Midterm for Sociology Multicultural Studies

What gave black men--but not other nonwhites or women-- the right to vote?

14th Amendment

Before the _____ century, race as we know it today did not exist.

16th

The term "white trash"- a derogatory term for rural impoverished whites-began circulating in newspapers and books during what time period?

1850s

In what year was Hawaii's sovereignty finally dissolved when the American military overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy and annexed the islands?

1893

The 1969 occupation of Alcatraz Island, in which protesters demanded the island be released for the explicit development of Indian education, lasted how long?

19 months

Which of the following groups of workers might company executives refer to as "strike insurance"?

African American workers who replace striking workers

What is the only group in the history of the United States that has experienced ghettoization, as defined by Massey and Denton?

African Americans

Which of the following statements is true?

African Americans in many metropolitan areas live in a condition of hyper-segregation.

Consider the following scenario: School board members are debating a policy change that would increase the police presence at the local high school. What course of action might a sociologist recommend before making a decision?

Analyzing the factors that are of concern including social and historical patterns.

According the the figure below, "Electoral Shifts in 2011," which state experience the most dramatic increase in Republic voting since the 2004 election?

Arkansas

Contemporary welfare programs tend to focus on changing individual behavior-teaching clients to be more responsible, productive workers-rather than on addressing systemic inequality. In what tradition do such programs follow?

Daniel Patrick Moynihan's report, The Negro Family

Which two countries are most responsible for the racial classification system we know today?

England and Spain

What was the significance of the 1676 Bacon's Rebellion?

Enslaved whites struggled hand in hand with enslaved blacks.

From the end of the nineteenth century the the 1970s, thousands of Native Americans and African Americans, as well as people deemed mentally retarded or criminal, were sterilized against their will. This phenomenon was an example of what?

Eugenics

Who was Emmit Till and what was the social significance of his murder?

He was a 14 year old African American boy who was murdered in 1955 in a racist attack due to a woman accusing him of harassing her. It was the catalyst for the civil right movement.

What is one factor that might complicate the assumption that the percentage of Hispanic voters will grow in direct proportion to their population growth?

Hispanics may increasingly consider themselves white, which would increase the percentage of white voters.

President Barack Obama is often referred to as the nation's first black president, not the nation's first biracial president. What does this tell us about racial categories in the US?

In the eyes of many, blackness remains a totalizing racial category.

The 1875 Page Law, which intended to bar Chinese prostitutes from the US, had what effect?

It barred virtually all Chinese women from American shores.

How did urban development projects immediately following World War II affect housing opportunities for nonwhites?

It evicted many from their homes, forcing them into overcrowded slums.

What was one of the outcomes of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

It organized the black clergy as a political force.

What was the Southern Strategy and who implemented it?

It was a strategy to increase support among white voters in the South by appealing to race issues against African Americans. Nixon implemented this.

Maryland's 1904 law that required all railroad companies to provide separate train cars for black and white passengers is an example of what?

Jim Crow laws

Which of the following best exemplifies the advice offered by the textbook authors on how whites can contribute to fighting racial injustice?

Join an anti-racist group on campus to suggest improvements that would make residential life more inclusive.

As the children of Jewish shopkeepers assimilated into whiteness and took leave of their families' shops in the inner city, what immigrant group has often stepped in to take their place, particularly in black ghettos?

Koreans

In the 1920s and 1930s, why did some recent immigrants, such as Germans and Irish, leave the slum and assimilate into the American mainstream but others, such as the Chinese, did not?

Laws and customs, based on the "racial uniform" did not allow the Chinese to live anywhere else.

Which dominant black protest organization, which preceded the modern Civil Rights Movement and was founded in 1909 by black and white intellectuals, primarily battled racial domination in the courts?

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Which of the following is an example of a homogenizing heading?

Native American

Which of the following statements about institutional racism and interpersonal racism is accurate?

Neither institutional nor interpersonal racism is necessarily overt; both forms of racism often operate in the habitual commonsense and largely unconscious practices of daily life.

What does the concept 'homo-social reproduction' mean?

People of color are less likely to condone homosexual relations than whites.

What was the name of the policy put forward by President Bill Clinton that placed restrictions on how long families could receive welfare?

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

When George Wallace, Democratic governor of Alabama, stood in 1963 on the steps of the University of Alabama to block the entrance of two black students to the all-white university, he taught politicians two strategic lessons. The first was that politicians who opposed racial justice could garner great support from white voters. What was the second?

Politicians can support white supremacy as long as they do not do so explicitly.

Author Michelle Alexander recently coined the term 'the new Jim Crow" to discuss the rapid rise of mass incarceration among the black population in the US. What might Jim Crow and mass incarceration have in common?

Prisons and Jim Crow laws are both dramatic examples of segregation.

The majority of whites are registered members of which political party?

Republican

Schools in Yazoo City, Mississippi, dedicated $245 per white child for educational expenses and only $3 per black child in the late 1950s, illustrating what?

Separate schools were anything but equal.

In 1519, which city had the largest population?

Tenochtilan

What was one result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 and the 1980 Refugee Act?

Tens of thousands of Vietnamese refugees relocated to the US in the mid 70s.

What is a result of cases like Shaw v. Reno (1993) and Miller v. Johnson (1995), which outlaw only race-based gerrymandering?

The court fails to recognize white majority districts as white districts, and whiteness is rendered invisible.

What were the aims of U.S. government relocation programs targeted at Native Americans following World War II?

The government wanted to move Native Americans to urban centers to advance assimilation and tribal dissolution.

Which of the following were findings of the Detroit Area Survey?

The majority of black respondents said their ideal neighborhood was 50 percent black and 50 percent white, while 84 percent of white respondents said they would not enter such a neighborhood.

The textbook authors point out that asking, "Why did African sell other Africans into slavery?," is an inaccurate question because

The question assumes there were such things as "Africa" and "Africans" during the slave trade.

Between 1984 and 2009, what happened to the wealth gap between white and black families?

The wealth gap nearly tripled.

What did Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth have in common?

There were both former slaves turned abolitionists.

What were two ways in which slaves rebelled against their masters.

They broke tools, refused to work at certain paces and with rebellions.

What was the purpose of the "grandfather clauses"?

They extended the right to vote to those whose relatives were enfranchised before the end of the Civil War, namely whites.

Juliana, whose parents are immigrants from the Dominican Republic, was the first person in her family to go to college. Her parents, who recently retired after years of work as domestic servants, like to tell their friends that the family is wealthy now that their daughter has graduated from medical school. Why is their boast about their family wealth not quite accurate?

They forget that most wealth is passed down through family generations and that having a high income is not the same things as having wealth.

Briefly explain one of the four ways by which Eastern European immigrants came to be categorized as white.

They mimicked the discrimination they saw whites do. They wanted to fit in, so they picked between the whites and the blacks.

In 2015, 13 students were arrested at the University of Minnesota when they conducted a sit-in at the president's office in an attempt to protest the lack of diversity in the faculty. These protesters most clearly followed in the tradition of which group?

Third World Liberation Front

How did the US acquire the land that today is New Mexico, California, Utah, Nevada, parts of Arizona, and disputed areas of Texas?

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

In the case Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, Abigail Fisher, a white woman, challenged the admissions process at the University of Texas at Austin after being denied admission to the school, claiming the denial was the result of affirmative action. Her case is indicative of which pattern?

When asked who was most likely to face discrimination at work, survey respondents picked whites over blacks by two to one.

The American Indian Movement attempted to organize against federal "Indian Termination" policies. What was the effect of these policies?

When tribes lost federal recognition, they also lost federal aid and land rights.

Which explanation for why are whites less likely than people of color to identify themselves in racial terms is discussed in the textbook?

Whites are less concerned with racism than other groups.

In his book Dog Whistle Politics, Ian Haney Lopez describes three important "moves" of racial dog whistling. Newt Gingrich's denial that his frequent references to President Obama as the "food stamp president" had any racial basis is an example of which of these three moves?

a parry that slaps away charges of racial pandering

A national home builder developing anew home community needs to hire framers, plumbers, painters, electricians, and other construction workers. There are plenty of qualified unionized, non-immigrant job applicants, but the builder chooses to hire mostly Mexican immigrants. According to sociologist, Edna Bonacich, this choice reflects the existence of:

a split labor market

What is the umbrella term referring to a collection of policies and practices designed to address past wrongs, institutional racism, and sexism by offering people of color and women both employment and educational opportunities?

affirmative action

One of the fundamental tenets of the ___________ is that history does not structure our experiences and that these experiences can either compound as advantages-or privileges- or increase barriers to opportunities. What type of fallacy best describes such thinking?

ahistorical fallacy

Boarding schools that attempted to strip Native Americans of their culture and tradition by requiring them to speak English can be considered an example of what type of infliction brought by colonialism?

an infliction of their spirits

Two methods by which white Americans attempted to solve the "Indian Problem" and acquire tribal land were:

assimilation and removal

In order to determine if and how discrimination affects hiring decisions, sociologists conduct studies in which they send paired actors to apply for real jobs. The actors are equal in every way aside from race. What are these studies called?

audit studies

George's father is an African American, and his mother is white America. Mike's father is a white Italian, and his other is a white American. Why does Mike have a higher degree of fluidity and freedom when self-identifying ethnically?

because George's black identity is stigmatized.

Stephen Jay Gould argues that ______________ reappears, even when disproven, during eras of political retrenchment or during times when elites are fearful of changes to their status.

biological determinism

Two friends are arguing over the results of a recent NBA draft. Alex tells Jorge that his favorite team should have picked more black players because they naturally have more athletic skill and everyone knows "white men can't jump." Jorge calls Alex out for basing his argument on:

biological determinism

A _________________ is a social and symbolic hierarchical system of classification and social division that organizes people into rigid groups.

caste system

The process by which a foreign power invades a territory and establishes enduring systems of exploitation and domination over that territory's indigenous populations is called what?

colonization

According to the historian Mae Ngai, laws and policies that made ethnic or racial identity a determining factor in the opportunity to immigrate during the 1920's resulted in:

decreasing racial identification for white immigrants

What is one thing that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed?

discrimination on the basis of race in restaurants

What is one consequence of environmental racism?

disproportionately high rates of health problems such as cancer and lung disease

The Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, with its imposition of national quotas and racial restrictions, contributed to the US racial order by:

distinguishing all Europeans as part of a white race, distinct from all those considered nonwhite

The idea that the category into which something is placed is based on its inherent qualities is referred to as:

essentialism

Comparisons across__________reveal variation in racial categorization between countries, highlight the importance of _______in making race.

families;place

What does Chapter 5 identify as a "new tactic of white fight?"

flying the Confederate flag

Raul is an African American, but he has many other social identities in addition to his racial identity. He is also a young, middle-class college student who identifies as bisexual. Rather than thinking of any particular racial group as a monolithic category, scholars who take an intersectional approach pay attention to:

how multiple dimensions and individual lives intersect

What were the two goals of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC's) 1964 Freedom Summer?

voter registration and quality education

According to the textbook, Mexican immigrants who work in Nebraskan meatpacking plants primarily contend for jobs with:

immigrants from Somalia

Those who argue that employment disparities can be improved by simply providing people of color with better work training promote their belief in:

impersonal market forces

The H-2A guest worker program brings tens of thousands of people to the US to work in manual labor sectors. But because these workers are bound to the companies that request them, some critics have called this practice an example of modern day_____________.

indentured servitude

Which of the five fallacies or misconceptions about racism best describes this example? "Your friend does not believe that racial segregation in schools is a problem today. After all, she argues, the courts ruled segregated education unconstitutional many decades ago."

legalistic fallacy

Aside from the structure of the economy, the class privileges (or lack thereof) of immigrants, and ethnic enclaves, what else does the textbook say impacts how well immigrants fare in America?

racial privileges

Well into the mid-twentieth century, white planters gave blacks a small piece of land on which to grow crops and live. In return, blacks gave white planters a portion of their crops. This is called what?

sharecropping

Similar to poor blacks living in urban ghettos, poor whites living in rural trailer parks often suffer from what?

the 'redneck' stigma

The U.S. government program that ran from 1942 through 1964 to recruit Mexican nationals and has been referred to as "legalized slavery" was called what?

the Bracero program

Following the recent economic recession that began in 2008, many Tea Party Republican politicians proposed cutting taxes for the wealthy as a way to boost the economy. In doing so, which tradition are they following?

the Taft-Hartley Act

Which event effectively ended the 350-year-old Indian Wars?

the Wounded Knee Massacre

Which of the following is a key feature of symbolic power?

the ability to categorize and name

What events prompted the passage of the 1968 Civil Rights Act?

the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., and the subsequent urban uprisings

What served as the institutional hub of the Civil Rights Movement?

the church

Facing high levels of environmental hazards, being isolated from economic opportunities, neglected by political leaders, and feeling stigmatized by a 'blemish of place' are common experiences by residents of what two types of neighborhoods?

the ghetto and poor, rural white areas

While numerous groups such as Black Girls Code have tried to encourage women of color to enter industries traditionally dominated by white males, such women continue to be underrepresented in top levels of employment in these industries. What term do sociologists use to describe this phenomenon?

the glass ceiling

Most white Americans consistently have accepted the principle of racial inclusion while rejecting many of the policy measures designed to carry it out. What is this phenomenon called?

the principle-implementation gap

Which group prospered most following World War II?

white Americans

A large number of whites moving from New York City into the whites-only suburb of Levittown on Long Island following World War II is an example of:

white flight

In an attempt to resist stigma, some people of color, especially new immigrants, may highlight their ethnicity and resist American __________.

racial categories

According to current demographic projections, white will become a racial minority in the US by what year?

2043

What is an 'ethnic enclave'?

A semi-autonomous economy, large or small, that is owned, operated, and managed by members of the same immigrant or ethnic community.

Bobby makes fun of Ralph, whose family is American Indian, for being poor. According to Bobby, all American Indians should be "rich" from casino money. What is one thing that Bobby should know to reassess his assumption?

A small group of American Indian tribes profit form casinos.

Postville, Iowa, has seen a rapid influx of Latino residents in recent years. The "threat hypothesis" would predict that Postville's white residents may react to this change in which of the following ways?

opposing bilingual education

A person's ___________ is his or her physical appearance, including skeletal structure, height, hair, texture, eye color, and skin tone.

phenotype

What has been a consequence of cities renovating central-city areas to entice upper-class individuals and families?

poor families being pushed to the suburbs, cut off from employment opportunities and services

Banks that are more likely to lend money to whites than to nonwhites and banks that charge higher mortgage rates to nonwhites are examples of:

present-day institutional racism

A realtor that shows an upper-class black family homes in only black neighborhoods is guilty of what practice?

steering

Race, ethnicity, and nationality are mutually overlapping ___________ that are mutually reinforcing and cannot be understood in isolation from one another.

symbolic categories