Female Reproductive System Physio

Which of the following does NOT occur in both the male and female sexual response? A. A refractory period follows orgasm. B. Blood flow to genital structures increases. C. Muscles of structures in the reproductive duct contract rhythmically. D. Blood pressure and heart rate increase.

A. A refractory period follows orgasm.

All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true EXCEPT ________. A. FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium B. a decrease in the levels of ovarian hormones signals menstruation C. the corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation D. estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the cycle

A. FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium

Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur? A. LH B. FSH C. estrogen D. progesterone

A. LH

Which of the following differentiates the follicular and luteal phases of the ovarian cycle? A. The follicular phase occurs directly before ovulation, and the luteal phase occurs directly after ovulation. B. The follicular phase is the period during which the follicle secretes estrogen, and the luteal phase is when the follicle secretes luteinizing hormone. C. The luteal phase occurs directly before ovulation while estrogen levels are high, and the follicular phase occurs directly after ovulation when estrogen levels drop. D. The follicular phase ends with a peak in progesterone production that triggers ovulation and the start of the luteal phase.

A. The follicular phase occurs directly before ovulation, and the luteal phase occurs directly after ovulation.

Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females? A. The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are part of the integumentary system. B. Both sexes are equally prone to breast cancer. C. All lumps identified in breast tissue are malignant. D. The only time hormones target breast tissue is during pregnancy and lactation.

A. The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are part of the integumentary system.

The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix. A. .True B. False

A. True

The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endometrium. A. True B. False

A. True

Amenorrhea can occur in women engaged in extremely strenuous physical activity. It also occurs in women who ______. A. are pregnant B. are overweight for a prolonged period of time C. have the classic type of Addison's disease D. All of the listed responses are correct.

A. are pregnant

Effects of estrogen include ________. A. growth of the breasts at puberty B. deepening of the voice C. increased oiliness of the skin D. growth of the larynx

A. growth of the breasts at puberty

Secretion of progesterone stimulates ________. A. preparation of the mammary glands for lactation B. proliferation of the uterine myometrium C. contraction of uterine muscles D. development of the female secondary sex characteristics

A. preparation of the mammary glands for lactation

Formation of a secondary oocyte occurs during __________. A. the follicular phase B. ovulation C. pregnancy D. the luteal phase

A. the follicular phase

Why do chiasmata form during meiosis? A. to form gametes that are genetically unique B. to trigger formation of polar bodies C. to maintain a diploid number of chromosomes in the cells produced by meiosis I D. to form four identical daughter cells

A. to form gametes that are genetically unique

What is the purpose of meiosis? A. to produce haploid reproductive cells B. to create more cells during growth and development of the body C. to allow for replacing of worn out cells D. to repair and heal damaged tissues

A. to produce haploid reproductive cells

Extremely stressful physical activity in young females can result in excessive bone mass due to large amounts of estrogen production. A. True B. False

B. False

Female orgasm is required for conception. A. True B. False

B. False

In females, orgasm is required for fertilization. A. True B. False

B. False

Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs. A. True B. False

B. False

Ovulation occurs near the end of the ovarian cycle. A. True B. False

B. False

The adenohypophyseal hormone that triggers ovulation is estrogen. A. True B. False

B. False

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone only. A. True B. False

B. False

The mammary glands are well developed in all females. A. .True B. False

B. False

The zona pellucida is formed as the follicle becomes a secondary follicle. A. True B. False

B. False

What is the role of the granulosa cells in the ovarian cycle? A. Granulosa cells become the secondary oocyte once the antrum is formed. B. Granulosa cells guide the development of the oocyte. C. Granulosa cells release LH to trigger ovulation. D. Granulosa cells produce progesterone.

B. Granulosa cells guide the development of the oocyte.

What event coincides with the transition from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase? A. Stratum functionalis is shed. B. Ovulation occurs. C. Menstruation begins. D. Glandular secretions commence.

B. Ovulation occurs.

Jasmine is started on oral contraceptives containing a combination of an estrogen and progesterone. These will regulate her menstrual cycles and decrease her androgen level. They will also act to prevent pregnancy by preventing ovulation. What phase of the uterine cycle is caused by sustained elevation of both estrogen and progesterone levels? A. Proliferative phase. B. Secretory phase. C. Follicular phase. D. Menstrual phase.

B. Secretory phase.

A couple is undergoing evaluation for difficulty conceiving a child. The female is able to ovulate, and the male produces adequate normal sperm. The woman reports 20 days between menses. What problem does this suggest? A. Her hypothalamus does not produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone. B. The corpus luteum may cease production of progesterone too soon. C. Her pituitary does not produce follicle-stimulating hormone. D. Her pituitary does not produce luteinizing hormone.

B. The corpus luteum may cease production of progesterone too soon.

Of the following statements, select the statement that is NOT true of uterine function. A. The myometrium contracts to expel the fetus during childbirth. B. The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization. C. The endometrium has a functional layer that the embryo will implant into. D. The rhythmic, reverse peristalsis of the uterus can propel sperm toward the egg.

B. The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization.

What part(s) of the breast produce(s) milk? A. lactiferous ducts B. alveoli C. lactiferous sinus D. areola

B. alveoli

Normally menstruation occurs when ________. A. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen B. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease C. blood levels of FSH fall off D. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase

B. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

Which of the following conditions might contribute to an increased probability of having an ectopic pregnancy? A. reduced blood flow to the ovaries B. decreased number of cilia in the uterine tubes C. reduced number of granulosa cells D. decreased rate of formation of vesicular follicles

B. decreased number of cilia in the uterine tubes

Which of the following represents the correct pathway of the egg after leaving the ovary and entering the uterine tube? A. infundibulum, isthmus, uterus, ampulla B. infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterus C. uterus, isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum D. ampulla, isthmus, infundibulum, uterus

B. infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterus

Which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum? A. vagina B. labia majora C. labia minora D. clitoris

B. labia majora

During what phase of the female's uterine cycle is the uterine lining shed? A. secretory, or postovulatory, phase B. menstrual phase C. proliferative phase D. preovulatory phase

B. menstrual phase

The __________ develop into the female duct system. A. mesonephric ducts B. paramesonephric ducts C. gonadal ridges D. urethral folds

B. paramesonephric ducts

The oral contraceptive pill, informally called "the pill," contains an estrogen and progesterone, or a synthetic mimic of this hormone. The combination of these two hormones, taken in the pill and circulating in the blood, works because ________. A. the hormones cause a thickening of the mucus plug at the cervix that prevents sperm from penetrating the womb and reaching the ovulated egg B. the hormones cause the woman's body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation C. the hormones prevent the proliferative or secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and the embryo will have no place to implant D. the hormones create an acid condition in the vagina that acts as a spermicide

B. the hormones cause the woman's body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation

What structure is the target for gonadotropin stimulation occurring during the events that lead to ovulation? A. the endometrium B. vesicular follicles C. the corpus luteum D. pituitary gland

B. vesicular follicles

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the vagina of an adult female? A. The mucosa of the vagina is stratified squamous epithelium. B. The vagina is also called the birth canal C. .The pH of the adult vagina is alkaline. D. The vaginal mucosa lacks glands.

C. .The pH of the adult vagina is alkaline.

Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle. A. During the secretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest. B. The menstrual phase of the cycle is normally from day 1 to day 8. C. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo. D. During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle produces more hormone.

C. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.

Jasmine's doctor has ordered measurement of her androgen levels. Which of the following statements is most accurate about this test? A. It depends on her muscle mass; androgens are anabolic steroids and cause muscle growth, so more muscle means more androgens. B. It depends on the phase of her cycle; androgens are only synthesized during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. C. Levels should be low but not absent, because the ovaries produce androgens but convert most of them into estrogens. D. It should come back negative, because women do not produce any androgens.

C. Levels should be low but not absent, because the ovaries produce androgens but convert most of them into estrogens.

Which of the following will occur immediately after ovulation? A. The corpus luteum becomes a corpus albicans. B. The corpus luteum secretes estrogen only. C. The endometrium enters its secretory phase. D. The secretion of anterior pituitary gonadotropins is enhanced.

C. The endometrium enters its secretory phase.

At which point in the uterine cycle are the ovarian hormone levels at their lowest? A. at the beginning of the proliferative phase B. at ovulation C. at the beginning of the menstrual phase D. about one week after ovulation

C. at the beginning of the menstrual phase

Besides causing genital warts, human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with what type of cancer? A. ovarian B. uterine C. cervical D. testicular

C. cervical

Which is NOT a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle? A. development of endometrial cells B. late in this phase, cervical mucus becomes thin and crystalline C. corpus luteum secretion D. vesicular follicle growth

C. corpus luteum secretion

In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be ________. A. dizygotic B. potentially of different sexes C. genetically identical D. fraternal

C. genetically identical

Which hormone is most responsible for triggering ovulation? A. estrogen B. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) C. luteinizing hormone (LH) D. progesterone

C. luteinizing hormone (LH)

During what stage of meiosis do chromosomes align on the spindle equator in homologous pairs? A. metaphase II B. anaphase I C. metaphase I D. anaphase II

C. metaphase I

Which of the following is an effect of estrogens in females? A. suppresses the effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) B. promotes water loss (diuresis) C. promotes oogenesis D. promotes lactation

C. promotes oogenesis

Which layer of the uterus is the site for implantation of a fertilized egg? A. stratum basalis of the endometrium B. perimetrium C. stratum functionalis of the endometrium D. myometrium

C. stratum functionalis of the endometrium

During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, __________. A. ovulation occurs B. the functional layer of the endometrium regenerates C. the endometrium prepares for implantation D. the endometrium is shed

C. the endometrium prepares for implantation

The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________. A. Graafian follicles B. fimbriae C. uterine tubes D. infundibula

C. uterine tubes

Which of the following is an incorrect matching of female reproductive structures with their functions? A. ovarian follicle: ovum (egg) production B. vagina: birth canal C. uterus: fertilization of ovum by sperm D. uterine tube: transport ovum to uterus

C. uterus: fertilization of ovum by sperm

Which of the following may aggravate the symptoms of a prolapsed uterus? A. constipation B. chronic coughing C. obesity D. All of the listed responses are correct.

D. All of the listed responses are correct.

What is the role of estrogen on luteinizing hormone (LH) production? A. Estrogen only inhibits LH production so that as estrogen levels increase, there will always be a corresponding decrease in LH levels. B. Estrogen levels have no effect on LH production. C. Estrogen only has an excitatory effect on LH release so that as estrogen levels increase, there will always be a corresponding increase in LH levels. D. Estrogen may have either an inhibitory or an excitatory effect on LH production depending on the overall estrogen levels.

D. Estrogen may have either an inhibitory or an excitatory effect on LH production depending on the overall estrogen levels.

Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle. A. The LH surge stimulates further development of the secondary oocyte. B. Rising levels of estrogen start follicle development. C. The follicle begins to secrete progesterone in response to estrogen stimulation. D. High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release.

D. High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release.

Which of the following is an effect of luteinizing hormone (LH) after ovulation? A. It stimulates production of a new functional layer of the endometrium. B. It inhibits the formation of secretory glands in the mucosal endometrium during the secretive stage. C. It thins the cervical plug to facilitate the passage of sperm. D. It maintains the corpus luteum.

D. It maintains the corpus luteum.

What is the fate of the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs? A. It continues to stimulate development of the oocyte until ovulation can occur. B. It implants into the uterine wall to begin pregnancy. C. It produces progesterone and some estrogen for about 10 days and then degrades. D. It secretes progesterone and some estrogen for about three months.

D. It secretes progesterone and some estrogen for about three months.

Which of these statements about sexually transmitted infections is FALSE? A. Genital herpes is caused by a virus that may cause intermittent lesions. B. Gonorrhea is caused by a bacterium that can bring on painful discharges in males. C. Chlamydia is caused by bacteria that can often be asymptomatic or bring on a wide variety of symptoms. D. Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated.

D. Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated.

When does ovulation occur in the uterine cycle? A. at the end of the menstrual phase B. at the end of the secretory phase C. at the end of the luteal phase D. at the end of the proliferative phase

D. at the end of the proliferative phase

During cellular division, the replication of DNA occurs __________. A. before mitosis and between meiosis I and meiosis II B. before mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II C. before mitosis, but it is not necessary for it to occur before either meiosis I or meiosis II D. before mitosis and meiosis I

D. before mitosis and meiosis I

What ovarian structure forms at the beginning of the secretory phase, encouraging its progress, and then degenerates just before menses? A. corpus albicans B. primary follicle C. vesicular follicle D. corpus luteum

D. corpus luteum

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) associated with untreated gonorrheal infections results in fallopian tube scarring and infertility. What other disorder would a female with PID be at high risk for? A. bacterial vaginosis B. miscarriage C. bladder stones D. ectopic pregnancy

D. ectopic pregnancy

Which of the following female sex hormones is most responsible for estrogenic effects? A. estriol B. estrone C. progesterone D. estradiol

D. estradiol

If a woman has just ended her menstrual phase, when is she most likely to ovulate? A. in about 14 days B. within the next 4 days C. in about 24 days D. in about 10 days

D. in about 10 days

A surge in __________ directly triggers ovulation. A. progesterone B. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) C. estrogen D. luteinizing hormone (LH)

D. luteinizing hormone (LH)

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, ________ reaches its highest levels. A. estrogen B. FSH C.LH D. progesterone

D. progesterone

Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously? A. maximal LH secretion and menstruation B. early follicular development and the secretory phase in the uterus C. maximal steroid secretion by the corpus luteum and menstruation D. regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion

D. regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion

Which of the choices below is NOT a function of the vagina? A. serves as a passageway for menstrual flow B. receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse C. serves as the birth canal D. serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte

D. serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte

The critical factor that determines gender during development is ________. A. lack of an X chromosome B. presence of progesterone C. inhibition of estrogen D. the SRY gene

D. the SRY gene

What part of the female system is the usual site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte? A. uterus B. cervical canal C. vagina D. uterine (fallopian) tube

D. uterine (fallopian) tube

Fertilization generally occurs in the ________. A. uterus B. ovary C. vagina D. uterine tubes

D. uterine tubes