Family and Child Issues Quiz 2
WHAT CAN WE DO (ABOUT HIGH RATES OF WOMEN IN POVERTY)
*****Women receive the pay they deserve and equal work conditions *****Women have access to higher-paying jobs *****Women in the workforce have affordable child and elder care, as well as access to quality flexible work and paid family leave. (We have seen that having quality flexible work schedules, can be very beneficial to children.) *****Women receive the support that need through expended tax credits to help meet the costs of raising their families. *****Women receive the contraceptive services they need so that they can plan their families. *****Women receive the support and protection they need to leave violent situations while maintaining job and housing stability.
2012 STATS ON CHILD FATALITIES What fraction of child fatalities are less than 4 years old? *_____ at higher risk of death than ________. *_____% of fatalities caused by 1 or more parents. *______% or perpetrators are between the ages of 20-49 (tend to be younger parents) *______% were women and _______% men (surprising to people, we think men will be more likely to harm a child, more single women parents, women do the majority of childcare in this country and they have more time with their children) *NPR did a show on gender neutral childcare
*1,570 child fatalities *4/5th of fatalities less than 4 years old. *Boys at higher risk of death than girls. (More culturally acceptable to be more physical abusive to boys than girls, they are expected to be tough) *78% of fatalities caused by 1 or more parents. *85% or perpetrators are between the ages of 20-49 (tend to be younger parents) *54% were women and 45% men (surprising to people, we think men will be more likely to harm a child, more single women parents, women do the majority of childcare in this country and they have more time with their children) *NPR did a show on gender neutral childcare
CHILD CARE IN ALABAMA -_____ out of ____ children are in childcare each day. -What fraction of those children are under three? -What % of Alabama mothers with children younger than six work? -What percent of AL mothers with children from six to seventeen work? What percent of their income does a Birmingham family with an infant and a four year old need to spend if both parents are working minimum wage jobs?
*214,300 children in care each day *3 out of 5 children *Half of children under 3 *Working Mothers *Work to support families *62% of Al mothers with children younger than six work * 73% of Al mothers with children 6 - 17 work Child Care Costs -Annual for 4 year old Birmingham: To purchase child care for an infant and a four year old in a child care center at the average price in Bham, a two-parent family with both parents working at minimum wage would spend 34% of their income on child care.
ELDERLY POVERTY *Which gender of the elderly are more likely to be poor? *______% of elderly poor are _______. *_______% of elderly population are black but _____% of this percent are poor.
*3.3 million seniors live in poverty. *Elderly women more likely to be poor *74% of elderly poor are women. *8% of elderly population re Black but 24% of this eight percent are poor.
Income for the Elderly -What percent depend on SS for half or more of income? -What fraction depend on SS for 90% of income? -What percent depend on SS for all of their income?
*50% depend on Social Security for half or more of income. *1/4 depend on SS for 90% of income. *15% depend on SS for all of their income. -SS was never developed to make up all of someone's income.
WHO REPORTS CHILD ABUSE? Who does most of the reporting?
*58% reports by professionals (3/5ths) *18% reports by neighbors, relatives, friends (1/5th) *24% reports by anonymous/ "other" (1/4th) (In most states you can give anonymous reports, they like to understand how you are connected to the family but it's not required)
CHILD CARE ISSUES *What fraction of mothers work outside the home? *What percent of working women provide 1/2 or more of family's income? *What fraction of US parents with young children earn less than $35,000 per year? *What percent of infant and toddler rooms in centers provide care that could jeopardize safety and development? *How many states require not training for childcare teachers? *During what times do juvenile crimes peak and why? *Child care can cost as much as $_________-$_________ per year.
*6 million toddlers are infants in childcare. *7 million other children are in childcare. *2/3 of mothers of young children work outside the home. *45% of working women provide ½ or more of family's income. *1/2 of US parents with young children early less than $35,000 per year. *40% of infant and toddler rooms in centers provide care that could jeopardize safety and development. *30 states require no training for childcare teachers. (Parents need to be informed of quality of programs. Affordability and accessibility are boundaries. Many childcare providers make minimum wage or slightly above.) *Juvenile crime peaks between 3:00 and 7:00 PM, when nearly 5 million chidlren are left at home alone after school. (Many after school programs end when kids turn 12 years old) *Child care can cost as much as $4,000-$10,000 per year. (In Alabama, historically, religious based childcare had to be fully licensed by the state of Alabama.
Overall Poverty Rates -How many children were lifted out of poverty from 1992 to 2000? -Has poverty increased or decreased since 2000? -Who is the most vulnerable population when it comes to risks of being poor? -Who experiences poverty at higher rates than the general public?
*Between 1992 and 2000, 4 million children were lifted out of poverty. (We saw this because the economy was better and government programs helped families) *Poverty has escalated rapidly since 2000. *Children are the most vulnerable population when it comes to risks of being poor. *Children, women, elderly and certain racial/ethnic groups experience poverty at higher rates than general public.
ALABAMA CPS STATS (Child Population) What percent of reports are screened in? How do we rank against other states?
*Child population: 1.13 million in Alabama *18,700 screened in reports. *98.6% of reports are screened in. *Highest percent of screened in calls in the US.
AGE: POVERTY AFFECTS -Children experience _____% higher poverty than the overall rate. -Child poverty in the us is ____ times ________(higher or lower) than most other industrialized nations. -Poverty rate for elderly __________(dropped or rose) from ______ % in 1959 to ______% in 1999, down from ______% in 1998.
*Children experience poverty 43% higher than the overall rate * Child poverty in the US is 2 to 3 times higher than most other industrialized nations *US rate is 22%, France 9.4%, Finland 2.7% * Poverty rate for elderly dropped from 36% in 1959 to 9.7% in 1999, down from 10.5% in 1998
WHO IS AT RISK FOR CHILD ABUSE?
*Children whose parents are unemployed have about 2x the rate of child abuse and 2-3x the rate of neglect then children with employed parents. (Unemployment is a risk factor) *Children in low socioeconomic families have more than 3x the rate of child abuse and 7x the rate of neglect than other children. (Not as easy for them to hide the abuse/neglect. Using emergency room as primary care. They are more likely to get caught because they have more scrutiny because of their lower SES status. Might be putting chidlren in situations where it could be defined as neglect.) *Living with their married biological parents places kids at the lowest risk for child abuse and neglect, while living with a single parent and a live-in partner increased the risk of abuse and neglect to more than 8x that of their chidlren. (Only 16% of families today actually fit this definition)
EDUCATIONAL NEGLECT
*Educational neglect involves the failure of a parent or caregiver to enroll a child of mandatory school age in school or provide appropriate home schooling or needed special educational training, thus allowing the child or youth to engage in chronic truancy. *Educational neglect can lead to the child failing to acquire basic life skills, dropping out of school or continually displaying disruptive behavior. *Educational neglect can pose a serious threat to the child's emotional well-being, physical health, or normal psychological growth and development, particularly when the child has special educational need that are not met.
EMOTIONAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL NEGLECT
*Emotional/Psychological neglect includes actions such as engaging in chronic or extreme spousal abuse in the child's presence, allowing a child to use drugs or alcohol, refusing or failing to provide needed psychological care, constantly belittling the child and withholding affection.
CONSIDER THE CHILD ABUSED IF:
*Has unexplained burns, bites, bruises, broken bones, or black eyes. *Has fading bruises or other marks noticeable after an absence from school. *Seems frightened of the parents and protests or cried when it is time to go home. *Shrinks at the approach of adults. *Reports injury by a parent or another adult caregiver.
PARENTAL BEHAVIORS CONSIDERED TO BE EMOTIONAL CHILD MALTREATMENT
*Ignoring: consistent failure to respond to a child's need for stimulation, nurturance, encouragement, and protection or failure to acknowledge the child's presence *Rejecting: Actively refusing to respond to the child's needs Ex. Refusing to show affection *Verbally Assaulting: constant belittling, name calling or threatening *Isolating: preventing the child from having normal social contacts with other children and adults *Terrorizing: threatening the child with extreme punishment or creating a climate of terror by playing on childhood fears *Corrupting or Exploiting: encouraging the child to engage in destructive, illegal or antisocial behavior *A pattern of this parental behavior can lead to the child's poor self-image, alcohol or drug abuse, destructive behavior and even suicide. *Severe neglect of an infant's need to stimulation and nurturance can result in the infant failing to thrive and even infant death. Emotional neglect is often the most difficult situation to substantiate in a legal context and is often reported secondary to other abuse or neglect concerns.
CHILD ABUSE *Out of ____ reports ____ were investigated? *A report of child abuse is made about ever ___ seconds. *Almost ____ children die everyday as a result of child abuse. *More than ______ out of _____ are under age 4. *It is estimated that between ____ and _____% of child fatalities due to maltreatment are not recorded as such on death certificates. *______% of child sexual abuse victims know the perpetrator in some way; ______% are abused by family members. *Child abuse occurs at every _____________ level, across __________ and _________ lines, within all ________ and at all levels of ____________. *_______% of women in prison in the US were abused as children. *Over ________% of people in drug rehabilitation centers report being abused or neglected as a child. *About ___________% of abused and neglected children will later abuse their own children, continuing the cycle of abuse. *About ______% of 21 year olds that were abused as children met criteria for at least one __________ __________. (Many of them have 2-4 diagnoses)
*In 2011, approximately 3.4 million CPS referrals were made, 2 million were investigated with disposition. *A report of child abuse is made about every 10 seconds. *Almost five children die every day as a result of child abuse. More than 3 out of 4 are under the age of 4. *It is estimated that between 60-85% of child fatalities due to maltreatment are not recorded as such on death certificates. *90% of child sexual abuse victims know the perpetrator in some way; 68% are abused by family members. *Child abuse occurs at every socioeconomic level, across ethnic and cultural lines, within all religions and at all levels of education. *31% of women in prison in the US were abused as children. *Over 60% of people in drug rehabilitation centers report being abused or neglected as a child. *About 30% of abused and neglected children will later abuse their own children, continuing the cycle of abuse. *About 80% of 21 year olds that were abused as children met criteria for at least one psychological disorder. (Many of them have 2-4 diagnoses)
MEDICAL NEGLECT
*Is failure to provide appropriate health care for a child (although financially able to do so), thus placing the child at risk of being seriously disabled or disfigured or dying. *According to NCANDS, in 2005, 2% of children (17,637 children) in the US were victims of medical neglect (USDHHS, 2007) *Concern is warranted not only when a parent refuses medical care for a child in an emergency or for an acute illness, but also when a parent ignore medical recommendations for a child with a treatable chronic disease or disability, resulting in frequent hospitalizations or significant deterioration. *Example: When parents smoke in the home, knowing that a child has severe asthma. Adult with down syndrome living with elderly grandparents that had diabetes and the grandparents were not caring for him properly. He was ending up in the hospital in diabetic comas. *Provides for a religious exemption and a judge's decision. *Even in non-emergency situations, medical neglect can result in poor overall health and compounded medical problems. *If poverty limits a parent's resources to adequately provide necessities for the child, services may be offered to help families provide for their children.
TAXES IN ALABAMA _______ (High or Low) Property Taxes _______ (High or Low) Sales Tax What income does the state tax exempt a family of 4? Who does Alabama place a high burden on with its tax structure?
*Low property taxes *High sales tax (On things like food, We are one of the 4 states that still tax groceries) *State income tax does exempt poor families at $14,000 for family of 4. *Alabama places a high tax burden on its low income families.
CHILD PROTECTION WILL INTERVENE IN THE CASE OF MEDICAL NEGLECT IF:
*Medical treatment is needed in an acute emergency (e.g. a child needs a blood transfusion to treat shock) *A child with a life-threatening chronic disease is not receiving needed medical treatment (e.g. a child with diabetes is not receiving medication. *A child has a chronic disease that can cause disability or disfigurement if left untreated (e.g. a child with congenital cataracts needs surgery to prevent blindness)
WHO IS ABUSED?
*No group of children is immune from being a victim of child abuse or neglect, although girls are more often the victims of sexual abuse than boys. *In 2007, nearly ½ of all victims of child abuse and neglect were White
CONSIDER THE PARENT ABUSING IF:
*Offers conflicting, unconvincing, or no explanation for the child's injury. *Describes the child as "evil", or in some other very negative way. *Uses harsh physical discipline with the child. *Has a history of abuse as a child.
OUR HEALTH PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN -What percent of children are obese? - ____ in ____ households with children struggle to meet food needs.
*Our health problems in children: *HIV- In young adults, teens, and minority women. *Low Birth Weight *Asthma *Obestity- among children is a health crisis. About 30% of children are obese. *Food insecurity *The survey found that in 2009, nearly 1 in 4 households with children struggled to afford the food they needed. *Nationally, nearly 1 in 5 Americans (18.5%) has lacked the money to buy the food they needed at some point in the last year. *1 in 4 households with children struggle to meet food needs. (They are highly dependent on the school breakfast and lunch programs. A sign to recognize this is children at schools that are asking classmates for food or stealing food.)
TYPES OF MALTREATMENT
*Physical Abuse *Neglect *Sexual Abuse *Emotional Abuse *Medical Neglect/ Abuse *Other Risk or Harm (Not just sexual abuse but sexual exploitation of children, sex trafficking of underage young people)
PHYSICAL ABUSE
*Physical injury ranging from minor bruises to severe fractures or death. *Choking, kicking, punching, beating, biting, shaking, burning, throwing, stabbing, or otherwise harm to a child.
PHYSICAL NEGLECT
*Physical neglect account for the majority of cases of maltreatment. *Physical neglect generally involves the parent or caregiver not providing the child with basic necessities (ex. adequate food, clothing and shelter) *Failure or refusal to provide these necessities endangers the child's physical health, well-being, psychological growth and development. *Physical neglect also includes child abandonment, inadequate supervision, rejection of a child leading to expulsion from the home and failure to adequately provide for the child's safety and physical and emotional needs. (Family who's child got bitten by snake, family cooking meth in the house) *Physical neglect can severely impact a child's development by causing failure to thrive; malnutrition; serious illness; physical harm in the form of cuts, bruises, burns or other injuries due to the lack of supervision; and a lifetime of low self-esteem. *Physicians, nurses, day care personnel, relatives and neighbors are frequently the ones to suspect and report neglect in infants, toddlers and pre-school ages children. *Once children are in school, school personnel often notice indicators or child neglect such as poor hygiene, poor weight gain, inadequate medical care or frequent absences from school. *NPR did a show on gender neutral childcare
Defining Poverty What is the definition of poverty?
*Poverty is a relatively fixed level of income below which a person cannot function in a productive and efficient manner. *Some people argue that fixed income level should be the median income. *Minimum resources necessary for physical efficiency. Only if you have minimum resources that help you survive. *Emphasis on minimum and basic maintenance of a human. (Another survival definition)
Relative Definition of Poverty What is in relation to?
*Poverty is defined in relation to the "typical" or prevailing standard of living in a particular society. People whose income is too far from the prevailing or typical income are considered poor. (This defininition would argue that the median income would be the best measure to consider what is below it to be poverty.)
SIGNS OF CHILD ABUSE IN PARENT:
*Shows little concern for the child. *Denies the existence of- or blames the child for- the child's problems in school or at home. *Asks teachers or other caretakers to use harsh physical discipline if the child misbehaves. *Sees the child as entirely bad, worthless, or burdensome. *Demands a level of physical or academic performance the child cannot achieve. *Looks primarily to the child for care, attention, and satisfaction of emotional needs. *Rarely touch or look at each other. *Consider their relationship entirely negative. *State they do not like each other.
SIGNS OF CHILD ABUSE
*Shows sudden changes in behavior or school performance. *Has not received help for physical or medical problems brought to the parents' attention. (See a lot with drug using parents) *Has learning problems (or difficulty concentrating) that cannot be attributed to specific physical or psychological causes. *Is always watchful, as through preparing for something bad to happen. (David constantly watching his mother) *Lacks adult supervision. *Is overly compliant, passive, or withdrawn. *Comes to school or other activities early, stays late, and does not want to go home.
WHY ARE FAMILIES POOR? -About ______ (what fraction) of poor families have someone working at least part time or seasonally? -What fraction of income can childcare take up?
*Single parent households *Lack of strong government supports for low and moderate income families. *About 2/3 of poor families have someone working at least part time or seasonally. *Inflation adjusted incomes for men fell between 1979 and 2008. *Women make less money than men for the same job. *Childcare can consume as much as 1/3 of income- housing can cost as much as ½. *Transportation costs and medical expenses. (Cost of gasoline, Cost of medical insurance, medication, and care)
SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR HELPING POVERTY *What are the two nations that have failed to ratify the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child?
*Tax policies that work for children *Use of proven anti-poverty strategies *Expand access to SNAP *Affordable housing *Unemployment insurance for low-wage workers *Both parents should support their children *Increase funding for transportation *Help families overcome barriers to employment and do not deny help if parents cannot find work or are unable to work *Of the 154 member United Nations, the US and Somalia are the only two nations that have failed to ratify the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
THE COST OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT *The estimated annual cost of child abuse and neglect in the US for 2007 is $__________. *Abused children are ______% more likely to ___________________________. *Abused teens are _____________x less likely to _______________________________, putting them at greater risk for ___________.
*The estimated annual cost of child abuse and neglect in the US for 2007 is $104 billion. *Abused chidlren are 25% more likely to experience teen pregnancy. *Abused teens are 3x less likely to practice safe sex, putting them at greater risk for STDs.
WHAT IS NEGLECT UNDER ALABAMA LAW?
*Under Alabama Law "negligent treatment or maltreatment of a child, including failure to provide adequate food, medical treatment, clothing, or shelter; provided, however, that a parent or guardian legitimately practicing his/her religious beliefs who thereby does not provide specified medical treatment for a child, for that reason alone shall not be considered a negligent parent or guardian; however, such an exception shall not preclude a court from ordering medical services by provided to the child, where his/her health requires it."
REASONS MORE WOMEN ARE IN POVERTY
*Women are paid less than men, even when they have the same qualifications and work the same hours. *Women are segregated into low paying occupations, and occupations dominated by women are low paid. *Women spend more time providing unpaid caregiving than men. *Women are more likely to bear the cost of raising children. *If the noncustodial parent regularly paid their child support we could bring a large amount of families out of poverty. *Pregnancy affects women's work and educational opportunities more than men's. *Domestic and sexual violence can push women into a cycle of poverty.
Women vs. Men -Women are ________ than men in which racial and ethnic groups? -Poverty rates for males and females are the_________ (same of different) throughout childhood, but _________ (increase or decrease) for women during their _______________ years and again in _______age.
*Women are poorer than men in all racial and ethnic groups. Recent data shows that 26.5% of African American women are poor compared to 22.3% of African American men. It follows the same gap through all races and ethnicities. *What does that mean if you are a single mom? They make less money, higher risk of children being in poverty. *The poverty gap between women and men widens significantly between ages 18 and 24- 20.6% of women are poor at that age, compared to 14.0% of men. The gap narrows, but never closes, throughout adult life, and it more than doubles during the elderly years.
PERCENTAGES OF ABUSE IN CHILDREN Most common? Least common?
-59% Neglect -18% Physical Abuse -9% Sexual Abuse -1% Medical Neglect -4.2% Psychological Abuse -17% Other
Who is the most common perpetrator of elder abuse?
Adult children at 40%
_____________ and ________ women face particularly _______ (High or Low) rates of poverty. Over __________ of black women and nearly__________ of Latina women are poor. They are _______ as likely as white women to be living in poverty.
Black and Latina women face particularly high rates of poverty. Over a quarter of black women and nearly a quarter of Latina women are poor. They are twice as likely as white women to be living in poverty.
Only a__________ of all adult women (age 18 and older) with incomes below the___________ are __________. Over _______ of all poor ____________- ____ %- are ______ with no ______________.
Only a quarter of all adult women (age 18 and older) with incomes below the poverty line are single mothers. Over half of all poor adult women- 54 %- are single with no dependent children.
WHAT IS CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT? (FEDERAL)
The maltreatment or non-accidental serious harm to a child by any persons 14 years or older. (Different states have different definitions)
Suggested New Formula What number should we change in the formula? What does that change the poverty line to for a family of 4?
Using the same logic of 35 years ago, we would multiply the cost of the "economy" food plan by 5 which would yield a poverty line of over $27,000 a year for a family of 4
WHAT IS NEGLECT ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT DATA CENTER?
" A type of maltreatment that refers to the failure by the caregiver to provide needed, age-appropriate care although financially able to do so or offered financial or other means to do so" Neglect is usually typified by an ongoing pattern of inadequate care and is readily observed by individuals in close contact with the child.
UNDER ALABAMA LAW WHAT IS CHILD ABUSE/NEGLECT?
"Harm or threatened harm to a child's health or welfare which can occur through non-accidental physical or mental injury; sexual abuse or attempted sexual abuse; sexual exploitation or attempted sexual exploitation"
OPL Formula When and why was is it developed? Who developed it? What is the formula? ______x______=___________ What fraction were poor families spending on food at this time? What is wrong with the OPL and how to people think it should be adjusted?
* Developed in early 1960's as part of the War on Poverty (Pres. Johnson) by Mollie Orshansky, a statistician for Social Security n *Formula is "cost of economy food plan x 3=poverty line *At the time poor families were spending 1/3 of income on food *The OPL is moving further away from the typical family income. *It is lagging further and further behind the median family income (which meets the definition of "typical") *OPL only increased for inflation, median family incomes have risen more than inflation. Now we spend 1/5 on food so it should be times 5.
