unsuccessful attempt to retain land

Union Pacific Railroad

-Commissioned by Congress -went west from Nebraska, 20 miles of land given per 1 mile constructed with alternating 640 acre sections next to the track -tented rail towns for laborers (hell on wheels) -Irish paddies worked very hard and once lay 10 miles in one day -native attacks were unsuccessful attempt to retain land

Bolshevik Revolution

-Communist party came to power in Russia and around the world in 1917 A faction of the -Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction[3] at the Second Party Congress in 1903 and ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Election of 1928

-Coolidge chooses not to run -Herbert Hoover (D) -Alfred Smith (R) -Hoover wins with his Protestant beliefs and honest tactics (both Reps and Dems vote for him with prohibition stance)

William Jennings Bryan

-Democratic nominee in election of 1896 -steps up to the plate and delivers plea for silver (eloquent speech) and later called this speech the cross of gold which gained him his nomination

The Election of 1936

-Dems: re-elect FDR on a New Deal endorsing platform -Reps: have a hard time electing someone, but find Al Landon -FDR is furious (wealthy corrupted peoples hide behind the constitution) and overwhelmed Landon and Reps only win in 2 states -Democratic majority in Congress with FDR's success

Joint Committee on Reconstruction

-Drafted 14th amendment and required states to ratify it before reentering the union. This was a commission overseeing how the South would be rebuilt.

NATO

-EU countries join together under USSR threat to sign a defense alliance -Truman joins EU pact, 12 nations pledge to regard an attack on one as an attack on all and promised to respond with armed force if necessary -approved July 21, 1949 -made to strengthen policy of containing the USSR, provide framework for reintegrating Germany into EU family, reassured EU that isolationist US didn't desert them to Russia or resurgent Germany

The 4 Power Treaties

-England, US, France, and Japan will respect each others' territory in Pacific -set ratios for battleships, US and England agree not to fortify possessions in the Pacific -replaces Anglo Japanese alliance and bound the UK, Japan, France, USA to preserve the status quo in Pacific

1968 Democratic primaries

-Eugene McCarthy: democratic Senator from Minnesota, challenges LBJ by emerging as a contender for 1968 Democratic presidential election nomination. He gathers antiwar college students as campaign workers and gains 42% of nominated vote - RFK throws hat into presidential ring and gets minority, workers, and young people votes -LBJ announced on TV that he was freezing US troop levels and scale back bombing in Vietnam and announces he isn't going to run for president as a plea to unify the divided nation

Dollar Diplomacy

-Exerting financial power as a form of imperialism. -Taft's opponents in the U.S. Senate coined the term to describe his use of financial resources to exert control over foreign markets and governments. -Taft's policies relied on the financial strength of the U.S. and particularly impacted countries with a significantly lower economic status. -Taft was interested in expanding U.S. influence in many countries, particularly China and Latin America.

Impact of the New Deal on African Americans

-FDR black cabinet (30+ advisors) speak on black issues -scarcity of jobs -lynching isn't stopped -AAA displaced black homes and put them into less secure areas (red lining) -PWA quota for black workers -pull taxes/literacy test/lynching

Election of 1940 (Dems)

-FDR challenges typical 2 term presidential thing -FDR defends New Deal and aid to allies and US defense

Election of 1932

-FDR is nominated over Al Smith by the Democrats (liberal and social benefit leaning platform) -nominate Hoover (free enterprise platform)

fireside chats

-FDR uses radio to deliver these -35 million listen -FDR assures bank safety (with money) -confidence returned with a gush (bank doors open)

Tehran Conference

-FDR, Churchill, Stalin, and Jiang Jieshi (China) meet regarding the war against Japan -Stalin, Churchill, and FDR discuss smoothly and agree on broad plans for launching Soviet and Allied attacks on Germans from the East and West

Louis Brandeis

-First Jewish SCOTUS justice -He was nominated by Wilson -Highlighted the issues with the American economic system

Election of 1852 (outcomes/effects)

-Frank pierce wins -marks the end of the Whig Party (fugitive slave law) -led to the rise of sectionally based party/political allignments

Sinking of the Lusitania

-Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare against all ships entering war zone around Britain -sunk by U-boat with 128 Americans killed (justified because the ship was carrying arms), the US protests, and Germany apologizes and ends unrestricted warfare with Sussex Pledge

Assassination of Lincoln

-Good friday 1865 -John Wilkes Booth (southern crazy actor) shoots Lincoln in the back of the head and Lincoln dies the next morning (5 days post victory) -drama of his death and is made a martyr -set the stage for Reconstruction

30s movies

-Grapes of Wrath (based on a best selling novel) -The Jazz Singer (first sound movie)

"bleeding Kansas"

-HOC try to remove Brooks and are unsuccessful (Brooks resigns and is re-elected by Southern admirers) -Sumner has lasting nerve/head damage and is forced to leave his chair (goes to Europe for treatment) --> re-elected but is too ill to work, he is given honorary chair in Congress -guerilla warfare in Kansas brought on by the sacking of Lawrence town

FDR's 1st inaugural/Harry Hopkins

-Harry Hopkins was secretary of Congress and a social worker -denounced money changers who started the Depression -government must wage war on Depression (only thing to fear is fear itself) -declares a banking holiday

Election of 1872

-Horace Greenly is also promoted by Democrats(who Greenly doesn't like) -Republicans renominate Grant -voters must decide between two unfit candidates -messy campaign -denounce Greenly for being athiest/communist/vegetation (Republicans) -Grant = scoundrel drunkard (Democrats) -Grant wins

US intervention in Mexico

-Huerta is a military dictator that Wilson doesn't like and orders an arms embargo to keep weapons from Huerta's government and gives aid to revolutionaries fighting Huerta -US Navy occupied Veracruz --> Pancho Villa -Wilson ordered General John J Pershing to lead US force in pursuit of Villa, never found him but clashed twice with Carranza's army = brink of war again. Wilson withdrew troops from Mexico and granted formal recognition to Carranza in 1917. Attention turned to Europe.

Election of 1968

-Humphrey vs Nixon -Nixon wins

Triple Alliance

-Italy -Austria-Hungary -Germany -Ottoman Empire

The New Frontier

-JFK comes into a fragile Democratic majority in Congress (Southern Dems threaten to join Reps and ax the New Frontier) -JFK won first round in his campaign for a more cooperative congress with expansion of the House Rules Committee (mostly conservatives) but medical/educational bills were stalled by Congress -JFK tries to revitalize the economy with a non-inflamatory wage agreement in the steel industry in 1962

End of War

-January 23, 1973 is when a ceasefire is called by North Vietnam after Nixon furiously pounds them with bombs -US withdraws 27K troops and could get 560 POWs -North Vietnam keep 145K troops in South Vietnam (still occupy 30% of country) -shaky peace

Battle of Midway

-January 3-6 1942 -Admiral Nimitz led small carrier force while Admiral Ray Spruance at the helm Japanese call of action after losing 4 vital carriers -initiative becomes to seize the Pacific

The Scopes Monkey Trial

-John Scopes is arrested for teaching evolution in 1925 The world listens to the trial on the radio -Prosecutor: religious fundamentalist (Will Jennings Bryan) -Defense: Clarence Darrow -Scopes is convicted (gets off on a technicality) but trial demonstrates tensions between modern and traditional religious values of the 1920s

Johnson's Plan

-Johnson's Reconstruction proclamation -disenfranchised leading confederates including those with taxable property worth more than 20,000 (they can petition for personal pardons) -calls for state conventions (requiring repeal ordinances of secession repudiate all Confederate debts and ratify the slave freeing 13th amendment (all states that complied would get readmission to the Union)

Korean War

-July 25, 1950: explosion comes and with Soviet tanks North Korean army columns cross 38th parallel and South Korean forces were shoved back southward to a tiny defensive area near Pusan -invasion broke containment doctrine and Truman springs quickly to action (show no weakness) -war provided opportunity to expand US military (NSC-68) -Truman takes UN police action -Douglas MacArthur's japan based troops into action alongside South Koreans (MacArthur was commander of opperation for the UN)

Watergate Scandal

-June 17, 1972 five men arrested in the watergate apartment office in Washington after a bungled effort to plant bugs in Democratic party HQ -they reveal they were working for the CREEP -turns into a series in Nixon admins dirty tricks (forging docs to discredit democrats, using Internal Revenue Service to harass innocent citizens on White House "enemy list" -Senate committee conducts hearing about Watergate affair and Nixon denies knowledge of breaking/involvement in legal proceedings vs burglars

Zimmerman Telegram

-March 1, 1917 -German foreign secretary proposes a German-Mexican alliance (tempts Anti-Yankees with promises of recovering Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona) intercepted by outraged Americans

Truman Doctrine

-March 12, 1947 -Truman requests 400 million from Congress to help Greece and Turkey (granted) and declares that it is the US duty to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures

National Youth Administration

-Mary McLeod Bethune headed it -resulted in many blacks deserting Rep party for democratic FDR -established by WPA to reduce competition for jobs by supporting education and training of youth

Gettysburg

-Meade has 92,000 men against Lee's 76,000 -3 day battle -the failure of General George Pickett futile charge broke the Confederate attack and the heart of their cause -Pickett's Charge -peace/flag of truce is moving towards Union lines by Southern peace delegates near Norfolk VA -Davis hopes these delegate and fighting will intersect but victory at Gettysburg (planned by Lincoln because he refused to allow the peace mission to pass through union lines) -from this point on the Southern cause was doomed

Causes of WW1

-Militarism: competition between European powers (Arms Race) -Alliances: Triple Alliance, Triple Entente, the Balkans, and the Treaty of assistance (support each other if attacked by others) -Imperialism: competition for New Markets/territories -Nationalism: connected to Militarism, between industrial nations, different ethnic groups (want to form their own nations), expansion

Election of 1912

-National Progressive Republican League is formed with senator La Follette as its candidate -Roosevelt is up for a 3rd term after seeing Taft mess up (TR just looses the nomination) -Woodrow Wilson is nominated for Democrat side (appealed to the people) and wins

Impact of the New Deal on ethnic minorities

-Native American constitutions -self sustaining -Mexican Americans have a restricted the ability to find jobs and gain economic prosperity without citizenship -business owners hire whites first/fire Mexicans first -Indian New Deal

Election of 1936 (Democratic platform)

-New Dealer are very confident and had made lots of progress -FDR elected

D-Day

-Normandy 4600 vessels, was an enormous operation -met with stiff German resistance (misled by feign) -Allied forces takeover the air and block reinforcements by crippling RRs and bombing gas line production plants to reduce German fuel supply -lots of fighting until Allies broke out of German iron ring enclosing Normandy land zone -Armored US divisions were very impressive in breaching France under George S Patten -American french force further drives Germans back in Aug 1944 with assistance of French Underground

Panic of 1857 (impacts)

-North is hit hardest because of grain growers (Crimean war demands) and the North is in financial distress which increased demand for free farms in public domain. Opposed by Eastern Industrialists who believed expansion would drain low paid workers from factories (go West) -South opposed as well because slavery wouldn't flourish in this are (160 acres) because free farms would take over and tip over the political balance

Tom Watson

-Original leader of the populists -Very friendly in the beginning, (not racist) but later became mean (very racist)

Coxey's Army

-Panic of 1893 strengthens Populist argument that farmers and laborers and being victimized by economic political system -unemployed armies and they march in protest and with this Populists see allies -famous marcher is Jacob Coxy who sets south to Washington with a few supporters and newspaper reporters his platform: -demand government relief to unemployment by an inflationary public works program (supported by 500 million in legal tender notes to be issued by the Treasury) -when the army finally makes it to Washington they are immediately arrested for walking on the grass

Suez Crisis

-President Nassar of Egypt (nationalist) seeks funds to build an immense dam on the Upper Nile for irrigation/power (Americas and Britains tentatively offered financial help) but when Nassar considers communist funds secretary of state Dulles withdraws offer of a dam. -Nassar maintains face by nationalizing the canal (owned chiefly by British and French stockholders), this puts a razor to the neck of Western Europe's oil supply

Works Progress Administration

-Program of the New Deal to perform public works to put people back to work. -Spent $11 billion on public buildings, bridges, roads, etc. 9 million people were employed

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

-Radicals are done with Johnson and his alcoholic ways getting their way of success and want him gone -Stanton is dismissed in 1868 and HOC votes immediately to impeach Johnson for "high crimes and misdemeanors" because he violated the Tenure of Office Act by dismissing Stanton

The Pullman Strike

-Railroad strike (widespread in the midwest) -Shutdown postal service -Labor day is created as a concession to the widespread strike -Troops fire into the strikers (they were only striking because they were starving because they cut wages but not rent for their workers) -Public supported government because they needed the goods and service provided by the railroads (?) -Turning point for public opinion: between Homestead and Pullman (Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Act: broke up monopolies with power to unions) → government begins to support businesses less

New Deal: relief, recovery, reform

-Relief and recovery: short range goals (1-2 years) -long range goals: permanent recovery and reform of current abuses that produced the boom-bust catastrophe -3 R's overlap often and got in each others way a lot

Election of 1948

-Reps: renominate Thomas Dewey -Dems: want Eisenhower (he turns down) and they annoyingly/grudgingly choose Truman again (angers Southern Dems who don't like him for his support of civil rights) -with Trumans nomination the party splits open and Southern Democrats have their own convention and nominate Governor J Strom Thurmond (Dixiecrats) -Progressives: nominate former VP Henry A Wallace (misguided liberal who took on a pro-soviet line)

Chinese Civil War

-Reps: want to find culprit for who lost China and insisted that Democratic agencies full of communists had withheld aid from China deliberately so Jiang would fall -Dems: reply to Rep claims and reply that when a regime wasn't backed by the people it will lose (no chance to save it) -Truman didn't lose China, Jiang did

14th Amendment

-Republicans use this to enforce the Civil Rights Act (feared the Southerners might gain control and repeal the Act) -it said that civil right and citizenship (not franchise) for freedmen -reduced proportionately the representation of a state in Congress/Electoral College (if it denies blacks the ballot) -disqualified Confederates from federal/state office -guaranteed the federal debt while repudiating all Confederate debts

"billion dollar congress"

-Republicans want federal office and yearned for the benefits of fat surpluses (caused by high tariffs) -In the House of Representatives the Reps win 3 more votes than the Democrats

JFK and Vietnam

-Right Wind diem government rules shakily in Vietnam (with American $$ to help) but anti-Diem agitators threaten to topple the pro-American government from power and because of this JFK orders US troops to go to South Vietnam (allegedly to foster political stability) -Kennedy admin eventually despaired of Diem and encouraged a coup against him in 1963 which led to more political disintegration (JFK still wants to stay out of war but still maintains political commitments and has troops in Vietnam) -By his death 15K troops were in Vietnam (hard to pull out now)

Election of 1940

-Robert Taft and Thomas Dewey are pushed out of the way by Wendell Willkie -FDR wins (people believed an experienced leader was needed at a time of war) -both candidates promise to stay out of war and to strengthen national defense

Election of 1940 (Reps)

-Robert Taft and Thomas Dewey are pushed out of the way by Wendell Willkie -platform condemns FDR's dictatorship and costly/confusing zigzags of the New Deal (inefficient) -refrains from assailing the president's interventionism

Triple Entente

-Russia -France -Britain

Russo-Japanese War

-Russia wishes to take part in ice-free ports of China (Port Arthur) -this action is seen as a way for Russia to turn their guns at Japan's strategic heart and they respond with a surprise attack on the Russian Fleet at Port Arthur -series of defeats for Russia (first setback to a European power by a non-European power since the 16th century -when Japan begins to run out of troops officials approach Roosevelt to sponsor peace negotiations -Roosevelt is happy to oblige to help prevent a complete collapse to Russian power (acted as counterweight to Japans growing power)

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

-Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, join Venezuela in 1960 and this agreement strangled western economies

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War

-Secretary of Treasury Salmon Chase led a group of Lincoln critics who create this committee. -(1861-1865) -est. by Congress during the Civil War to oversee military affairs. -largely under the control of Radical Republicans, the committee agitated for a more vigorous war effort and actively pressed Lincoln on the issue of emancipation.

Economic Negatives associated with slavery

-Slaveowners must care for slaves for their wholes lives -Slaves require large financial investment

Guandalcanal

-Soloman island seized Aug 2942, effort to protect lifeline from US to Australia through the SW pacific (battle led to low supplies for USA) -after many battles Japanese let go and evacuate from here in Fed 1943 -10:1 death ration (Japanese to American)

Antietam Significance

-South would never be so close to victory again -France/British were formerly heated towards the North and cool down after Antietam Success -launching pad for Emancipation Proclamation -Border States are in Union field

Election of 1908 (Republicans)

-Taft was nominated on the first ballot at the Republican Convention in Chicago -Taft attempts to don progressive Roosevelt mantle and read dry cut speeches -votes choose stability of Roosevelt backed Taft -surprise came from when socialists pulls votes for Eugene V Debs (Pullman strike)

Texas annexation debate

-Texas wants more than independence (wants union with USA) -petitions for annexation -the North opposed Annexation (seen as a scheme by the South to bring more slavery states into the Union) which wasn't exactly true

Shiloh

-The first battle with truly large casualties. -The confederacy caught Grant by surprise and almost destroyed his army on the first day. On the second day Grant was reinforced and forced the Confederates back to Mississippi. -This battle ended all hopes of the south regaining Tennessee. -Although the casualties were higher than anything seen by Americans so far, there would be many more to come.

Louisiana Purchase

-This purchase doubles the size of USA -Supports agarian society (nation of farmers) vision of TJ's -prevented potential French threat along the Nation's borders further weakened the Federalist party (who were against it)

Muller vs Oregon

-US Supreme court upheld more protection for women's weaker bodies -Discriminatory + Sexist but ultimately good for worker's rights because it was the first time employers didn't have all the power

Lend Lease Act

-US could provide military aid without compensation, this was praised by country/administration (guns not sons) -debated in Congress (opposition by isolationists) but later approved -promised to be an arsenal of democracy

America First Committee

-US should concentrate what strength it had to defend its own shores (if Hitler overpowered the British we would be "safe") -created by isolationists -Charles Lindbergh was a main orator

pull factors of immigration

-USA was made out to Europeans as an incredible place with abundant food and military protection/freedom/low wage labor -railroad wanted buyers for land grants, states want more population, steamship lines want more immigrants (steam powered ships and accelerated transoceanic surge)

Reinhold Niebuhr

-United States Protestant theologian (1892-1971) -Clergy who crusaded against fascism, communism and pacifism which he perceived as anti Christian

The Big Four

-Vittorio Orlando -David Lloyd George -George Clemenceau -Woodrow Wilson

The Bank Crisis

-Washington deadlocked -economy stops -banks lock doors -people stuff money anywhere BUT the banks

Election of 1852

-Whigs head to Baltimore to boast their achievements with the Compromise of 1850 they turn to Winfeld Scott as candidate -praise the compromise as a lasting arrangement (slavery is tiptoed around) -Whigs are splitting apart: Southern Whigs doubt Scott's loyalty to the slave law/comp. of 1850, -Northern Whigs vote for Free Soil Party candidate John P Hale (NH senator) who gets a 5% vote

Democratic Platform (1896)

-William Jennings Bryan demanded inflation through the infinite coinage of silver and the ratio of 16 oz to 1 oz of gold even though the market ratio is 32oz tp 1 oz (silver dollar is 50 cents)

Republican Platform (1896)

-William McKinley -straddled money question but leaned towards hard money policies and declared for gold standard (although McKinley was more for silver) -condemned hard times and democrat incapacity while pouring praise for protective tariff

Versailles Peace Conference (Paris Peace Conference)

-Wilson bends energies towards preventing any splitting up/depositing of Colonies/Protectorates belonging to the losers -forced through a compromise (between naked imperialism and Wilsonian idealism) -Victors don't get to take possession of conquered territory outright by would receive it as trustees of the League of Nations -France gets Syria and Brits get Iraq (strategic)

League of Nations

-Wilson's ultimate goal was a world parliament -Wilson envisions an assembly with all nations seated and council controlled by great powers

gradual emancipation law

-a long-term solution to the slavery problem -The House and Senate to adopt a constitutional amendment under which states that abolished slavery by 1900 would be compensated by the federal government. -Law passed by PA saying, if born after 1780, a slave becomes a free man upon turning 28. They would work for 4 years afterwards as an indentured servant.

Irreconcilables

-against the treaty no matter what hard core faction (completely against league) was composed of a dozen or so militant members led by Will Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of CA (nicknamed "Battalion of Death)

Election of 1916 (Republicans)

-also some want Roosevelt but salty old Republicans don't like him and choose Charles Evans Hughes (platform: condemn Democratic tariff, assault on trusts, and wishy-washy foreign policy) -Hughes at home on election campaign -he talked up one issue in one area and was sensitive to certain groups in others (found stupid) -Roosevelt hates him too (whisker Wilson)

Henry Grady

-an editor who prompted Confederates to become Georgia Yankees and outplay the North at the commercial/industrial game. -managing editor of Atlanta Constitution; leading advocate of a "New South;" promoted industrial development with Atlanta as its center of growth.

lame duck period

-an elected official or group continuing to hold political office (Hoover) during the period between the election and the inauguration of a successor (FDR) -caused a political paralysis that nearly helped the US economy

Election of 1860: John C Breckinridge

-annexation of slave population -extension of slave territories

Nixon détente diplomacy

-antiwar flames spread and Nixon believes the way out of Vietnam is through Beijing and Moscow (tension between the two was harnessed by USA paying one of them vs the other in order to enlist the aid of both to pressure North Vietnam into peace)

Sedition Act

-banned anybody from criticizing the government (many thrown in jail) -Act of 1918 that extended the penalties of the Espionage act to those who did or said anything to obstruct the sale of Liberty Bonds or to advocate cutbacks in production, or who said, wrote, or printed anything "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive" about the American form of government, the Constitution, or the army and navy, effectively outlawing criticism of government leaders and war policies.

John D Rockefeller

-became successful at 19 and organized the standard oil company of Ohio in 1870 and sought to eliminate competitors and middlemen -used horizontal integration -used low ethical practices and pursued rule or ruin policies -controls 95% of oil refineries in USA -employed ruthless tactics to rise in power and believed in the law of nature -because of oil monopoly, superior oil was now at low prices with important economies and large scale methods of production/distribution (other trusts develop) -standard oil company consolidated the operations of previous competitors -monopolized petroleum market

Wilson and Pancho Villa

-because of US occupation in Mexico Pancho Villa led raids across the border killing people in Texas and New Mexico -Wilson briefly considered turning support to Villa, a lieutenant of Carranza and rebel army leader, but changed his mind when his military position declined, granted prelim. recognition to Carranza gov't (1915). Villa felt betrayed, led a killing spree (killing Americans) across Mexican border in revenge.

The Hatch Act

-created to combat large campaign chests and end the farce of free elections -the act barred federal administrative officials, except the highest policy making officers, from active political campaigning and soliciting and forbids use of government fund fro political purposes as well as the collection of campaign contributions from people receiving relief payments -broadened in 1940 to place limits on campaign contributions and expenditures (although there were ways to bypass this)

Report on a National Bank

-creation of Nat. Bank = healed the economy and stabilized with currency -DEBATE: band and power of federal government under the new constitution?

Postsdam Conference/Declaration

-death knell for Japanese war effort -Truman, Stalin, and British leaders meet and give ultimatum of surrender or be destroyed

London Economic Conference

-delegates hope to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression (in particular to stabilize values of the various nation's currencies/rate of exchange) -exchange rate stabilization was essential for revival of world trade (previously had evaporated by 1933)

Result of Whiskey Rebellion

-demonstrates the power and effectiveness of federal government -critics believe strong national government are crushing liberties

German Immigrants

-diverse (Germany was not a unified nation: mixed religions, wide variety of social classes/occupations) -settle in cities and Northwest (German communities)

Winslow Homer

-drawn in school, -Earthily American with foreign influences -introduced rugged realism and boldness of conception (canvases of sea which portrayed ocean power and fisherfolk was masterly) -might've been the best artist of that time

The Knights of Labor (campaign)

-economic and social reform -codes for health/safety -8 hour workday

Experience of black Union Soldiers

-emancipation allows blacks to enter the military (180,000 by the end of the war) via Union Army -came from slave states and Free Soil North -offered full citizenship at war's end and prove manhood -38,000 die from injury/reprisal from masters (many were put to death as "escaped slaves")

Compromise of 1877

-ended reconstrucion -with conflict between Democrats and Republicans brewing statesmen work out a Henry Clay worthy agreement -the deadlock of the election would be broken by the Electoral Count Act (1877) which set up an electoral commission of 15 men for Senate, House, and Supreme Court -senate and house meet to settle dispute: 3 southern states with 2 sets of returns (disputed within electoral commission and Republicans win and Democrats filibuster) -deadlock is avoided by this Compromise

agricultural marketing act

-est. by Hoover Established the first major government program to help farmers maintain crop prices with a federally sponsored Farm Board that would make loans to national marking cooperatives or set up corporations to buy surpluses and raise prices. This act failed to help American farmers.

Nixon Economic Policies

-expands welfare programs -approved increased appropriations for entitlements like food stamps, Medicaid, aid to families with dependent kids, and added Supplemental Security Income (SSI) -Nixon guaranteed automatic Social Security cost of living increases to protect the elderly against the ravages of inflation when prices rose more than 3% in any year (helped fuel the inflationary fires raging in USA)

Transcontinental Railroad

-expensive and required government subsidies -extended rails in unpopulated areas because they weren't profitable, luckily these areas grew in population later -advancements of military/postal needs leads to liberal money loans to rail companies in 1862 lead to more tracks and acres (155,504,994 total federal tracks and 49 million state tracks)

Post war economic issues

-faltering economy (prediction of another GD) -GNP sinks in 1946-47 with removal of wartime price controls, prices rose by 33% in 1946-47 -strikes occur with laborers (4.6 million) lay down goods (wouldn't even be able to afford goods they're making)

30s radio

-fireside chats -charles coughlkin preaches anti-semitic bull -Radio may have had such mass appeal because it was an excellent way of uniting communities of people, if only virtually. -For the radio, the 1930s was a golden age. At the start of the decade 12 million American households owned a radio, and by 1939 this total had exploded to more than 28 million.

KKK

-founded in TN -southerners who were mad at the success of freedmen and resorted to savage ways to intimidate blacks into their "rightful place" -night riders would try to scare freed blacks

Long Economic Boom

-fueled primarily by reduced military expenditures -From 1950s to the 1970s, the American economy grew rapidly. Incomes rose, the middle class expanded, and Americans accounted for 40% of the planet's wealth. -The economic growth changed the face of politics and society. -It paved the war for the success of the civil rights movement; it funded new welfare programs; and it gave Americans the confidence to exercise international leadership in the Cold War era. -Most new jobs created after WWII went to women, as the service sector of the economy dramatically outgrew the old industrial and manufacturing sectors.

braintrust

-ghost writers for FDR, reform minded individuals who authored a lot of the New Deal legislation -Experts: Professors, lawyers, economists, political scientists, social workers -Ex. Frances Perkins → 1st female cabinet member (secretary of labor) Heterogeneous! → Republicans + Democrats → Northerner + Southerners → Liberal + Conservative → Increase in women

the gold rush

-gold discovery prevents slavery from being ignored by Taylor any longer (found on the American River) in 1848 -rarely these bearded miners struck it rich, most just lost money due to unsuccessful mining and illness brought on by a lack of cleanliness and pricy laundry costs -increased crime because of a bad state government

General Amnesty Act

-liberal Republicans -frightened Republicans into cleaning up their house and this act and remove political disabilities (all but 500 former confederates) -Congress moves to reduce high Civil War Tariffs and fumigateGrant administration -liberal reps are defeated

Al Smith

-liberal with political handicaps -"wet" in a time of prohibition -too urban and Roman Catholic (not Protestant)

debtors (farmers)

-machinery increased grain output which lowers prices and increases the debt -mortgages eat homesteads quickly (100,000 in Nebraska alone) -interest rates increase from 8 to 40% were charges on mortgages by agents of Eastern loan companies while people of the sod feel they deserve praise for developing the country

Mark Hanna

-made fortune in labor business and had the new role of president maker. He believed that the prime function of the government was to aid business -believed that in some measure prosperity trickled down to the laborer whose dinner pail was full when business flourished. -organized the pre-convention campaign for McKinley with consummate skill and with a liberal outpouring of his own money (wins Republican nomination)

bank holiday

-march 6th to 10th -acts as a prelude to opening sounder banks then summons Democratic Congress into a session to cope with the national emergency

Election of 1968 (Reps)

-meet in FL and nominate Nixon (had mid road domestic policy and a hawk on Vietnam) and accepted by conservatives and moderates (ran with Spiro T Agnew) -plat: victory in Vietnam and strong anticrime policy

Article X of the League Covenant

-nations would have to help other nations out in the event of war -morally bound US to aid any member victimized by external aggression (Congress wants this power to declare war)

NW Confederacy

-native lands were being encroached upon by settlers (no Proclamation of 1763 after Rev. to keep Americans out) -NW confederacy formed with tribes gathered under chief Little Turtle (receiving weapons from England)

Iwo Jima

-needed to house damaged US bombers -captured March 1945 (25 days assault with 4000 dead)

The Eightieth Congress

-nicknamed the "do nothing Congress" -under Truman -passed 906 bills

democratic platform, 1932

-nominate FDR over Al Smith -repeal prohibition and attacks Republican "old dealers" -balanced budget/socio-economic reforms *high level of optimism) -lean towards liberalism

republican platform, 1932

-nominate Hoover -free enterprise and individual initiative -didn't want to repeal Hawley Smoot Tariff -fear about FDR's win (more depression)

Senate rejection of the Treaty of Versailles

-not in the best interest of USA -took power away from USA -against LON in the Treaty and Wilson (is a lil butt) and doesn't want to compromise with Lodge -Wilson wasn't vocal enough

southern social structure

-not many commoners owned slaves 1. handful of rich whites: 100+ slaves, large plantations, and big mansions 2. small/lesser masters: rarely owned slaves and worked alongside slaves in their fields 3. non-slave owning whites: 3/4 of all southern whites who lived simply (subsistence farmers who raised corn and hogs...basically hillbillies) -large supporters of slave system (although they owned none) due to self satisfaction of being white despite being poorer then some slaves 4. Mountain whites: marooned people in the Appalachians who were very behind the modern times and hated white slaveowners

push factors of immigration

-old world increases in population with food surpluses from USA and EU industry and USA food imports left many unemployed -60 million Europeans leave during 19th and 20th centuries with 1/2 going to the USA -urbanization led to immigration -persecution of EU minorities and brought more immigrants to USA in 1880s (Polish Jews in Russia)

deflation (farmers)

-once farmers were chained to one crop economy of wheat or corn, they shared the leaky boat with cotton growers -low prices and deflated currency were the chief worries of farmers in the North, South, and West -creditors see farmers as being dishonest about their situations -deflation is caused by: static money supply (not enough dollars to go around)

United Nations

-opens 4/25/1945 -Wilson chooses Reps and Dems senators for US delegation -50 nations make UN charter (resembles old league of Nations Covenant) -featured the security council (dominated by the Big 5 powers: US, USSR, UK, France, China) who can veto -The Assembly was controlled by smaller nations -senate approves this time -UN is successful at preserving peace in Iran and Kashmir and other trouble areas and played a role in creating Israel -UN trusteeship council guides them to independence -UNESCO (education and cultural organization), FAO (food and agriculture), WHO (world health organization), and the UN brings benefits to the world

KKK in 1920s

-organization becomes very popular (resembles nativists and anti-black nightriders) with 5 million on payroll and control politics (influence) -appeals to American brotherhood and adventure (secrets) -pro: nativism, protestant, white -ultra conservative movement took up arms against diversity in Modern USA (spread through Mid-West and Bible Belt South) -collapses late 1920 with people being repulsed by their terrorism and embezzlement (under congressional investigation)

New Deal: Reforms

-owed legacy to progressive movement (long overdue and sidetracked by WW1 and Old Guard reaction to 1920s) -ideals included: unemployment insurance, old age insurance, minimum wage regulations, conservation/development of natural resources, and restrictions on child labor -many reforms were considered, by European standards, very late coming

Interstate Commerce Act

-passed by Congress this act prohibited rebates/pools and required railroads to publish their rates -openly forbade discrimination against shippers -outlawed charging more for a short haul than for a long haul over the same line -set up the Interstate Commerce Commission to administrate and enforce new legislation.

Liberal Republicans Party

-people were disgusted by Grant and because of this, reform minded citizens create this party -urged purification of Washington administration and to end military Reconstruction -ruin their chances by electing the illogical Horace Greenly in Election of 1872

John Brown/Harper's Ferry

-plans to bring followers to cause slave revolt in the south with weapons and captures Harpers Ferry in 1859 -in seizing Harper's Ferry he kills 7 innocent peoples -slaves fail to rise because they aren't aware of what's going on -attempted revolt shut down by Robert E Lee and Brown is convicted of Murder/treason and is declared insane (attempt to save him from the noose) which doesn't work

Election of 1936 (Republican platform)

-platform was Anti-New Deal (radical) -Hoover calls for a "holy crusade for liberty" (echos American Liberty League made up of wealthy anti-New Dealers)

Burr Conspiracies

-plotted with radical federalists to secede NE states from the Union -goes on the run after killing Hamilton and plots to take part of Mexico from Spain and unite it with Louisiana territory under his rule

massive retaliation

-policy of threatening to use massive force in response to aggression -exposed as futile because they couldn't even help out the Hungarian peoples and this was also very expensive

Occupation of Germany

-postwar Germany was in 4 military zones (each for Big 4 powers of France, UK, USSR, and USA) -Allies refuse to let Stalin bleed zones of reparation together and begin to discuss a reunited Germany -communists tighten grip on Eastern Germany and it becomes clear that Germany would stay divided -West Germany becomes independent country -East Germany and other Soviet E European countries become independent satellite states under USSR

Market Revolution

-regional specialization where sections develop distinct economies: Northern industrial revolution, West has agriculture, and South has cash crops -technology and transportation improvements -population increases (birth and immigration) -growth of cities (NY, Chicago, New Orleans) -western expansion (brings up slavery) -economic changes impact (migration patterns, gender/family relations, class relations)

Election of 1900 (Republicans)

-renominate McKinley with Teddy Roosevelt as VP -both are chosen because of political and war experience -election is played safely -McKinley wins

Vicksburg Significance

-reopened the Mississippi River and quelled North peace agitation in Ohio River valley -Southern controlled the Mississippi and cut off Northern use and regional trade routes to New Orleans and ruined the economy -tipped diplomatic scales in favor of the North (ends foreign help)

Election of 1956

-repeat of 1952 contest with Eisenhower vs Adlai Stevenson -Dems: couldn't find issues to attack Eisenhower with! (Eisenhower wins by a landslide by fails to secure congress for Reps)

Alexander Hamilton's financial plan

-report on the public credit -report on manufacturers -created the national bank (healed economy)

Southern steel industry

-rich iron/coal ore in Birmingham Alabama worked by southern labor -steel lords in Pittsburgh pressure to bear on the compliant railroads (Birmingham steel was charged a fictional fee from Pittsburgh no matter where it was sent (stunted southern natural economic advantages)

Holocaust

-scientific mass murder of undesirables (6 million jews are killed) -US knew was what going on and couldn't put in the effort to help (bolted doors to Jewish immigrants escaping Germany)

The 5 Power Treaties

-set ratios for battleships, US and England agree not to fortify possessions in the Pacific -embodied Hughes ship ratio ideas (after facing compensation offered to Japan) -US and UK refrain from fortifying Far East possessions (Philippines included) -Japanese wasn't subjected to restraints in their possessions

Henry St. Settlement

-set up by Lillian Wald -became a center for women's activism/social reform

Irish immigration

-settle in cities like Boston and NY -did hard labor for low wages -victims of prejudice (anger because the Irish were accused of "stealing American jobs" because they would work for less, anti-catholic feelings) -immigrants support Democratic Party

British American Convention 1818

-signed by Britain and the U.S. -allowed New England fisherman to access Newfoundland fisheries -set the northern border for the Louisiana territory -allowed joint occupation of the Oregon country

Thomas Edison

-slightly deaf and semi genius he tinkers around a lot -creates the phonograph/dictaphone/mimerograph/moving picture. -He is most well known for creating the lightbulb which changes the world as well as human sleep patterns

slave resistance

-slowed the pace of their labor -took food/goods from masters (produced/bought by their labor) -sabotaged equipment -influenced by abolitionists in the north

Conditions for Union Admission (1867)

-southern states must ratify 14th (gives former slaves citizenship) -state constitutions guarantee full suffrage for their former male (adult) slaves, this was the bitterest pill for the South to swallow

Slave life: families

-stable ______ life for most large plantations -separation of ________ were more common in small plantations (develops slave culture) -2 parent households with practice of naming kids after grandparents

Central Pacific RR

-starts on CA end (pushed East from Sacramento) -Big Four: chief financial backers of the Enterprise (Leland Stanford and Collis P Huntington operated 2 construction companies and walk away 10 million+ in profit) -10,000 Chinese laborers worked their butts off and proved to be cheap, efficient, and expendable

Central Pacific Railroad

-starts on CA end (pushed East from Sacramento) -Big Four: chief financial backers of the Enterprise (Leland Stanford and Collis P Huntington operated 2 construction companies and walk away 10 million+ in profit) -10,000 Chinese laborers worked their butts off and proved to be cheap, efficient, and expendable

Southern Defense of Slavery

-supported by the Authority of the Bible and Aristotle's Wisdom -good for Africans (clothes them and Christianizes them) -master-slave relationship (family-like) -compared "happy/healthy" slaves to "stunted/sweating" factory workers in North (no worry of unemployment with slavery)

Civil Rights Act of 1875

-this was the last attempt by radical Republicans called for guaranteed equality in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection -Much of this act was pronounced unconstitutional in the Civil Rights Cases (1883)

the H bomb

-to outpace the Soviets in nuclear weaponry, Truman ordered the development of the H-bomb (more deadly than atomic bomb) and they explode the first bomb in the south pacific in 1952 -in response the soviets explode their own H-bomb in 1953

The Whiskey Rebellion

-took place in Western PA -part of Hamilton's financial plan: included on excise tax on whiskey (generate revenue) which hurt farmers -farmers in the WV refuse to pay tax (violated liberties): seen as a challenge to the new federal government, remembered the failure of AOC in dealing with Shay's Rebellion -Washington takes over state militia, which stops the rebellion (show of force)

cash and carry policy

-under the Neutrality Act of 1939 -where EU democracies can buy American war materials but only under these conditions: they have to transport munitions on their own ships after paying in cash -allowed US to avoid loans/war debts/torpedoing of US arms carriers

The American Federation of Labor (TAFL)

-unionists (high class craft) leave Knights and their unskilled coworkers to pursue new feats for labor -brainchild of Samuel Gompers -associated with self governing national unions (who kept independent) with TAFL unifying overall strategy (no individual laborer would join central organization)

Panic of 1873

-very quick -overreaching promoters had laid more railroad track, sunk mines, erected factories/sowed more grass fields than the market could handle -Bankers had too many imprudent loans to finance enterprises (profit doesn't occur, loans aren't paid, and credit dies) -15000 businessmen are bankrupt -blacks are hit hard because Freedmen's Savings and Trust Co. and made bad loans (sinks it) -black depositers lose money and black economy development/confidence is rapidly depleted) -debtors are proponents of inflation and created a new life for issue of greenbacks -450 million of folding money is issued and depreciated because of Legal Tender Act -Treasury withdrew 100 million of battle borne currency from circulation and hard money people wanted it to disappear, during panic these afflicted agrarian/debtor groups and clamored for the re-issuance of greenbacks (more money = cheap money) while creditors and want inflated money to pay off loans (want deflation)

Fort Sumner response

-viewed as an act of aggression by North and Lincoln uses this to justify an armed response and issues an order for troops. -South responds to Lincoln's actions as an aggressive act of war against Confederacy (VA, TN, and Arkansas join secession)

Hoover Dam

-voted in under Coolidge but began under Hoover in 1930 -completed 1936 -most imposing public enterprises -created a manmade lake for irrigation, flood control, and electric power

Andrew Carnegie

-was a scottsman who worked hard to reach the top of the ladder -after accumulating capitol he enters the steel business and chooses high class associated and eliminates the middleman -disliked monopolistic trusts (his business was a partnership of 40 millionaires) -steel king -had a mining system of taking ore from Mesabi Range which was then sent across the Great Lakes, taken to Pittsburgh furnaces where molten metal is poured into ingot molds -pioneered the creative entrepreneurial tactic of vertical integration

Okinawa

-well defended Japanese Islands -closer to hit city with bombs -sell Okinawa to US for 50,000 dead soldiers

Railroad Consolidation

-west lines were a success so old eastern networks expanded (NY Central) which was headed by Cornelius Vanderbilt

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

New Negro

African Americans who challenged the caste system that confined dark-skinned Americans to the lowest level of society confronted whites who insisted that race relations would not change. Saw the rise of the NAACP, UNIA shipping company Black Star Line. There was an extraordinary mix of black artists, sculptors, novelists, musicians and poets in Harlem deliberately set out to create a distinctive African American culture that drew on their identities as Americans and Africans.

Election of 1924

After 103 attempts, the Democrats finally choose a candidate; however, the Republicans chose Coolidge who easily won with over half the popular vote and 382 electoral votes (LaFollette is a popular choice for Progressive party too)

Railroad Company abuses

After Credit Mobilier methods = more refined -millions of dollars of deals pass under national nose -stock weathering was the most popular (railroad stock promoters inflated claims about lines assets and sold stocks and bonds far in excess of actual value.)

Appomattox Courthouse

After North captures Richmond and corners Lee in 1865 in April, -the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War -Grant meets with Lee and grants generous surrender terms -confederacy can keep their horses for spring plowing

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries. -set production priorities for war (allocating scarce resources and centralizing control over raw materials/prices)

Spiro Agnew

Agnew was Nixon's vice-president but ultimately resigned due to financial charges. He helped Nixon gain votes from his moderate, immigrant, and Democratic state background. But resigned for extortion and bribery charges

Bretton Woods Agreement

Agreement to use the gold standard to set the exchange rates of most currencies

Bretton Woods Agreement

Agreement to use the gold standard to set the exchange rates of most currencies. -Western Allies stablished the IMF

Non-importation agreements

Agreements where colonists protested against the Stamp Act by not importing things from Britain. They made their own goods or just did without them. They crippled British trade and led to the Stamp Act's repeal in 1766.

21st amendment

Alcoholic beverages are once again legal in the United States. 18th Amendment is repealed. (1933)

poll taxes, literacy tests, etc

All attempts at barring the right to vote from colored people.

The Nuremburg Trials

Allies join in trying 22 top culprits with accusations of crimes against humanity/war/plotting/agressions contrary to treaty pledges. -harsh judgement inflicted (hanging/jail time/suicide) -trials for smaller Nazi officials continued for years -some A-holes in the US thought this was bad judiciary policy as some crimes weren't necessarily present during WW2

Homestead Act 1862

Allowed Americans to claim 160 acres of federal land

Legal Tender Act

Allowed federal government for the first time to print paper money to pay government bills. Increased inflation.

Morrill Land Grant Act

Also called Land Grant College Act, provided grants of lands to states trying to establish colleges specializing in agriculture/mechanics

Radical Reconstruction

Also known as Congressional Reconstruction; this time was characterized by when the Republicans had a 2/3 vetoproof majority in Congress, meaning they could pass whatever laws they wanted over Johnson. During this period, the 13th-15th Amendments and 1st Reconstruction Act was passed.

The Progressive Party

Also known as the "Bull Moose" Party, known for its strong commitment to progressive causes that had become popular over the past two decades. The party advocated additional regulation of industry and trusts, sweeping reforms of many areas of government, compensation by the government for workers injured on the job, pensions for the elderly and for widows with children, and women suffrage.

Battle of Buena Vista

Also known as the Battle of Angostura, saw the United States Army use artillery to repulse the much larger Mexican Army in the Mexican-American War

22nd Amendment

Amendment that created a 2 term limit on presidents.

16th amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

William Faulkner

America's greatest 20th century novelist; wrote The Sound and the Fury, much of whose drama is confusedly seen through the eyes of an idiot.

ACLU

American Civil Liberties Union the organization that disagreed with the law prohibiting the teaching of evolution -Seek to challenge law in TN that outlawed the teaching of evolution in public schools -Scopes Monkey Trial

Josiah Strong

American clergyman who preached Anglo-Saxon superiority and called for stronger U.S. missionary effort overseas

Allen Freed

American disc jockey who became internationally known for promoting the mix of blues, country, rhythm and blues music on the radio

Stephen Kearney

American general who in 1846 led troops from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe, which he easily won

Turner's Frontier Thesis 1893

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The American frontier was the line of most rapid "Americanization" and the place where democracy flourished. He also concluded that the "American frontier" had closed.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. (founded Planned Parenthood)

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Sinclair Lewis

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

Sanford Dole

American plantation owner in Hawaii (Dole Pineapple) who led a revolt against the queen of Hawaii and was later elected as president of the Republic of Hawaii. He was president until the US annexed Hawaii 4 years later.

Gertrude Stein

American writer of experimental novels, poetry, essays, operas, and plays. In Paris during the 1920s she was a central member of a group of American expatriates that included Ernest Hemingway. Her works include Three Lives (1908), Tender Buttons (1914), and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933).

Spanish American War

Americans declared war on Spain after the ship Maine exploded in Havana's Harbor. The War was also caused by Americans' desire to expand as well as the harsh treatment that the Spanish had over the Cubans. Furthermore, the U.S. wanted to help Cubans gain independence from Spain. The war resulted in the U.S. gaining Guam and Puerto Rico as well as control over the Philippines. "A Splendid Little War."

Jacob Lawrence

An African American painter who chronicled the experiences of the Great Migration north through art

George Westinghouse

An American entrepreneruer and engineer who invented the railroad and the air brake

SEATO

An Asian alliance, set up by Secretary Dulles on the model of NATO, to help support the anti-communist regime in South Vietnam

Chesapeake Incident

An English ship (the Leopard) attacks American Ship (the Chesapeake): -Americans are killed/taken by British -took place near VA coast -citizens demand war but Jefferson doesn't want to go to war and offers the Embargo Act of 1807

Terence Powderly

An Irish American with wit and a fluent tongue whose leadership won many strikes for 8hr workdays

National Origins Act

An act which restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely

Taft Hartley Act

An act, passed in 1947 by the U.S. Congress, which gave states the right to pass right-to-work laws. These right-to-work laws prohibit employers from establishing union membership (closed shop) as a condition of employment and required a union leader to take a noncommunist oath (vetoed multiple times by Truman, but overridden by Congress)

US forest service

An agency of the United States Department of Agriculture that administers the nation's 155 national forests and 20 national grasslands, which encompass 193 million acres (780,000 km2). Major divisions of the agency include the National Forest System, State and Private Forestry, and the Research and Development branch.

the natural aristocracy

An aristocracy which comes out of work and competition rather than birth, education, or special privilege (spoken about by John Adams/Thomas Jefferson)

Mexican American War

An armed conflict between the United States of America and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. It followed in the wake of the 1845 American annexation of the independent Republic of Texas, which Mexico still considered its northeastern province and a part of its territory after its de facto secession in the 1836 Texas Revolution a decade earlier.

Universal Negro Improvement Association

An association founded by Marcus Garvey in 1914 to foster African American economic independence and establish an independent black homeland in Africa.

William Faulkner

An author in the 1930s who wrote about the history of lthe deep south, he told the story in an imaginative, fictional way. He wrote "The Sound and the Fury" and "As I Lay Dying".

King William's War

An early war between colonists from 1689-97. Started in Europe as British vs French & spread to colonies. Not really an important war.

Queen Anne's War

An early war between colonists from 1702-13. Started in Europe as British vs French & spread to colonies. Resulted in Britain gaining control of Nova Scotia & Newfoundland, both French territories before.

King George's War

An early war between colonists from 1744-48; preceded by War of Jenkins' Ear (1739) & Austrian War of Succession (1740). Started between European powers & spread to colonies. Resulted in the capture and later return of Fort Louisburg.

Day of Fasting and Prayer

An event proposed by Thomas Jefferson in the Virginia House of Burgesses as a day in solidarity with their "brothers" in Massachusetts. Significant as it showed huge intercolonial unity, and unity of tension against Britain.

Gaspee Incident

An event that happened in 1772. A British ship ran aground in Rhode Island, and colonists boarded the ship, looted it, and set it on fire. Everyone played dumb about who did it, so Britain started trying people accused of looting in admiralty courts, which made colonists mad.

Boston Tea Party

An event that happened on December 16, 1773. Several Sons of Liberty dressed as Native Americans snuck onto British ships in the Boston port and dumped all the tea into the harbor as a protest against the Tea Act and tea tax. Led to Parliament deciding they needed to force colonists into coercion.

Boston Massacre

An event that happened on March 5, 1770. Several colonists taunted and threw snowballs at redcoats, and the tension led to shots being accidentally fired, which led to all-out chaos. Five colonists were killed and six additional ones wounded. John Adams defended the redcoats, and only two were found guilty of manslaughter. This event was used massively as propaganda against the British as a "slaughter" despite it being basically an accident, albeit a horrible, irresponsible one.

Albany Congress

An intercolonial congress called in 1754. It didn't have any direct purpose of colonial unity, as its only purpose was to get the Iroquois to ally with the British in the Seven Years War (which failed). It did lead to the unity-attempting Albany Plan of Union, though (which also failed).

Stamp Act Congress

An intercolonial congress called in 1765. Called between nine colonies to draw up a statement of rights to ask King George III to repeal the Stamp Act. Was a step towards colonial unity, but not much else.

First Continental Congress

An intercolonial congress called in 1774 as a response to the Intolerable Acts. Representatives wanted to repair the relationship between colonists and England, not declare independence. Led to the Suffolk Reserves and the Continental Association, and promised to meet again in May 1775.

East St. Louis Riots

An outbreak of labor and racially motivated violence against blacks that caused an estimated 100 deaths and extensive property damage in the United States industrial city of East St. Louis, Illinois, located on the Mississippi River. It was the worst incidence of labor-related violence in 20th century American history.

Quasi-War

An undeclared naval war (France vs USA)

Anthony Burns

Anthony Burns was a Virginian born slave who as he grew up became a slave preacher. Bruns, who had his freedom for several years found himself in great trouble after the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act. The Act required people to return runaway slaves to their masters; In the passing of this act Burns became a fugitive in Massachusetts. Once captured, Burns received a trial in Boston that received major publicity. The decision to reinstate Burns as a slave stirred up protest. Burns freedom was later bought by Boston sympathizers.

Advertising

Any paid form of non-personal communication about an organization, good, service, or idea by an identified sponsor

Battle Lexington and Concord

April 1775, British troops were led by General Gage Leaves Boston to seize colonial weapons and arrest John Hancock and Samuel Adams (minutemen warn them in time) the opening shots of the Revolutionary war occur when British troops were shot at by a militia on the way to Boston which starts the American Revolution.

Fredrick Law Olmstead

Argued against the cotton monopoly, said that it was economically bad for the South

"Higher law" speech

Argued by William Seward with Christian legislator that God's law and moral law must be obeyed (excludes slavery)

George Fitzhugh

Argued that slaves need the social protection of slavery and that they were essentially children

Home Owners Loan Corporation

As part of the Hundred Days that understood the nation's tragedy of foreclosed mortgages, refinanced American home mortgages. This effort allowed one-fifth of all U.S. mortgages to become refinanced which would prevent another Great Depression

Election of 1800

As the first peaceful transition of political power between opposing parties in U.S. history, however, the election of 1800 had far-reaching significance. Jefferson appreciated the momentous change and his inaugural address called for reconciliation by declaring that, "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists."

Assassination of Lincoln Affects (South)

At first they cheer at the news of Lincoln's death alond with Copperheads but later would realize they lost his kindliness and moderation skills (protection from victors)

Pueblo Revolt

Attacks by the Pueblo people on Spanish settlers in New Mexico (destroyed churches)

The Peninsular Campaign

Attempt by Union to capture Richmond, failed bc McClellan would not advance until it was too late. Large offensive attack, Robert E Lee launched counterattack of 7 days battles and won.

Palmer Raids

Attorney general A Palmer led a series of raids against suspected radicals, this led to the mass arrest of socialist, anarchist, union organizers, and other suspected radicals (arrested for their ideas, not real crimes)

Berlin Wall

August 1961 -barbed wire and concrete barrier designed to plug the drain of population from East Germany to West Germany through Berlin -stood for 30 years -symbolized the post WW2 division of Europe into two hostile camps

Battle of Long Island

August 27, 1776 was the first major battle after Independence was declared and was a victory for British Army. It was a victory for the British Army and the beginning of a successful campaign that gave them control of the strategically important NY. In terms of troop deployment and fighting, it was the largest battle of the entire war.

Joseph Heller

Author of Catch-22, which typifies postwar disillusionment by satirizing war.

Selective service act

Authorized President Woodrow Wilson to raise an infantry force from the general population of no more than four divisions, and it created the Selective Service System.

Naval Act of 1890

Authorized the building of three sea-going coastline battleships designed to carry the heaviest armor and most powerful ordinance; by 1900 the American navy ranked 3rd in the world because of this

Interstate Highway Act

Authorized the construction of 42,000 miles of interstate highways linking all the nation's major cities.

Walter Reuther

Autoworker and union organizer who led thousands of employees in 1937 at General Motors' assembly plants in Flint, Michigan, to occupy the factories and stop all production; the standoff lasted over a month until the company relented and signed a contract recognizing the United Auto Workers (UAW).

Embargo Act of 1807

Banned US trade with foreign nations which causes the US economy to plummet (New England hurt the most) which increases smuggling but would later fuel the industrial revolution in New England region (forced to make their own goods -REPEALED BEFORE JAMES MADISON IS PRESIDENT

Committees of Correspondence

Basically extended versions of circular letters. An intercolonial system of spreading the "spirit of resistance" between each other via communication. Eventually existed in all colonies. In 1773, one of these was made an official committee of the Virginia House of Burgesses. First one created in MA by Samuel Adams. Led to more colonial unity.

William Pitt

Became British prime minister in 1757. Focused British war efforts on major French strongholds in Canada (Quebec, Montreal), managed to ally with Iroquois, and sustained the militia...by spending money that Britain didn't have. They still only won because of him, though.

George Grenville

Became British prime minister in 1763. Ended the policy of salutary neglect in the same year. Made colonists very, very mad, because they had been used to the policy for upwards of 60 years and now were not allowed the free trade they were used to. Also passed the Sugar Act, among others.

Lord North

Became British prime minister in 1770, and stayed in that position throughout the revolution. Thought that Britain's fight in the revolution was over after Yorktown.

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died. Tried to clean up scandals. Business prospered and people's wealth increased

Mary Lease

Became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation.

Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883

Because of Garfield's death: politicians are shocked into reforming the spoils system with Chester Arthur at the helm (renounces Stalwart pals) and the disgust of Garfield's murder in the Republican party causes. -made compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal and establishes the civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of competitive examinations rather than "pull"

post-war economic slump

Because of the Revolution there was a massive debt to be paid off in America. However, due to the Articles of Confederation didn't give the government the power to tax colonists. In addition: -printed money was worthless -relied on states for money -too much debt for money to cover it

Revenue Acts 1942

Because of the expenditure on the war, Roosevelt wanted to pay for as much as possible through taxes. Although Congress refused to grant him a progressive tax, in 1942, the Revenue Act raised the top income-tax rate from 60% to 90% and added middle class and lower income groups to the tax bracket as well.

FDR's 2 inaugural

Beginning of Reconstruction Era. Was meant to help heal and restore the country after four years of civil war. Discusses rebuilding of a split nation.

Johnson's "swing around the circle"

Begins in the summer of 1866 the president gives accusatory speeches about radicals in Congress planning large scale anti-black riots and murder in the South (as he spoke hecklers threw insults at him and he shouts back at them which lowers the dignity/respect of the presidential office. -this actually gains congressional votes for Republicans with his actions (ballots count 2/3rd majority in both houses of Congress)

Treaty of Paris 1783

Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay go to Paris for negotiations: England recognizes US independence, US boundary is made (Mississippi River and Great Lakes), must respect loyalists and repay debts (land) with them.

Marian Anderson

Black contralto opera singer; Daughters of American Revolution (DAR) denied her use of Constitution Hall in Wash. DC because she was black; Eleanor Roosevelt resigned from DAR; Interior Secretary Harold Ickes arranged for a concert at the steps of the Lincoln Memorial drew 75,000, first modern rights demonstration

Wilmington Race riot 1898

Black men held seats on the city council in Wilmington, NC, white men were determined to drive them from power. A white mob destroyed a black newspaper. Black officials resigned to stem the violence but it was too late. At least a dozen black men were murdered and 1,500 black residents fled the city

Mary McLeod Bethune

Black woman appointed by FDR to head national youth administration; resulted in many blacks deserting Rep party for democratic FDR

Zora Neale Hurston

Black writer who wanted to save African American folklore. She traveled all across the South collecting folk tales, songs & prayers of Black southerners. Her book was called Mules and Men.

Blockade Runners

Blockade Runners were Southern and foreign ships who avoided blockades instead of confronted them. Often used to bring food/supplies.

Duke Ellington

Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz.

Salutary Neglect

British Crown policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England.

Security Treaty

British and USA pledged alliance in case of German invasion (US pigeonholes this and offends France)

Edward Braddock

British commander who served during the French and Indian War. Tried to capture Fort Duquesne and failed and died. Defeat led to Native Americans terrorizing the colonial frontier from Pennsylvania to NC. Worst part of the war for Britain.

Charles Cornwallis

British general in the Revolutionary war, was defeated at Yorktown on October 19, 1781.

Proclamation of 1763

British proclamation passed in 1763 that banned colonists from going west of the Appalachian mountains. Actually good foreign policy because of Pontiac's Rebellion/Native American threats & no promised protection, but made colonists mad because they felt like they weren't getting the land that they won and deserved. A lot of them ignored the law and went west anyway (because with no British protection, no one would catch them either)

Miracle of Dunkirk

British sailors/civilian ships were called on to go across the channel to go rescue British troops and bring them to safety from the German invasion in France.

Indentured Servitude

Brought over from England (Headright system and received land for new indentured servants) and worked for a number of years until they paid off their debts.

Tweed Ring

Burly Tweed bribes, grafts, fraud elections to gain 200 million from NYC (those who protested go their taxes raised) -his bribes were outed to the world by the New York Times and Tweed is put in jail

normal business cycle

Business cycles are the "ups and downs" in economic activity, defined in terms of periods of expansion or recession. During expansions, the economy, measured by indicators like jobs, production, and sales, is growing--in real terms, after excluding the effects of inflation.

Open Range Ranching

By definition was an area wherein livestock may lawfully be permitted to run at large. Land East of the Mississippi river that was previously unsettled. It was open only figuratively, technically it belonged to the Indians, but this didn't stop settlers from moving there. It was a place of fable and promises of huge economic gain and untold treasures, such as gold lured settlers in. But unfortunately the land was not all that it was piped up to be, either it was very dry and arid or rocky and mountainous.

Hiram Johnson

CA Governor, helped crack down on railroad monopoly and established aspects of direct democracy including recalls. -1912 Progressive Party's VP nominee

coup in Guatemala

CIA directed coup that ousted leftist government in 1954

Pacific Railroad Act

Called for the building of the Transcontinental Railroad to stretch across America connecting California and the rest of America.

St Lawrence Seaway (1959)

Canal constructed from Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, allowing cities along the lakes to prosper.

John C Fremont

Captain and dashing explorer who collaborated with American naval officers and with the local Americans to defeat the Mexicans

Fulton Sheen

Catholic bishop who became a television personality through program "Life Is Worth Living"

Panic of 1819

Caused by over speculation of frontier lands (buy low and sell high) it was the first major crash in the economic system under the constitution (panic) and unemployment, debtors, bankruptcy

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Sumner/Brooks Incident

Charles Sumner insults the south and proslavery men, Preston S Brooks calls for a duel and beats up Sumner until he's knocked out (hit over the head with a walking stick) --> lasting nerve damage messes up Brooks

Columbian Exposition

Chicago, 1893 honored Columbus's first voyage (400th anniversary)

Korean stalemate

Chinese volunteers fall upon MacArthur's troops and send them back to the peninsula and leads to Korean stalemate near 38th parallel

Rio Grande

Claimed by United States as southern boundary of Texas.

Patriots

Colonists who fought against the British, supported the Revolution, located around NE, made up the minority of the population. Their rebellion was based on the political philosophy of republicanism, as expressed by pamphleteers, such as Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Paine. (Whigs)

Loyalists

Colonists who were against Independence, educated/conservative/wealthy, generally Anglican clergy members. Treated as traitors (harassed: property taken/destroyed) 20-30% of the population. After Rev: emigrated to Canada because of bad treatment (Torys)

George McClellan

Commanded the Army of the Potomac, declared war hero even though sucked as a general. He later ran against Lincoln for the presidency.

Robert E Lee

Commander of South, you know who this is! You've got this.

New York State Factory Investigating Committee

Commission enacted in 1911 after the Shirtwaist factory fire. This commission was "to investigate the conditions under which manufacturing is carried on." Legislature gave it unusual powers and scope

CREEP

Committee for the Re-Election of the President

The Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west, A railroad that stretches across a continent from coast to coast. The Transcontinental Railroad made it so that it was easier to for mail and goods to travel faster and cheaper. It took land away from Native Americans and many were killed in the early stages.

Work Progress Administration

Congress created this in 1935 as an agency that gave jobs to people who needed them. They worked on bridges, roads, and buildings. They spent 11 billion dollars and gave almost 9 million people jobs. It was one of the New Deal Agencies.

Enforcement Acts 1870-71

Congress is outraged by KKK and federal troops are sent to stamp out these people, but unfortunately intimidation was already established and many groups of white supremacists hid their true intentions with the guise of being a "dancing club"

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality is founded as a militant program

Stalwarts

Conservative faction of republicans opposed Civil Service Reform (wanted to keep patronage system) -Radicals, veterans, supporters of protective tariff -Led by Conkling

Carrie Chapman Catt

Conservative leader of the NAWSA from 1915 - 1920 and pushed the suffrage movement nation-wide.

Anti-Federalists and the BUS

Constitution didn't give Congress the authority to create a bank (strict interpretation of the constitution) CONCERNS: too much power to government and benefited wealthy class (rejected!)

7 Days Battles

Counterattack led by Lee in response to the Peninsula Campaign. Lee won, pushing McClellan back and it was a costly failure on the Union's side.

Virginia Plan

Created a bicameral government (2 houses) with representation based on population size. (bigger states = more power, not favored by smaller states)

Articles of Confederation

Created a central government with limited power because they didn't want one system to overpower their ideas: -the first national government drafted by John Dickenson during the American Revolution (1777) -took awhile to ratify because states = arguing who controlled western land and was formally ratified (1781) -caused tons of financial problems -strengthened national unity Govt could: -conduct foreign policy, borrow money, make treaties

Economic Impact on North

Created first class of millionaires and people who profited from war. Discovery of petroleum in Penn. Free land!!

National Labor Relations Board

Created to insure fairness in labor-managment relations and the mediate employers' disputes with unions.

Hinton Rowan Helper

Critic of slavery, tried specifically to persuade the nonslave holding whites of the South

Insurgent's Revolt

Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule - supported by American sugar planters - yellow press coverage of the Spanish backlash led to the Spanish-American War

continentals

Currency authorized by Congress to finance the Revolution and depreciated to near worthlessness.

The Wright Brothers

December 17, 1903 -Orville Wright took flight in feebly engined plane and stay airborne for 12 seconds at 120 feet -Orville Wright credited with the design and construction of the first practical airplane. -They made the first controllable, powered heavier-than-air flight along with many other aviation milestones -showing the beginning of the individual progressive spirit.

British blockade

Declared a loose, ineffectual and hence illegal blockade, it defined a broad list of contraband which was not to be shipped to Germany by neutral countries.

The Emancipation Proclamation

Declared all Confederate states still in rebellion slaves as forever free (used religion to excuse the document)

1793 Proclamation of Neutrality

Declaring the US neutral in order to stay out of European War v. French allies.

The French Revolution

Deeply divides America w/ New France being challenged by other EU monarchies Q: Should America help France? -France asks British to defend their West Indies territories -FED: concerned about violence and wanted to avoid war w/England (too weak) -DEM-REPS: extension of our own fight for liberty.

Clarence Darrow

Defended John Scopes during the Scopes Trial. He argued that evolution should be taught in schools.

Rush Bagot Agreement

Demilitized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain (demilitarized boundary between US and UK which was indicative of improving relations between US and UK following 1812

Eugene McCarthy

Democratic Senator from Minnesota, challenges LBJ by emerging as a contender for 1968 Democratic presidential election nomination. He gathers antiwar college students as campaign workers and gains 42% of nominated vote

Compromise of 1877 (details)

Democrats agree that Haynes could take office: -if his troops leave SC and Louisiana -if Republicans allowed Democrats to access the presidency and support a bill subsidizing the TX and Pacific Railroad construction -deal stayed long enough to ease electoral tensions (not all agreements were met) -Haynes receives all of the dispute returns (8 to 7) -compromise leads to peace but violence was averted by sacrificing freedmen in the South. The Haynes Tilden deal (Republicans end commitment to racial equality)

Lewis Cass

Democrats are silent on slavery but Cass believes in popular soverignty (soverign people determine slave status

Employment Act 1946

Democrats helped this along made it government policy to promote max employment, production, and purchasing power created 3 member council of Economic Advisers to provide president with data and recommendations to make that policy a reality.

goldbugs

Democrats who couldn't stand Bryan's ideas on silver coinage, left the Democratic party

Election of 1888

Democrats: seeing no alternative they re-elect Cleveland Republicans: turn to Ben Harrison (whose father was William Henry Harrison) -tariff was a big issue and 10 million pamphlets were dedicated to this subject -Harrison beats Cleveland (first president voted out of his chair since Martin Van Buren)

executive order 9981

Desegregated the military. Truman's support for civil rights cost him southern votes in the 1948 election.

Brooklyn Bridge

Designed by John Roebling, this structure combines two structural systems: steel cables (tension) and arches themselves (compression). This structure established the basis for all modern suspension bridges; it also showed the first time steel used in an American structure.

critics of mass culture and conformity

Despite the fact that the mass culture was intertwined with big business and capitalism, some intellectuals and social critics criticized the new conformity in American society. Women were supposed to dress like everyone else, small changes in fashion were not accepted. Critics such as Dwight MacDonald wondered if the mass culture and homogenized American way of life was bad. He attacked middle class culture and called it "midcult."

Jonas Salk

Developed the polio vaccine in 1952

Convention of 1800

Dissolves Alliance with France (Napolean was able to negotiate which led to no war)

Franklin Pierce

Doomed Whig Party vs Democratic party united under Pierce! Leads to formation of sectional parties instead of national parties. Winner of the election of 1852

Freeport Doctrine

Douglas's response to Lincoln's query no matter what the supreme court ruled the decision lies with the people about slavery because territorial legislatures dictate slavery (run on popular opinion)

Declaration of Independence

Drafted by Thomas Jefferson with the goals to justify independence by listing the grievances against King George III, rally support of the colonists (radical ideals) and foreign nations, declared unalienable rights (power rests in the people = popular sovereignty) Adopted by America July 4th 1776

Nicholas Trist

Drew up the Treat of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which was sent to congress. The anti slavery congressmen passed the treaty and signed it on February 2nd, 1848.

Central Powers

During WWI, these countries included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey.

Woman Suffrage (status)

During the 20th century, many progressives fought for women's rights. Here are some notable positions of various organizations mentioned in the textbook: - Political reformers (for more democracy) supported suffrage bc they thought women would vote for their causes - Anti-saloons also supported suffrage, again thought women would vote for their cause - TR's third party supported it ***Women argued for suffrage by saying it was an EXTENSION of their home/traditional roles

state constitutions (republican experiment)

Each state had: -its own constitution (separate written government plans) -property rights -separation of powers (3 branches) -bill of rights ensured rights can't be taken away) -All governments were based on Republicanism (power by people/consent of the people) with many debates about property voting rights (property needed to vote).

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

James B Weaver

He held several offices in Iowa before he adopted the cause of reform and was elected (1878) to the U.S. House of Representatives on the Greenback party ticket. In 1880 he was the unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Greenback party. Weaver continued to advocate "soft-money" views. He helped form the Farmers' Alliance—an agrarian reform movement—and when that organization became the Populist Party, Weaver ran (1892) as its presidential candidate. Although defeated, he polled more than one million popular and 22 electoral votes.

Benedict Arnold

He was a successful general from Connecticut during the American Revolutionary War -- until he switched sides and was caught trying to help the British in 1780.

United States Sanitary Commission

Helped created by first female physician Elizabeth Blackwell. Provided support to soldiers during war.

2 Bank of the US (American System)

Helped to ensure financial stability and provide credit

The Homestead Strike

Henry C Frick wants to cut wages and end labor union (steelworkers) -Company officials try to put down striking steelworkers with 300 armed Pinkerton detectives and when the strikers attack (leaving 10 dead and 60 wounded) federal troops are called in and the strike/union is broken

Henry Grady

Henry Grady, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution, wrote "The New South" and spread the idea. He helped to integrate states back into union through editorials for economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism.

reform mayors/governor

Here are some important ones mentioned in the textbook: -Wisconsin Governor Robert H La Follette, he helped to crack down on railroads, established direct primaries, worker's compensation system. This guy was pretty cool because a lot of people tried to stop him from becoming governor. -CA Governor Hiram W Johnson, he broke down the monopoly of railroads in CA

Battle of the Bulge

Hitler sets powerful German force US thinly held US lines in Ardennes Forest, the US troops fall back, but Germans are halted by 101 Airborne Division which stood firm, opens the way to reach Berlin

Anschluss

Hitler's plan to unite all German peoples into one country by occupying Austria

"rugged individualism"

Hoover's ideal that the people didn't need federal aid during the Great Depression, and the situation would work itself out

Articles of Impeachment

House judiciary committee proceeded to draw up these articles based on obstruction of justice/abuse of presidential powers/contempt of Congress

The Republican Motherhood

Ideals that women were more important and should be given more respect b/c they raised children and were therefore were responsible for the success of the republic in generations to come.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Ike reassures South that the act is mild and it set up a permanent Civil Rights commission to investigate violations of civil rights and authorized federal injunctions to protecting voting rights

Executive Order 8802

In 1941 FDR passed it; prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

In August an integrated this delegation and was denied its seat at the National Democratic Convention (only a small number of blacks had succeeded in registering to vote)

undeclared naval war with Germany

In July 1941, President Roosevelt ordered the U.S. Navy to begin escorting British ships carrying Lend-Lease materials from the U.S. The purpose of the policy was to protect British ships in the north Atlantic from German submarines. When the U.S. destroyer Greer was attacked by a German submarine it had been hunting, Roosevelt issued a "shoot-on-sight" policy for all German ships. This amounted to an undeclared naval war against Germany.

1902 Coal Strike

In Pennsylvania, 140,000 workers were exploited and accident plagued at work. -they demanded a 20% pay increase and a reduced working day (9-10 hours) is rejected by mine owners w/o negotiations but as coal supply drops and school/factories begin to shut down -Roosevelt invites miners and mine owners to discuss at the White House -after threatening fed law enforcement running mines the compromise is: 10% pay raise and 9hr workdays

Eastern Front

In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.

Assembly line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

spheres of influence

In international affairs, the territory where a powerful state exercises the dominant control over weaker states or territories (Russia and Germany attempt to tear away economic spheres of influence/valuable leaseholds from the Chinese government)

Rape of Nanking

In late 1937, Japan defeated the Chinese city of Nanking. Chinese civilians were brutalized and thousands were killed. The event shocked Western powers and contributed to sanctions against Japan.

Wilson's tour

In response to Lodge stalling to divide public opinion in the vote Wilson goes on tour to plead his case to the US peoples (appeal over Senate's heads) and although he didn't have a big presence, Wilson declared he would die for the sake of the new world order

The Continental Association

In the First Continental Congress. Called for and coordinated a complete boycott of British goods. Did NOT call for independence.

Suffolk Reserves

In the First Continental Congress. It was basically Massachusetts saying that they were stockpiling weapons (in Concord!!!!!!!!!), and encouraged others to do the same.

the "iron curtain" speech

Eastern Europe disappears because of USSR grip from Baltic to Atlantic (lasts 40 years) -Churchill speaks to Westminster College -addresses soviet expansionism -relations between UK and US is stressed -strong European military was the only thing to keep our USSR (they respect strength) -Soviets will only respond with conflict -used WW2 examples to villainize Stalin and push for containment -calls for special relationship between UK and US (both english speaking democracies) -seen by Stalin as imperialistic/racist (Churchill keeps speaking about "english speaking countries")

Adam Smith

Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics in capitalism

"monetarist school" interpretation of the Depression

Economists view. Focused on the banking system's collapse in the early 1930s, blamed Fed Reserve System's tight money policies. Strangled any hope of economic recovery by reducing the amount of money available to businesses for investment and growth.

Siege of Petersburg

Effort to capture the rail center feeding Richmond

Gamal Abdel Nassar

Egyptian President and Colonel that took over the Egyptian government in the 1950s who seized the Suez canal

dynamic conservatism

Eisenhower's promise to the America people which stated that he would be liberal with people bit conservative with their money. he decreased government spending on the military. cracked down on illegal Mexican immigration. started assimilation with the Indians but eventually dismantled it. Kept New Deal programs like Social Security and unemployment insurance. Interstate highway act. only balanced the budget 3 times.

1942 election

Elected the members of the 75th United States Congress. In Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt's unprecedented third mid-term election, the Republican Party picked up seats in both chambers.

Elias Howel and Isaac Singer

Elias invented the sewing machine which boosts industrialization and Isaac improved the machine

Filipino Insurrection

Emilio Aguinaldo helps US defeat Spain, but then removed when he tries to take independence from US

War of 1812 Causes

England: -is arming natives on the frontier (British were responsible for the resistance by natives) -continues to violate neutrality (Chesapeake Affair) -pressure from Warhawks (more land wanted) -Democratic-Republicans favor France

Marbury vs Madison

Ensued after one of the midnight appointees (Marbury) sues Secretary of State (James Madiscon) for refusing to deliver his commission as Part of Judiciary Act of 1789 was ruled unconstitutional and established the idea of judicial review

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established the basic three-tiered structure of the federal court system (1 chief justice with 5 associate justices) and sets up lower court systems.

"Ohio/Alabama Fever"

European immigrants bought land amounts of cheap West American land.

J. Edgar Hoover

FBI director who resisted Robert Kennedy's efforts to recast FBI priorities of targeting against organized crime and civil rights violations

Supreme Court Reform Plan

FDR asks Congress for legislation to permit him to add a new justice to the Supreme Court for every member (70+) who wouldn't retire (max membership is now 15) and turns out to be a major political mis-judgement in FDR's career

Election of 1944 (Dems)

FDR elected again (nobody else available) and focus on VP because FDR is very old -Henry Wallace wants it, but Democratic Conservatives don't trust him -Henry Truman is VP

Casablanca Conference

FDR meets with Winston in Jan 1943 and agrees to step up the Pacific war, invade Sicily (to increase pressure on Italy), and insists on unconditional surrender by the enemy

John Maynard Keynes

FDR takes recommendations on economy from this British economist

abandoned gold standard

FDR wanted to raise inflation and get more paper money into circulation, so he raised the price on gold so people would sell it and lower the price of paper money

managed currency

FDR's goal was inflation which he believed would relieve debtors burdens and stimulate new production with the principal instrument being achieving inflation with gold buying at increasing prices by Treasury (21 to 35) -increased dollars in circulation as holders of gold cashed it in at high prices

Frances Perkins

FDR's secretary of labor was this first women cabinet member

Yalta conference

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

James Madison

Father of the Constitution, 4th president, came up with the VA plan (bicameral government)

Federal writers project

Federal government project to fund written work and support writers during the Great Depression

Pacific Railroad Act

Federal government support for building of first transcontinental railroad.

first political parties

Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

Hartford Convention

Federalists meet to discuss their concerns on December 1814 -grievances about war -radical federalists encourage secession (leave union or sign peace deal) which was eventually voted down and establishes precedents used by south in Civil War -marks the end of the Federalist Party (seen as traitors)

Trench warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

Battle of Saratoga

First Battle (September 19), also known as the Battle of Freeman's Farm. Failing to break the American lines, the British faced a counterattack led by Benedict Arnold at the Second Battle (October 7), or the Battle of Bemis Heights. With his forces reduced to 5,000 men, Burgoyne began to retreat, but Gates, with 20,000 men, surrounded the British at Saratoga and forced their surrender (October 17). The American victory led to a peace treaty with France where they received money, weapons, naval support, and men.

Confederate Conscription Act

First large scale draft in American history, declared all white males 18-50 must be drafted. (The numbers on this Act vary, but in our textbooks it states 18-50)

Zelda Fitzgerald

Fitzgerald's wife, flapper who challenged traditional values in the 1920's. Sig: Shows how people were challenging traditional values during the 1920's

States' Rights Democratic party (Dixiecrats)

Formed in response to Truman's endorsement of modest civil rights proposals; focus was to retain segregation of the races (Jim Crow laws). Truman surprisingly defeated Strom Thurmond in the 1948 election despite some opposition in the South.

WEB Dubois

Founder of NAACP

Gustavas Swift/Philip Armour

Founders of the American meat-packing industry. Targeted in Upton Sinclair's muckraker novel The Jungle due to the absence of federal inspections resulting in tainted meat and eventually the passing of the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906.

Good Neighbor Policy

Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene forcefully in the internal affairs of Latin American countries, but would use its economic influence. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.

the counterculture

Free Speech Movement escalates quickly as over zealous protesters turn radical with outrage against Vietnam while others turn to drugs and being anti-society was very popular

financing the War

French assistance paid for some supplies, but the majority was paid by the merchants, suppliers, planters and growers, average families, and of course the soldiers of the Continental Army.

XYZ Affair

French officials known as X, Y, and Z attempted to get Americans to bribe them to start negotiartions (with Foreign Minister Talleyrand) -outraged Americans ("millions for defense, but no cent for tribe" AKA they wouldn't PAY to stay neutral) -demand for war was now popular (John Adams wants to avoid this because the nation is still young and weak)

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

From Austria-Hungary. He and his wife visit the Bosnian city of Sarajevo. The Gen. warned him not to come b/c he would get killed. Conspirators, members of the Black Hands, waited in the streets for him to kill him b/c they wanted Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungary and to become part of a large Serbian kingdom (eventually killed by Gavrilo Princep)

Cohens vs Virginia

Gave supreme court power to review state decisions (federal government was more powerful than state governments)

Treaty of Greenville

Gave the United States claim to most Indian lands in the Northwest Territory.

Siege of Yorktown

General Cornwallis surrenders to the USA and France (blocked the British in and French guns destroy the British troops) the final battle of the American Revolution, and the British began peace negotiations shortly after the American victory.

Battle of Trenton

General George Washington's army crossed the icy Delaware on Christmas Day 1776 and, over the course of the next 10 days, won two crucial battles of the American Revolution. In the Battle of Trenton (December 26), Washington defeated a formidable garrison of Hessian mercenaries before withdrawing (first major victory for the USA)

Nathanael Greene

General Nathanael Greene was a Quaker born tactition. Used a strategy of delay, and he cleared most of Georgia and South Carolina of troops.

George S Patton

General in the United States Army who helped lead the Allies to victory in the Battle of the Bulge.

"social/socio gospel"

German pastor Walter Rauschenbusch along with Washington Gladden who took over congregational church in Columbus Ohio (1882) and insisted the Church must tackle burning social issues of the day (Christian socialists call for progressive reform movement) -Jane Addams was a middle class women who become dedicated to uplifting urban masses

U-boat campaign

German submarines used in World War I; they sank many Allied ships around the British Isles. They were responsible for the sinking of the HMS Lusitania and the Sussex.

Albert Einstein

German-born physicist who helped persuade Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb

Berlin Airlift

Germany as divided into four zones after World War I, city of Berlin was divided into 2 zones East Germany and east Berlin- under control of the USSR West Germany and west Berlin- under control of France, Britain, and the US What happens- USSR cuts of land routes to west Berlin in order to force out US, France and Britain Us response- fly supplies non-stop to West Berlin until the Russians back down and reopen land to West Berlin

influenze epidemic

Global outbreak of a deadly type of flu. The movement of soldiers during WWI helped to spread the virus. 20-40% of people in the world are estimated to have become ill with the virus that attacked the young and healthy as well the weak. People sometimes felt fine in the morning and were dead by night. An estimated 675,000 people died in the U.S. and 50 million worldwide.

Influenza epidemic

Global outbreak of a deadly type of flu. The movement of soldiers during WWI helped to spread the virus. 20-40% of people in the world are estimated to have become ill with the virus that attacked the young and healthy as well the weak. People sometimes felt fine in the morning and were dead by night. An estimated 675,000 people died in the U.S. and 50 million worldwide. (Statistics from flu.gov)

Women's Emergency Brigade

Gm strikers' wives mothers and daughters prepared food and maintained militant picket lines

Election of 1964 (Reps)

Goldwater attacks federal income tax, Social Security, the TVA, civil rights, nuclear ban treaty, and The Great Society ("we need to have some guts!")

Assassination of Lincoln

Good Friday (April 14th, 1865) John Wilkes Booth (southern crazy actor) shoots Lincoln's head and he dies the next morning (5 days after the end of the Civil War) -drama in his death makes him a martyr

Securities and Exchange Commission

Government agency having primary responsibility for enforcing the Federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry. It protected investors, listened to complaints, issued licenses and penalized fraud.

George Wallace

Governor of Alabama for four terms (1963-1967, 1971-1979 and 1983-1987). He ran for U.S. President four times, running officially as a Democrat three times and in the American Independent Party once. He is best known for his Southern populist[1] pro-segregation attitudes during the American desegregation period, convictions he abandoned later in life.

Vicksburg

Grant and Union forces attack at this battle and fights well but winds up surrendering July 4th 1863 with the garrison reduced to eating rodents/donkeys for food. (Best fought battle of Grant's career)

patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

The Great Plains

Grassland prairie region of North America, extending from Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, in Canada, south through the west-central United States into Texas.

Sons/Daughters of Liberty

Groups of colonial rebels that originated from Stamp Act protests. Started tarring and feathering people for not following non-importation agreements. Eventually started the Boston Tea Party.

Richard Nixon

HUAC committee member and ambitious red catcher he led the chase after Alger Hiss

Memorial Day Massacre

Happened on Memorial Day 1937 when striking workers gathered for a picnic and demonstration - they were marching toward plant peacefully and police opened fire - 10 killed

Washington Naval Conference, 1921

Harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan -agreement called for naval disarmament to promote peace in the Pacific and reduce defense expenditures

2nd Open Door Notes

Hay announced that the Open door would embrace the territorial integrity of China (and it's commercial integrity) this helped spare China from possible partition and incorporates them into the 9 power treaty of 1922

Ethan Allen

He fought during the American Revolution as the leader of the Green Mountain Boys, a ragtag militia made up of settlers who marched north to capture Fort Ticonderoga in the state of Vermont.

Ft. Ticonderoga

A stronghold during the Revolutionary War, in New York on Lake Champlain. Built by the French in 1755, during the French and Indian War (1754-63), on a vital inland water route to Canada. The French first named it Fort Vaudreuil, but soon changed the name to Fort Carillon. The fort was captured in 1759 by the British and renamed __________. In 1775, during the Revolutionary War, it was seized from the British by Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys (Vermont troops) in a surprise attack. The British recaptured ___________ in 1777 but abandoned it in 1780. The fort was rebuilt in 1908, and a museum was opened there

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

fascism

A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini.

Republicanism

A theory of government where citizens care more about the common good than their own good. Eventually became very popular in the colonies.

Edward Hopper

A twentieth-century American artist whose stark, precisely realistic paintings often convey a mood of solitude and isolation within common-place urban settings. Among his best-known forks are Early Sunday Morning and Nighthawks.

The "New South"

A vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution, wrote "The New South" and helped to integrate states back into union through editorials for economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism.

French and Indian War

A war started by George Washington in 1754. He was sent by the Virginia governor to go claim land also claimed by the French; he ended up attacking them (and losing). It became a world war that lasted until 1763. Resulted in Britain becoming the dominant North American power.

Tripolitan War

A war that Tripoli (king of Barbary Pirates) declared on US because of American refusal to pay tribute for the safe passage of shipping in Barbary coastal waters.

Federal Crop Insurance Corporation

A wholly owned Government corporation managed by the Risk Management Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. FCIC manages the Federal crop insurance program which provides U.S. farmers and agricultural entities with crop insurance protection. FCIC was created by the United States Congress in legislation that passed on February 16, 1938. The legislation was created in response to the economic difficulties brought to the U.S. farming industry by the Great Depression and the weather-related catastrophe of the Dust Bowl.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Abe Lincoln challenges Douglas to rounds of debate and arranges 7 meeting for these debates (Douglas accepts because he's proud) between October and August 1858 -at first this seemed in favor of Douglas but Abe grew more alive during debates, ex: Freeport Illinois on who should judge slavery decisions/what territory slavery is in if court cannot?

13th Amendment

Abolished Slavery

The Grimke Sisters

Abolitionists and feminists who became anti-slavery after they saw its effects.

The Homestead Act 1862

According to the act, settlers moving into the western territories could claim 160 acres of public land in exchange for a small filing fee.

LBJ abdication

Accordingly, I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President. President Lyndon B. Johnson - March 31, 1968

Currency Act

Act passed in 1764 by the British that banned the colonists from printing money because it hurt British merchants. Made colonists mad because they felt their welfare was being sacrificed for British profit.

Sugar Act

Act passed in 1764 by the British that placed a revenue-raising tax on sugar, the first of its kind in the colonies. Led to colonists' protesting, which led to a relaxing of the law.

First Quartering Act

Act passed in 1765 by the British that forced certain colonies to provide food and build barracks for British soldiers with their own money. Led to some colonist paranoia because they didn't know why British soldiers would need to be there, and assumed it was to control them.

Stamp Act

Act passed in 1765 by the British that required stamps to be placed on pretty much any document, and that taxed these stamps as to raise revenue. Also allowed offenders of the act to be tried in admiralty courts. Led to HUGE colonial backlash: no taxation without representation, Stamp Act Congress, Sons/Daughters of Liberty, etc.

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 by Britain simultaneously with the repeal of the Stamp Act. It basically told the colonists that the colonies were still under their control.

New York Suspending Act

Act passed in 1767 by Britain that shut down the colonial government of New York for not complying with the Quartering Act. Led to colonial anger.

Tea Act

Act passed in 1773 by the British that gave the near-bankrupt British East India Company a monopoly of American tea. Provided the company with money, which made British happy, and drove down colonial tea prices, which they thought would make colonists happy, but actually just made them mad because they thought the low prices were only to convince them to accept the still-existing tea tax, which they didn't.

Quebec Act

Act passed in 1774 by the British that gave French Canada some of the colonial land that wasn't really being used, religious freedom (Catholicism), and cultural freedom (no trial by jury as how it's done in mainland France). Despite having nothing to do with the colonists (and in fact being a move to promote the French Canadians to not act like the colonists), it made them paranoid because they thought the British would soon make them be Catholics with no juries (and also because they lost some land).

Freedom Riders

Activists from the North who road buses through the South to push for desegregation of bus systems

Paul Robeson

African American actor and singer who promoted African American rights and left-wing causes

Aaron Copeland

This man was a leading American composer of the 20th Century. He won an Academy Award for his musical work in the movie "The Heiress".

International Workers of the World (Wobblies)

This radical union aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

Fordney McCumber Tariff

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.

Anaconda Plan

This thing:

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

The Golden Age of Sports

This was a time when America and the world wanted to put the memory of the Great War behind them and enjoy life -baseball heroes

Menlo Park

This was the New Jersey township that was the home to Thomas Edison and his laboratory.

ex parte Merryman

This was the Supreme Court case which agreed that it was Constitutional for Lincoln to suspend the Writ of Habeas Corpus

"search and destroy" missions

This was the name of the strategy the US used in the first half of the war. It simply meant that US forces went into the jungle to search and find the enemy and then destroy them. The problem was that the enemy was very elusive and often simply retreated into Cambodia or Laos where US army elements were not allowed to go (except for one excursion in 1970).

Pearl Harbor

Tokyo purposely prolongs negotiations with Washington -Japanese bombers attack on Black Sunday -"a day that will live in infamy" -3000 casualties and many aircrafts destroyed and battleship fleet was wiped out (but 3 important aircraft carriers were outside of the harbor)

Erwin Rommel

Top German general in North Africa whose advance was finally halted at El Alamein by British General Montgomery

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Tragedy in 1911, about 150 employees (mostly young women) died due to a fire. The building standards violated the fire code -helped to spur more rigorous laws

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty particularly known for its harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I (against Wilson's wishes)

Webster Ashburton Treaty

Treaty resolving border disputes between US and Britain in what is now Maine.

UN "police action"

Truman takes advantage of Soviet absence from UN security council and obtains a unanimous condemnation of North Korea as an aggressor and council calls upon all UN members to render every opportunity to restore peace

"containment doctrine"

Truman's response to Soviet challenges and crafted George Kennan this held that Russia (tsarist or communist) was relentlessly expansionary and Kremlin were cautious and to stop Soviet power from spreading it must be contained

Hiroshima/Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

Anne Hutchinson, antinomianism

Two-part Who was the radical woman preacher who claimed that the truly saved need not obey human or divine law and what is the name of this doctrine?

Grant Wood

U.S. painter noted for works based on life in the Midwest; his most famous painting is American Gothic (the farmer & his wife with pitchfork)

Allen Dulles/CIA

US CIA director and later Secretary of State

coup of Iran

US CIA engineers a coup in response that installed Mohammed Reza Pahlevi as shah/dictator with western interests

John F Kennedy

US President during Vietnam who was later assassinated

Samoan Islands treaty

US and German navy almost came to blows over the Samoan Islands in the South Pacific (divided by 2 nations in 1899) -German's give Samoa independence but USA Samoa is still in US possession)

The Battle of Wounded Knee

US army go into the Dakotas and massacre 200+ natives (marks the end of native frontier wars)

island hopping

US army jumps from Japanese islands in Pacific on their way to Tokyo (reduced outposts) get islands around Japanese base and fortify to neutralize the enemy (deprive supplies too)

Platt Amendment

US honors Teller Amendments and withdraws from Cuba in 1902 and outraged imperialists and Cubans forced to write their own constitution to prevent other powers from grabbing it

destroyers for bases deal

US would give destroyer ships to Britain in exchange for land/territories/bases

Teapot Dome Scandal

Under Harding, Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall accepted bribes in exchange for leasing government land to oil companies

1st Bull Run/Manassas Junction

Union attack on Confederacy, tried to capture Richmond, Confederacy won led by Stonewall Jackson. First battle, caused South to have a lot of hope.

Fredricksburg

Union general Ambrose Burnside learned the folly of attacking an entrenched enemy with a frontal assault. Robert E. Lee was dug in at the top of a hill called Marye's Heights and he was able to repel 14 Union assaults. The screams of wounded Union soldiers could be heard from the base of the heights but the soldiers were unable to help their fallen comrades

Sherman's March to the Sea

Union general Sherman's destructive march across Georgia

Ulysses S Grant

Union general!! Pretty cool dude who finally replaced McClellan and was not afraid to fight, labeled as extremely violent by a lot of people, but he did what he had to do to end war.

The Trent Affair/The Alabama/British neutrality

Union ships stopped British Ships and forcibly removed confederate diplomats. The Alabama was built in Britain, British crew but flew Confederate flag. The Alabama destroyed Union ships, the Union got salty and destroyed it.

sit down strikes

Union strike technique in which workers refused to leave the workplace until the employers granted collective-bargaining rights.

The Wilderness Campaign

Union victory but at great cost, 50,000 Union troops died in three days -grant heads to Richmond and engages Lee in the wilderness of VA during May and June 1864 (Bloody Angle and Hell's Half Acre) -Grant has 50,000 casualties but Lee loses way more in comparison -Grant orders frontal assault on important position (Cold Harbor) which the Union believed was almost certain death (7000 killed/wounded)

Thomas Hart Benton

United States artist whose paintings portrayed life in the Midwest and South

George Gershwin

United States composer who incorporated jazz into classical forms and composed scores for musical comedies (1898-1937)

George Marshall

United States general, who as Secretary of State organized the European Recovery Program (created the Marshall plan)

Henry Clay Frick

United States industrialist who amassed a fortune in the steel industry (1849-1919)

John Steinbeck

United States writer noted for his novels about agricultural workers, poverty and misfortune are key themes

Richard Wright

United States writer whose work is concerned with the oppression of African Americans (1908-1960)

Checks and Balances

Used to keep the government from getting too powerful in one branch.

Chesapeake Bay Colonies

VA, MD

Patrick Henry

Virginian colonist and revolutionary who said "give me liberty or give me death." Also brought forth the Virginia Resolves in the House of Burgesses

Virginia Resolves

Virginian response to the Stamp Act; bill passed by the House of Burgesses saying that only they can tax Virginians. Written by Patrick Henry.

War of 1812 Results

War ends in a stalemate (treaty of Ghent) and the star spangled banner is written

War of 1812 Events

War starts off badly for the USA (nation is divided and failed to invade Canada) and British burns DC to the ground as well as try to take Fort McHenry in Baltimore (fails)

Brown vs Topeka Board of Education

Warren Court makes the unanimous decision in May 1945 and ruled that segregation in public schools were inherently unequal and unconstitutional (hits conservatives hard and overturns Plessy vs Ferguson)

Election of 1920

Warren G. Harding (R) vs James Cox (D) 2) issues were WW I; the post-war economy and the League of Nations 3) Harding preached "a return Normalcy"

Schlieffen Plan

Was a German war plan developed by Afred Graf von Schlieffen to be used if Germany faced a two front war. After declaring war on Russia due to Austria-Hungary, the adoption of the plan caused Germany to also declare war on France.

A Model Treaty

Was a template for commercial treaties that the United States Continental Congress sought to make with France and Spain in order to secure assistance in the struggle against the British in the American Revolution. Congress approved the treaty on September 17, 1776.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.

Harry M Daugherty

Was the US Attorney General during the Harding Administration. Daugherty's controversial three years in office saw his name surface in connection with veterans bureau irregularities, alien property conspiracies, as well as his role in the pardoning of Eugene V. Debs and Charles W. Morse.

USS Maine

Washington sends this battleship to Cuba for a "friendly visit" (actually made to evacuate/protect Americans if danger should occur and demonstrate US concern for island stability) and on February 15th, 1898 and the battleship blows up mysteriously

Jay's Treaty 1794

Washington wants to avoid war and sends John Jay to negotiate with England. -The British agree to evacuate their forts on the frontier (didn't talk of opposing British harassment of US ships/Native issue (supplying weapons to Natives)) -DEM-REPS: hate treaty but keeps US Neutral

Theodore Weld and the Tappan Brothers

Weld evangelized in Burned Over District and appealed to rural audiences/farmers and was aided by the ______ Brothers, together they preached abolitionism and fanned out to compel others to become abolitionists (group: Lane Rebels)

George Washington, Ft. Necessity

What American colonel initiated the French and Indian War in the vicinity of the French fort, Ft. Duquesne and what was the name of his hastily erected fortification that he was forced to surrender?

Pocahontas

What Native American woman served as ambassador between the Indians of the Chesapeake and the Jamestown settlers and ultimately married an Englishman and converted to Christianity?

Universities

What are Degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in Latin West from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern universities?

Salutary neglect

What became the term for the period of time in which Parliament failed to enforce the laws placed on the colonies?

Glorious Revolution

What bloodless revolution did the English Parliament and William and Mary agree to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism, leading to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights?

French and Indian War, Seven Years' War

What did Americans call the conflict that lasted in the American colonies from 1754-1763 and what was it known as in Europe?

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

What is considered the first constitution or structure of government in the American colonies?

Deism

What is the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation?

salutary neglect

What is the term for the English government's loose enforcement of trade restrictions on the American colonists?

covenant

What is the term for the Puritan's belief that Massachusetts Bay had a special arrangement with God to become a holy society?

House of Burgesses

What representative assembly was created in 1619 in Virginia and is the oldest continual governing body in North America?

headright system

What was Maryland and Virginia's system of granting land to anyone who provided trans-Atlantic passage for laborers?

Salem witch trials

What was the 1692 New England judicial event that inflamed popular feelings, led to the deaths of twenty people, and weakened the Puritan clergy's prestige?

Paxton Boys

What was the 1764 uprising in Pennsylvania that resulted from the oligarchy's leniency towards the Native Americans?

Proclamation of 1763

What was the British document that was an attempt to stop colonial expansion west of the Appalachians?

Maya

What was the Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire with the major contributions of mathematics, astronomy, and the development of the calendar?

Congregational Church

What was the Puritan Church in America called?

Black Legend

What was the belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good called?

Zenger trial

What was the case that established the precedent that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel?

English Civil War

What was the civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I, that was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament, and eventually, the kingship was abolished?

Roanoke Island

What was the colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580s?

Slavery

What was the condition of being owned by another person and being made to work without wages?

Pequot War

What was the conflict in 1637 when the English slaughtered the natives of the Connecticut Mystic River Valley?

Anglican Church

What was the established religion in southern colonies and New York weakened by a lackadaisical clergy and too-close ties to the British crown?

New England Confederation

What was the experimental union of four northern colonies in defense against Indians called?

Great Migration (1630-1642)

What was the flight of some seventy thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies to establish a model Christian settlement in the new world

Half-way Covenant

What was the formula devised by Puritan ministers in 1662 to offer partial church membership to people who had not experienced conversion?

Pilgrims

What was the group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands?

Bering Strait

What was the land bridge between Asia and North America now is a passage of water from Russia to Alaska thought to be how Native Americans arrived from present day Europe to the present day Americas?

Dom. of New England

What was the most concerted attempt by king james II to consolidate control in north america?

Congregational Church

What was the name of the self-governing Puritan church without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church?

Iroquois Confederacy

What was the powerful Indian alliance of New York and the Great Lakes area comprised of several peoples?

Regulator movement

What was the rebellious movement of Scots-Irish frontiersman in the southern colonies that included future President Andrew Jackson?

Jamestown

What was the riverbank site where the Virginia Company settlers planted the first English colony?

Quakers

What was the society of friends, and protestant sect founded in 1640s in England whose members believed that salvation was available to all people

Great Awakening

What was the spectacular, emotional religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s?

Encomienda

What was the system that allowed the Spanish government to give Native Americans to colonists in return for the promise to "Christianize" them?

Triangular Trade

What was the term for the Trans-Atlantic mercantile routes that included Africa, the Americas, and Europe?

jeremiad

What was the term for the sermons preached by New England pastors that warned their followers of the dangers of deviating from God's plan for them?

established churches

What was the term for the tax-supported condition of Congregational and Anglican churches, but not of Baptists, Quakers, and Roman Catholics?

Middle Passage

What was the trans-Atlantic route used by slave traders to deliver Africans to the Western Hemisphere?

Treaty of Tordesillas

What was the treaty that secured Spanish title to lands in the Americas by dividing them with Portugal?

Leisler's Rebellion

What was the uprising in New York from 1689-1691 between lordly landholders and aspiring merchants?

Bacon's Rebellion

What was the uprising in Virginia in 1676 that featured landless farmers against Indians and the colonial government?

new lights

What were ministers called who promoted religious revival and an emotional religious experience?

God, Glory, Gold

What were the primary motives of age of exploration and conquest?

Hollywood blacklists

When Hollywood attempted to protect its public image they adopted this and kept record of the "suspicious loyalty". And they were barred from employment in the industry.

Soviet Invasion of Hungary

When Hungary revolted 1956 against the repressive government but was crushed by Soviet forces.

Millard Fillmore

When Taylor dies suddenly this man was the Vice President who signs the compromise measures (Compromise 1850) which was difficult to get through Congress because -North/Union states were pro-compromise -Southern fire eaters were opposed to this

Vichy France

Where a new French regime assembled largely controlled by German occupiers after the fall of France on June 22, 1940.

Stuarts

Which family ruled England after Queen Elizabeth 1 (Tutor) died with no heir, and started with James I of Scotland (always feuded with Parliament over debts and money)?

Indentured Servants

Who are immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor?

indentured servants

Who are penniless people obligated to forced labor for a fixed number of years, often in exchange for passage to the New World or other benefits?

Ben Franklin

Who was an inventor, statesman, diplomat, signer of the Declaration of Independence and delegate to the Constitutional Convention?

John Locke

Who was the English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)?

Oliver Cromwell

Who was the English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)?

Montesquieu

Who was the French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)?

Pontiac

Who was the Indian leader whose frontier uprising caused the British to attempt to limit colonial expansion?

Columbus

Who was the Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)?

John Rolfe

Who was the Jamestown leader who developed a method of raising and curing tobacco that transformed it into a viable economic venture?

Aztec

Who was the Native American empire that controlled present day Mexico until they were conquered in 1521?

Jonathan Edwards

Who was the New England minister whose sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" became an American classic?

Cotton Mather

Who was the Puritan theologian, who urged the inoculation against smallpox, and encouraged the Salem Witch Trials?

Adam Smith

Who was the Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)?

Pizarro

Who was the Spanish conqueror who crushed the Inca of Peru in 1532?

Cortez

Who was the Spanish conqueror who defeated the Aztecs by claiming he was god whose return had been predicted?

Metacom (King Philip)

Who was the Wampanoag Chieftain who waged an unsuccessful war against New England in 1675?

English Bill of Rights

Who was the autocratic governor of the Dominion of New England who was removed after the Glorious Revolution in England?

Peter Stuyvesant

Who was the director general of New Netherland who ultimately lost the colony to the English?

Phillis Wheatley

Who was the former slave who became a poet at an early age whose work was published as Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral?

William Penn

Who was the founder of the most tolerant and democratic of the Middle Colonies?

John Winthrop

Who was the governor of Massachusetts Bay who claimed it was a holy "city upon a hill"?

Inca

Who was the highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present day Peru until they were conquered by the Spanish in 1532?

George Whitefield

Who was the itinerant English evangelist who drew enormous crowds to hear his sermons?

John Smith

Who was the leader who rescued the Jamestown colonists from the "starving time" by instituting a disciplined work requirement?

Roger Williams

Who was the radical Massachusetts exile who founded the most tolerant New England colony?

William Pitt

Who was the splendid British orator and organizer of the winning strategy against the French in North America?

William Bradford

Who was the thirty time governor of the Plymouth colony who authored the memoir Of Plymouth Plantation?

Puritans

Who were English Calvinists who sought a thorough cleansing from within the Church of England?

Huguenots

Who were French Protestants, who were granted toleration by the Edict of Nantes in 1598 but not permitted to settle in New France?

Trumbull, Peale, West, and Copley

Who were four of the colonial painters who studied and worked in Britain and are considered the great American colonial portrait painters?

Separatists

Who were radical Calvinists who considered the Church of England so corrupt that they broke with it and formed their own independent churches?

Pueblo

Who were the Indian people of the Rio Grande Valley who were cruelly oppressed by the Spanish conquerors?

Mound Builders

Who were the Native American civilizations of the eastern region of North America that created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places?

old lights

Who were the orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality?

Philadelphia/Constitutional Convention (1787)

Why: met to revise the Articles of Confederation -55 delegates sent "for the sole purpose of revision" -12 states show up (not Rhode Island) -very quickly decided to create an entirely new, stronger central government -radical revolutionaries were suspicious about having a more powerful government Compromises: -NJ Plan -VA Plan -Connecticut Plan (The Great Compromise)

Bessemer Process

William Kelly discovers that cold air blown on red hot iron turns the metal white hot because the carbon ignites and impurities are gone

yellow journalism

William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer each attempt to outdo the other with shocking scoops (invented and real)

Federal Reserve Act/Board

Wilson appeals to the sovreign people and sign this act (first important piece of economic legislation) which would oversee a nationwide system of 12 regional reserve districts (each with their own central bank) -although banks are banker's banks, they are under authority of the Federal Reserve Board (for public control)

Wilson's War Message

Wilson asks congress to recognize a state of war between Germany and the US. said that the German submarine policy was "warfare against mankind" and said that the "world must be made safe for democracy." April 6, Congress voted for war, except for Pacifists like La Follette and Jeanette Rankin.

The American Expeditionary Force (A.E.F)

Wilson chose General Pershing to head this; before the new army could, it had to be trained and outfitted and transported across the submarine-infested Atlantic; in 1919, a group of former offices formed the American Legion "to preserve the memories and incidents of our association in the Great War"

Election of 1916 (Democrat)

Wilson is nominated is St. Louis campaign "he kept us out of war" (appeals to all people) -Wilson wins election

status of the women's movement

Wilson was an advocate of female suffrage, many states began to turn, but after the 19th Amendment and the war, many women return to their homes, Congress supports traditional role with Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act of 1921, which provides federally financed instruction in maternal and infant healthcare

Limits of Progressivism

Wilson was really good at progressivism, although during this time period, there was contradiction bc of the large issue of race.

Rober LaFollette

Wisconsin Governor Robert H La Follette, he helped to crack down on railroads, established direct primaries, worker's compensation system. This guy was pretty cool because a lot of people tried to stop him from becoming governor.

camp followers

Women that traveled w/ the armies; some were prostitutes but most were wives, cooks, laundresses, and nurses

WCTU and Anti-Saloon League

Women's Christian Temperance Union and Anti-Saloon League campaigned for restrictions on alcohol. Passes 18th amendment. -Also "dry" states vs "wet" states

Moral (Missionary) Diplomacy

Woodrow Wilson's policy to promote democracy to other countries and pursue less imperialistic policies (improved relations in Philippines and Panama)

Allied powers

World War I alliance that included Britain, France, Russia, and later the United States and Italy.

"The Great White Fleet"

Worried that the intersession with Tokyo was interpreted as fear Roosevelt schemes to impress the Japanese by sending an entire battleship fleet on a highly visible voyage around the world (what was it called?)

Captain Alfred T Mahan

Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, which argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance it stimulated the naval race among the great powers.

Mexican American Repatriation

a forced migration that took place between 1929 and 1939, when as many as one million people of Mexican descent were forced or pressured to leave the US. (The term "Repatriation," though commonly used, is inaccurate, since approximately 60% of those driven out were minor dependents born in the U.S. and citizens under current interpretation.)The event, carried out by American authorities, took place without due process. The Immigration and Naturalization Service targeted Mexicans because of "the proximity of the Mexican border, the physical distinctiveness of mestizos, and easily identifiable barrios."

totalitarianism

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

James McCord

a former CIA agent, later involved as an electronics expert in the Watergate burglaries.

Florence Kelly

a former actress who had insight on socialism and battled for welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers and later moves to Henry St settlement and served for 30 years as general secretary of the National Consumer League

The American Party/ Know Nothing Party

a former political party active in the 1850s to keep power out of the hands of immigrants and Roman Catholics (called nativists)

"the lost generation"

a group of American writers that rebelled against America's lack of cosmopolitan culture in the early 20th century. Many moved to cultural centers such as London in Paris in search for literary freedom. Prominent writers included T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway among others.

"fire eaters"

a group of southerns who voice threats of secession

The Beats

a group of young poets, writers, and artists who wrote harsh critiques of what they considered the sterility and conformity of American life, the meaninglessness of American politics, and the banality of popular culture; visible evidence of a widespread restlessness

War Refugee Board

a group stablished by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that helped 20,000 Jews who might otherwise have fallen in to the hands of the Nazis.

Joseph McCoy

a livestock owner who realized railroads could send meat to populated eastern cities by transporting longhorns and other bovines north through the railroad. He also built large cattle pens called stockyards

scientific management

a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it.

Bull Market

a market characterized by rising prices for securities

Al Capone

a mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

The Ghost Dance

a movement that begins among Sioux indians in Dakota territory (cultural/religious revival, though to restore Sioux and rid them of white settlers leading to prosperity) -federal government wants to stop this -Battle of Wounded Knee occurs because of this

Rock and Roll

a new type of music which bridged racial/cultural divides

"The Splendid Little War"

a nickname for the Spanish American War

F Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his novel THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

John Dos Passos

a novelist who wrote of WWI and its impacts on art and civilization. He was a conservative, pessimistic and had disillusion to post-war urban America, suggested us split to two nations one rich, one poor, considered to be part of the Lost Generation and wrote "Three Soldiers" and "Manhattan Transfer". He disliked FDR.

debtors

a person or institution that owes a sum of money (easily paid off debts with money being so cheap)

interlocking directorate

a person serves on the boards of directors of two or more competing firms, this was a tool JP Morgan used to consolidate rivals

domestic feminism

a political moment composed mainly of women to campaign for women's suffrage

Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)

a politically powerful organization of several hundred union veterans

bully pulpit

a public office of sufficiently high rank that it provides the holder with an opportunity to speak out and be listened to on any matter.

Sudentenland

a region of Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived; Hitler demanded in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war

Dr Francis Townsend

a retired physician whose savings had recently been wiped out. Attracted support of 5 million senior citizens with plan (each oldie gets 200 per month, provided money was spent within the month) scheme cost around half the national income

federal farm board

a revolving fund of half billion dollars at its disposal (lent to Farm Organizations seeking to buy, sell, and store agricultural surpluses)

Charles Sumner

a senator who was a republican radicals labored for black freedom/racial equality

underconsumption

a situation in which people are purchasing fewer goods than the economy is producing (surpluses)

Virginia Resolution

a state could nullify federal laws passed by Congress if they felt they were unconstitutional (Alien and Sedition Acts) which was secretly written by James Madison

wildcat strikes

a strike undertaken by workers without approval from the officials of their union

The Cold War

a tense standstill -40+ years -shaped Soviet American relations -overshadows postwar international order across the globe -molds societies and economies

The Weathermen

a terrorist group that formed from the Students for a Democratic Society

modern war

a total war in which involved nations direct all resources to producing material for waging war

DMZ

a zone from which military forces or operations or installations are prohibited

Immigration Act, 1965

abolished the national origins quota system place in 1921, and doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter annually and set limits on immigrants from Western Hemisphere -the new law further provided for the admission of close relatives of US citizens outside those numerical limits -immigration swells and sources move from EU to Latin America/Asia

Freedmen's Bureau

acted as a welfare agency by providing food, clothing, education, and medical care in order to bridge the gap between whites and blacks (as well as for religious purposes) -taught 200,000 blacks to read -issue: land for the Bureau (40 acre tracts = confiscated from confederacy) often didn't make it into the hands of slaves (because white southerners didn't want blacks to gain racial superiority)

Alliances for Progress

acted like a Marshall Plan for Latin America with primary goal of helping the Good Neighbor close the wealth gap and quiet communist agitation (sadly the results were small)

Dawes Plan

adjusted German reparations payments -American banks would loan money to Germany to help them rebuild and help pay reparations to -England and France England and France would use their reparations payments from Germany to pay back US loans -Stock market crash ends this plan

Philadelphia plan

adopted requiring construction trade unions to establish "goals and timetables" for the hiring of black apprentices (Nixon wants to drive wedge between unions and black) -thousands of employers are required to meet quotas for hiring/establish "set asides" for minority subcontractors -affirmative action (once about protection individuals) change to protecting/priviledging certain groups (SCOTUS gets along with it)

National Defense Education Act (NDEA)

after congress rejects demands for federal scholarships this organization authorized 887 million loans to college students and grants for the improvement of teaching the sciences/languages

Civil Rights Act 1964

after conservative filibuster this act passed and it banned discrimination in private facilities open to the public (hospitals/restaurants) and strengthened federal government power to end segregation in schools/public places -creates the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)/Act

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

after negotiations a pact prohibiting trial nuke explosions in the atmosphere was signed in late 1963

Henry George

after seeing a stark contrast in wealth between India and CA he used Progress and Poverty to solve poverty in USA. According to him the pressure of growing population in a fixed supply of land pushed up property values (profit for landowners) and wanted an 100% tax on profits which would eliminate unfair inequalities and stimulate economic growth -lectured around USA -left indelible mark on English Fabian Socialism

Election of 1860: Douglas Platform

against the obstruction of the Fugitive slave law and popular sovereignty

free blacks in the North

agitation between Irish and free slaves (against the spread of slavery due to race prejudice) -anti-black feelings were actually stronger in the North because they weren't raised by black maids

restrictive covenants

agreement in which employee agrees not to work similar employment within a certain geographic area, or within a specific time (promise; enforced; must be supported by consideration)

yellow-dog contracts

agreements signed by workers that they would not join labor unions

Nixon in the USSR

agrees to sell soviets 750 million worth of corn and cereals and agree on Anti-ballistic missile treaty (ABM) limiting both nations to 2 clusters of defense missiles and to SALT

Chesapeake Bay Colony

agricultural based economy, mostly made up of men who came over, with little women which made for less stable family life and egalitarian, children were more for economic reasons

Fulbright Hearings

aired on TV, these hearings had prominent people aired to speak about their (largely anti-war) views

The 9 Power Treaties

all nations at conference will respect the Open Door policy in China

rationing

allow each person to have only a fixed amount of (a particular commodity).

Gulf of Tonkin Resoultion

allowed LBJ to take military action vs Vietnam/Asia after the "attack" on US troops who were attacking hostile Vietnamese areas during 1964 as a campaign ploy

Gadsen Purchase

allows South to claim the railroad (easy to build and would run through organized territory) -troops are easily available to fend off natives -less mountains in the south than in the North -treaty in 1833 ceded this are to USA for 10 million (North criticizes because it seems like a waste of money)

horizontal integration

allying with competitors to monopolize a market (mastered by Rockefeller)

new urban poor

almost entirely without resources, often homeless, dependent on charity or crime to survive; made up of people considered inferior (immigrants, blacks, widows, orphans) and often put into situations where their cities forced them into being in bad neighborhoods

"spirit of Geneva"

although conference in Geneva didn't do much, it caused a modest bit of optimism in Western World

Aaron Copeland

an American classical composer, composition teacher, writer, and later in his career a conductor of his own and other American music. He was instrumental in forging a distinctly American style of composition, and is often referred to as "the Dean of American Composers.".He is best known to the public for the works he wrote in the 1930s and 40s in a deliberately more accessible style than his earlier pieces, including the ballets Appalachian Spring, Billy the Kidd, Rodeo and his Fanfare for the Common Man.

Ernest Hemmingway

an American writer of fiction who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954 (1899-1961)

Special Forces

an elite anti-guerilla outfit trained to survive on snake meat and kill with scientific finesse (Green Berets)

The Goliad Massacre

an event that occurred after the Battle of Goliad when 445 prisoners of war were taken by the Mexican army and killed

Zebulon Pike

an explorer who trekked to the headquarters of the Mississippi River (1805-6) to the south portion of Louisiana, Spanish land in the South West, and Pikes Peak

Guantanamo Bay

an important in Cuba coaling and naval station

CIA

an independent agency of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad in the national interest

blitzkreig

an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory.

Dumbarton Oaks Conference

an international conference in which the UN was formulated and negotiated

John Brown

an obsessed abolitionist who moves to Kansas from Ohio with family and is angered by what happened at Lawrence town, he leads followers to Pottawatomie Creek (massacre) and is welcomes retaliation from proslaverites -becomes a martyr for abolitionists

Vietminh

an organization of Vietnamese Communists and other nationalist groups that between 1946 and 1954 fought for Vietnamese independence from the French

United Nations

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

league of women voters

an organization which works to increase understanding of major public policy issues, and to influence public policy through education and advocacy, as well as through political lobbying of Congress

slums

an overcrowded, dirty area of a city where the housing is usually in very poor condition

Election of 1968 (Dems)

angry antiwar zealots stream into Democratic convention in Chicago and protective barb wire fence is set up and zealots react like animals and throw excrement at police forces (police responds with violence) -Humphrey rolls towards a nomination while blocking McCarthyites attempt at an antiwar platform plank and putting in their own declaration that armed forces would be relentlessly applied until enemy showed willingness to negotiate

Nixon's resignation

announces resignation on TV on August 8th, 1974 and admits he made some bad judgements but insist he had acted to ways to best serve the nation

54-40 or Fight

anti-slavery forces as the acceptance of all Texas but not all of Oregon, this was seen as a betrayal by the anti-slavery forces who wanted to fight by they were . shut down by Polk (no violence)

Salvation Army

appealed to down and outers with practical good deeds being done (giving free soup out)

Federal Trade Commission of 1914

appointed commission to turn a searchlight on industries engaged in interstate commerce (meatpackers) and commissioners were expected to crush monopolies at their heart and root out unfair trade practices

SALT (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks)

arms reduction negotiations that aimed to freeze the numbers of long range nuke missiles for 5 years

Thorstein Veblen

assail the new rich with his book "The Theory of the Leisure Class" as an attack on predatory wealth/conspicious consumption (parasitic business class is wasteful business rather than productive industry) urges social leadership to pass from superfluous titans to useful engineers

Post-war South

at first they cheer at the news along with Copperheads but later they would realize they lost his kindliness and moderation skills (protection from victors who wanted to mess with the South)

Franklin Roosevelt

athletic and attractive but suffered infantile paralysis which humbled him. He had amazing political appeal: -commanding presence and golden speaking voice -governor of NY, he sponsored state spending to help relieve human suffering (though favors frugality) -concerned for the plight of the lower class (New Deal)

Thomas Eakins

attainted hyper realism in paintings (not appreciated by portrait sitter who wanted flaws destroyed in paint)

Upton Sinclair

author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906 - wrote The Jungle (improved meatpacking

Land Act of 1820

authorized buyer to buy 80 acres (min) of 1.25 per acre in cash which brought about cheap transport and cheap money

Federal Warehouse Act 1916

authorized loans on the security of staple crops

Smith Connolly Anti-Strike Act

authorized the federal government to seize and operate tied up industries (strikes against this was a criminal offense) -Washington takes over mines and railroads (for a time)

King Cotton

authors in the South pre-civil war to indicate the economic dominance of cotton industry and the North's need for cotton for industry

Granger Laws

badly drawn laws that fought against higher courts by well paid lawyers (Wabash vs Illinois)

Election of 1884 (Campaign)

based more on personality than principal and when Blaine blunders in NY during the end (insulted culture of many with speech, including Irishmen) -Cleveland wins with 1000+ votes from Irish Americans in NY

Oil Crisis/OPEC Embargo

because the US give aid to Israel the Arab Countries employ an embargo on oil, this causes an Oil Crisis because they're extremely dependent on oil in the USA -end of an era for cheap/abundant energy with more oil imports than exports and binge spending of US post WW2 -OPEC quadruples price of crude oil after embargo is lifted but this new oil bill disrupts the US balance of international trade and adds fuel to inflation problems

Hollywood

becomes movie capital of the world and early producers feature nudity and heavy lidded female vamps, this led to rigorous codes of censorship (in WW1 movies were a form of propaganda)

U-2 Incident

before 2nd Geneva Conference, a U-2 spy plane is shot down over Russia (Ike takes responsibility and Kruschchev storms angrily into the Conference and ruins plans at US and USSR reconciliation)

the "new morality"

began to be reflected in high divorce rates, birth control used, and frank discussion of sexual topics

Operation Torch

begun Nov 1942, American forces landed in Morocco and Algeria, and pressing eastward trapped the German and Italian armies being driven westward by the British, forcing German and Italian troops to surrender, despite Hitler's orders to fight to the death.

Bureau of Corporations

being central to it, this department was able to probe businesses engaged in interstate commerce and was super successful/useful to breaking up monopolies and cleaning the road . for the era of "trust building"

Nez Perce

believe they are being sent back to Idaho and was sent to a reservation in Kansas (40% die of diseases) and survivors are actually sent to Idaho later

William Graham Sumner

believed in survival of the fittest and that millionaires are products of natural selection (social classes owe each other nothing)

Operation Overlord

better known as D-Day, was the Allied amphibious landings at the beaches of Normandy, named Omaha, Sword, Utah, Juno, and Gold. It resulted in Allied casualties totaling over 200,000, and over 400,000 Axis casualties. It was the largest aquatic invasion in world history, and resulted in an imperative American victory.

John Muir

big advocate against Hetch Hetchey dam idea in San Francisco

Post-war North

bitters north with assassination because the rumor that Jefferson Davis plotted it -set the stage for Reconstruction

Warren commission

bizarre events of Oswald's assassination of JFK and Jack Ruby's avengment of JFK with Oswald's death (elaborate government investigation doesn't quiet all doubts and theories about what happened)

A Philip Randolph

black leader who threatens on "negro march on Washington" in 1941 in demand for equal opportunities for blacks in war jobs and armed forces

Mississippi Freedom Summer

blacks/whites join hands to drive voter registration

War guilt cause

blames Germany for the war and they have to pay reparations

Election of 1952

blighted by the Korean war, inflation (war bred), and White house scandals -Dems: de-spirited, they nominate Adlai Stevenson -Reps: choose war hero Dwight D Eisenhower with Nixon as running mate -Eisenhower is well liked (left rough campaigning to Nixon) -Nixon blasts Democrats for soft politics and regulation of communism -demonstrates appeal of TV and ability to influence the public/voters -platform was lack luster (political messages turn business-like/commercial with new TV standards for ads) -Eisenhower wins with extra pledge to go to Korea postwar won voters over

Allied Bombing Raids

blockbusting bobs go round the clock and fall on German buildings and everywhere else, this causes the German western front buckles

Queen Lililuokalani

blocked the Annexation of Hawaii to the USA because she insisted natives should control the islands

Rachel Carson (Silent Spring, 1962)

boost environmental movement with her book that exposed the poisonous effect of pesticides

John L Lewis

boss of the United Mine Workers and creator of the committee for industrial organization (CIO)

overproduction

both by farms and factory (too much stuff) the nation's ability to produce goods was greater than the capacity to consume/pay for them (more money to business owners and less money to workers)

Race riots

break out in many cities in 1919 because of demographic changes (blacks in former white jobs) Riots in Chicago= very dangerous (people die)

Taft's relationship with the Progressives

broke up trusts more than Roosevelt, continued conservationist policies, enacts dollar diplomacy (encouraged business to invest money in areas of strategic concern to the USA), Payne Aldrich Tariff angers progressives (went against campaign promises)

Robert Kennedy

brother of FDR and attorney general, worked towards civil rights reforms and integration (efforts are resisted by J Edgar Hoover)

Paul Laurence Dunbar

brought a new kind of realism to late 19th century literature through poetry

Charles Chesnutt

brought a new kind of realism to late 19th century literature through short fictional stories using black dialect and folklore (displayed southern black culture)

Office of Price Administration

brought ascending pricing under control with extensive regulations

Bacon's Rebellion

brought on due to land not received by indentured servants, Bacon was a landowner who wanted Berkeley to be less nice to natives and brought up the class issue to cause trouble and get his way

Office of Scientific Research and Development

brought scientists into war effort to create improved radar, sonar, submarine technology, drugs, and atomic bombs to defeat the German's superior power.

Stock Market Crash

business depression and unemployment rates rise, 5000 banks collapse in 3 years and many lost life savings and homes and no food was available (soup kitchens), also birth rates lower

the stock market crash

business depression and unemployment rates rise, 5000 banks collapse in 3 years and many lost life savings and homes and no food was available (soup kitchens), also birth rates lower

Marshall Plan

calls for spending 12.5 billion over 4 years in 16 countries -congress balks at the amount of money needed but after the USSR sets up a communist coup of Czechoslovakia they vote initial appropriations

Anti-Imperialist League

came about to fight McKinley's administration expansionist moves with important members Objections: -the filipinos thirst for freedom meant annexation and violates "consent of the governed" philosophy in Declaration of Independence -Imperialism is costly with minimal profit -deposition abroad is deposition at home -annexation propels the US into the political/military cauldron of East Asia

Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty

canal strip price is the same, zone is widened from 6 to 10 miles (French Company pockets 40 million)

"Beecher's Bibles"

carried by those entering Kansas, these were rifles that Henry Beecher bought with his money for those willing to oppose slavery in Kansas and Nebraska.

Charles Coughlin

catholic priest in Michigan who broadcasts in 1930s for "social justice," his fans become so anti-semitic, fascist, and demagogic he was finally silenced in 1942 by his superiors

Wilson Gormon Tariff

caused by Democrats pledging for a low tariff bill and it was so loaded with special interest protection that it had no effect on McKinley Tariff rates (too high) this is turned into law as Cleveland allows the bill (also contains 2% tax on incomes of 4000+)

Panic of 1857 (causes)

caused by Dred Scott tension (final straw) as well as the California gold (inflation), Crimean war demands and overstimulated grain growth, unemployment and jobs shut down

VJ Day

celebrated the end of the war in the Pacific theater, and in general

Elementary and Secondary Education Act 1965

channels aid to students as this allows funds to flow to parochial institutions without ignoring separation of church and state

Panic of 1857 (economic effects)

clamor for higher tariff rates increase because Congress was embarrassed of Treasury Surplus (Tariff 1857) in response to the South this reduced tariffs to 20% on goods (lowest rate ever since War 1812) and leads to financial misery

vaudeville

coarse jokes and acrobatics were very popular during 1880s-1890s

Restoration Colonies

colonies granted to North America by King Charles II

vertical integration

combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mine to market for efficiency/reliable supplies

EPA

companion was Occupational Health and Safety Admin (OSHA) and climaxed 2 decades of mounting concern for the environment beginning with LA's Air Pollution Control Office in 1950

consumerism

concentration on producing and distributing goods for a market which must constantly be enlarged

the new look foreign policy

condemned containment of communism as futile and incoming secretary of state John Dulles -the new administration also promised to balance budget by cutting military spending

Peacetime draft (conscription law)

congress passes this as a peacetime draft (training 1.2 million troops and 800k reserves)

necessary and proper clause

constitutional authorization for Congress to make any law required to carry out its powers/improve America.

Department of Commerce and Labor

created by TR to regulate businesses that engaged in interstate commerce, trust-busted

corporations

created by shareholders who have limitied liability function on the selling of stocks because of many reasons, seen as very attractive.

American Protective Association

created in 1887, 1 million members into pursuing nativist goals, the APA urged voting against Roman Catholic office candidate.

National Association for the Advancement for Colored People

created in 1909 by a group of liberals (including Du Bois, Jane Addams and John Dewey) to eradicate racial discrimination

Warsaw Pact

created in response to NATO, formalized an alliance between the Soviet Union and the communist governments in Eastern Europe

Judiciary Act of 1801

created new judicial positions (federalist candidates) AKA the midnight appointments

Alexander Graham Bell

created the telephone and used his studies of the ear to make "iron speak" to form a communication network which allowed more women to enter the workplace

International Energy Agency

created to act as a counterweight to the growing OPEC of oil countries

Kentucky Resolution

created to oppose federal laws and the Democratic Republicans felt these Acts were unconstitutional which was secretly written by James Madison

Anti-federalists

critics of the Constitution and favored a weak central government (favored state rights, backed by Thomas Jefferson)

3/5 Compromise

debate: should slaves count towards state population size (benefitted southern states) south: yes! we get more reps/power north: no! why count them as a person if they're not normally treated like this? agreement: slaves would count as 3/5th of a person when deciding representation in the HOR (more rep for southern states)

Treaty of 1778

defensive alliance between Franch and US

Robert Lansing

department counselor of the state department who condemned submarine attacks as an offense against law and morality.

problems of urbanization

department stores and consumerism increases the amount of garbage in urban areas because farm towns didn't use wrappings for goods/recycled waste and in urban cities good were able to be thrown away (bottles/cans) and no animals to take care of food waste -ready to wear clothes changes fashion (dispose of old suits/dresses) and waste disposal becomes a major issue now (thrift virtues to consumerism) -crime is high -sanitation is low -cities has humanity compressed: people live in slums/tenements (multiple families with not enough room/light)

Ralph Ellison

depicts a black's searing quest for personal identity with "Invisible Man" (1952) and shows how narrator finds no support from his so-called supporters (philanthropists, black nationalists, communist party members)

social realism

depicts social and racial injustice, economic hardship, through unvarnished pictures of life's struggles; often depicting working class activities as heroic. The movement is a style of painting in which the scenes depicted typically convey a message of social or political protest edged with satire.

Crittenden Compromise

designed to appease the South, created by James Crittenden, because of violence; -slavery prohibited North of 36, 30 line but would be protected in the South by the federal government and in all territories existing/to be acquired (Cuba) -furture states (North or South of 36 30 line) would join the union with/without slavery (chosen by them)

Muscle Shoals Bill

designed to dam the TN River and embraced by FDR's TN Valley Authority (Hoover vetoes b/c he opposed government selling electricity in competition with its own citizen's private companies)

National Endowment of Arts (NEA) and Humanities (NEH)

designed to lift level of American cultural life

Pure Food and Drug Act

designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals

Pinkertons

detectives hired by employers as private police force, often used to end strikes

Louis Sullivan

developed skyscrapers with form follows function principle

Ike and the New Deal

didn't put much effort into getting rid of it, actually expanded some parts

Peace Democrats

didn't support Lincoln's administration, this split was caused by the death of Stephen A. Douglas because they lacked a strong leader

"hot line"

direct phone line linking D.C. and Moscow

Frederick Douglass

discovered by abolitionists he lectured for abolitionism and writes autobiography (describes his life and struggle as an escaped slave) -focussed on politics to end slavery backs up the Free Soil Party and others to follow logical beliefs and avoid war

Election of 1944

diverts energy away from war program (discussion of postponement)

1930 mid-term elections

during Hoover's last two years the Republican majority in Congress became uncooperative (more tension) -the depression cursed electorate rebels against Congressional elections of 1930 (reduced Republican majority) -Democrats control House and most of Senate -insurgent Republicans and opposition Democrats join forces and harass Hoover

Suburbs

during the 1950s a lot of the middle class moved to these; OUTSIDE of cities

Mercantilism

economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of production (money sent to mama country)

Ida Wells Barnett

editor of black newspaper and spoke out against violence, wrote about lynching

12th Amendment

election of VP and President by electoral college (no major vote per one person

city transportation

electric trolleys allowed for immense cities to expand and close metropolises became an impersonal metrapolis with different districts and neighborhoods become segregates

Economic Opportunity Act 1964

eliminated discrimination in hiring under Civil Rights Act of 1964x

Adlai Stevenson

eloquent and idealistic governor of illinois and democratic nominee in the Election of 1952

Colored Famers Alliance

emerges to attract black farmers to this and reaches a membership of 250,000 in 1890 -sadly, racial division in South doesn't allow Blacks and Whites to work together in the same organization

Emperor Hirohito

emperor of Japan during WWII. his people viewed him as a god, forced people to surrender after Nagasaki

Recall

enable the voters to remove faithless elected officials (particularly those bribed by bosses/loyalists)

literacy test bill

enacted in 1917 (rejected a lot beforehand) to restrict immigrants from USA (originally vetoed because literacy didn't measure intellect)

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

encouraged tribes to establish local self government and preserve their native crafts/traditions and also helped stop the loss of Indian lands and revive tribal interest in identity/culture (but not all natives like it and 77 tribes refuse it)

International Monetary Fund

encourages world trade by regulating currency exchange rates

National Union Party

essentially the Republican party with loyal or "war" democrats

NASA

established by Eisenhower in response to Sputnik and directed billions tom missile development (rocket fever)

Civil Works Administration

established by FDR a branch of FERA under Hopkins, designed to provide purely temporary jobs during the cruel winter emergency (very useful)

Office of War Information

established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort

free soil party

established in 1848, anti-slavery men in the North distrust Cass and Taylor created this, it was against slavery in the territories and broadened their appeal by advocating for federal aid for internal improvements and urging free government homesteads for settlers -appeals to industrialists (upset by Polk's reduction of productive tariffs and Democrats, Polk settling only part of Oregon of all of Texas, and Northern People who didn't want to share land with African Americans

YMCA

established pre-Civil War this organization combined physical and other education with religious instruction (very popular with everyone)

American Anti-slavery Society

established to promote abolitionism by William Lloyd Garrison

Sam Houston

ex government of Tennessee who was a former drunkard who lived with natives until Temperance and later became the leader in the Texas War for Independence

Walker Tariff of 1846

excellent revenue producer (disliked by skeptical Clayites) because it was followed by boom times and heavy imports

spectator sports

exemplified by football, gladiatorial and rough (many sports develop later for American pleasures) -football -basketball -baseball -cycling

Capper Volstead Act

exempted farmers marketing cooperatives from antitrust prosecution

city managers

expert administrators employed to run cities as they might run a business

copperheads

extreme Peace Democrats who abstructed the war though attacks on the draft after 1863. (prominent in Ohio, Illinois, Indiana)

Lowell System

factory in Massachusetts worked by New England farmers daughters (later Irish women)

George Armstrong Custer

famous "boy general" of Civil War was demoted and turned Native fighter (wrote about Fetterman's Massacre)

Social Security Act 1935

far reaching and cushioned future depressions and provided for federal state unemployment insurance (for old age: paid from Washington 10-85 per month) and payroll tax on employers and employees (provisions also for handicapped, delinquents, and dependent parties)

Railroads/Railroad Transportation

fast, more reliable, and cheaper than canals which led to a continental economy emerging by 1859 (extended markets). The only issue was who would pay for it?

North Pacific Railroad

finished in 1883, ran from Lake Superior to Puget Sound

The Atchison, Topeka, and Sante Fe Railroad

finished in 1884, stretches through southwest deserts of CA

The South Pacific Railroad

finished in 1884, went through New Orleans to San Francisco

Model T

first affordable car built by Henry Ford; sturdy, reliable, inexpensive, only came in black (Ford's favorite) -allowed cars to become affordable for the average american

Smith Act (Alien Registration Act)

first peacetime anti-sedition law since 1798

Jeannette Rankin

first woman congress member; from Montana, First woman elected to the United States House of Representatives and the first female member of Congress. A Republican and a lifelong pacifist, she was the only member of Congress to vote against United States entry into both World War II and World War I. Additionally, she led resistance to the Vietnam War.

Bloodhound bill/Fugitive Slave Law 1850

fleeing slaves couldn't testify on their behalf and denied trial by jury and federal commissioners would be rewarded if the runaway was captured/freed while aids of escaping slaves would be liable to fines/jail

Era of Good Feelings

following the war of 1812 there was a huge increase in nationalism (conquered natives, industrialization, and no war!) also this was the time in America when one political party controlled the USA (Democratic Republicans) -led to sectionalism (between North, South, and West) -debates over the American System -slavery

Ida Tarbell

follows Steffens and writes a factual expose of the Standard OIl Company (after her father was ruined by the oil interests)

trade union

forbidden by law to be used to raise wages considered a criminal conspiracy (legalized by common wealth v. hunt)

Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890

forbids combinations in restraint of trade without distinction between good/bad trusts -proved ineffective because it contained many legal loopholes that could be wiggled through by corporation lawyers -effective because it was used to curb labor unions/combinations that would restrain trade

panic of 1893

forced a quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

formed to giver more focus/force to sit-in efforts (members eventually lose patience with stately tactics of NAACP and SCLC)

John Dean III

former Whitehouse lawyer accused top White House officials (including Nixon of obscuring justice and trying to cover up Watergate/silence perpetrators)

Soujourner Truth

fought for black emancipation and women's rights

Clean Air and Clean Water Acts (1970)

fought the battle for ecological sanity and made notable progress on reducing car emissions/cleaning up waterways/toxic waste sites

Virginia

founded 1607, VA company, Chesapeake Bay Colony, first successful English colony

Massachusetts Bay Colony

founded 1620-1634, third, puritan separatists, John Winthrop, F. Gorges, NE

New Hampshire

founded 1623, second, John Mason and Others, New England colony

Maryland

founded 1634, fourth Lord Baltimore, acts of toleration and religious freedom for Christians/Catholics, CBC, debtors prison

Connecticut and New Haven

founded 1635-1638, fifth, mass emigrants, NE colony, NE

Rhode Island

founded 1636, sixth, Rodger Williams and VA squatters and outcasts from MBC, very liberal/religiously tolerant

Delaware

founded 1638, seventh, Swedes

National Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony and in 1900 a new generation of women took command of suffrage battle led by Carrie Chapman Cattt

Woman's Peace Party

founded in 1915 and was the first autonomous national women's political organization in the U.S. It was considered the most radical organization of its time. The chairwoman was Jane Adams. Its main purpose was for women to connect the responsibilities of the home with political rights.

Farmers' Alliance

founded in TX (1870s) farmers come together in the Alliance to socialize and break manufacturers/railroad grip via cooperative bullying and selling -spread local chapters to South and Great Plains (1880s) -1890s: reach 1 million in membership -alliance weakens itself by ignoring plight of landless tenant farmers/sharecroppers/farm workers and exclusion of blacks (1/2 of agricultural population in the south) -Populists grow out of this

Manifest Destiny

from 1840-1850 citizens believed it was their mission/destiny to spread ennobling democratic institutions across the country/continent and south America (land!)

The Populist Party

frustrated farmers attack wall street and money trust and want: -call for nationalizing railroads/telephone/telegraph -greater income tax -creating new federal "subtreasury" to provide farmers with loans for crops stored in government owned warehouses to be held until market prices rise -wanted free and unlimited coinage of silver (would echo into Golden Age)

Operation Rolling Thunder

full scale bombing attacks vs North Vietnam and before 1965 ended 184k American troops were involved, most of them running around in the jungles/rice patties of South Vietnam searching for guerrillas (didn't know their enemy, because there were enemies EVERYWHERE without clear outfits identifying enemy troops, as seen in previous wars)

Harry Truman

gained visibility as the efficient chairman of a Senate committee investigating wasteful war expenditures

Tydings McDuffle Act

gave independence to Philippines after 12 years and US relinquishes army bases (not naval, reserved for discussion/retention in future) and frees US from Philippines and ruins Philippino economy (Japanese interests are curious towards the island)

19th amendment

gave women the right to vote

Stephen Austin

given grant to bring 300 American families (immigrants must be Roman Catholic and were to become Mexican) these rules were ignored and resented by Texas pioneers

factory system

goods were produced at a large level by unskilled workers using machinery (created by Samuel Slater)

trustbusting

government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws).

Fuel Administration

government agency created during the war to regulate the use of coal for the war effort (exhorted Americans to save fuel with heatless Mondays and lightless Tuesdays)

Occupational Safety and Healthy Administration

government group founded to devise and enforce safety standards for the workplace

Strom Thurmond

governor of SC, leader of the Dixiecrats, ran for president under State's Rights Party in 1948

Workmen's Compensation Act 1916

granted assistance to federal service employees during periods of disability (Democratic law)

tenant farming

grew because of debt and was a trend marked in the sharecropping South (where cotton prices dropped) -1880: 1/4 all American farmers are operated by tenants -US is ready to feed the world but under new industrial feudalism, however farmers are returning to old world serfdom because of this type of farming.

the "black cabinet"

group of African Americans FDR appointed to key Government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president. Examples are Mary McLeod Bethune, Charles Forman and Harold L. Ickes

Know Nothing Party

group of American nativists (advocate for restrictions on immigrations)

Strategic Air Command

grows aerospace industry and expands passenger airline businesses and connections between military and civilian aircraft production

escapism

had an element of emancipation in its attempt to figure a different reality

laissez faire economics

hands off approach to government; the government should not interfere in the economy

Yasir Arafat/PLO

head of Palestine Liberation Organization and head of the Arab Israel standoff

Benito Mussolini

head of the Italian Fascist party. Mussolini was known as Il Duce and was leader of Italy, the first Fascist regime, during World War II.

Gifford Pinchot

head of the federal division of forestry and a dedicated conservator

Douglas MacArthur

headed the American forces in the Korean War

Harry Hopkins

headed the Federal Relief Act

Harold Ickes

headed the Public Works Administration

Bernard Baruch

headed the War Industries Board

Harriet Tubman

helped slaves escape via the Underground Railroad

Seventh of March Speech

helped the North come to compromise and was an effort for increased strength in the union (free soil party and abolitionists feel Dan Webster is a traitor)

Winfeld Scott

hero of the war of 1812 who was heavily outnumbered in the Mexican War but succeeded to battle his way to Mexico City (most distinguished general produced by the US between 1783 and 1861)

Pickett's Charge

high tide of the Confederacy and defined the northernmost point reached by any Southern force (last chance for Confederate victory)

Malcolm X

highlighted the division between black leaders, he was inspired by the militant black nationalists in the Nation of Islam -he changed his name to highlight his black identity and was charismatic preacher who pushed for black separatism (initially) and later separated himself from those principals preached by Elijah MuHammed towards mainstream Islam -he was killed in early 1965 by Nation of Islam gunman (rival) while speaking in NYC

Henry Demarest Lloyd

hits at Standard Oil Company with book "Wealth Against Commonwealth"

The Election of 1860

hung the issue of peace or civil war -democrats meet in Charleston with Douglas (candidate for northern sector) while southern sector sees him as a traitor because of Lecompton and Freeport Doctrine (cotton states walk out which becomes a trend) -Douglas is nominated in Baltimore and in response to this Southern Democrats organize a rival convention and nominate John C Brekinridge -Constitutional Union Party is set up to keep the Union from collapsing and was made up of old whigs/know nothings and were anxious to get a neutral compromise candidate in the election (nominate John Bell)

Cadore Letter (Napolean's promise)

if USA and UK weren't trading with each other, Napolean would repeal Berlin/Milan Decree and puts limits on Neutral Shipping which increased militancy between US and UK.

National War Labor Board

imposed ceilings o wage increases

bracero program

in response to a lack of farm hands (called away to war) this was a program with Mexico that brought thousands of Mexican agricultural workers to the US (lives on 20 years after wars and becomes fixed in the agricultural economy)

Warren G Harding

inaugurate in 1921 (looked ideal, but was weak brained) and unable to detect moral halitosis of his associates -hated hurting the people's feelings -political leeches capitalized on his weakness -surrounded himself with intellectual peoples to counteract corrupted officials

Naturalization Act

increased time for citizenship (from 5 to 14 years) because most immigrants voted for the Democratic Republican Party

Propaganda

information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause

Dr. Ben Spock

instructed parents in the homely wisdom passed down (in the past by grandparents/parents

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

insured individual deposits up to 5000 (later raised) -ended the epidemic of bank failures dating back to Andrew Jackson

The Enlightenment

intellectual philisophical movement in EU during the 18th century

Eli Whitney

interchangeable parts created which allowed for mass production in factories (greater efficiency)

ICBM's

intercontinental ballistic missiles

Cyrus McCormick

invents the McCormic Reaper (1830) which could cut and gather crops more efficiently

John Deere

invents the steel plow in 1837 which easily broke through soil

Federal Loyalty Review Board

investigates 3 million federal employees, 3000 of whom were registered/dismissed, none under formal indictment

United Automobile Workers

is a labor union, which represents workers . Founded in order to represent workers in the automobile manufacturing industry

JD Salinger

jewish novelist, paints pictures of upperclass and sensitive Anglo Saxon teen in the Catcher in the Rye (1951)

St Lawrence Waterway project

joint construction with Canada was completed in 1959 and turned cities of Great Lakes into seaports and US gets 50 states with Alaska and Hawaii joining rank

Edward Bellamy

journalist reformer who published the socialists novel "Looking Backward" set in future hero looks back on social/economical injustices of 1887 and compares it to 2000 where big businesses serve public interest (utopian socialism and reform movements produced)

Ida B Wells

journalist/teacher inspired black women to mount a nationwide anti-lynching campaign/crusade and helps launch the black women's club movement which led to the establishment of the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) in 1896

Assassination of MLK

killed in Memphis, TN supporting sanitation workers, killer was James Earl Ray, 1968 April (dead)

Birmingham Church bombing

kills 4 girls who had just finished a lesson (JFK pushes for Civil Rights Bill of 1963, but it's too slow)

McCarthyism

label for dangerous forces of unfairness/fear that a democratic society can unleash only at its peril

Commonwealth vs Hunt

labor unions were allowed by Massachusetts supreme court (not a major movement)

Greensboro Sit-ins (1960)

launched Feb 1960 by 4 college students in NC and without a plan or institutional support they demanded services at the whites only Woolworth's lunch counter (black waitress didn't serve them) -keep sitting there and coming back everyday with more students and grew into a movement across the South to compel equal treatments in voter regulation, housing, food, transport, employment (etc)

Students for a Democratic Society

launched by youthful idealism it stood at forefront of antipoverty/antiwar campaigns (spawned terrorist group of the Weathermen)

Baron De La War

launches Anglo Powhatan War

David Lloyd George

leader of Britain during Treaty of Versailles

George Clemenceau

leader of France during Treaty of Versailles

Vittorio Orlando

leader of Italy during Treaty of Versailles

J Robert Oppenheimer

leader of Manhattan project

Troussaint L'Ouverture

leader of the Haitian Revolution who negotiated trade treaties with USA

Alice Paul

leader of the National Woman's party, campaigned for an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution

Stokely Carmichael

leader of the SNCC preaching the doctrine of Black Power

Henry Cabot Lodge

leads the opposition to the treaty (reservationist member who would accept the treaty if certain changes were made to it, but Wilson doesn't want to compromise )

baby boom

leap in birthrate in 10+ years after 1945 as many couples tie the knot after the war ends and add 50 million to the population by 1950 (crested in 1957 then decreased)

Joseph McCarthy

led searches for communists in Washington with Nixon, he was a ruthless red hunter who gained popularity with fear atmosphere of the times (damages US traditions of free speech and fair play) -accuses actors/workers as communists which ruins their careers (especially because many Americans sided with him, this would affect politics)

William Faulkner

led southern literacy renaissance who won Nobel prize in 1950

Robert McNamara

left the presidency of Ford Motor Co to take over the defense department -raised opposition against LBJ during Vietnam and was quietly led out of the Cabinet

Roe v Wade

legalized abortion

Ho Chi Minh

legendary Vietnam leader who tried to appeal to Wilson in 1919 (Paris) to support self-determination for SE Asian peoples

1st Reconstruction Act, 1867

legislation divided the South in 5 military districts with Union generals commanding them along with Union soldiers, this disenfranchised former conflicts (temporarily) -changed the conditions of entering the Union

Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914

lengthens Sherman's Act list of business practices deemed objectionable (interlocking directorates and price discrimination) -conferred overdue benefits on labor -courts ruling over trade unions are restrained by Sherman Act -sought to exempt labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution (legalizing strikes/peaceful picketing)

Farm Security Administration

lent money to sharecroppers and tenant farmers to help them buy their own farms; established camps for migrant workers

Half-Breeds

liberal republicans who wanted a more lenient treatment of the south and they wanted Civil Service Reform -Half reps and half democrats -Led by Blaine

Foraker Act 1900

limited degree of popular government to Puerto Ricans (outlawed cockfighting)

Quota Act of 1921

limited immigration percent to 3% of those living in US as of 1910

Russo American Treaty of 1824

limits Russian Expansion (appraised by Monroe Doctrine)

lockouts

locking doors to rebellious workers by employers and they were starved into submission

Election of 1928 (Republicans)

logical choice is Herbert Hoover (secretary of commerce) -unpopular with political basses but loved by the masses -platform was built on prosperity and prohibition (also exemplified the American Dream)

industrial working conditions

long hours, dangerous conditions, no benefits, little pay

26th amendment

lowers the voting age to 18

Emmett Till (1955)

lynched and killed by a mob for leering at a white woman

JP Morgan

made a legendary reputation by the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks -established a reputation for integrity -money wasn't dangerous if it was in the right hands -depression of 1890: many business people ran to Morgan for help (consolidates rivals and places his own banking officers on the boards of directors for other banks)

Federal Farm Loan Act 1916

made credit available to farmers at low interest rates

The "Square Deal"

made for capital, labor, general public it embraced the 3 C's: -control of corporations -consumer protection -conservation of natural resources

Voting Rights Act, 1965

made headway against evils of racism -Mississippi: 5% eligible blacks were registered to vote (black people turned away with literacy tests, barefaced intimidation, ballot denying devices and they were registered and printed in newspapers (successfully prevents black from voting)

World Bank

made to promote economic growth in war ravaged and underdeveloped areas (US takes a lead in new programs and helps fund them while USSR declines to participate)

The Rosenbergs

married couple-spy network; had delivered atomic bomb secrets to the Soviets executed in 1953

PT Barnum

master showman introduces the circus to the USA by joining with James A Bailey for the "Greatest Show on Earth"

The Hundred Days

members of Congress produce a basketful of remedial legislation (progressivist ideals used)

Women's Christian Temperance Union

militant women organize this in 1874 with Frances E Willard at the helm and Carrie A Nation (whose husband died of alcoholism) would smash bottles at bars with an axe, this put the movement in disrepute

Characteristics of regular army and militias

militia: a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency. (able bodied colonists) army: an organized military force equipped for fighting on land.

Ostend Manifesto

ministers of Spain, France, England, and USA gather to discuss recommendations for Cuba acquisition (held in Ostend, Belgium and was very secret) -120 million to offer for Cuba (continued Spanish ownership would mess with US interest)

Committee on Public Information

mobilized people's minds for war in US and abroad -headed by George Creel to promote the US war effort with propaganda -Created films/posters/spoke speeches to get more liberty bonds sold and promote the support of WW1

Alf Langdon

moderate, accepted New Deal reforms (although not social security)

Fair Employment Practices Commission

monitors compliance to nondiscrimination indefense edict

2nd Agricultural Adjustment Act

more comprehensive substitute, but continued conservation payments. If growers observe acreage restrictions on specific commodities (cotton and wheat) and were eligible for parity payments (designed to give farmers both fair price and substantial share in national income, this was partially achieved)

Jay Goud

most adept ringmaster of rapacity because for 30+ years he boomed/busted stocks of Erie/Kansas/Pacific/Union Pacific/Texas/Pacific railroads

movie/movie stars

movies were a peak form of entertainment and movie stars command large salaries (larger than the president) and are more widely known than politicians

Federal Republic of Germany

name of postwar West Germany; created by the merging of the zones of occupation held by France, Britain, and the United States

German Democratic Republic

name of postwar West Germany; under Soviet control, contained East Berlin

blacklists

names of agitators that would circulate to other employers

King Philip's War

natives massacre English villages, and were defeated, Metacom's wife and son were turned into slaves and he is beheaded which defeats the NE native population

preservation

nature was to be left untouched by the civilized hand of humanity, John Muir is a major advocate here

shuttle diplomacy

negotiations between nations carried on by a person who travels back and forth between them (Kissinger)

penny press

newspapers that sold for a penny in the 1830s

The Dust Bowl

nickname for the great plains regions hit by drought and dust storms in the early 1930's, okies were the oklahoman poor people that lost their money, mainly poor farmers as a result of the drought and dust storms

Lincoln's First Inauguration

no conflict with South unless it was provoked (unpractical to split): -North and South are siamese twins with big enemies -who would take the national debt (what amount for south) -how would territories split? -fugitive slave law? -Europe would be overjoyed and seizes US territory

Election of 1864 Campaign

noisy and nasty (many roasts were thrown) -re-election was in doubt for Lincoln because war was not going well and Lincoln didn't believe a political win was possible -Anti-Lincoln Republicans want to dump Lincoln for someone else -Union soldiers win the election for Lincoln

Election of 1944 (Reps)

nominate Thomas E Dewey (liberal) with Senator John W Bricker (isolationist) -platform: un-stunted prosecution of war and for creation of a new international organization to maintain pease

Election of 1908 (Democrats)

nominate William Jennings Bryan -Bryan griped that Roosevelt stole policies from Byranite campaign

carpetbaggers

northerners who had come to the South to seek personal power/profit (they were actually Union soldiers/Northern businessmen who wanted to modernize the New South)

Eleanor Roosevelt

not officially part of braintrust, but a huge asset to FDR administration -Campaigned for him -Advocate for Forgotten people on the bottom rung of society's ladder (women, blacks, minors) -First lady to hold press conferences, write newspaper column, speak @ national conventions -Advocated expanded role of women in workplace -Advocated civil rights for African American, Asian Americans, and rights of WWII refugees (later) After FDR dies → one of 1st delegates of the UN for the US. -Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Oversaw drafting of

Fisk and Goud

notorious in financial world these partners created a plot to corner the gold market (would only work if federal treasury didn't sell gold) -Conspirators worked with Grant and his brother (recieved 25,000) -On black Friday they bid on the price of gold so that the price increased which leaves scores of honest businessmen in trouble -When the pot came to a boil the treasury was compelled to release gold (contrary to Grant's promises) -Grant is not in trouble after this

Trading with the Enemy Act

obliged any newspaper printed here in a foreign language to furnish the postmaster general with English translations of everything published about the war

Dawes Severality Act 1887

offspring of the movement tore from Indian policy create this which: -dissolved many tribes as legal entities -wiped out tribal ownership of land -set up individual native family heads with 160 free acres

William Howard Taft

often held down the for for TR when he was away -2nd in class at Yale with good rep as a lawyer -hostile to labor unions -troubleshooter under Roosevelt for Cuba, USA, and Philippines -couldn't handle controversy (passive and less exuberant than Roosevelt) and rolled over too easily -liked the status quo and was a poor judge of public opinion (passive cabinet with no insurgents)

Black Panthers

openly brandished weapons in Oakland, CA and led by Stokely Carmichael (leader of SNCC) and preached the doctrine of Black Power

War Production Board

orchestrates American factory production to pour forth an avalanche of weapons -halts manufacturing of nonessential items (cars) -accessed raw materials -assigned transportation priorities -government imposes speeding limit and gas rationing to conserve rubber and builds 50 rubber plants (all in response to wartime events)

George Creel

organized CPI, outspoken and tactless but zealous and full of imagination (sell war/Wilson war aims to USA)

Standard Oil Trust/Company

organized by John D Rockefeller in 1881, owned 90 percent of the oil refinery business, with a board of trustees at the head

Alliance for Progress

organized to promote land reform and economic development in Latin America

Mary Cassatt

painted sensitive portrayals of women/kids and earned a spot as a French impressionist painter (portraits were very popular during this time in the USA)

Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 (AAA)

part of Roosevelt's New Deal. Offered contracts to farmers to reduce their output of products and subsidized farmers for processing taxes on these products. Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional.

Rough Riders

part of the invading army at Manila, was a regiment of volunteers (low discipline, high dash) consisting of cowboys, hardy people, ex-polo/convicts under Colonel Leonard Wood and organized by Theodore Roosevelt (lieutenant colonel)

war reparations

payments intended to cover damage or injury inflicted during a war (forced everything on GERMANY)

Bootleggers

people who smuggled alcohol into the u.s. they were so named because they sometimes hid the alcohol in their boots.

Barbed wire

perfected by Joseph E Glidden, 1874, solves the problem of how to build fences on the treeless prairies

The Knights of Labor

picked up where the TNLU left off with: -welcoming women, blacks, and whites as well as skilled/unskilled laborers -barred only "non-producers": gamblers, lawyers, bankers, stockbrokers, and liquor dealers -after Wabash Strike membership levels grow

Wilmot Proviso

plantations/slavery will not exist in Mexican Cession Territory because it couldn't exist and thrive. (which was not completely true)

Sussex pledge

pledge by Germany promising not to attack passenger liners without warning. Also include the US will have to persuade the Allies to modify Britains "illegal blockade" however Wilson is not able to do this and accepts the German pledge without the additive measure

Stonewall Inn

police attack gay men in 1966 because of powerfully energized gay militancy (AIDs epidemic slows sexual revolution)

Jeffersonian Democracy

political goals of those under Jefferson (Republican values)

realpolitik

politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations

American Bandstand

popular television program, helped popularize rock n'roll

Lorraine Hansberry

portrays Afro-American with a Raisin in the Sun

Emergency Banking Relief Act

president can now regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange to reopen solvent banks

Jefferson Davis

president, recent member of US senate from Mississippi (military man) who was elected to lead the Confederate States of America

Wendell Willkie

presidential candidate 1940

Separation of Powers

principle by which the powers of government are divided among separate branches (3 branches)

Election of 1844

pro-expansion democrats from the north (James K Polk) triumph over Whigs (Henry Clay). The big issues: fears regarding British schemers and Texas (Texas or Disunion) and the Oregon Trail territory dispute

the sack of Lawrence

pro-slavers helped ratchet up the guerrilla war in Kansas Territory that became known as Bleeding Kansas.

"border ruffians"

pro-slavery people rush into Missouri and are successful (set up government at Shawnee Mission) -Shawnee Mission: free soilers establish regime in Topeka in response to this

Teller Amendment

proclaimed when Spain had been overthrown by USA it would give Cubans their freedom (met with European imperialistic minds to smile skeptically)

Organized crime

professional criminals or gangsters earned big money providing society alcohol

18th amendment

prohibited the sale and drinking of alcohol (revoked by 21st amendment later)

Mann Act

prohibited the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. Prohibitionists were not necessarily Progressives and vice versa, but prohibition exemplifies the Progressive goal to protect American families and workplaces by passing laws restricting immoral behavior.

Clement Vallandigham

prominent among copperheads who stirred up a lot of trouble -demands to end the cruel and wicked war and is put on trial for treasonable utterances (jailed) -later goes to Canada and runs for governorship of Ohio (claims to have defied Lincoln)

Alger Hiss

prominent ex New Dealer and distinguished member of the "eastern establishment" he was accused of being a communist agent in the 1930s he demand the right to defend himself and met with HUAC and denied everything but was caught in embarrassing fault hoods convicted of perjury and jail time (5 years)

John Foster Dulles

promises not to merely stem the red tide not "to roll back its gains" and liberate captive peoples" -policy of boldness: saying Eisenhower would regulate the army and navy (take a backseat) and build up air force with super bombers (Strategic Air Command) which carried nuclear bombs

"The New South"

promoted the idea that the South would rebuild, industrialize, and develop economy

Civil Rights Bill 1963

proposed by JFK but executed by LBJ in the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Tallmadge Amendment

proposed gradual emancipation of slaves in Missouri (no more slaves could enter and children could be free at 25) -seen by the south as a dangerous step towards abolition and was defeated in the Senate

The Lecompton Constitution

proslavery forces create this document saying that people can't vote against the Constitution as a whole, but for the Constitution either with or without slavery -vote against this: provisions will protect slave owners in Kansas -boycotted by free soilers and this passes it -President Buchanan (under south influence) backs up this document and brings it to vote but is snowed in by Free Soil Party

Rickover Report

proved that the USS Maine explosion was by internal and accidental (combustion)

Federal Highway Act 1916

provided dollar-matching contributions to states with highway departments that met certain federal standards, a sharp departure from Jacksonian opposition to internal improvements at federal expense.

Underwood Tariff

provided for a reduction of rates -met with lobbyists trying to get rid of the bill (Wilson tells people to check themselves) -reduced import fees -landmark in tax legislation

The Glass Steagall Banking Reform Act

provided for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Farm Credit Administration

provided low-interest farm loans and mortgages to prevent foreclosures on the property of indebted farmers

Department stores

provided more jobs for women and brought on an era of consumerism and widened the class divisions

Modernization Theory

provided underpinnings for an activist USA in foreign policy throughout the underdeveloped world (traditional societies could lead to more modern industrial/democratic nations by following strategies used by the West)

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

provoked by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad's decision to cut wages for the second time in a year and ended when the workers, who lacked organized bargaining power, returned to work

William Lloyd Garrison

published the Liberator and wouldn't tolerate slavery with stern words (sometimes seemed more self-righteous than anti-slavery) -founds American Anti-Slavery Society -demands North and South to secede and burns a copy of the Constitution on July 4th (anger without solution)

Birmingham Campaign

push for voting rights, peaceful protests and is attacked by the police

Department of Transportation (DOT) and Housing/Urban Development (HUD)

pushed by LBJ to create new cabinet offices and named Robert Weaver as the first black cabinet secretary

Flexible Response

pushed by Sect. of Defense McNamara, who wanted to develop an array of military options that could be precisely matched to the gravity of the crisis at hand -JFK increases spending on conventional military forces and bolster the Special Forces

"Voice of America"

radio broadcasts sent behind the iron curtain in attempts to entice the people in communist countries into capitalist nations

Battle of Britain

raged for months in the air above England, but the Royal Air Force defend the island and led Hitler to postpone his planned invasion indefinitely (promoted US helping Britain and made war inevitable)

McKinley Tariff

raised barriers against Hawaiian production of sugar and the sugar markets sour. Led white American planters to renew their efforts to secure the Annexation of Hawaii

The Great Northern Railroad

ran from Duluth to Seattle (north of N Pacific Railroad) -created by James J Hill (prosperity of rails = prosperity of area served) -agricultural transport is revolutionized -some people built rails anywhere (bankruptcy of large railroads)

dime novels

read by many Americans and depicted the wilds of the wooly west (many used to sway public opinions of issues through plot), influenced the youth of USA

Lone Star Republic

recognition of the Texans republic and independence questions of breached neutrality (Americans help in Texas and Mexican war), this was an extended friendship by Jackson (1837)

Battle of Stalingrad

red army gives hope to Allies in Sept 1942, Russians stall Germans until winter comes and Germans are forced to surrender with low supplies, with that Stalin recovers USSR territories from Germans

Henry Kissinger

reinforced Nixon's China vs USSR (can help in Vietnam) idea, he was an escapee of the Holocaust who met secretly with North Vietnamese officials in Paris on Nixon's behalf to negotiate the end to Vietnam War while prepping President's path to Beijing and Moscow

"silver senators"

represented the "acreage states" and the sparsely populated West using their influence to promote the interests of the silver miners

Rosie the Riveter

represented working women and revolutionized women's role in the workplace

Wade Davis Bill

required 60% of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for Emancipation than Lincoln's as the price of readmission to the Union -pocket-voted by Lincoln (refused to sign and the Republicans are outraged) and refuse to seat Louisiana delegates because they used the 10% plan

McCarran Internal Security Act 1950

required all Comm groups to register w/ gov't

War Powers Act

required president to report to Congress within 48 hours after committing troops to a foreign conflict or substantially enlarging US combat units in a foreign country

Social Federal Securities Act

required promoters to transmit to the investor sworn info regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds

Hepburn Act 1906

restricted railroad "free passes" and expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission to include in its powers the prosecution of express companies, sleeping-car companies, and pipelines. For the first time gave the ICC that ability to nullify existing rates and set maximum rates.

Redemption (White Democrat Redeemers)

resume political power in the South and exercised it ruthlessly (Blacks who tried to assert rights were evicted, unemployed, or beaten)

Checkers Speech

rumors Nixon tapped secretly financed "slush fund" and gives self pit speech on TV (refers to cocker spaniel "Checkers") which saves his campaign

Cordell Hull

secretary of state that was going to be a US representative in European conference (later didn't go because FDR didn't know the conference agenda)

Constitutional Revolution of 1937

secured the New Deal's achievements and cleared the constitutional path for further reforms.

Comstock Laws

self appointed defender of sexual purity who confiscated obscene pictures/photos; boxes, powders, and pills of abortionists; 26 obscene saloon pictures apparently drove 15+ people to suicide

Lyndon B Johnson

senate majority leader from TX -was put up for Democratic nomination and was beat out by JFK -retains most of JFK's cabinet when he becomes president after his assassination

Barry Goldwater

senator from Arizona who ran against LBJ in Election of 1964, was super conservative and lost

William Randolph Hearst

sent gifted artist Fred Remington to Cuba for sketches ("you furnish pictures, I furnish the water") and one shows Cuban official disrobing women in customs sparks outrage (sensationalized the de Lome letter)

Plessy vs Ferguson

separate but equal doctrine

National quota act of 1924

set quota at 2% of the immigrants in the US in 1890 (choose 1890 because it was intended to limit the new immigrants from southern/eastern Europe because they are "undesirable" -Severely restricted asian immigrants (NO JAPANESE immigration AT ALL)

General Leonard Wood

set up an American military government in Cuba, that advanced government, finance, education, agriculture, and public health; helped Walter Reed attack on yellow fever

Federal Housing Administration

set up by FDR in 1934, building industry is stimulated by small loans to landowners/house holders for improving their homes and creating new dwellings

Souther Christian Leadership Conference

set up by MLK in 1957, it aimed to mobilize black churches to fight on behalf of black rights (churches were super organized black institutions that had been allowed to flourish during segregation, acted as a great weapon)

Mayflower Compact

set up government and submit to the will of the majority with relations the Puritan separatists agreed upon (leads to self government and laws)

French Colonization

settled in Canada and Louisiana, lived in forts and were fur traders, jesuits spread the gospel to the natives, mercantilism

Dutch Colonization

settled in NY and NJ, New Amsterdam was taken back by the British, fur trade/agriculture, non-convertist, allied with natives on business only

Spanish Colonization

settled in South West America, Latin America, and Florida, CA, few settlers, encomienda and missions to convert natives (abuse)

the new morality

sexual allure used in ads and women proclaim freedom by being flappers (hemline raised) -taboos fly out the window as sexually aware Americans let loose -Sigmund Freud declared sexual repression leads to illness

the new woman

sexual freedom, divorce, birth control, a woman of the turn of the 20th century often from the middle class who dressed practically, moved about freely, lived apart from her family, and supported herself

David Graham Philips

shocks nation with "The Treason of the Senate" charging 75 out of 90 senators of only representing the RR's and the trusts, rather than the people (impressed Roosevelt and later is shot by a crazy person)

JFK's assassination

shot by Lee Harvey Oswald while in Dallas TX in an open limosine

Imperialism Debate

should rights under the constitution follow the US flag? (caused by unknown state of places like Puerto Rico and Philippines)

Nazi Soviet Non-aggression pact

signed August 23, 1939 and allowed Nazis the green light to make war with Poland and Western democracies without fear of Soviet Union (his communist arch-foe had passed...for now)

Payne-Aldrich Act

signed by Taft and betraying company promises of reducing tariffs (outrages progressive Republicans) lowered tariffs -no more foreign competition fear; (see Underwood Tariff) -conservative tariff law discredited President Taft and split the Republican party in 1912

Jackie Robinson

signed to the Brooklyn Dodgers (broke racial barriers) in 1947

36, 30 line

slavery is prohibited above this line (Northern states) which temporarily stems growing tension (slavery) maintains sectional balance (lasts 30+ years)

Black Power

smash everything in Western civilization has created (according to Carmichael) but many pro-Black Power people just wanted a broad effort to exercise the political/economic rights gained by the civil rights movement and speed up integration (mesh black and white culture and not separate anymore)

Theodore Dreiser

social novelist who wrote "Sister Carrie" about a poor working girl in Chicago/NY (very graphic) however the low moral standards offended the public audience and was not produced.

McNary Haugen Bill

sought to help keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad (government losses made up by special tax on farmers) -twice passed and twice vetoes -farming prices stay down and farmers political tensions stay high into the election of 1924

House of Burgesses

southern society of rich peoples

scalawags

southerners (former Union/Whigs) who were accused of plundering the treasuries of the Southern states with political influence in radical governments

Marcus Garvey

spawned by Harlem, he was a vibrant political figure who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association -Calls for blacks to go "back to Africa" (separatism) -Promote black pride, black owned businesses/self sufficiency -Mobilizes ordinary blacks

Bill of Rights

spelled out specifically what true individual rights and explicitly restricted powers of the federal government

William Seward

spokesman for young northern radicals who was an abolitionist and against concessions. -argued with Christian legislator that God's law and moral law must be obeyed -influences Taylor a lot

Hawley-Smoot tariff

started out as a fairly reasonable protective measure to assist the farmers and after being pushed through senate for a time became the highest protective tariff in the nation's peacetime history (average goods are raised from 38.5 to 60% after Fordney-McCumber Act)

Hawley Smoot Tariff

started out as a fairly reasonable protective measure to assist the farmers and after being pushed through senate for a time became the highest protective tariff in the nation's peacetime history (average goods are raised from 38.5 to 60% because of Fordney-McCumber Act)

the Great Migration

starting in 1910, a large migration of African Americans to northern cities (Chicago and NY) because of: -Racial relations (bad) -WW1 job opportunities in northern factories as white men are drafted

Cattle Kingdom

steer is king in the cattle business

De Lome Letter

stolen from mail it described McKinley in unflattering terms and led to Dupuy de Lome's (Spanish minister) resignation and infuriate public

crop lien system

storekeepers extend credit, small farmers for food and supplies and get a lien of their harvested -merchants manipulate this system to keep farmers perpetually in debt to them and effect southern blacks for generations (very poor)

scabs

strike breakers and thugs who would beat up labor organizers for an employer/company

Fort Sumter

stronghold in South Carolina Lincoln attempts to provision the garrison because supplies were low, this was misinterpreted by the South as an act of aggression -Carolinians fire on fort and it is surrendered (angers North and starts cries for full secession (no attachment to north at all))

Free Speech Movement

students object to administration ban on use of campus space for political debate and accuse the Cold War of simply being in the corporate interest

Margaret Mead

studied gender roles& sexuality, cultural anthropologist

African Diaspora

study of how blacks dispersed around the world

Federal theater project

subsidized theatre projects and provided jobs for actors

Gavrilo Princip

succeeded in shooting both the archduke ferdinand and his wife. Fun fact! Princep saw him when he walked out of a sandwich shop!

Assassination of RFK

successfully band wagoned votes and he is killed while celebrating that day by a young Arab immigrant resentful of his pro-Israel views

Spot Resolutions

suggested by Abraham Lincoln who asked the precise spot that American blood was spilled

War Democrats

supported Lincoln's administration, this split was caused by the death of Stephen A. Douglas because they lacked a strong leader

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution and a strong central government

ex parte Milligan

supreme court ruled that military tribunals couldn't try civilians (even during war time) in areas where the civil court were open

Henry James

switched from law to literature with dominant theme the confrontation of innocent Americans with subtle Europeans. Wrote "Daisy Miller" and "the Bostonians" which was a novel about the rising feminist movement (women were central characters)

sharecropping

system in which a farmer tended a portion of a planter's land in return for a share of the crop -this kept former slave in a pseudo slave setting -promoted a "choose your own workday/timetables" schedule to working slaves (allowed them to have a family life)

convict lease system

system in which southern states leased gangs of convicted criminals to private interests as a cheap labor supply. Convicts paid nothing, money went to states, and jobs taken away from labor force

right of deposit

t=The right for the American people to store their goods in Spanish warehouses

Charles Lindbergh

takes on first solo west to east conquest of the Atlantic in a plane (NY to Paris) and is considered a hero

buying on margin

taking out loans to buy stock (investing based on speculation that the market will continue to go up)

buying on the margin

taking out loans to buy stock (investing based on speculation that the market will continue to go up)

Resettlement Administration

tasked to remove farmless farmers to better land, and 20 million young trees were planted on bare prairies as windbreakers by CCC people

literacy tests

tests requiring reading or comprehension skills as a qualification for voting

Federal Securities Act

the 1933 act which required promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds

the "gentlemen's agreement"

the CA were induced to repeal the offensive school order and accept this agreement, so Tokyo agrees to stop the flow of laborers to USA by withholding passports

Election of 1868

the Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant; beat Horatio Seymour (Democratic nominee)

Andrew Mellon

the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics. (Hamiltonian economics)

Samuel Gompers

the TAFL was kid brainchild, he was a Jewish cigar makers with a strong voice who rose to president of the TAFL every year except 1886-1924 -down to earth with soft pedaling attempts to engineer social reform -foe of socialism who shunned politics for economic strategies and goals -didn't mind capitalism but demanded a fairer share for labor -wanted more pure and simple unionism with better wages/hours/working conditions with a major goal being trade agreement authorizing the closed shop (all union labor) with chief weapons of persuasion being boycott/walkout -polled funds to enable long standing strikes

Nixon Doctrine

the U.S. will not do the majority of fighting in countries threatened by communism, will provide aid, also said that US would honor existing defense commitments but, in future, the US wouldn't help Asians with wars by sending troops)

Havana conference 1940

the US agreed to share with its 20 new world countries the responsibility of the Monroe Doctrine

Adams-Onis Treaty

the US aquired Florida because Spain was having issues in that colony, sends in troops, then Andrew Jackson goes on a rampage and Spain just gives up and hands Florida to the US. (US gives up Texas)

arsenal of democracy

the US would send a limitless supply of arms to victims of aggression (keep war on the other side of the Atlantic)

The Democratic Coalition

the alignment of interest groups and voting blocs that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until approximately 1968, which made the Democratic Party the majority party during that period

Mexican Cession

the area that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War. this massive land grab was significant because the question of extending slavery into newly acquired territories had become the leading national political issue.

egalitarianism

the belief that all people should have equal political, economic, social, and civil Rights

computer technology

the company IBM develops and becomes prominent and computer sizes shrink (calculators) and gain power, which led to new business practices (billing, inventory control, printing )

Cotton is King

the concept that cotton dominated the southern economy and had an almost kingly amount of power because it was relied upon by England and the northern states

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

the court declared that the 14th prohibited only government violations of civil rights, not the denial of civil rights by individuals and with Union soldiers removed from the South by Haynes and the Republican abolitionist regime dies in the South

Medgar Evers

the day of JFK's speech white gunman shot down this man (black civil rights worker in Mississippi)

philanthropy

the desire to promote the welfare of others, expressed especially by the generous donation of money to good causes. (Rockefeller was a major philanthropist as was Carnegie)

doctrine of separate spheres

the dichotomy that prescribes separate spheres for women and men (during Industrial Rev.)

Columbian Exchange

the exchange of goods from the New World to the Old World (trading disease, livestock, and food)

James K Polk

the first dark horse presidential candidate who was a former House speaker and governor of Tennessee (sponsored by Jackson) and was known as "Young Hickory"

The Common Market

the free trade area that evolved into the European Union

conspiracy of the slavocracy

the idea that slaves are conspiring to overflow their masters

Charles Guiteau

the man who assasinated of James Garfield, he is allegedly insane and was hung for murder

phony war

the months after collapse of Poland while France and Britain marked time

New England Emigrant Aid Society

the most famous anti-slavery organization which sent 2000+ free soil people to beat the out the South in Kansas and make it a free state with popular soverignty, as well as to make money

Thaddeus Stevens

the most powerful HOC radical was a vindictive congressman from Pennsylvania (74 years old) he defended runaway slave in court without fee and insisted on burial in a black cemetery. He was a leading figure for reconstruction with immense passion for helping blacks and had a high level of hatred for rebellious white southerners

midnight appointment

the nickname given to the creation of new judicial positions (mostly given to federalists)

Prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of the native born/establish inhabitants against immigrants (xenophobia)

Planter Aristocracy

the political leadership in the south was heavily influenced by planter families who were entitled, rich, and prompted to grow up to become leaders of their community/state -perpetuate medievalism in the south (jousting) -leads to widening economic gap and hampers public education (widely supported that only rich can go to school)

disenfranchisement

the removal of the rights of citizenship through economic, political, or legal means

Reconstruction

the reorganization and rebuilding of the former Confederate states after the Civil War

Russian Revolution

the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917

The National Road (Cumberland Road)

the road that was the first interstate highway (only paid for by federal funds) ran from Maryland to Illinois and helped with the westward movement

Kurt Vonnegut

the supercharged imagination of this 1930's writer poured forth works of puzzling complexity in sometimes impenetrably inventive prose. Such works include Slaughterhouse Five

Jefferson's "empire of liberty"

the theme that developed that the US has the responsibility to spread freedom across the world (setting an example by intervention abroad)

brinksmanship

the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down

slaughterhouse cases 1873

these cases said that 15th and 14th amendments do not guarantee federal protection of individual rights against discrimination by their own state governments-distinction between state citizenship and national citizenship

Moderate Republicans

these types of republicans didn't allow for education or land to be given to freedmen -wanted to create an electorate in Southern States that would vote those states back into the Union on acceptable terms -wanted to free the federal government from direct responsibility for the protection of black rights (wouldn't be adequate for protecting blacks)

impact on freedmen

they were sad bc lincoln was one cool dude. Also important, Lincoln supported 40 acres and a mule whereas his VP did not support it.

Revenue Act, 1935

this act raised taxes on corporations and the wealthy to appeal to the majority of the people who believed the inequity in society was causing economic imbalance. had many loopholes though.

Fugitive Slave Law 1850 (effects)

this angers northerners and increases the abolitionist movement size: -the underground railroad activity increases -increased north and south tension -slave owners double their efforts

The Roosevelt Recession

this crisis was due to the fact that FDR decided to pull back on government spending; as a result of this recession, he initiated an increase in spending on public works & other programs, marginally increasing employment/investment

Elvis Presely

this singer became symbol of youthful determination to push at the boarders of conventional and acceptable. Good looks, tried to dress like urban gangsters, sang rock and roll, 'imitated' black singers.

Commodore George Dewey

to descend upon Spain's Phillipines in the event of war. -Dewey carries out orders on May 1, 1898 and sails bravely with 6 warships, into fortified Manila harbor and guns on old Spanish fleet (destroys them and kill 400 Spaniards) -becomes a national hero overnight

poll taxes

to ensure continued disenfranchisement of Southern black population

National Labor Relations Act

to protect the rights of employees and employers, to encourage collective bargaining, and to curtail certain private sector labor and management practices, which can harm the general welfare of workers, businesses and the U.S. economy.

Pentagon Papers

top secret study that documented the blunders/deceptions of Kennedy and Johnson's admins, especially the provocation of the 1964 North Vietnam attack at Gulf of Tolkin

Wild West Towns

towns that were built quickly in the West as miners moved in and onwards (many abandoned and turn into ghost town)

Love Canal

toxic waste site in New York filled with drums of waste that leaked.

Liberty bond/loans

treasury department sponsor parades to promote the war effort with these loan drives (followed by Victory loan campaign) AKA a war bond that was sold in the United States to support the allied cause in World War I.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

treaty between Russia and Germany that would end Russia's involvement in WWI in 1917

William Walker

tries multiple times to control Cuba and becomes president and legalizes slavery (had many Southern supporters)

John Collier

tries to reverse Dawes act of forced assimilation policies and promotes the Indian Reorganization Act

Woodward and Bernstein

two journalists who worked for the Washington Post who worked on the story (source called Deep Throat) revolving around Nixon's Watergate scandal

filibustering expeditions

unauthorized military expedition into a foreign country to create or support a revolution, actions of adventurers who tried to take control of various Caribbean, Mexican, and Central-American territories by force of arms. The three most prominent filibusters of that era were Narciso López and John Quitman in Cuba and William Walker in Nicaragua.

Valeriano Weyler

undertook crushing rebellion and herding civilians into re-concentration camps (preventing people of Cuba from giving assistance to armed "insurrectos" and many die from bad sanitation)

"wildcat" banks

unstable banking institutions that issued paper money operated under state charters and were numerous after Thomas Jefferson defeated 2nd BUS (no collateral loans, farmers take advantage, lost land money, failed banks)

John Spargo

unveils the abuses of child labor in "The Bitter Cry of the Children" (1906)

Destruction of buffalo

used for: fuel, clothing, harnesses, and food killed for: tongues, hides, food (RR builders), and entertainment

Middle-East mandates

victors cannot take possession of conquered territory outright but would receive it as trustees of the League of Nations (Syria given to France and Iraq given to British, as good strategical areas but not LEGIT TERRITORIES)

double V campaign

victory over the dictators abroad and racism at home

The Plains Indians Wars

violent outbreaks that occurred as homesteaders, miners, and ranchers move west onto Native American land

The Mining Frontier

vital in subduing the continent, attracting the population and wealth and advertising the wonders of the west -women and men found opportunities (prostitution/boarding houses) -this gender equality won women the right to vote in Wyoming (1869), Utah (1870), Colorado (1893), and Idaho (1896) before the Eastern ladies could

Initiative

voters can directly propose legislation themselves bypassing boss-bought state legislatures

The Bonus Army

war veterans converged on capital in summer of 1932 and set up a gigantic Hooverville (creates menace to public health and intimidates Congress with numbers)

Washington's Farewell Address

warns the nation of: -permanent alliances (didn't want entanglement into foreign affairs) -danger of political parties (encouraging national unity)

The Fair Deal (Truman)

was Truman's plan for addressing domestic issues after WWII -called for improved housing, full employment, higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, new TVAs, extension of social security -opposed by Reps but managed to raise minimum wage, provide public housing, and extend old age insurance

HUAC (the House Committee on the Un-American Activities)

was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda. This congressional Committee investigated Communist influence inside and outside the US government after WWII.

Josef Stalin

was general secretary of the Communist party, became the leader and dictator of Russia after Lenin's death. He brought Russia out of recession and made Russia the second leading industrial superpower during the Second World War Followed Lenin, pragmatist, socialism in one country, forced rapid industrialization, Great Purges, collectivization. 1927-1953

Battle of the Atlantic

was the wars longest continuous military campaign lasting from 1939 to the German surrender in 1945. During six years of naval warfare, German U-boats and warships were pitted against Allied convoys transporting military equipment and supplies across the Atlantic to Great Britain. The battle to control atlantic shipping lanes was a crucial victory for the allies because it helped them supply munitions to allied powers in Europe, thus ending the war.

1862 Congressional Elections

went against the administration of Lincoln -North: opposed to abolition war (shouldn't be inflicted on slaves) -South: thought Lincoln was trying to stir the pot with slaves

Dingley Tariff

went through H.O.R in 1897 under Reed: -proposed new rates be high (although not high enough to satisfy lobbyists who later descend on Senate -850+ amendments added to Bill and finally established average rates of 46.5% (higher than Wilson Gorman Tariff)

Eugenics

whelp. The idea that a "bad" genetic traits could be bred out and good traits could promoted in order to improve society. Some Americans believed that the society could be improved by controlled breeding. They accomplished this by sterilizing many criminals and the mentally handicapped.

the Tet Offensive

when Viet Cong was supposed to be licking their wounds during Tet (Vietnamese New Year) they suddenly and simultaneously attack 27 key South Vietnamese cities including capital of Saigon -eventually beaten off by heavy losses -demonstrated US without gaining victory with gradual escalation -military defeat but political victory for the Viet Cong

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 36, 37

when president proclaimed the existence of foreign threat/war restrictions will come into place -ex: no American can legally sail on a belligerent ship/sell munitions/make loans to belligerent -abandons freedom of seas policy

Tenure of Office Act

when required the president to secure the consent of the Senate before he could remove his appointees once they had been approved by the body. The purpose of this was to freeze Edwin Stanton into presidential candidate (spy).

Baruch plan

when the US tried to get the UN to regulate nuclear weapons but Russia disagrees with the plan

Theodore Roosevelt

white house had no backbone b/c McKinley indecisiveness

white collar/pink collar

white: relating to the work done or those who work in an office or other professional environment pink: women fill new work positions, prominent force of women in the workplace postwar brought questions of "what is occurring to family life/traditional values if a woman is working and being a mom?"

conservation

wilderness is a big waste that could be used intelligently (irrigation) with the battle being against greedy commercial interests that abuse nature and romantic preventionists

mid-term elections, 1910

with a weakened party Republicans loose badly in this election and Democrats take 225 seats leaving Republicans with only 161

John Hay

with pressure on Washington to do something about the China issue he dispatches a message to all the great powers (Open Door Notes/Policy)

"pink collar" ghetto

women are often encouraged to pursue low end jobs (secretarial, daycare worker, nurse, teacher) Lower paid, less room for advancement, take orders rather than give, more emotional work

WACS, WAVES, etc

women in arms during the war (216K women are employed for noncombat duties) and set up separate organizations for women within the military branches -WAAC (army) -WAVE (navy) -SPARS (coast guard)

19th amendment

women receive the right to vote in 1920

cult of domesticity

women's place is in the home raising children to be good citizens are still in place

Walter Reed

worked with Leonard Wood to fight yellow fever; performed experiments of volunteered human guinea pigs (American soldiers) to find the cause of it

Referendum

would place laws on ballot for approval by the people (especially Railroaded laws by frees pending big business agents)

Joseph Pulitzer

writer and creator of the Yellow Press. Led people to believe that the situations occurring in Cuba were worse, that they were in reality.

Helen Hunt Jackson

writes "A Century of Dishonor" in 1881 detailing government ruthlessness in dealing with the Indians and her later book "Ramona" was a love story of injustice to the CA Indians that inspired sympathy for natives

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by Harriet Beecher Stowe this book was an attempt to further prove to the North the wickedness of slavery (using the splitting up of families as pathos)

The Other America

written by Michael Harrington, helped LBJ gain public support against poverty which showed that 20% of population and 40% of black population suffered in poverty

Countee Cullen

wrote "Any Human to Another," "Color," and "The Ballad of the Brown Girl;" American Romantic poet; leading African-American poets of his time; associated with generation of poets of the Harlem Renaissance

Ray Stannard Baker

wrote "Follow the Colored Line" (1908)

Mark Twain

wrote "The Gilded Age" a satire about post war politicians and changed the way books were written and later wrote "Huckleberry Finn"

John Updike

wrote Rabbit Run (1960) and Couples (1968)

Stephen Crane

wrote about the steamy underside of life in Urban/Industrial USA. "Maggie: A girl of the streets" about a prostitute driven to suicide; "The Red Badge of Courage" a story about bloodied young Civil War recruit under fire.

David Walker

wrote an Appeal to colored citizens of the world to end white supremacy

Kate Chopin

wrote of adultery, suicide, and women's ambitions in "The Awakening" (1899) and her work suggested feminist yearnings beneath respectability of the Gilded Age.

Tennessee Williams

wrote searing dramas about psychological misfits struggling to hold themselves together amid the disintegrating forces of modern life (Cat on a Hot Tin Roof)

HL Mencken

young author; published the monthly American Mercury; assailed marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, and the middle class Americans; dismissed the South and attacked the Puritans

Radical governments achievements

In the south it: -established public schools/public work -tax systems were modernized -property rights are guaranteed to women

Farming on the Plains

In the wake of the drought new techniques of dry farming took root on the plains (methods of shallow cultivation destroy surface soil contributing to the Dust Bowl) -tough wheat strains (resistant to cold and drought) imported from Russia grew well -corn replaced with Sorgham and drought resistant grains

Labor strikes of 1919

In this year, there were a lot of strikes around the country, including the Steel Strike of 1919, the Seattle General Strike of 1919, and the Boston Police Strike of 1919. Basically, these mostly happen in the aftermath of WW1; due to the association between unions/strikes and socialism (which seems to be increasingly emerging), these strikes may have increased red scare fears.

Little Rock Nine (1957)

In which a governor from the Deep South used the state's national guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. This challenges federal authority and Ike sends troops to escort students to class.

Confederate Inflation

Inflation rose over 9000%!!!

Booker T Washington

Influential African American educator that proposed that the African Americans concentrate on achieving economic goals first rather than political ones. Helped to found the Tuskegee Institute.

John O'Sullivan

Influential Democratic editor who coined the phrase "manifest destiny" and justified the American claims to new territory. "...is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Profidence has given us for the development of the great esperiment of liverty and federative self government entrusted to us."

Xenophobia

Intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries.

Great Compromise/Connecticut Plan

Introduced by Rodger Sherman as a compromise between the VA and NJ plans. Created the Bicameral legislature: Upper House (senate): 2 representatives per state, Lower House (House of Representatives): based on state population

Operation Husky

Invasion of Sicily, this was a successful Allied amphibious and airborne offensive on Axis controlled Sicily. It was regarded as a success for the Allies, as they finally made a dent in Axis controlled Italy. Yet for the Axis powers, it was not all doom and gloom, for many troops escaped the island alive. It was the first step in the Allied conquest of Italy.

Federal music project

It employed 15000 musicians under the direction of Nicholas Sokoloff, the conductor of the Cleveland Symphony Orchestra. Government sponsored orchestra's were able to tour the country because of this.

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

It was a treaty between Native Americans and Great Britain, signed in 1768, in present-day Rome, New York. It was negotiated between Sir William Johnson, his deputy George Croghan, and representatives of the Six Nations (the Iroquois). Established a Line of Property following the Ohio River that ceded the Kentucky portion of the Colony of Virginia to the British, as well as most of what is now West Virginia. The treaty also settled land claims between the Six Nations and the Penn family.; the lands thereby acquired by the British in Pennsylvania were known as the New Purchase.

United States Steel Corporation

J. P. Morgan and the attorney Elbert H. Gary founded U.S. Steel in 1901 by combining the Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company with Gary's Federal Steel Company and William Henry "Judge" Moore's National Steel Company for $492 million. At one time, U.S. Steel was the largest steel producer and largest corporation in the world. U.S. Steel maintained the labor policies of Andrew Carnegie, which called for low wages and opposition to unionization. The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers union that represented workers at the Homestead, Pennsylvania plant was, for many years, broken after a violent strike in 1892. Limited clashed over contract negotiations in what has become known as The Homestead Strike

Kennedy tax cuts

JFK rejects advice of those wanting more government spending and chose to stimulate the economy by slashing taxes and putting more money into private hands and is seen as very Republican minded

Space Program

JFK spends 24 billion to get a man to the moon (competition with Russia too)

Peace Corps

JFK suggests the creation of this, where idealistic and youthful volunteers to help understand underdeveloped countries -was created in response to Cold War and made citizen help in the community/global community ethically obligatory.

Election of 1816

James Monroe is elected as president (easily defeated by federalist opponent)

Kennedy's Inaugural Address

Jan 20, 1961 "ask not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country" -JFK personified the glamour and vitality of the new administration (youngest president ever) -young cabinet who recast the priorities of the FBI and deployed thousands of agents on internal security work but targeted only 12 against organized crime with no attention on civil rights violations

Battle of Princeton

January 3, 1777 Lt. General Charles Cornwallis had left 1,400 British troops under the command of Lt Colonel Charles Mawhood in Princeton. Following a surprise attack at Trenton on December 26, 1776, Gen. George Washington of the Continental Army decided to attack the British in NJ before entering winter quarters. On December 30, he crossed the Delaware River back into NJ. His troops followed on Jan 3, 1777. Washington advanced to Princeton by a back road, where he pushed back a smaller British force but had to retreat before Cornwallis arrived with reinforcements. The battles of Trenton and Princeton were a boost to the morale of the Continental troops, leading many recruits to join the Continental Army in the spring.

Treaty of Portsmouth

Japan is forced to drop demands for a cash indemnity and Russian evacuation of Sakhalin Island (compensated with control over Korea, later annexed in 1910) later leads to a withering friendship with USA and Manchuria/Russia

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japan's proposal of an empire including much of China, Southeast Asia, and the western Pacific Importance: Japan offered to liberate Southeast-Asian countries from western colonial rule but instead used them as conquered land for natural resources since the U.S. cut off trade relations with the Japanese- affirmed Japan as the dominant power in Asia

Battle of the Coral Sea

Japanese are checked by this naval battle and US/Australian troops win many battles vs Japanese fighting was all carried out by carrier based aircrafts (1st time ever)

Chase impeachment

Jeffersonians try to impeach judge Samuel Chase because he allegedly was prejudice towards Jeffersonians (senate refuses because he didn't commit a crime)

Election 1796

John Adams v. Thomas Jefferson -Adams (supported in NE) narrowly defeats Jefferson (supported in S) who becomes the VP

Election of 1796

John Adams vs Thomas Jefferson -John Adams narrowly defeats TJ (becomes VP)

Pottawatomie Massacre

John Brown kills 5 surprised supposed pro-slaverites

Affluent Society

John Kenneth Galbraith's novel about America's post-war prosperity as a new phenomenon. Economy of scarcity --> economy of abundance.

The Slidell Mission

John Sidell is sent to Mexico City by Polk to be minister in 1845 and offers 25 million for CA and the land to the east. This offer insults the Mexican people.

Congressional Elections 1866

Johnson wants to escape Congress's grip by securing a majority favorable to his soft on south policies, he dedicates monuments and spoke in cities to sway votes in his favor

Schenk vs USA

Judicial branch limiting 1st amendment (censorship) -After Charles Schenck was arrested under the Espionage Act for mailing Socialist leaflets to men eligible for the draft (don't go to war), he sues the government because he believes his 1st amendment rights are being violated - the supreme court support the argument that freedom of speech could be restricted (Congress had the power to restrain speech if it posed a clear and present danger)

NY City Draft Riots

July 1863, a mob of Irish Americans attack the wealthy, in response to the 300 dollar men, and African Americans (because they blamed them for the war)

Election of 1964:

LBJ (Democrats, very liberal) vs Barry Goldwater (Reps, very conservative ) -was an inevitable historical clash of political policies -Johnson wins

"the Johnson Treatment"

LBJ backslapped, flesh pressed, and arm twist that he used with friends and foes

Election of 1964 (Dems)

LBJ is nominated with liberal platform -exploited Goldwater's trigger happy image and juxtaposes it with LBJ's resolute image -drama in Vietnam and LBJ makes it an "unprovoked attack" and made a show of trying to avoid war and use incident to spur Congressional passage of Tonkin Gulf Resolution -wins

escalation

LBJ was taking steps down a slippery slope, step by step the US force would drive the enemy to defeat with a minimum loss of life on both sides but the enemy matched every increase the US firepower with more men and more wiliness in the act of guerrilla warfare

The Great Society

LBJ's domestic program which was a sweeping set of New Deal-ish economic/welfare measures aimed at transforming the American way of life

American Railway Workers Union

Labor union founded June 20, 1893, by railway workers gathered in Chicago, Illinois, and under the leadership of Eugene V. Debs. Coalition of ALL railway workers, ordered no violence, broken by Pullman strike

Laotian Civil War

Lao is freed from France and USA dumped money into it but failed to clean out communism there (feared that china would use communist influence on them) -Laotian civil war rages and America considers sending in troops (but insufficient forces prevent this) -because JFK wants to remain in the EU's good graces he doesn't intervene in Laotian Civil War and uses Geneva conference to make an unstable peace there

Army of the Potomac

Large army of the MD to VA region. Commanded by McClellan, Burnside, Hook, Meade.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Election of 1864

Lincoln and Andrew Johnson (a loyal war democrat placed on Union ticket to attract War Democrats and Border States with no regard for if Lincoln were to die in office) -Lincoln success revolved . around maintained support in his party and subduing the Peace and Copperhead democrats -Reps going War Democrats to avoid defeat in the Election (temporarily ends the Republican Party) -Lincoln's abomination was met with opposition

Lincoln's 2nd Inaugural Address

Lincoln attempts to bring the country back together and restore union after 4 years of war

Lincoln and Civil Liberties during War

Lincoln violated some Civil liberties (writ of habeas corpus), also single handedly increased military, also "supervised voting"

Chancellorsville

Lincoln's quest for a winning general continued with Joseph Hooker. At Chancellorsville he was totally outmaneuvered by Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. This battle was the greatest. The Confederate victory of the war. It was tainted at the end, however, when Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot by his own troops. He died a week later.

Jim Crow Laws

Local and State laws that enforced segregation. Started around 1880s and will end around 1950s. -Includes separate railroad cars, public facilities, schools -Separate but equal

dumbbell tenements

Low cost apartment buildings designed to house as many families as the owner could pack in. Attempted to increase airflow and safety through their shape but they proved to not work. (more people with less space)

Thomas Hutchinson

Loyalist governor of Massachusetts during the Boston Tea Party. Despite disagreeing with the Tea Tax, he said that the colonists shouldn't protest against it. His house was destroyed in 1768 during Stamp Act protests. (Fun fact: related to Anne Hutchinson)

The War on Poverty

Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty in his 1964 State of the Union address as a part of his Great Society. A new Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start. VISTA and Medicaid were also a part of this

Pequot War

MBC and Plymouth colonies and native tribes against Pequots, the primary cause was the struggle to control trade. English efforts were to break the Dutch-Pequot control of the fur and wampum trade, while the Pequot attempted to maintain their political and economic dominance in the region.

South Colonies

MD, VA, SC, NC, GA

March on Washington 1963

MLK led 200k black and white demonstrators in peaceful protest in support of proposed legislation (I Have a Dream Speech said here)

Selma Campaign

MLK resumed voter registration campaign in Selma, Alabama (50% black, but only 1% of voters were black) -state troopers with tear gas and whips assaulted MLK demonstrators as they marched peacefully to the state to the state capital at Montgomery (Boston Minister is killed and Detroit woman is killed near Selma) -LBJ insists, as result of Selma/issues discussed there, that this issues be addressed (led to Voting Rights Act of 1965)

Emilio Aguinaldo

Manila is captured by US troops and Filipino insurgent under this man (brought by Dewey to weaken resistance from Spain), later becomes the leader of Filipino independence movement

women's suffrage in the West

Many people went out west for gold and women found new rights there. Gained suffrage in Wyoming in 1869 (first place to allow women to vote)

Battle of Guilford Courthouse

March 15, 1781, proved pivotal to the American victory in the American Revolutionary War (1775-83). Although British troops under Charles Cornwallis (1738-1805) scored a tactical victory at __________ over American forces under Nathanael Greene (1742-86), the British suffered significant troop losses during the battle. Afterward, Cornwallis abandoned his campaign for the Carolinas and instead took his army into Virginia, where in October of that year he surrendered to General George Washington (1732-99) following the Battle of Yorktown, the last major land battle of the war.

Battle of Manila Bay

Marked the end of the wooden navy, US Steel Navy destroyed Spanish navy with one US fatalities

McCulloch vs Maryland

Maryland tries to tax the Bank of the United States (states cannot tax government agencies)

Samuel Adams

Massachusetts colonist and revolutionary who started the first circular letters and committees of correspondence.

VE Day

May 8th, end of the war in Europe, greeted by rejoice in Allied countries

Army McCarthy Hearings

McCarthy attacks the US army and military men fought back in 35 days of televised hearings to spring 1954 (ruins McCarthy's reputation with citizens and Senate later condemns him as "unbecoming of a member"

Antietam

McClellan joins the force again and finds Lee's battle plans (dropped by a soldier) and halts Lee on September 17th, 1862 which becomes the bitterest/bloodiest days of the war. -ends in a draw with Lee retired across Potomac -McClellan is thought to not fight enough (and is removed from duty)

Annexation of Hawaii

McKinley Tariff made Hawaiian sugar expensive; Americans felt that the best way to offset this was to annex Hawaii—a move opposed by its Queen Liliuokalani—but in 1893, desperate Americans in Hawaii revolted; succeeded, and Hawaii seemed ready for annexation, but Grover Cleveland became president again, investigated the coup, found it to be wrong, and delayed the annexation of Hawaii until he basically left office

war hawks

Members of Congress who advocated for war against England: -young and from the South/West (Henry Clay) -want to stop British harassment -wanted to wipe out Native resistance on the frontier -wanted Canada from England

Reservationists

Members of Senate ready to ratify the Treaty of Versailles with some modifications

"zoot suit riots"

Mexicans and Mexican Americans in LA are attacked by white sailors

Douglas MacArthur

Military governor of the Philippines, which Japan invaded a few days after the Pearl Harbor attack. MacArthur escaped to Australia in March 1942 and was appointed supreme commander of the Allied forces in the Pacific. Received the Medal of Honor

bonanza farms

Minnesota and North Dakota area, the farm attained factory status (outdoor grain factory) so they grow in size: -15,000 acres with telephones connecting them -foreshadowed gigantic agribusinesses of the 19th century

Bonanza Farms

Minnesota and North Dakota area, the farm attained factory status (outdoor grain factory) so they grow in size: -15,000 acres with telephones connecting them -foreshadowed giganticic agribusinesses of the 19th century

border states

Missouri, Kentucky, MD, WV, and Delaware and would've seceded which was bad because they: -contained majority population -provided supplies to South (MD, KN, MS) -Ohio River --> transports grain, gunpowder, and iron through south (Dixieland) (Kentucky and WV on its border)

The Crisis

Monthly magazine of the NAACP. WEB DuBois claimed in it that blacks should join the armies -publicized his disdain for Washington and was instrumental in the creation of the "Niagara Movement," which later became the NAACP

"white flight"

Movement of middle class whites away from the city and towards owning homes in the suburbs, leaving the city to be inhabited by poor minorities. -encouraged by government policies by Federal Housing Administration and Veteran Administration have home loan guarantees (more appealing to own a home)

Municipal socialism

Municipal socialism refers to various historical movements to use local government to further socialist aims.

Sweatt vs Painter

NAACP chief legal counsel Thurgood Marshall (later a SCOTUS justice) ruled that separate professional schools for blacks was unconstitutional/failed to meet the test of equality

New England Colonies

NH, MBC, RI, CT

Jacob Riis

NY Sun reporter that shocked middle class with "How the other 1/2 lives" describing NYC slums influenced Theo Roosevelt

Middle Colonies

NY, NJ, PA, Delaware

The Jazz Age

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime

Exodusters

Name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880 because of racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of slavery.

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

Natives from NW Confederacy were defeated by US army led by General Anthony Wayne.

Erie Canal

New York completed this transportation project in 1825 during the period of Internal Improvement (linking the nation together)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Nicholas Trist grasps an opportunity to negotiate for a confirmed title to Texas by the US and yielding the area West of Oregon, the US agrees to pay 15 million for the land and assume claims of citizens against Mexico for 3.25 million

Election of 1960

Nixon (republican) vs. Kennedy (democrat). Kennedy attacked the Eisenhower administration and won the election with help from his television appeal.

Election of 1972

Nixon defeats George McGovern

Saturday Night Massacre

Nixon firing his own Special prosecutor appointed to investigate the scandal as well as his attorney general and deputy attorney general because they didn't go along with firing the prosecutor

Vietnamization

Nixon introducesthis policy, which was to withdraw the 540,000 US troops in South Vietnam over a long period of time and the South Vietnamese (who got money from USA) could slowly take over their war (Nixon doct: also said that US would honor existing defense commitments but, in future, the US wouldn't help Asians with wars by sending troops)

bombing/invasion of Cambodia

Nixon ordered US forces to join with South Vietnam in cleaning out the enemy sanctuaries in officially neutral Cambodia (doesn't consult congress first) -angers students (destroy property and are met with the bullets of police/troops)

Nixon in China

Nixon shocks the world by meeting with communist China in 1972 (Feb) and walks the plateau between 16K nukes deployed by China and USSR by the end of 1980s

the southern strategy

Nixon's strategy to increase political support among white voters by appealing to racism against blacks

Assassination of Lincoln Affects (North)

North is bitter with assassination because the rumor that Jefferson Davis planned it

Financing War

North started first income tax, excise tax, raised tariffs (Morrill Tariff Act), Sold bonds making 2.5 billion. South tries to sell bonds as well.

Three Mile Island

Nuclear Power Plant in Harrisburg, Penn. which failed, causing radiation to be admitted in the air

Office of Strategic Services (OSS)

Office of Strategic Services. This was a forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency created during WWII. This was the first attempt to gather all intelligence for the war into one organization to be able to be more organized and consistent throughout all branches of the military. It was heavily inspired by and influenced by similar organizations in Britain during WWII, such as the Secret Intelligence Service and the Special Operations Executive. It later turned into the Central Intelligence Agency which exists today with similar goals.

James Meredith

Ole Miss refuses to let this black student integrate into school and JFK sends troops/Marshals to enroll this man in school there

NJ Constitution

On December 18, 1787, New Jersey become the third state to ratify the United States Constitution. During the revolutionary war women were briefly given the right to vote while the men were away fighting

Sitting Bull

One of the leaders of the Sioux tribe. He was a medicine man " as wily as he was influential." He became a prominent Indian leader during the Sioux Was from 1876-1877.( The war was touched off when a group of miners rushed into the Black Hills of South Dakota in 1875.) The well-armed warriors at first proved to be a superior force. During Custer's Last Stand in 1876, Sitting Bull was " making medicine" while another Indian, Crazy Horse, led the Sioux. When more whites arrived at the Battle of Little Big Horn, Sitting Bull and the other Sioux we forced into Canada.

Billy Graham

One of the most popular evangelical ministers of the era. Star of the first televised "crusades" for religious revival. He believed that all doubts about the literal interpretation of the bible were traps set by Satan. He supported Republicans and a large increase to money in the military.

American Liberty League

Organization of wealthy Republicans and conservative Democrats whose attacks on the New Deal caused Roosevelt to denounce them as "economic royalists" in the campaign of 1936

Open shop laws

Outlawed "closed shops" in which employees were required to be union members (considered a communist practice)

Oregon Trail

Overland trail of more than two thousand miles that carried American settlers from the Midwest to new settlements in Oregon, California, and Utah.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Peace treaty that ended the French and Indian War in 1763. Kicked France entirely out of North America (they only kept Hispaniola in the West Indies); gave Louisiana to Spain; Spanish gave Florida to Britain, and Britain got a ton of land west of the Appalachians from Spain. Made Britain the dominant North American power with world's most dominant navy.

creditors

People who are owed money

John J Pershing

Pershing was an American general who led troops against "Pancho" Villa in 1916. He took on the Meuse-Argonne offensive in 1918 which was one of the longest lasting battles- 47 days in World War I. He was the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I.

suburbanites

Person who lives in suburbs

Albany Plan of Union

Plan proposed by Ben Franklin to unify the colonies under one colonial government in 1754. Did not call for independence from Britain, just gave an easier way for the colonies to defend themselves. Was denied by colonies because it gave the central government the power to tax.

Eugene O'Neill

Playwright who won 4 Pulitzer Prizes for his tragic life-like dramas

Civil Rights Cases

Plessy v Ferguson - upholds separate but equal doctrine Brown v Board of Education - Separate is unequal, schools must be integrated

appeasement

Policy by which Czechoslovakia, Great Britain and France agreed to Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland in agreement for not taking any additional Czech territory.

American neutrality

Policy:neutral in thought as well as action; who: Woodrow Wilson (sympathetic to Britain) ; problem: 33% of American population were of foreign descent (Irish against the British because they hate the British)

Election of 1848

Polk is in bad health and pledges a single term -General Lewis Cass (Democrat) was a veteran of the war of 1812 with wide experience and the ability but is pompous. He also advocated strongly for popular sovereignty. -Both parties were silent on slavery -Zachary Taylor (Whig Party) is the hero of Buena Vista and embodies Whiggism (less enemies than Clay) and the whigs are eager to win and are adept at dodging difficult issues and extolls homespun virtues of their candidate (tension because Taylor owns slaves)

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote that virtue, honesty and industry would be rewarded with success, wealth and honor.

The Plains Indians

Posed a serious threat to western settlers because, unlike the Eastern Indians from early colonial days, the Plains Indians possessed rifles and horses.

The second Red Scare

Post-World War II Red Scare focused on the fear of Communists in U.S. government positions; peaked during the Korean War and declined soon thereafter, when the U.S. Senate censured Joseph McCarthy, who had been a major instigator of the hysteria.

Total war

Practiced by Sherman, brutal attacks that would shorten the war and save more lives (led to many Confederate desertions)

the New Deal

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Federal aid programs, begun as an answer to the Great Depression (relief, recovery, reform)

"back to normalcy"

President Harding, stop thinking about war and go back home to jobs (get country back to normal from WW1)

The Army of Northern Virginia

Primary force in the Eastern theatre of Confederacy.

urban renewal

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.

Keating Owen Act

Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children

18 th Amendment

Prohibition!!!! Made transport + sale illegal. 21st later overturns.

GI Bill of Rights 1944

Provided for college or vocational training for returning WWII veterans as well as one year of unemployment compensation. Also provided for loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses.

President's committee on civil rights

Pushed for southern anti-lynching laws and tried to register more black voters, but was mostly symbolic and had little real effect

herbert hoover

Quaker humanitarian head of the Ford Administration, considered a leader because he had successfully led a charitable drive to feed starving people in Belgium -relied on voluntary compliance (rejects ration cards) -propaganda campaign to save food for exports (Meatless Tuesday) and prompted veggie gardens in backyards and vacant lots

Election of 1904

R: Roosevelt with the campaign slogan= "The square deal platform", D: New York Judge Alton Parker Socialist: Eugene B Debs; Roosevelt wins!

robber barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

realism/naturalism

Reflects on the materialism of an industrial society and authors turn to comedy/drama of the world around them

social gospel

Reform led mostly by protestants to advocate for social reform. Particularly in the areas of better housing conditions for the poor.

Rhineland

Region between Germany and France demilitarized by Treaty of Versailles; Hitler occupied and fortified the region

Nye Report

Report by US Senate. Supported US neutrality, by stating that US banks and corporations hoping to profit had tricked them into entering WWII.

Election 1960

Reps: renominate Nixon as heir apparent (gifted leader or ruthless opponent?) and he had matured to a seasoned statesmen since the last campaign (gained notice in the Kitchen Debate with Khrushchev in Moscow, 1959) he runs with Henry Cabot Lodge JR -Dems: JFK wins nomination, scores first ballow truimph in LA over Lyndon B Johnson and calls upon people to sacrifice in order to achieve greatness (hailed as the New Frontier) in acceptance speech -JFK wins, despite being catholic (appealed to workers, catholics, and blacks)

American Colonization Society

Republic of Liberia was founded for free slaves (Monrovia was the capital) to go as a safe haven -15,000 transported -not well-liked by us slaves because they didn't want to go to a new place after they were already partially americanized (most slaves were not African American)

Republican Party

Republican Party in Mid-West who was made of former Whigs and Free-Soilers/Know Nothings/Democrats believe in anti-slavery and spread like crazy but not allowed South of Mason Dixon line

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley with his big business campaign manager Mark Hanna defeated Democrat and Populist-supported William Jennings Bryan. Caused the Populists to die

William McKinley

Republican presidential candidate in 1896, respectable, friendly, civil war major

1946 Congressional Elections

Republicans control congress with attacks on high prices and Truman, this gave them confidence in 1948 elections

1938 mid-term elections

Republicans cut heavily into the New Deal majorities in Congress (but fail to control either house) and international crisis came to a boil in 1938 to shift public attention away from domestic reform and save FDR's political hide (end of New Deal)

Civil Rights Act 1866

Republicans struck back at the black codes with this by giving blacks given citizenship -Johnson attempts to veto this but Congress overrules this veto and begins to assume a dominant role over running the government

Radical Republicans

Republicans who believed that presidential power had expanded during the war and pressed Lincoln to emancipate.

Election of 1880

Republicans: choose James A Garfield from Ohio (dark horse) with Chester Arthur of NY as his Vice President running mate Democrats: choose Winfield Scott Hancock -Garfield wins (popular and electoral)

Election of 1884

Republicans: choose dishonest Blaine as their candidate at convention in Chicago -reform minded Republicans hated his candidacy because they believed he was corrupt (politician with businessman intentions) -mugwumps run away to democrats in response to Blaine's candidacy Democrats: in need of victory they turned to Grover Cleveland (brilliant lawyer and mayor of Buffalo NY with a good reputation) -reputation is tarnished by bastard son of him and a widower (Dems prompt him to lie to keep the election in their pocket, but he refuses and tells the truth)

New Jersey Plan

Retained the essence of the existing system with its one-house legislature in which all states had equal representation, but which would have given Congress expanded powers to tax and to regulate commerce. (favored by small states)

Nueces River

River that Mexico claimed as the Texas-Mexico boundary, crossed by Taylor's troops in 1846

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt declared that in the event of future financial malfeasance by Latin American the US will intervene and pay off debts and keep Europe out of Latin America (no outsiders could push into Latin nations except USA)

Election of 1916 (Bull Moose Progressives)

Roosevelt nominated but he had no stomach to split Republicans again and ensuring the re-election of his hated rival (essentially kills of Progressive Party)

Panic of 1907

Roosevelt suffers a setback when panic hits Wall Street runs on banks, suicides, and criminal indictments versus spectators -financial world blames Roosevelt (claiming he unsettled industry with boat rocking tactics) -conservatives damn him as a meddler and brand the panic in Roosevelt's own name -Roosevelt lashed out at critics after being accused of engineering the monetary crisis to force government to relax its assaults against trusts

Progressivism under Theo Roosevelt

Roosevelt was a trustbuster, and distinguished between good (efficient and lower prices) and bad trusts (hurt consumers and stifled competition) seeking to increase the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) with acts like Elkin's and Hepburn. Roosevelt also was a conservationist (uses Forest Reserve Act to protect 150 million acres of federal land)

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's new doctrine which urged the national government to increase its power to remedy economic social abuses

Gibbons vs Ogden

Ruled that only the federal government (congress) could regulate interstate trade

US v Nixon (1974)

Ruled that there is no constitutional guarantee of unqualified executive privilege

Nikita Kruschev

Russian politician (after Stalin) who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War.

Radical governments criticisms

SC and Louisiana were pocket paddlers would use blacks as pawns to make more money under the Radical Govt.

Sam Ervin

Sam Ervin was a senator from North Carolina. He was chairman of the Senate Select Committee to Investigate Presidential Campaign Practices during the Watergate scandal.

"bread and butter" issues

Samuel Gompers fought for 'bread and butter' issues: wanted more pure and simple unionism with better wages/hours/working conditions with a major goal being trade agreement authorizing the closed shop (all union labor) with chief weapons of persuasion being boycott/walkout

The Alamo

Santa Anna traps Texans in San Antonio (6000 men) and wipes them out, then defeated more Americans at the Goliad Massacre, this battle prompts Americans to aid those fighting in Texas

Speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally

"Seward's Folly"

Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase

William Jennings Bryan

Secretary of State under Wilson who shared his belief in the importance of imposing American moral standards worldwide but also hoped to maintain neutrality in WWI. He opposed the giving of credit to one side in the war as anti-neutral and hoped to main neutrality of the seas through the failed London Declaration. His refusal to risk war over the sinking of the Lusitania led him to resign from office.

Henry Stimson

Secretary of War during War World II who trained 12 million soldiers and airmen, the purchase and transportation to battlefields of 30 percent of the nation's industrial output and agreed to the building of the atomic bomb and the decision to use it.

Dorothea Lange

Sent out by the government to record the Great Depression by taking pictures, she took the picture "Migrant Mother".

Assassination of McKinley

September 1901, served 6 months when he was murdered in NY by an anarchist and Teddy Roosevelt is president (youngest in US history at 42)

Fletcher vs Peck

Sets precedents that States cannot take back the rights given to them by a contract.

Selective Service System

Shaped millions of young people's educational, marital, and career plans in the following quarter-century.

Margaret Mitchell

She wrote Gone with the Wind. The novel let readers leave their own troubles behind and imagine the "moonlight and magnolia" days of the Old South

Battle for Atlanta

Sherman's Troops captured the city, burning it to the ground

The St. Louis

Ship was sent back with thousands of Jewish immigrants was sent back to Germany → sent to concentration camps and killed

Continental System/Orders in Council

Ships must stop in England first, this is a effect of of Berlin Decree in France (could seize ships that trade with England)

20th amendment

Shortened "lame duck" period following election day in November: inaugurations for President, Vice President, Senators, and Representatives will now be in January instead of March. (1933)

Treaty of Alliance

Signed Feb 6, 1778 this was a defensive treaty creating a military alliance between France and the USA against Britain

Tripartite Pact

Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US

Mann-Elkin Act 1910

Signed by Taft, it bolstered the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission and supported labor reforms. It gave the ICC the power to prosecute its own inquiries into violations of its regulations.

Munich Pact

Signed in 1938 between Great Britain, Germany, and France that gave part of Czechoslovakia to Germany; Chamberlain said it guaranteed "peace in our time"

American Red Cross

Similar to United States Sanitary Commission, started by Clara Barton to try to relieve soldiers.

Fetterman Massacre

Sioux war party attempts to block construction of the Bozeman Trail to the Montana goldfields ambushed Captain Will J Fetterman's command and left no survivors

John Sirica

Sirica was the chief judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. He was the judge of the Watergate break-in case and later demanded Nixon's tapes during the whole fiasco.

Manchurian Incident

Situation in 1931 when Japanese troops, claiming that Chinese soldiers had tried to blow up a railway line, took matters into their own hands by capturing several southern Manchurian cities, and by continuing to take over the country even after Chinese troops had withdrawn.

Slave Trade Compromise

Slave Trade will be banned after 1808 -fugitive slave clause: if a slave runs away owners could bring them back to the plantation -institution of slavery was very protected by the Constitution

Winston Churchill

Soldier, politician and finally prime minister, Winston Churchill was one of Britain's greatest 20th-century heroes. He is particularly remembered for his indomitable spirit while leading Great Britain to victory in World War II.

Mugwumps

Some Republicans flee to Democrats in response to Blaine's candidacy (called this nickname) during the Election of 1884

Billy Sunday and Aimee McPherson

Some of the first evangelists to use mass media. Ironically, they both denounced the modern age of technology that allowed them to reach so many.

"black codes"

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

Nashville Convention

Southerners announce this meeting where they will consider withdrawing from the Union which could ruin the USA.

Pinkney's Treaty 1795

Spain agrees to allow USA to use the MI River and the port of New Orleans as a point of deposit (important to farmers) -made Northern Boundary of Florida (31st parallel)

Panama Canal

Spanish American war= interests in a canal across the Central American isthmus because of how long reinforcements take to reach South America. The canal would: -increase the strength of the navy by increased mobility -allow easy protection of new US territories -facilitate operations of the US merchant marines

Franciso Franco

Spanish General; organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to the Spanish Civil War. Leader of the Nationalists - right wing, supported by Hitler and Mussolini, won the Civil War after three years of fighting.

Union Enrollment Act

Started March 3rd, rich people could pay $300 and get out of having to serve

Florence Kelly

State of Illinois's first factory inspector. She was a lead advocate against child labor and for worker's rights.

15th Amendment

States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race

Compact Theory

States made a compact with the National Government (if violated they didn't have to obey)

Dred Scott vs Stanford

Sued his master for freedom on the basis of his long residence of free soil (illinois/Wisconsin territory) but the Supreme court rules he had no right to sue because he is a slave (private property and could not be taken into any are and held in slavery) -uses 5th amendment to back outcome -supreme court rules compromise of 1820 unconstitutional because Congress has no power to ban slavery from territories

Missouri Compromise

Suggested by Henry Clay in 1820: -Missouri wants to enter the union as a slave state (causes controversy because slave and free states would be uneven: 11 to 12) -Maine enters as a free state, Missouri as a slave state (compromise)

kamikaze attacks

Suicide attacks by bomb-laden Japanese planes

Equal rights amendment

Supported by the National Organization for Women, this amendment would prevent all gender-based discrimination practices. However, it never passed the ratification process.

Felix Frankfurter

Supreme Court Justice who believed that the "due process" clause should be decided on a case-by-case basis. supreme Court Justice 1939-1962, argued for judicial restraint (not legislate from the bench)

Hugo Black

Supreme Court Justice who entered during the New Deal regime

US vs Wong Kim

Supreme Court ruled the 14th amendment guaranteed citizenship to all persons born in the USA and protected Chinese Americans and other immigrant communities

Plessy vs Ferguson

Supreme Court said that "seperate but equal" facilities were constitutional.."legalized" segregation because the 14th amendment's equal protection clause.

Morrill Tariff Act

Tariff act in the North to protect industry, rose tariffs.

CA admission debate

Taylor helps CA's government during the gold rush and annexes CA to become a free state which angers the South because it'll become a free state. -South is worried because CA may tip the 15:15 state equilibrium and end slave state power

hard rock mining

Technique that involves sinking deep mine shafts to get at ore in veins of rock. only big businesses could afford to do this

Texas Annexation Debate

Texas wants more than independence (want to join the Union with the USA) -they initially petitioned for annexation in 1837 -North: opposed this (seen as a scheme by the South to bring more slavery states into Union)

Managerial Revolution

The "revolution" began with the railroads. McCallum, the superintendent, wanted a system to be devised that would control the ever growing market. "Step by step the trunk lines separated overall management from day to day operations, departmentalized operations by function, defined lines of communication, and perfected cost accounting methods enabling managers to assess performance of operating units."

Second Continental Congress

_____________ was a convention of delegates from the 13 Colonies that met beginning on May 10, 1775, PA the American Rev. War had begun. ____________ managed the colonial war effort (Washington is CEO), and moved incrementally towards independence (some division about whether to declare independence or not). Delegates focussed on colonial unity adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties, the Congress acted as the national government of what became the US. With the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, the Congress became known as the Congress of the Confederation.

move to the sunbelt

a 15 state area that stretched from VA to FL to TX to AZ to CA and this area increased in population at a rate nearly double of industrial zones of NE (frost belt)

Albert B Fall

The Harding Cabinet member who profited from and was convicted for the Teapot Dome Scandal

Hindenberg Line

The Hindenburg Line (Siegfriedstellung or Siegfried Position) was a German defensive position of World War I, built during the winter of 1916-1917 on the Western Front, from Arras to Laffaux, near Soissons on the Aisne.

Henry Clay

The Kentucky congressman who created The American System

National Banking System

The National Banking Act tried to unify the banking system to establish national currency. Eventually replaced with Federal Reserve.

conspiracy of the "slaveocracy"

The Northern belief that the South wanted to annex land just to put slavery on it. For example, the Ostend Manifesto/Cuba, California, Texas, other Mexican Cession land, etc.

Office of Censorship (OOC)

The Office of Censorship, an emergency wartime agency, heavily censored reporting during World War II. On December 19, 1941 President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8985, which established the Office of Censorship and conferred on its director the power to censor international communications in "his absolute discretion." Byron Price was selected as the Director of Censorship. However, censorship was not limited to reporting. "Every letter that crossed international or U.S. territorial borders from December 1941 to August 1945 was subject to being opened and scoured for details."

Dunmore's Proclamation

The Proclamation issued offering freedom to slaves who agreed to fight for the British. In November of 1775, Virginia's royal governor, John Murray, fourth earl of Dunmore, issued a proclamation in response to information that the colonists had begun forming armies and attacking British troops.

Herbert Croly

The Promise of American Life (1907 supporter of progressivism & "welfare state") influenced New Nationalism with The Promise of American Life

Thomas Dewey

The Republican candidate for President in 1948 that nearly defeated Truman (too cocky)

The Pacific Theater

The South West Pacific was one of two theatres of World War II in the Pacific region, between 1942 and 1945. The South West Pacific theatre included the Philippines, the Netherlands East Indies (excluding Sumatra), Borneo, Australia, the Australian Territory of New Guinea (including the Bismarck Archipelago), the western part of the Solomon Islands and some neighboring territories. The theatre takes its name from the major Allied command, which was known simply as the "South West Pacific Area".

Failure of Cotton Diplomacy

The South tried to implement cotton trade embargo against Europe to coerce them into war. Unsuccessful bc the South had traded with UK a lot a in previous years, surplus.

founding of Israel

The State of Israel declared independence on May 14, 1948 and was established after well over a milenia of Jewish dispersal and 50 years of Zionist endeavors in the sphere of agriculture, economic development and educational activity with the goal of creating a homeland for the Jewish people.

judicial review

The Supreme Court has the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional (massive expansion of judicial power)

Geneva Accords (1954)

a 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

Marquis de Lafayette

a Frenchman who was made a major general in the colonial army at the age of 19; the "French Gamecock"; his services were invaluable in securing further aid from France.

firefights

a battle using guns rather than bombs and other weapons

Carrie Chapman Catt

a business-like reformer with high dedication these women didn't press that they deserved to vote because it is a matter of right but because of their traditional duties her argument women were responsible for familial health in the cities (needed voices on school boards, police commissions, public health boards) and THEREFORE should be able to vote.

National Security Council

a committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security

Battle of San Jacinto

a decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Texas ended up winning the battle and forced the Mexican leader, Santa Anna, to give Texas their independence.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

a dictator in Mexico who ended all local rights and raised an army to suppress the Texans, he later would trap the Texans at the Alamo

National Park Service

The U.S. federal agency that manages all national parks, many national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. It was created on August 25, 1916, by Congress through the an act of the same name.

The Monroe Doctrine

The US warned Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere (leave out England) if US stays out of European affairs (not much immediate impact)

Election of 1808

The United States presidential election of 1808 was the sixth quadrennial presidential election. The Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney decisively.

medicare/medicaid

a federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older/for the poor

Aaron Burr

The Vice President of Jefferson's first term (dropped later), he is later defeated by Hamilton in a NY election (words are exchanged and a duel ensues where Hamilton is killed, which ruins his political career)

Herbert Spencer

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Battle of Tippecanoe

The biggest blow to native resistance East of the Mississippi and a win for American expansion

Non-Intercourse Act, 1809

The bill that replaced the Embargo ACT and said that the US could trade with all nations except for France/England (shut down trade with nations that violated US neutrality)

Macon's Bill

The bill that replaced the Non-Intercourse Act and said the US would end their embargo if the country (England and France) respected neutrality and freedom of the sea (DOESN'T WORK!)

General William Westmoreland

The commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam, described the offensive as a Viet Cong defeat

Internal Improvement (American System)

The development of canals and roads to link the nation together (interior to the East coast) -Madison and Monroe veto proposals to use Federal funds on roads and canals -Eerie canal in NY created -generated debates as to whether the policies benefitted North or South (increased sectionalism)

1958 mid-term elections

The election took place in the middle of Republican President Eisenhower's second term. (although he fails to secure enough seats for Reps) Alaska and Hawaii were admitted as states during the 86th Congress.

Mid-term Election of 1794

The election was held during President George Washington's second term. The voters of Tennessee elected their first congressional representative (Andrew Jackson).

"operation Dixie"

The failed attempt by the CIO to unionize southern textile and steel workers; hard to unite because workers feared racial mixing and women only worked part-time

Attempted Invasion of Canada

The failed attempts to recapture forts controlled by the French in Canada.

Samuel Slater

The father of the factory system, he memorized plans for machinery from England and sets up Slater Mill

Elizabeth Freeman

The first African American slave to file and win a freedom suit in Massachusetts. (fought the court case that helped end slavery in Massachusetts.)

James Otis

The first colonist to say no taxation without representation.

The "Revolution of 1800"

The first peaceful transfer of power between political parties (showed the constitution was working)

Tariff of 1816 (American System)

The first protective tariff (to protect American goods from British Competition by putting a tax on it) -meant to help US goods/manufacturing -made to raise revenue and protect US industry

Impressment

The forced enlistment of Americans into the British navy (taken from Ships)

External taxes vs internal taxes

The former kind of taxes taxed things that were made outside of the colonies and imported in, like the Townshend Acts. The latter kind of taxes taxed things made in the colonies, like the Stamp Act.

Harlem Renaisance

a flowering of African American culture in the 1920s; instilled interest in African American culture and pride in being an African American.

William Henry Harrison

The governor of Indiana who organized an army and attacked native resistance in 1811: -a war hero at the Battle of Tippecanoe who would later become president

mail order catalogues

The innovation which brought to isolated farmers the same opportunity to purchase goods from the largest companies as enjoyed in cities.

Maginot Line

The line was a series of fortifications on the Franco-German border designed to defense France in case of another German attack. This showed that France was reluctant to go to war and was relying on defense and not offense.

Manumission Act

The manumission act was an act allowing individual owners to free their slaves. Within a decade, planters had released 10,000 slaves. Cultural.

Valley Forge

The military camp near PA where the continental army camped out which led to massive starvation, disease and famine among the troops. George Washington eventually had to move the remaining troops out of Valley Forge for the benefit of the army --> led to the defeat of Hessians after crossing the Delaware on Christmas 1776 (Battle of Trenton)

conformity and consensus

The mobility was social too, and the American middle class grew in size. The consensus was the general agreement that Americans had in American culture, based on values of the broad middle class. The consensus reflected the American belief in fundamental democratic rights. Most citizens embraced the consumer society and the virtue of the "American Way," and opposed communism abroad. Consensus also had its dark side, as it led to conformity. The material goods they owned, the places they lived, and the values they held were all very similar. Also, African Americans and minorities were not included in this consensus. Basically Americans were like "Let's all be the same and live in identical houses and buy crazy cars every year, and go live in suburbs."

Industrial unions/unionism

The movement to form labor organizations that represent every worker in a single industry, regardless of his or her level of skill.

Bear Flag Republic

The name used for a revolt against Mexico proclaimed by California settlers on June 14 1846 in Sonoma. Declared during the Mexican American war. (John C Fremont promotes this)

The Bank of the United States (BUS)

The national bank created by Hamilton (under his Financial Plan) that would create a stable, healthy, economy, and currency. -DEBATE: how much power should the fed govt. have under the new Constitution?

Federalists and the BUS

The necessary and proper clause allowed congress to create Bank of US (BUS) since it was necessary to carry out its enumerated powers (loose interpretation of constitution)

kickbacks

The return of a portion of the money received in a sale or contract, often secretly or illegally, in exchange for favors.

Liberty Party

The rise of the ____, founded in 1840 by abolitionists, threatened to take votes away from both the Whig and Democratic parties.

"The American Crisis"

Thirteen numbered pamphlets that were published between 1776 and 1777, with three additional pamphlets released between 1777 and 1783. The first of the pamphlets were published in Pennsylvania Journal. Paine signed the pamphlets with the pseudonym, "Common Sense."

National Industrial Recovery Act

This act authorized the President of the United States to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery, and established a national public works program.

the scottsboro boys

This case arose in Scottsboro, Alabama during the 1930s, when nine black youths, ranging in age from twelve to nineteen, were accused of raping two white women, Victoria Price and Ruby Bates, one of whom would later recant.

Montreal

This city fell in 1760 to the British, and marked the end of French rule in Canada.

Hideki Tojo

This general was prime minister of Japan during World War II while this man was dictator of the country. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944

Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin (1793)

-created huge demands for slaves -NE factories and British factories purchase cotton -transformed subsistence economy to a national network of industry and commerce

Jack London

"Call of the Wild" nature and fascistic revolution writer.

Arthur Miller

"Death of A Salesman" and "The Crucible" and probes the stage in search of American values (warms of McCarthyism and Salem witch trials in Crucible)

Wilson Foreign Policy

"Moral Diplomacy" promoted democracy with other countries and uses less imperialistic policies (improved Philippine's relationship with the USA)

Thomas Jackson

"Stonewall" Jackson gained his name when he won at the 1st Bull Run unexpectedly. He was a very good general for Confederacy.

Albert Gallatin

"Watchdog of Treasury" agreed the national debt was bad and by strict economic control, this reduced and balanced the economy

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

"Wobblies" engineered some of the most damaging industrial sabotage ever (with good reason) part of fruit and lumber industry and working in bad conditions, when protesting occurred they were run out of town

clean for Gene

"bring the troops home now" message, the McCarthy campaign also introduced new tactics into campaigning, ranging from its reliance on a core group of ideologically-motivated funders — presaging George Soros — door-to-door canvassers brought in from out of town, and, perhaps most memorably, a tactic which its young volunteers adopted

Wilson's 14 points

(1) open peace covenants (2) free navigation of seas (besides territorial waters) (3) equality of trade conditions between nations (4) national armaments will be reduced as low as possible (5) impartial adjustment of colonial claims (6) leave Russia alone, let it form its own new gov't (7) evacuate and restore Belgium (8) free French territory, fix Alsace-Lorraine (9) form Italian borders along nationality lines (10) Peoples of Austria-Hungary are free to form their own nations (11) get out of Romania, Serbia, & Montenegro, let them be autonomous (12) free non-Turk Ottoman territories (13) construct a Polish state of indisputably Polish peoples (14) League of Nations

Treaty of Fort Wayne

(10:00 line treaty) which obtained 3,000,000 acres of Native American land for white settlers of Illinois and Indiana

Cuban Missile Crisis

-because the US was so vocal about trying to kill Castro, it pushed Cuba into Russian arms -Khruschev takes full advantage by installation missiles in Cuba (intended to protect Castro and blackmail USA into backing down in Berlin/other troubled spots) -JFK refuses to airstrike missiles -JFK orders naval quarantine of Cuba and demands immediate removal of the threatening weaponry and serves notice on USSR that any attack on US from Cuba would trigger nuke retaliation on Russia -for a week the world is anxious AF -Kruschev agreed to a partially face saving compromise he would pull out missiles out of Cuba and US would end Quarantine and not invade Cuba (US secretly removes missiles in Turkey which were aimed at Russia, just in case)

Fundamentalism

-believe every word of the bible should be considered as literally true -Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect). -Radio allows preachers such as Billy Sunday to speak out against drinking, dancing, jazz, gambling etc.

"sexual revolution"

-birth control pill makes sex easier to satisfy sexual appetites -the Maltachine society founded for gay rights (more gays demanded sexual tolerance)

Specifications for women in the workplace

-black women: few opportunities beyond domestic services -native born women: social workers, secretaries, store clerks, telephone operators (white collar jobs) -immigrants: clustered in industries (ex: Jewish women cluster in garment trade)

Woodrow Wilson

-brought into politics with passionate reform campaign in NJ against predatory trusts and promises to return the state government to the people -legislation turned NJ into a liberal state -Wilson had a knack for appealing to the people over the scheming bosses noses

New Freedom

-calls for stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and tariff reductions -small enterprise/entrepreneurship -free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets

Report on the Public Credit (the debt)

-calls for the federal government to pay off national debt at face value and assume the war debts of the states (Assumption plan) -CONTROVERSY: because this plan could make spectators money and increase the power of the federal government -initially rejected (Thomas Jefferson): compromise is accepted if capital of USA was moved South to Washington DC

Old Immigrants

-came from British Isles and Western Europe -fair skinned -anglo-saxon/teutonic -protestant (except Catholic Irish/German) -high literacy and accustomed to representative government (assimilated easily and became farmers)

New Immigrants

-came from South/Eastern Europe -worship orthodox churches/synagogues -came from countries with little history of democratic government -largely illiterate/poor and took up industrial jobs -made up 19% of immigrants in 1880s and 66% total inflow -went to NY or Chicago and set up communities (little Italy) and Americans worry that these new people weren't capable of assimilation

Election of 1900 (Democrats)

-choose William Jennings Bryan -the paramount issue was Republican overseas imperialism

urban women in the work place

-cities became a frontier opportunity for women wanting reform (led by Kelly, Addams, and Wald) -millions of women join the workforce in 1890 with strict social codes imposed on what jobs they could hold/which women could work (employment of wives/moms was taboo) -jobs depend on race, ethnicity, and class -long hours, low pay, advancement was limited but led to women having economic/social independence -after contributing earnings to family women still had enough to enter urban world of sociability and fun

colleges/professional schools

-college education lead many to success -women's colleges become successful and by 1880 every third college graduates are women -black colleges develop (Howard University) and nurtured higher education for blacks until 1960 civil rights movement made integration possible -Morill Act of 1862 provide land grant for education on public land of states and The Hatch Act extended Morill by providing federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations connected to land grant/state universities (led to many new colleges)

Compromise of 1850

-compromise benefits the North (CA is a free state) and Senate is balanced against the South -New Mexico and Utah= popular soverignty states (but favored Free Soil Party) -bloodhound bill enacted by south because they felt like they had minimal power

Hoover's response to Depression

-compromises laissez faire and direct dole of government (finds happy middle ground) -agrees to assist the railroads, banks, and rural credit corporations in the hope that financial health would be restored and top and trickle down

free blacks in the South

-couldn't work, testify in court, vote, or go to public schools -most southerners were raised by black nannies= less anti-black feelings than North -basically a third race

American Tobacco

-created by James Buchanan Duke -controlled 90% of the nations cigarette production in 1890 and about three-fourths of all tobacco production in 1904; broken up in 1911 for violating the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Hull House

-created by Jane Addams was a prominent American settlement house -successful at lobbying for Illinois anti-sweatshop law to protect women workers and child labor (women led by Florence Kelly) -provided various social services in the country -helped immigrants adapt to new society (english classes) -secular (non religious) group

farmers' problems

-grasshoppers periodically destroy crop by mile wide clouds -cotton boll weevil wreaks havoc in 1890s South -ear has gone sour and floods wash away topsoil in South so they needed expensive fertilizers -droughts hit the trans-Mississippi West in summer 1887 (towns abandoned) -soil tillers are gouged by the government and the land was overassessed (they paid painful local taxes whereas easterners conceal their stocks/bonds in safety deposit boxes. -high protective tariffs leads to profit for manufacturers with farmers having no choice but to sell their products at a low price on the unprotected world market -shipping rates are high -middlemen take cuts from selling prices of goods

Election of 1876

-hanger-ons want Grant for a third term, but the HOR votes no (Conklingites and Blainites neutralize each other) -Republicans: turn out Rutherford B Haynes (qualification came from electorally important Ohio as government) -Democrats: turn out Samuel J Tilden (who rose to fame because he bagged Boss Tweed in NY) he gets 184 electoral votes with 20 votes in four states with 3 being Southern -Both: want to send visiting states men to contested states of SC, FL, and Louisiana and Democrats/Republicans get a vote back.

Specie Resumption Act

-hard money advocates persuade Grant to veto a bill to print more paper money and are victorious with this act -this act pledged government to further withdraw greenbacks from circulation and to the redemption of all paper currency in gold at face value beginning ins 1879

Greenback Labor Party

-hard money policy = political backlash and helped adopt a Democratic House of Reps in 1874 and in 1878 created this party -this party polled over 1 million votes and elected 14 members of congress

aftermath of crisis

-hardliners in Russia vow never again to be humiliated by a nuclear face off launched military expansion program -Democrats do well in mid-term election 1962 because Reps were "cubanized" -JFK realizes the risks he took with Russia and pushes harder for a nuclear test ban treaty with USSR

Federal Emergency Relief Act

-headed by Harry Hopkins -granted 3 billion to states for direct dole payments/preferably for wages on work projects

National War Labor Board

-helped mediate labor disputes and prevent strikes (keep production going) -chaired by Taft headed off labor disputes that would hamper the war effort and pressed employers to grant concessions to labor (high wages and 8 hr workday) but didn't guarantee the right to organize unions

Report on Manufactures (tariff)

-high tariffs, tax on imports, excise taxes (tax specifically on whiskey) -protect small industries in USA from foreign competition (wanted to industrialize) -raises revenue to pay off debt -CONTROVERSY: made goods more expensive

Reconstruction finance corporations

-hoover creates initial working capital (1/2 billion dollars) this agency became a government lending bank. It was designed to: -provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, RRs, and hard-pressed state/local government -no loans to individuals

Southern textile industry

-in 1880 cotton mills begin in the South (response to tax benefits and cheap labor) -textile benefitted the economy but cheap labor was the key to keeping industry going (dominated poor communites) -rural white southerners were excluded from all jobs but those in textile mills and worked hard/lived badly (paid 50% of northern rate and lived in continuous debt because they only recievedcompensation with credits to local stores) -these mills were the first steady jobs Southerners had ever known

Impact of the New Deal on women

-increased employment (higher employment rate then men) -right to vote -job market was segregated and gendered -openings for domestic uses -face lower pay and sexism -minimum wage was granted to women

curriculum reform

-industrialism was the doom to traditional curriculum -demand for practical courses and specialized training in the sciences -elective courses gain popularity -fields of concentration to prepare students for professional entry was very popular (specialization became a goal of colleges) -science improves and public health improves

Effect of the WW1 on women

-integrated into the workplace -took male jobs/employed in department stores as well -adopts male clothes (easier for work) -women's can join the marines/navy outside of being nurses/telephone operators -transcend occupational boundaries -National War Garden Commission: sustained food production

Public Works Administration

-intended both for industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. -Headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery by spending over $4 billion on some 34,000 projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways (i.e. the Grand Coulee Dam of the Columbia River).

Battle of Leyte Gulf

-last attempt of Japanese to destroy MacArthur (wiping out supplier ships and transport) -sea and air fighting -3 battles (US wins all) -Japan loses 60 ships

Wagner Act (National Labor Relations)

-law creates a powerful new Nat Labor Relations Board for administrative purposes and reasserted the right of labor to engage in self organization/collective bargaining with representatives of its own choice -defined unfair labor practices and protected unions against coercive measures such as blacklisting. -Set up the National Labor Relations Board and reasserted the right of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively.

internal slave trade

-legal slave trade was prohibited but slave population grew due to reproduction -slave auctions were prevalent

nuclear fears and popular culture

-postwar culture over the atomic bombs was torn in many ways -many Americans feared a nuclear war with the USSR -others saw atomic weapons as a bright future in technology that atomic power could help produce -fear of nuclear weapons was portrayed in popular culture --> film noir = shows possibility of vast destruction atomic warfare could bring - twilight zone showed dramatic portrayals of aftermath of nuclear war -postwar comic books showed superheroes saving the world from destruction -awareness of nuclear weapons built into US daily life -schools/ buildings had regular air raid drills to prepare for nuclear attacks --> atmosphere of anxiety due to nuclear weapons -US was also dazzled by it's own prosperity and excited by new technological innovations such as nuclear power

Lincoln's Plan: Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

-proclaimed that his 10% reconstruction plan (each seceded state would be reintegrated when 10% of voters in presidential election 1860 had taken allegiance oath to America and abide by Emancipation) -next step= formal erection of a state government then Lincoln will recognize the purified regime -proclamation provokes a big reaction in Congress (Republicans feared the restoration of planter aristocracy to power and possible re-enslavement of blacks and they ram the Wade-Davis Bill

Levittown

-produced by the Levitt brothers -utilized mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in suburban NY to relieve postwar housing shortage; became symbol of movement to suburbs; conformity of houses; diverse communities; home for lower-middle class families -revolutionized home construction techniques -homes considered monotony but home owners love it

Espionage Act

-prohibited interference with the draft or war effort -Act of 1917 that set penalties of up to $10,000 and twenty years in prison for those who gave aid to the enemy, who tried to incite insubordination, disloyalty, or refusal of duty in the armed services, or who circulated false reports and statements with intent to interfere with the war effort.

Herbert Hoover

-promoted "rugged individualism" doctrine -took a while to actually help the unemployed Americans b/c he reasoned that GD is a natural part of the business cycle -took the blame for GD -bad image: ordered the Bonus Expeditionary Force evicted (expelled from territory) during riots, where MacArthur used too much aggression to force the veterans out

Kansas Nebraska Act

-proposed by Stephen Douglas -Nebraska could split into Kansas and Nebraska with slave states based on popular sovereignty -contradicts the Missouri Compromise (forbid slavery above/in Nebraska Territory with 36,30 line) now needs to be repealed if popular sovereignty is to occur and would shatter the North/South truce for Compromise of 1850. -wrecks fugitive slave law of 1850 and shatters Democratic Party

NSC-68

-provided the opportunity to expand US military and this was issued for USA to quadruple defense spending and resurrected for Korean conflict -3.5 million men -50 billion spent on defense per year -key cold war document because it amplified militarization of USA foreign policy and emphasized limitless possibility in postwar US society

US food administration

-rations -congress cuts back on foodstuffs for making alcohol (accelerated prohibitions) -headed by Herbert Hoover and encouraged Americans to conserve food for the war effort (enough food for soldiers and citizens at home)

reconstruction of Japan

-reconstruction in Japan was mostly run by MacArthur and continued to instill his plans despite Russian protest (against democratizing Japan) -top Japanese criminals were tried in Tokyo (18 sentenced to prison and 7 hanged) -under MacArthur Japan benefitted and sped up the end of occupation with a constitution being adopted in 1946 (renounced militarism and introduced western style democratic government and paves the way for economic recovery and made Japan a major industrial power in later years)

foreign policy pre-1880

-reflected changes in agriculture, industry, and social structure -statesmen respond to the scramble of other nations (for international advantage) -oversees expansion (want foreign stuff from foreign markets) -foreign markets are safe from labor/agrarian unrest in USA (maybe) -American ideals of Superior Anglo-Saxon civilization (spread values/religion to less superior peoples) -Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge interpret Darwinism as "the earth belonged to the strong and fit" so for the US to survive in the Competition of modern nation-states it needs to become an imperial power (as many did in Europe for Africa in 1880s)

Eugene V Debs

Leader of American Railway Union (ARU), and founder of International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Ngo Dinh Diem

Leader of the anti-Communist government of South Vietnam (pro western)

Louis Armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

2nd Bull Run/Manassas

Lee encounters Pope's federal force and defeats them easily then moves on to Maryland to seduce the border state to secede and join the Confederacy.

Circular letters

Letters written by colonial assemblies that were sent between them to pass information. Led to increased colonial unity and eventually Committees of Correspondence.

"merchants of death"

Liberal isolationists' term for companies which manufactured armaments. They felt that the companies were undermining national interests by assisting aggressor nations.

grandfather clauses

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights. Grandfather Clause. A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Volstead Act

The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

British vs American armies

The British armies were well trained, had Hessian mercenaries, and also had Loyalists and Native Americans on their side. However, they had to deal with all their European problems, paying for operating an army thousands of miles away from their base, and the US not having one central city that would cripple them if it fell (complicated strategy). The Americans were fighting defensively, had excellent leaders, and foreign aid, but terrible organization, poor training, and no money.

The Golden Age of Radio

The Central medium of Depression America; two out of every three homes had radio sets. Single sponsor programs, from the late 1920's until the 1940's radio was the dominant medium for home entertainment

John Marshall

The Chief Justice who dramatically increased power of the federal government

People's Republic of China

The Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 with the Communist Party of China in control of the mainland, and the Kuomintang (KMT) retreating to Taiwan and some outlying islands of Fujian. On October 1, 1949 Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China, declaring "the Chinese people have stood up.

Intolerable Acts

The Coercive Acts + Quebec Act were known as the _________ in the colonies.

Navigation Acts (NA)

The Dominion of NE was created to defend and efficiently enforce the NA to restrict colonial trade and connect them more to England

The European Theater

The European Theater was an area of heavy fighting across Europe, during World War II, from 1 September 1939 to 8 May 1945. Allied forces fought the Axis powers in three theaters: the Eastern Front, the Western Front and the Mediterranean Theatre.

Tecumseh

The shawnee chief who organized a confederacy of tribes East of the Mississippi with his brother (tired of land encroachment)

Quarantine Speech

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. -FDR is alarmed by aggressions of Italy and China he calls for positive endeavors to quarantine aggressors (through economic embargoes) -FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

Reservation system

The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.

The American System

The system that expressed economic nationalism through the Tariff of 1816, Internal Improvement, and the 2nd Bank of the US

Treaty of Ghent

The treaty that ended the War of 1812 at a stalemate between Britain and America (prompted to end the war by Czar Alexander I)

Treaty of Amity and Commerce

The treaty written by Ben Franklin where France agreed to supply military assistance to them during the Revolution and in fighting the British (result of the Battle of Saratoga)

secession

The withdrawal from the United States of eleven southern states in 1860 and 1861. The seceding states formed a government, the Confederacy, in early 1861. Hostilities against the remaining United States, the Union, began in April 1861 (see Fort Sumter), and the Civil War followed.

range wars

These erupted out of the tensions between competing groups such as sheepman and cattle, and ranchers and farmers.