Final Exam // Anatomy & Physiology (skeletal, muscular, nervous, and endocrine systems)

which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes depolarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward

2, 1, 4, 3

What creates the alternating light and dark bands that provides the striation pattern on skeletal muscle tissue?

A bands and I bands

the proximal epiphysis is represented by

Label B

the myofilament composed of actin is indicated by

Label C

the area that serves as a storage area for fat (adipose tissue) in adults is indicated by

Label H

select the environment that is most likely to produce an action potential in an neuron.

a depolarizing neuron

both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

are in the efferent (motor) division of the PNS

the presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that what?

bone length is increasing

which type of filament is anchored to the Z disc within a myofibril

thin filaments

what gland is the target organ of thyrotropic hormone (TH), also known as thyroid-stimulating (TSH)

thyroid gland

T/F: There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.

true

Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter.

white; grey

which bones are commonly referred to as the cheekbones?

zygomatic bones

Which method of regenerating ATP during muscle contraction can produce lactic acid?

anaerobic glycolysis

Male sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are called ________.

androgens

what type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints?

articular cartilage

two or bones meet at a location called a(n)

articulation (joint)

the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage form the ______ skeleton

axial

the part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the

axon

what part of the neuron releases vesicles containing neurotransmitters

axon terminals

which of the following is not a function of the muscular system

blood cell formation

Botulinum toxin is produced by bacteria; it can cause flaccid paralysis in human muscle cells. evaluate the following mechanisms to determine its mode of action.

botox prevents the release of acetylcholine from axon terminals

the term central nervous system refers to the

brain and spinal cord

the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the

brain stem

What must rush into a muscle cell to promote its depolarization?

calcium ions

what is required to form a cross bridge between a myosin head and an actin filament

calcium ions and ATP

Why are calcium ions necessary for skeletal muscle contraction?

calcium ions trigger the binding of myosin heads to actin filaments

Striated involuntary muscle tissue is classified as ________ muscle.

cardiac

Striated involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart is ________.

cardiac muscle

Ganglia are collections of ________.

cell bodies

From superior to inferior, what is the correct order of the vertebrae?

cervical, thoracic, and lumbar

what is the primary role of the interneuron (association neuron) ?

connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways

the large fiber tract that allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is called the

corpus callosum

the heads of the myosin myofilaments are called _________ when they link the thick and thin filaments together during skeletal muscle contraction

cross bridges

the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the

diencephalon (interbrain)

Which ciliated neuroglial cell circulates cerebrospinal fluid?

ependymal cells

T/F: the two basic types of bone tissue are compact bone and smooth bone

false

a smooth sustained contraction with no evidence of relaxation is called

fused, or complete tetanus

the head of the humerus fits into the _______ of the scapula

glenoid cavity

skeletal muscle, as a whole, can generate different amounts of force, and different degrees of shortening, in response to stimuli. what is this concept called?

graded response

Hormones of the hypothalamus stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete its hormones. How would you classify this type of endocrine gland stimulation?

hormonal

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

hyaline cartilage

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the:

hypothalamus

the A band within a myofibril is indicated by

label A

the I band within a skeletal muscle fiber is indicated by

label B

the gland that produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone is indicated by what label?

label B

the gland that hangs from a stalk from the hypothalamus is indicated by

label C

the H zone, located within the A band, lacks thin filaments and is represented by

label D

the area that contains glassy hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth slippery surface that decreases friction is indicated by b

label D

the periosteum, a connective tissue covering on the diaphysis is represented by

label F

the gland that produces insulin and glucagon is indicated by what label?

label H

that gland that produces testosterone is indicated by what label?

label J

the diaphysis is indicated by

label c

the femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as what

long bones

Which spinal curvature is associated with the lower back and appears when a baby begins to walk?

lumbar

The sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called the:

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

which bones are associated with the palm of the hand?

metacarpals

One neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates is known as a ________.

motor unit

A state of continuous partial muscle contraction is known as

muscle tone

According to sliding filament theory, when does muscular contracting occur?

myosin heads form cross bridges and pull thin filaments, causing them to slide

Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called ________.

neuroglia

what statement best describes the resting state of a neuron

neurons are polarized with more sodium ions outside the cell and more potassium ions inside the cell

what is released by axon terminals into the synaptic cleft to stimulate a muscle to contract

neurotransmitter

the gaps between schwann cells found at regular intervals is peripheral system neurons are called

nodes of Ranvier

the process of bone formation is known as what

ossification

When growing bones widen through appositional growth, what kind of cells add bone matrix to the outside of the diaphysis?

osteoblasts

which hormone are made by the hypothalamus yet stored and released by the posterior pituitary?

oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone

What division of the autonomic nervous system is often called the "rest-and-digest" division?

parasympathetic

the hypothalamus regulates the

pituitary gland

which endocrine gland is known as the "master endocrine gland" for its removal or destruction would have dramatic effect on the body

pituitary gland

What is not a function of the skeletal system?

regulation of blood pressure

what organelle wraps and surrounds the myofibril and stores calcium

sarcoplasmic reticulum

What cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS?

schwann cells

what are two main functional subdivisions of the nervous system

sensory and motor

Cube-shaped bones that contain mostly spongy bone are called ________ bones.

short

the type of muscle tissue pictured in figure 6.3 is

smooth muscle

An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell:

sodium

after repolarization, what ions are pumped out of the cell

sodium ions

a polarized neuron is characterized by the presence of more ________ ions along the plasma membrane outside the cell and less ________ ions along the plasma membrane inside the cell

sodium; potassium

creatine phosphate (CP) functions within the muscle cells by

storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP as needed

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) mobilizes the body during extreme situations, such as rage or fear?

sympathetic division

the gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called the

synaptic cleft

the gap between two communicating neurons is termed

synaptic cleft

immovable joints are functionally classified as what

synarthroses

what is the functional type of joint with the least amount of mobility

synarthrosis

what type of joint is characterized by the presence of a joint cavity, ligaments, and articular capsule?

synovial joint

What portion of the diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward to the sensory cortex?

thalamus

a sarcomere is

the contractile unit between two Z discs

saltatory conduction is a faster type of nerve impulse transmission that occurs along myelinated axons. why is nerve impulse transmission faster in myelinated neurons?

the nerve impulse can jump from one node of Ranvier to the next, speeding the rate of nerve impulse transmission

water-soluble hormones, such as proteins and peptide hormones, activate target cells using

the second messenger system

T/F: the reticular activating system (RAS) plays a role in consciousness and the sleep-wake cycle

true

which type of rib connects directly to the sternum by way of costal cartilage

true ribs only

which of the following is not one of the brain's four major regions

ventral ramus

what bones protect the spinal cord

vertebrae

what will decrease a person's risk for development of the bone thinning disease known as osteoporosis?

weight-bearing exercises

what enzyme breaks down acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline to prevent continued contraction of the muscle fiber

acetylcholinesterase

What is the unstoppable electrical current that travels down the length of the entire surface of a sarcolemma?

action potential

the method that regenerates the most ATP during muscle activity is

aerobic pathway

what is covered by the endomysium

an individual muscle cell

what is housed in a lacuna of compact bone tissue?

an osteon