FINAL

The nurse is reviewing the potassium level of a patient with kidney disease. The results of the test are 6.5 mEq/L, and the nurse observes peaked T waves on the ECG. What priority intervention does the nurse anticipate the physician will order to reduce the potassium level? A) Administration of an insulin drip B) Administration of a loop diuretic C) Administration of sodium bicarbonate D) Administration of sodium polystyrene sulfonate [Kayexalate])

D) Administration of sodium polystyrene sulfonate

Behavioral interventions for urinary incontinence can be coordinated by a nurse. A comprehensive program that incorporates timed voiding and urinary urge inhibition is referred to as what? A) Voiding at given intervals B) Prompted voiding C) Interval voiding D) Bladder retraining

D) Bladder retraining

MG

autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction acetylcholine diplopia, ptosis, generalized weakness

A client with a traumatic brain injury has already displayed early signs of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP). Which of the following would be considered late signs of increasing ICP? 1- Decerebrate posturing and loss of corneal reflex 2- Loss of gag reflex and mental confusion 3- Complaints of headache and lack of pupillary response 4- Mental confusion and pupillary changes

deceberate posturing and loss of corneal reflex

A male client reports urethral pain and a creamy yellow, bloody discharge from the penis. The nurse associates these characteristics with which of the following sexually transmitted infections?

gonorrhea

The type of fracture described as having one side of the bone broken and the other side bent would be: -greenstick. -oblique. -spiral. -transverse.

greenstick

A nurse provided health teaching to a patient with a STI. The nurse advised her patient that transmission of the organism was by three routes: sexual, percutaneous, and perinatal. Choose the STI that was diagnosed.

herpes simplex

The staff educator is orientating a nurse new to the neurological ICU when a patient with a T2 spinal cord injury is admitted. The patient is soon exhibiting manifestations of neurogenic shock. What sign or symptom is consistent with this diagnosis? 1- Increased cardiac biomarkers 2- Hypotension 3- Tachycardia 4- Excessive sweating

hypotension

Bladder training

pelvic muscles exercises, timed voiding- set voiding time prompted voiding- timed voiding carried out by staff or family habit retraining- timed voiding at an interval bladder retraining- urge inhibition

pelvic inflammatory disease

polymicrobial infection that ascends upward from the vagina and into the uterus, fallopian tubes, and peritoneal cavity.

Disaster role of nurse

protect yourself may take on roles that are out of scope triage

A public health nurse is giving an informational presentation on HIV/AIDS at a nearby college. How would the nurse best define AIDS? A) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an infectious and potentially life-threatening disease that severely compromises the immune system. B)Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a potentially life-threatening infection that profoundly weakens the immune system. C)Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a sexually transmitted disease. D) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is an infectious disease transmitted in blood and body fluids.

A) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an infectious and potentially life-threatening disease that severely compromises the immune system.

The nurse is caring for a patient with acute pancreatitis. The patient has an order for an anticholinergic medication. The nurse explains that the patient will be receiving that medication for what reason? 1- To decrease metabolism 2- To depress the central nervous system and increase the pain threshold 3- To reduce gastric and pancreatic secretions 4- To relieve nausea and vomiting

3- to reduce gastric and pancreatic secretions

A female patient with a recent diagnosis of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is scheduled to soon begin hemodialysis. A nephrology nurse has been conducting extensive patient teaching in anticipation of this treatment. What diet should the nurse recommend to minimize her patient's risk of complications and interdialytic weight gain? A) Low-fat diet with an emphasis on simple carbohydrates B) Small, frequent meals with an emphasis on leafy green vegetables C) Low-potassium, high-calorie diet D) Low-protein, low-sodium diet

D) Low protein, low sodium diet

A 78-year-old patient with type 2 diabetes is brought to the emergency department by his daughter. The patient is found to have a blood glucose level of 623 mg/dL. The patient's daughter reports that the patient recently had a gastrointestinal virus and has been confused for the last 3 hours. A diagnosis of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) is made. What nursing action would be the priority? A) Administering antihypertensive medications B) Administering sodium bicarbonate intravenously for low bicarbonate levels C) Reversing acidosis by administering insulin D) Replacing fluids and electrolytes

D) Replacing fluids and electrolytes

SLE

autoimmune disease butterfly rash- photo sensitivity rash Pericarditis and pleuritis corticosteroids

burn patients treatment, medications,

fluid and electrolyte- lactated ringer Wound Débridement Fentanyl, oxycodone,

sympathetic

fight or flight

A nurse is preparing a presentation for a local community group about hepatitis. Which of the following would the nurse include? 1- Hepatitis B is transmitted primarily by the oral-fecal route. 2- Hepatitis A is frequently spread by sexual contact. 3- Hepatitis C increases a person's risk for liver cancer. 4- Infection with hepatitis G is similar to hepatitis A.

3- Hep C increases a person's risk for liver cancer

A nurse is presenting at a community health promotion fair that is focused on disease prevention and screening. A middle-aged participant has brought up an article that she recently read about bladder cancer and has asked the nurse about prevention measures. How should the nurse respond to this woman's inquiry? A)"The majority of people who develop bladder cancer have a family history of the disease, so genetics play a large part." B) "If you smoke cigarettes, quitting will greatly reduce your risk of bladder cancer." C) "People who tend not to drink enough fluids put themselves at an increased risk of bladder cancer." D)"An unhealthy diet is the most significant risk factor for the development of bladder cancer."

B) If you smoke cigarettes, quitting will greatly reduce your risk of bladder cancer

A patient with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes has been vigilant about glycemic control since being diagnosed and has committed to increasing her knowledge about the disease. To reduce her risk of developing diabetic nephropathy in the future, this patient should combine glycemic control with what other preventative measure? A) Vigorous physical activity at least three times weekly B) Maintenance of a low-sodium, low-protein diet C)Maintenance of healthy blood pressure and prompt treatment of hypertension D)Subcutaneous injection of 5,000 units of heparin twice daily

C) Maintenance of healthy blood pressure and prompt treatment of hypertension

The nurse explained the difference between the herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2). One characteristic of HSV-1 is that it:

affects mouth and lips

GUILLAIN-BARRé SYNDROME

an autoimmune attack on the peripheral nerve myelin. flu like illness diminished lower reflexes medical emergency

Direct Ophthalmoscopy

handheld instrument enabling magnification of the cornea, lens, and retina. . The patient is given a target to gaze at. The examiner holds the ophthalmoscope in the right hand and uses the right eye to examine the patient's right eye. The examiner switches to the left hand and left eye when examining the patient's left eye. During this examination, the room should be darkened, and the examiner should be about 15 in away from the patient and 15 degrees lateral to the patient's line of vision. The patient should be relaxed and able to keep both eyes open and steady. red reflex- lens opacity

most common type of shock

hypovolemic shock

meniere's disease

increased endolymph; tinnitus, vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss is a disorder of the inner ear that causes vertigo, tinnitus, a feeling of fullness or pressure in the ear, and fluctuating hearing loss

Distributive shock

is caused by alterations in vascular smooth muscle tone, caused by nervous system injury, inflammatory release causing vasodilation, or complications associated with medications such as epidural anesthesia. Septic shock is technically considered a "distributive" type of shock. Sepsis is a complex condition, caused by an infection with profound vasodilation.

Serologic testing of a middle-aged woman with a recent history of severe flu-like symptoms has just resulted in a diagnosis of hepatitis A. Which of the following assessment questions should the nurse prioritize when discussing this diagnosis with the patient? 1- "Are you currently in a monogamous sexual relationship?" 2- "How would describe your typical diet? 3- "Which restaurants have you eaten in over the past few weeks?" 4- "Have you ever used recreational drugs?"

3- Which restaurants have you eaten in over the past few weeks?

A 33-year-old male patient with a history of IV heroin and cocaine use has been admitted to the medical unit for the treatment of endocarditis. The nurse should recognize that this patient is also likely to test positive for which of the following hepatitis viruses? 1- Hepatitis A 2- Hepatitis B 3- Hepatitis C 4- Hepatitis D

3- hep c

When the nurse is caring for a patient with type 1 diabetes, what clinical manifestation would be a priority to closely monitor? A) Hypoglycemia B) Hyponatremia C) Ketonuria D) Polyphagia

A) Hypoglycemia

Which of the following is the most common symptom of bladder cancer? A) Painless gross hematuria| B) Pelvic pain C) Back pain D) Altered voiding

A) Painless gross hematuria

Triage

Immediate (I—red): Patients have life-threatening injuries that probably are survivable with immediate treatment. Examples are tension pneumothorax, respiratory distress, major external hemorrhage, and airway injuries. Ideally, with limited resources, the only patients categorized as red will be those who would benefit from immediate short-duration treatment and then could be retriaged as yellow. Delayed (II—yellow): Patients require definitive treatment, but no immediate threat to life exists. Patients can wait for treatment without jeopardy. Examples include minor extremity fractures, laceration with hemorrhage controlled, and burns over less than 25% of body surface area. Minimal (III—green): Patients have minimal injuries, are ambulatory, and can self-treat or seek alternative medical attention independently. Examples include minor lacerations, contusions, and abrasions. Expectant (0—black): Patients have lethal injuries and usually will die despite treatment. Examples include devastating head injuries, major third-degree burns over most of the body, and destruction of vital organs. Retriage of this group may be done as resources become available (Starr, Allen, & Stewart, 2011).

Hypovolemic shock

occurs when there is a decrease in the intravascular volume. Hypovolemia can be the result of an imbalance of intake and output, such as in patients with dehydration or hemorrhage.

A nurse is teaching a health education class to a group of young adults and perceives that misinformation exists about the signs, symptoms, and trajectory of HIV infection. The nurse should inform participants that the first symptoms of HIV exposure include: A) Fever, headache, and malaise B) Pneumonia-like symptoms and increased sputum production C)Rapid weight loss and anorexia D)Painful lesions on the vulva or the shaft of the penis

A) Fever, headache, malaise

Obstructive shock

occurs when there is decreased oxygen delivery due to an obstructive cause, such as pericardial tamponade, tension pneumothorax, PE, or abdominal compartment syndrome.

prostate cancer nationality predisposed

African American

Diabetes 2

insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion age, obesity, lack of exercise

The nurse is caring for a client with suspected chronic pancreatitis. Which diagnostic test or imaging does the nurse recognize as the most useful in diagnosing this condition? 1- ERCP 2- MRI 3- CT 4- Ultrasound

1- ERCP

prostate cancer

cancer of the prostate gland, usually occurring in men middle-aged and older usually asymptomatic

Diabetes 1

destruction of pancreatic beta cells autoimmune increased production of ketones

Hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

Amsler Grid

macular degeneration

Breast cancer S&S

* Mass felt during BSE. * Mass usually felt in the upper outer quadrant, beneath the nipple, or in axilla. * A fixed, irregular nonencapsulated mass; typically painless except in the late stages. * Nipple retraction or elevation. * Asymmetry, with the affected breast being higher. * Bloody or clear nipple discharge. * Skin dimpling, retraction, or ulceration. * Skin edema or peau d'orange skin. * Axillary lymphadenopathy. * Lymphedema of the affected arm. * Symptoms of bone or lung metastasis in late stage. * Presence of the lesion on mammography.

The initial sign of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) includes 1- decreased level of consciousness. 2- herniation. 3- vomiting. 4- headache.

1- decreased LOC

Which factor is the focus of nutrition intervention for clients with type 2 diabetes? A) Protein metabolism B) Blood glucose level C) Weight loss D) Carbohydrate intake

C) Weight loss

chemo for brain tumors

Chemotherapy may be given intravenously, orally, or intrathecally temozolomide (Temodar) is often part of the systemic therapy because of its ability to pass through the blood-brain barrier

seizures- meds and what to do

IV lorazepam (Ativan), diazepam (Valium), or midazolam (Versed) Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) (levetiracetam, phenytoin, phenobarbital) are administered later to maintain a seizure-free state

hearing loss

Many environmental factors have an adverse effect on the auditory system and gradually result in permanent sensorineural hearing loss Conductive hearing loss usually results from an external ear disorder, such as impacted cerumen, or a middle ear disorder, such as otitis media or otosclerosis tinnitus

automimmunity

Normal protective immune response paradoxically turns against or attacks the body, leading to tissue damage

Bladder cancer

Painless gross hematuria is the most common symptom of bladder cancer. Diagnostic: cystoscopy (the mainstay of diagnosis), excretory urography, CT, ultrasonography, and bimanual examination with the patient anesthetized chemotherapy and radiation

pneumonia most common in pts with HIV

Pneumocystic Pneumonia (PCP)

compartment syndrome

The pressure within the confined space becomes so high that there is massive compromise to circulation and nerve transmission in the affected extremity. Permanent damage develops within a few hours if action is not taken. Risk factors for this complication include trauma from accidents, surgery, or crushing injuries, in which massive edema and bleeding is expected

insulin given IV

regular insulin

A nurse is caring for a client newly diagnosed with hepatitis A. Which statement by the client indicates the need for further teaching? 1- "How did this happen? I've been faithful my entire marriage." 2- "I'll be very careful when preparing food for my family." 3- "I'll wash my hands often." 4- "I'll take all my medications as ordered."

1- How did the happen? I've been faithful my entire marriage

A client has just been diagnosed with hepatitis A. On assessment, the nurse expects to note: 1- severe abdominal pain radiating to the shoulder. 2- anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. 3- eructation and constipation. 4- abdominal ascites.

2- anorexia, nausea, and vomiting

Which clinical finding should a nurse look for in a client with chronic renal failure? A) Hypotension B) Uremia C) Metabolic alkalosis D)Polycythemia

B) Uremia

bacterial discharge sti

BV- yellow, gray,white TRICHOMONIASIS-yellow- green

hemorrhagic stroke

bleeding in the brain

A client with acute pancreatitis reports muscle cramping in the lower extremities. What pathophysiology concept represents the reason the client is reporting this? 1- Tetany related to hypocalcemia 2- Muscle spasm related to hypokalemia 3- Muscle pain related to referred pain manifestations 4- Tetany related to hypercalcemia

1- Tetany related to hypocalcemia

Psoriasis

epidermal cells are produced at a fast rate silverly scales

Scleraderma

hardening of the skin environmental or occupational agents

The nursing student has just reviewed material in the course textbook regarding pancreatitis. The student knows that a major symptom of pancreatitis that causes the client to seek medical care is: 1- Severe abdominal pain 2- Fever 3- Jaundice 4- Mental agitation

1- severe abdominal pain

hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

Which nursing intervention is essential in caring for a client with compartment syndrome? -Keeping the affected extremity below the level of the heart -Wrapping the affected extremity with a compression dressing to help decrease the swelling -Removing all external sources of pressure, such as clothing and jewelry -Starting an I.V. line in the affected extremity in anticipation of venogram studies

Removing all external sources of pressure, such as clothing and jewelry

Which of the following is the gold standard for herpes simplex virus {HSV} diagnosis?

culture

Perimetry Testing

evaluates field of vision

EMG (electromyography)

a measurement technique that records the electrical activity of a muscle or group of muscles. It indicates the muscle activity

Cardiogenic shock

occurs when the heart has an impaired pumping ability; it may be of coronary or noncoronary event origin.

Parasympathetic

rest and digest

When caring for a client with acute pancreatitis, the nurse should use which comfort measure? 1- Administering an analgesic once per shift, as ordered, to prevent drug addiction 2- Positioning the client on the side with the knees flexed 3- Encouraging frequent visits from family and friends 4- Administering frequent oral feedings

2- positioning the client on the side with the knees flexed

A client being treated for pancreatitis faces the risk of atelectasis. Which of the following interventions would be important to implement to minimize this risk? 1- Monitor pulse oximetry every hour. 2- Withhold oral feedings for the client. 3- Instruct the client to avoid coughing. 4- Reposition the client every 2 hours.

4- Reposition client every 2 hours

When caring for a client with hepatitis B, the nurse should monitor closely for the development of which finding associated with a decrease in hepatic function? 1- Jaundice 2- Pruritus of the arms and legs 3- Fatigue during ambulation 4- Irritability and drowsiness

4- irritability and drowsiness

What is a characteristic of the intrarenal category of acute renal failure? A) Decreased creatinine B) Increased BUN C) High specific gravity D) Decreased urine sodium

B) Increased BUN

Rhinne test

compares air conduction and bone conduction. place stem of the vibrating tuning fork on the person mastoid process and ask him or her to signal when the sound goes away.

UTI in elderly patient

confusion, dementia, or bowel or bladder incontinence

Scabies

contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite severe itching- raised burrows itching during the night is common

testicular cancer

cancer of the testicle, usually occurring in men 15 to 35 years of age highly treatable and curable mass or lump present, enlargement of testies, backache,

Patients who have had pelvic inflammatory disease {PID} are prone to which of the following complications?

etopic pregnancy

A 37-year-old male patient presents at the emergency department complaining of nausea and vomiting and severe abdominal pain. While the nurse is assessing the patient, the patient's wife informs the nurse that the patient ingested 24 ounces of vodka last evening. The patient's abdomen is rigid, and there is bruising to the patient's flank. What is the patient exhibiting signs of? 1- Pancreatitis with possible peritonitis 2- Acute cholecystitis 3- Obstruction of the bowel 4- Acute appendicitis

1- Pancreatitis with possible peritonitis

A client with chronic pancreatitis is treated for uncontrolled pain. Which complication does the nurse recognize is most common in the client with chronic pancreatitis? 1- Weight loss 2- Diarrhea 3- Fatigue 4- Hypertension

1- weight loss

A nurse is planning care for a client with acute pancreatitis. Which client outcome does the nurse assign as the highest priority? 1- Developing no acute complications from the pancreatitis 2- Maintaining normal respiratory function 3- Maintaining satisfactory pain control 4- Achieving adequate fluid and electrolyte balance

2- Maintaining normal respiratory function

A patient with acute pancreatitis puts the call bell on to tell the nurse about an increase in pain. The nurse observes the patient guarding; the abdomen is boardlike and no bowel sounds are detected. What is the major concern for this patient? 1- The patient requires more pain medication. 2- The patient is developing a paralytic ileus. 3- The patient has developed peritonitis. 4- The patient has developed renal failure.

2- The patient is developing a paralytic ileus

A client is admitted to the healthcare facility suspected of having acute pancreatitis and undergoes laboratory testing. Which of the following would the nurse expect to find? 1- Increased serum calcium levels 2- Elevated urine amylase levels 3- Decreased liver enzyme levels 4- Decreased white blood cell count

2- elevated urine amylase levels

The balance between the amount of HIV in the body and the immune response is the: A) Viral set point B) Viral load test C) Window period D) Anergy

A) Viral set point

Which of the following should be the primary medical management goal? A) Determine the stone type. B) Relieve any obstruction. C) Relieve the pain. D) Prevent nephron destruction.

C) relieve the pain

hemodiolysis

most common dialysis with treatment 3 times a week. Artificial kidney, toxins and wastes are removed double lumen large bore catheter is inserted into the subclavian, fistula- should have a thrill or bruit, tight clothing should be avoided

Mastectomy post-op

Elevate arm, assess drainage and tubes, prevention of hematoma, support and education; assess for infection, bleeding, patient adjustment No bp or blood draw

ketoacidosis

excessive production of ketones, making the blood acid hyperglycemia, ketosis, dehydration, electrolyte loss, and metabolic acidosis.

TIA

mini stroke S&S resolve

Which combination of adverse effects should a nurse monitor for when administering IV insulin to a client with diabetic ketoacidosis? A. Hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia B. Hypokalemia and hypoglycemia C. Hypernatremia and hypercalcemia D. Hyperkalemia and hyperglycemia

B. Hypokalemia and hypoglycemia

ischemic stroke

blood clot in artery or stenosis

A community health nurse is well-aware that the incidence and prevalence of chronic renal failure (CRF) has increased significantly in recent years. In a recent strategic planning meeting, the nurse has proposed health promotion activities to address this problem. Which of the following health promotion campaigns addresses the most common cause of CRF? A) Teaching individuals with diabetes to manage their disease B)Promoting smoking cessation C) Encouraging adults to know their family history of CRF D) Screening for CRF among adults age 70 and older

A) Teaching individuals with diabetes to manage their disease

This type of T lymphocyte is responsible for altering the cell membrane and initiating cellular lysis. Choose the T lymphocyte. A Cytotoxic T cell B Suppressor T cell C Helper T cell D Memory T cell

A) cytotoxic T cells

Which of the following factors would a nurse identify as a most likely cause of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in a client with diabetes? A.The client continues medication therapy despite adequate food intake. B. The client has eaten and has not taken or received insulin. C. The client has not consumed sufficient calories. D. The client has been exercising more than usual.

B) The client has eaten and has not taken or received insulin

cells in immune system

B cells , which mature in the bone marrow and enter the circulation as precursors to antibody-secreting cells or memory cells T cells , which move from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they mature into several kinds of cells with different helper functions

A client has just been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. When teaching the client and family how diet and exercise affect insulin requirements, the nurse should include which guideline? A) "You'll need more insulin when you exercise or increase your food intake." B) "You'll need less insulin when you exercise or reduce your food intake." C) "You'll need less insulin when you increase your food intake." D)"You'll need more insulin when you exercise or decrease your food intake."

B) you'll need less insulin when you exercise or reduce your food intake

The nurse needs to assess the oxygen status of a client who is suddenly experiencing shortness of breath. The most appropriate noninvasive measurement techniques would be:

pulse ox

In a client with a dislocation, the nurse should initially perform neurovascular assessments a minimum of every 15 minutes until stable. Which complication does the assessments help the nurse to monitor in the client? -Disseminated intravascular coagulation -Compartment syndrome -Carpal tunnel syndrome -Fat embolism syndrome

Compartment syndrome

A client with genital herpes asks the nurse about what to expect with the infection. Which of the following responses would be most appropriate?

Even though you don't have symptoms, you could still spread the infection.

Herpes

HSV-1 is known as the oral type and can be transmitted to the genitalia by oral sex or self-inoculation (i.e., touching a cold sore and then touching the genital area). HSV-2 is always transmitted sexually. macules and papules that progress to vesicles influenza like symptoms antiviral medications to manage symptoms

Weber Test

Test done by placing the stem of a vibrating tuning fork on the midline of the head and having the patient indicate in which ear the tone can be heard.

cystocele

The herniation of the bladder into the anterior vagina

Brain tumor risk factors

The only known risk factors are exposure to ionizing radiation and cancer-causing chemicals Additional possible risk factors that require further investigation include nonionizing consumption of nitrates, cigarette smoking, cell phone use, and exposure to residential power lines

A woman comes to the clinic complaining of vaginal itching and a discharge. Inspection reveals a thick curdlike white discharge. The nurse suspects which of the following?

candida infection

strokes

fifth leading cause of death caused by reduced cerebral blood flow

You are caring for a client status post lung resection. When assessing your client you find that the bubbling in the water-seal chamber for the chest tubes is more than you expected. What should you check when bubbling in the water-seal chamber is excessive? See if a kink has developed in the tubing. See if the wall suction unit has malfunctioned. See if the chest tube is clogged. See if there are leaks in the system

see if there are leaks in the system

Thyroid storm

severe hyperthyroidism high fever, tachy, altered mental state immediate measures to reduce temp Thyroid storm is an acute, life-threatening form of hyperthyroidism.

SCC

spinal cord compression emergency back pain pain increases in prone position

kidney stones (renal calculi)

substances such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid increase. dehydration is a risk factor renal pelvic stones- intense, deep ache. ureter- excruciating, wave- like pain

Retinal detachment treatment

surgery teaching patient Postoperative complications may include increased IOP, endophthalmitis (inflammation of the internal layer of the eye), development of other retinal detachments, development of cataracts, and loss of turgor of the eye.

anthrax

symptoms of common cold antibiotics needed level D universal precautions

tonometry

the measurement of intraocular pressure

HIV and AIDS

the virus that causes AIDS, spread through bodily fluids rather than casual contact or airborne

Cushing's triad

three classic signs—bradycardia, hypertension, and bradypnea—seen with pressure on the medulla as a result of brain stem herniation

signs of intracranial pressure

• Headache • projectile Vomiting decreased LOC