Final Exam // Anatomy & Physiology (skeletal, muscular, nervous, and endocrine systems)
which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes depolarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward
2, 1, 4, 3
What creates the alternating light and dark bands that provides the striation pattern on skeletal muscle tissue?
A bands and I bands
the proximal epiphysis is represented by
Label B
the myofilament composed of actin is indicated by
Label C
the area that serves as a storage area for fat (adipose tissue) in adults is indicated by
Label H
select the environment that is most likely to produce an action potential in an neuron.
a depolarizing neuron
both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
are in the efferent (motor) division of the PNS
the presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that what?
bone length is increasing
which type of filament is anchored to the Z disc within a myofibril
thin filaments
what gland is the target organ of thyrotropic hormone (TH), also known as thyroid-stimulating (TSH)
thyroid gland
T/F: There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.
true
Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter.
white; grey
which bones are commonly referred to as the cheekbones?
zygomatic bones
Which method of regenerating ATP during muscle contraction can produce lactic acid?
anaerobic glycolysis
Male sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are called ________.
androgens
what type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints?
articular cartilage
two or bones meet at a location called a(n)
articulation (joint)
the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage form the ______ skeleton
axial
the part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the
axon
what part of the neuron releases vesicles containing neurotransmitters
axon terminals
which of the following is not a function of the muscular system
blood cell formation
Botulinum toxin is produced by bacteria; it can cause flaccid paralysis in human muscle cells. evaluate the following mechanisms to determine its mode of action.
botox prevents the release of acetylcholine from axon terminals
the term central nervous system refers to the
brain and spinal cord
the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the
brain stem
What must rush into a muscle cell to promote its depolarization?
calcium ions
what is required to form a cross bridge between a myosin head and an actin filament
calcium ions and ATP
Why are calcium ions necessary for skeletal muscle contraction?
calcium ions trigger the binding of myosin heads to actin filaments
Striated involuntary muscle tissue is classified as ________ muscle.
cardiac
Striated involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart is ________.
cardiac muscle
Ganglia are collections of ________.
cell bodies
From superior to inferior, what is the correct order of the vertebrae?
cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
what is the primary role of the interneuron (association neuron) ?
connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways
the large fiber tract that allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is called the
corpus callosum
the heads of the myosin myofilaments are called _________ when they link the thick and thin filaments together during skeletal muscle contraction
cross bridges
the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the
diencephalon (interbrain)
Which ciliated neuroglial cell circulates cerebrospinal fluid?
ependymal cells
T/F: the two basic types of bone tissue are compact bone and smooth bone
false
a smooth sustained contraction with no evidence of relaxation is called
fused, or complete tetanus
the head of the humerus fits into the _______ of the scapula
glenoid cavity
skeletal muscle, as a whole, can generate different amounts of force, and different degrees of shortening, in response to stimuli. what is this concept called?
graded response
Hormones of the hypothalamus stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete its hormones. How would you classify this type of endocrine gland stimulation?
hormonal
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
hyaline cartilage
Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the:
hypothalamus
the A band within a myofibril is indicated by
label A
the I band within a skeletal muscle fiber is indicated by
label B
the gland that produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone is indicated by what label?
label B
the gland that hangs from a stalk from the hypothalamus is indicated by
label C
the H zone, located within the A band, lacks thin filaments and is represented by
label D
the area that contains glassy hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth slippery surface that decreases friction is indicated by b
label D
the periosteum, a connective tissue covering on the diaphysis is represented by
label F
the gland that produces insulin and glucagon is indicated by what label?
label H
that gland that produces testosterone is indicated by what label?
label J
the diaphysis is indicated by
label c
the femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as what
long bones
Which spinal curvature is associated with the lower back and appears when a baby begins to walk?
lumbar
The sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called the:
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
which bones are associated with the palm of the hand?
metacarpals
One neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates is known as a ________.
motor unit
A state of continuous partial muscle contraction is known as
muscle tone
According to sliding filament theory, when does muscular contracting occur?
myosin heads form cross bridges and pull thin filaments, causing them to slide
Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called ________.
neuroglia
what statement best describes the resting state of a neuron
neurons are polarized with more sodium ions outside the cell and more potassium ions inside the cell
what is released by axon terminals into the synaptic cleft to stimulate a muscle to contract
neurotransmitter
the gaps between schwann cells found at regular intervals is peripheral system neurons are called
nodes of Ranvier
the process of bone formation is known as what
ossification
When growing bones widen through appositional growth, what kind of cells add bone matrix to the outside of the diaphysis?
osteoblasts
which hormone are made by the hypothalamus yet stored and released by the posterior pituitary?
oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone
What division of the autonomic nervous system is often called the "rest-and-digest" division?
parasympathetic
the hypothalamus regulates the
pituitary gland
which endocrine gland is known as the "master endocrine gland" for its removal or destruction would have dramatic effect on the body
pituitary gland
What is not a function of the skeletal system?
regulation of blood pressure
what organelle wraps and surrounds the myofibril and stores calcium
sarcoplasmic reticulum
What cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS?
schwann cells
what are two main functional subdivisions of the nervous system
sensory and motor
Cube-shaped bones that contain mostly spongy bone are called ________ bones.
short
the type of muscle tissue pictured in figure 6.3 is
smooth muscle
An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell:
sodium
after repolarization, what ions are pumped out of the cell
sodium ions
a polarized neuron is characterized by the presence of more ________ ions along the plasma membrane outside the cell and less ________ ions along the plasma membrane inside the cell
sodium; potassium
creatine phosphate (CP) functions within the muscle cells by
storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP as needed
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) mobilizes the body during extreme situations, such as rage or fear?
sympathetic division
the gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called the
synaptic cleft
the gap between two communicating neurons is termed
synaptic cleft
immovable joints are functionally classified as what
synarthroses
what is the functional type of joint with the least amount of mobility
synarthrosis
what type of joint is characterized by the presence of a joint cavity, ligaments, and articular capsule?
synovial joint
What portion of the diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward to the sensory cortex?
thalamus
a sarcomere is
the contractile unit between two Z discs
saltatory conduction is a faster type of nerve impulse transmission that occurs along myelinated axons. why is nerve impulse transmission faster in myelinated neurons?
the nerve impulse can jump from one node of Ranvier to the next, speeding the rate of nerve impulse transmission
water-soluble hormones, such as proteins and peptide hormones, activate target cells using
the second messenger system
T/F: the reticular activating system (RAS) plays a role in consciousness and the sleep-wake cycle
true
which type of rib connects directly to the sternum by way of costal cartilage
true ribs only
which of the following is not one of the brain's four major regions
ventral ramus
what bones protect the spinal cord
vertebrae
what will decrease a person's risk for development of the bone thinning disease known as osteoporosis?
weight-bearing exercises
what enzyme breaks down acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline to prevent continued contraction of the muscle fiber
acetylcholinesterase
What is the unstoppable electrical current that travels down the length of the entire surface of a sarcolemma?
action potential
the method that regenerates the most ATP during muscle activity is
aerobic pathway
what is covered by the endomysium
an individual muscle cell
what is housed in a lacuna of compact bone tissue?
an osteon