final exam (ch. 7-12)
tacit knowledge
-"knowing how" rather than just "knowing that" Ex. how must an employee behave to get along with superiors or colleagues in the workplace? -having a practical use in attaining valued goals Ex. how does a manager make subordinates at work feel valued? -inferred from actions or indirect statements because tacit knowledge is not written or articulated explicitly Ex. to advance in a company, a new employee might have to observe how other employees behave and what rewards they are given
alzheimer's disease*
-60% of all dementias -why study alzheimer's disease? : -number: affects 5.3 million americans -11% of those 65+, 50% of those 85+ -1/3 will die from dementia related problems -cost: $100 billion year, costs to businesses= $61 billion year -consequences: physical, emotional and psychological -what is alzheimer's disease? : -a progressive brain disorder that gradually destroys a persons memory and ability to learn, reason, make judgements, communicate, and carry out daily activities -symptoms of AD: -early symptoms: forgetfulness, trouble remembering recent events, activities, names, and difficulty solving simple math problems -progressive symptoms: memory loss/forgetfulness interferes with daily activities, inability to recognize familiar people/places, problems speaking, understanding, reading, writing, and anxiety, aggression, wandering
defined benefit pension plans
-DB plans require that individuals work for a certain number of years for the company in order to be vested and employees must reach a specific age before they begin receiving benefits -the dollar amount of the monthly benefit from a DB pension is usually based on an employee's salary in the latter years on the job -DB plans generally pay benefits to retirees for the rest of their lives and some offer periodic cost of living increases -with DB plans the burden of paying benefits to retired employees falls squarely on the employer -today fewer private employers offer D pension plans and many states are making revisions to the DB pension plans they offer to employees
defined contribution pension plans*
-DC pension plans place the burden of pension income on the employee -with each paycheck employers make contributions usually a percentage of the employees salary in to the employees retirement account -depending on the specific rules of the plan, the employee may or may not be required to match the employers contribution -taxed once the employer starts making withdrawals
intergenerational ambivalence theory
-a framework for understanding the complexity of the relationships between older adults and their adult children
assisted living facilities
-a rapidly growing type of age segregated living environment -ALFs offer more services than board and care homes do, and they are usually more upscale, mainly serving middle and upper income older adults
swan song phenomenon
-a resurgence in creative output stemming from a final burst in creative activity in the sixth and seventh decades following a post peak decline in the rate of creative productivity
primary control processes*
-actions and behaviors that influence, shape, or change the environment -individuals use these processes to influence, shape, and change the environment to fit their needs and desires -behaviors and actions aimed at primary control may be applied to specific areas of functioning -Ex. people may make efforts to exert primary control in the area of cognitive competence on mastering cognitive skills, while another might devote efforts to mastering social skills, an yet another to maintaining physical functioning -Ex. wanting to maintain your physical appearance
ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation
-adapting to the prospect that life is finite and that the focus must be on future generations and not on one's own needs -the older adult who makes this adjustment feels that he or she has achieved something of lasting meaning -this meaning could come from the knowledge that children have been raised, strong personal relationships have been formed, and meaningful contributions have been made to society -this adjustment bears some similarity to erikson's idea of generatively, although peck emphasizes achievements that have already been attained rather than achievements that are occurring on an ongoing basis -the individual with ego transcendence is likely to have what erikson called ego integrity
boomerang kids
-adult children who leave their parents home but come back some years later -this scenario is becoming more common given the realities of divorce and economic hardship
life review
-an idle pursuit, best discouraged in the elderly -if older adults life review is positive, they come to accept their lives as m eaningful -life review enables older adults to achieve ego integrity -if life review does not result in an adequate integration of the present and past, older adults may wish they could do things over again -this could lead to feelings of despair because older adults realize time is running out
passive dependent strategies
-attempting to withdraw from the situation or relying on other to solve it
behavior therapy
-attempts are made to manipulate environmental cues that prompt negative behaviors or change the environmental consequences that reinforce unwanted behaviors -such intervention techniques are appropriate only when there is reason to believe that the older adult is capable of benefiting from them
retirement communities*
-attract more affluent older adults -some are subsidized by government agencies or religious organizations, but many are not -unsubsidized retirement communities attract the most affluent older adults because residents bear the total cost of living in them
material convoy
-bears some resemblance to the social convoy -over a lifetime the various items we accumulate and keep with us -the body of possessions in our material convoy not only supports our daily needs but also serves to define who we are
trait diagnosticity
-behaviors that are especially informative about a particular trait are high in trait diagnosticity, but behaviors that carry less information about a particular trait are low in trait diagnosticity -Ex. in the U.S. getting good grades is high in diagnosticity for the rait of competence, perceivers think targets who make high grades in a calculus course are high in mathematical ability .- on the other hand a poor grade in calculus is not high in diagnosticity for inferring poor mathematical competence because perceivers may think a target earned the poor grade because he or she did not study enough
postformal thinking
-calls for tolerating ambiguity and remaining flexible and open to considering more than one solution to a problem -in social situations, we often need to shift perspectives to see things from another person's point of view --- -piagets theory of cognitive development -later life -transcends logic -relativisitc; accepts ambiguity -interpersonal and feeling oriented -less focused on solutions and more interested in asking additional questions
bottom up processing strategy
-collecting and integrating new information
nuclear family household
-common in urban american society and consists of parents and their children who live under the same roof
positivity effect
-compared to the younger adults, the older adults reviewed more positive information than negative information before making a choice and also recalled more positive than negative information about the physician or health plan they selected -when older adults are left to their own devices, they focus more on positive than on negative information
modified extended family
-consists of a broad kinship network including grandparents, parents, grandchildren, siblings, and even nephews, nieces and other relatives by blood or marriage
constant housing and accommodating housing
-constant housing aims to preserve the original character of the tenants -tenants may be relatively independent when they move in -later, if they need more services, they are forced to find alternative housing and a new cohort of relatively independent tenants moves in to take their place -accommodating housing is more flexible in providing additional services to meet the needs of an aging tenant population -Ex. arrangements might be made to deliver meal trays to residents apartments if they are unable to eat in a common dining area because of temporary illness or disability
ego differentiation versus work role preoccupation
-in late adulthood, retirement from work is approaching or has already occurred, so older individuals must learn to define their self worth outside the workplace -they must ask themselves, "Am I a worthwhile person only if I can perform a full time job, or can I be worthwhile in other ways?" -a well adjusted older adult will have a varied set of roles and a complex sense of identity and self worth that does not depend completely upon work
avoidant strategies
-denying the problem or attempting to reinterpret its meaning, suppressing any emotions evoked
ego integrity verus despair
-eighth and final stage -older adults who resolve this challenged positively feel their lives have consistency, coherence, and purpose -ego integrity is associated with contentment and satisfaction with the life one has led despite its imperfections -older adults with ego integrity are graced with the virtue of wisdom -if this challenge is not resolved positively, older individuals will feel despair and disappointment with their lives -they may dwell on the roads not taken
wisdom*
-encompasses cognitive aspects, expert factual and procedural knowledge -most people think that wisdom is associated with intelligence -wisdom is not so much how much information you have rather it is knowing what you do not have and being able to make good use of what you do have --- -the expert knowledge about practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgement about important matters -5 components: 1. factual knowledge: in fundamental pragmatics of life 2. strategic knowledge: in fundamental pragmatics of life 3. knowledge which considers uncertainties of life 4. knowledge which considers relativism of values and life goals 5. knowledge in contexts of life and societal change -does wisdom increase with age? : experience and insight was the biggest increase with wisdom vs age
fundamental attribution error
-especially apparent when perceivers have minimal specific information and when the outcome of an event is negative rather than positive -evidence for the fundamental attribution error has been found mainly in individualistic cultures in north american and Europe
delirium
-falls into the category of cognitive disorders -it is an acute physiological brain dysfunction of sudden onset that is characterized by confusion, disorganized thinking, incoherent speech, and an altered and fluctuating level of consciousness -those in a state of delirium have difficulty focusing attention and may suffer from hallucinations, disturbances of the sleep wake cycle, disorientation, and memory impairment -individuals in a state of delirium are generally not in contact with the immediate environment -Ex. they may believe they are in a foreign country rather than in a hospital room -often occurs in older hospitalized patients following surgical procedures -delirium falls into two categories: hyperactive and hypoactive, although some patients have a combination -hyperactive delirium is associated with agitation and disruptive behavior, so it is easier to detect -hypoactive delirium is characterized by lethargy -is is more common, but often it is overlooked by nurses and physicians -a patient with hypoactive delirium may be misdiagnosed as being depressed or as having dementia if caretakers are not familiar with that individuals preexisting level of cognitive functioning -before delirium can be treated, its cause must be identified -if the condition underlying delirium is identified and treated, they symptoms are often reversed and the individual has an excellent chance of returning to a normal level of cognitive functioning
blended family*
-families in which some members are unrelated by blood but nonetheless live together and share family responsibilities -such families are usually the result of divorce and remarriage -one or both members of a remarried couple may bring children from a prior marriage into a newly formed family
age discrimination in employment act (ADEA)
-first enacted in the united states in 1967 and revised in 1978 and 1986, applies to companies with more than 20 employees -ADEA prohibits discrimination against workers aged 40 and older by making it illegal to use age in hiring decisions, or to terminate, demote, or reduce the salaries of older workers without showing good cause -one exception to the ADEA is that employment decisions can be based on age if it can be demonstrated that older employees are not capable of performing the job in a way that is reasonably necessary for the normal operation of the business
family of origin
-for the children, this is the nuclear family
family of procreation
-for the parents, this is the nuclear family
support bank
-giving more support than we receive as long as we are able to do so -later we may need more support than we can give, at which point we feel it is legitimate to make withdrawals from the support bank
cognitive behavioral therapy*
-has shown promise for older adults suffering from depression -with CBT, clients are encouraged to identify aspects of their lives they think can be changed -they are told to keep track of the relationship between their behavior and mood and trained to avoid self defeating thoughts and behavior -older adults learn to take an active role in monitoring negative patterns of thinking and making plans for how to handle future stressful events
legacy creating stage
-identified mainly with the old-old and oldest-old years, individuals anticipate the end of life -it is not uncommon for them to reminisce about their past or engage in life review
anxiety disorders*
-include generalized anxiety disorder, phobic disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and post traumatic stress disorder -often begin early in life -older adults may suffer from anxiety because of situational factors, but anxiety can also occur for no apparent reason -when it does, it can severely disable older adults who might otherwise function adequately -anxiety can coexist with depression and the symptoms of these two disorders often overlap -for those with anxiety symptoms, psychosocial therapy and relaxation training seem preferable to total reliance on prescriptions for tranquilizers --- -panic disorders- sudden episodes of intense apprehension, palpitations, shortness of breath, and chest pain -phobias- fears and avoidance out of proportion to the danger -generalized anxiety disorder- chronic, persistent, and excessive worry not associated with anything specific -rates lower for older adults than younger adults
possible selves
-include schemas about what we would like to become (hoped for selves) as well as what we are afraid of becoming (feared selves) -Ex of hoped for possible selves might be the rich self, the attractive self, the independent self, or the healthy self -Ex of feared possible selves might be the poor self, the unattractive self, the dependent self, or the unhealthy self -possible selves of adults over age 60 often have less to do with occupation and career and more to do with establishing leisure pursuits and physical functioning -in comparison with hoped for selves of young adult college students, hoped for selves of older adults are more invested in health ---- possible selves: 1. expected self: what one believes one can, or will realistically become 2. hoped for self: what one feels compelled to be, but may not be realistic 3. feared self: what one does not want to become, but fears becoming ex. alcoholism
age integrated housing*
-includes apartments and condominiums that have no specific age requirements -compared to single family housing, age-integrated apartments and condominiums require less maintenance, frequently supply greater security, and often are more conveniently located in relation to public transportations -essentially independent living arrangements because residents are responsible for their own transportation needs, housekeeping tasks, meal preparation, and social life
formal operations
-individuals can reason logically to solve abstract problems -through scientific deductive reasoning, they can generate and test hypotheses and systematically eliminate all but the correct solution to a problem
hierarchical compensatory model
-individuals have a hierarchy of relationships that they call upon when they need support -when a spouse or adult children are not available because of divorce, death, or geographical distance, older adults compensate by urning to siblings, who are lower down in the hierarchy -could explain why sibling support is stronger among older adults who are single or widowed,and childless, than among older adults who are married and have adult children
convoy model
-individuals move through life both affecting and being affected by a constellation of other people who play a central role in their network of social relationships and influence their well being -the people in the social convoy are often family members, but there may also be friends with whom there is lose contact on a regular basis -Ex. social convoy consisting of your adult children and grandchildren as well as some longtime close friends
aging in place
-individuals who remain in the same locale and continue to live in the same housing unit -older adults who remain in homes where they have lived for many years may need to make physical modifications to insure ease and safety of bathing, cooking, climbing steps, and performing household chores
life story
-integrates a reconstructed past with a perceived present and an anticipated future -it allows people to feel that their lives have unity and purpose -the stories people construct are actually ongoing narratives that shape their behavior and establish their identity -reflect the values of the culture in which individuals live --- -persons description of who they are, where they have been, and where they are going -4 characteristics: 1. coherence: linked together, not just random events 2. assimilation: interpret, not just present events 3. structure: a beginning, middle, and anticipated end 4. truth: history, not fiction -do older adults feel they've changed? : 75% of the people said they feel like the same person they'd always been
age segregated housing*
-intended for individuals over a particular age, usually 62 -such living arrangements often include services such as group meals in a common dining room, planned in house social activities or group social settings, and transportation -well suited for older adults with health problems, physical disabilities, or sensory losses that make living in a single family home or other type of age integrated housing difficult or unsafe
busy ethic*
-is most applicable to retirees in the young old age category, many of whom are in good health -Ex. "I am busier now than I was working!"
body transcendence versus body preoccupation
-late adulthood often brings some physical decline, and aches and pains may prevent older adults from engaging in the same activities they did in their younger years -there may be cosmetic changes such as wrinkles -to adjust positively, older adults must rise above physical discomfort and avoid placing too much importance on appearance -they must find ways to enjoy life with reduced physical capabilities and less physical perfection
formal knowledge
-like academic intelligence, is often measured by psychometric tests ad is reflected in the grades earned in school
continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs)*
-living environments with support levels ranging from independent living to assisted living to nursing home care -older adults who move into CCRCs must initially qualify for the independent level, and usually they pay an entrance fee that guarantees access to higher levels of care if necessary -CCRCs are a good option for couples because one member of the pair can get a higher level of care if necessary but sill remain within close range of the other
noncompensatory decision rules
-meaning that they eliminated alternatives after an incomplete search
generativity versus stagnation
-middle aged adults who resolve this challenge positively are able to take responsibility for others and feel they are making a contribution to the next generation -they are graced with the virtue of care -in middle age, many adults lose their parents and in some sense become the barrier to death for the next generation -they become protectors rather than proctectees -those who fail to resolve this challenge positively feel that life has little meaning, which can lead to a sense of boredom and a tendency toward self indulgence -stagnated middle aged adults often take on youthful habits to defend against thoughts of aging and death -this behavior fits what has been popularly referred to as the mid life crisis, which we often identify with middle aged men who are dissatisfied, feel they are running out of time to accomplish anything worthwhile and yearn to return to the freedom of their adolescent years and start over again making different choices
sandwich generation
-middle aged women have been labeled this because many are caught between competing intergenerational demands -not only do they provide care for their older parents, but any also have obligations to a spouse and children still living at home
collaborative cognitive activities
-more than one individual performs a common task with a common goal -researchers have a great deal of interest in the utility of collaboration when real life decisions are necessary -by its very nature, collaborative cognition has a social element
numeracy
-numeric skills that require the understanding of basic mathematical concepts, including the ability to interpret information presented in tables or graphs, play an important role in the decision making process
retirement hotels*
-occupied primarily by single residents, most typically men from lower income groups
road scholar
-offers numerous programs involving travel and lifelong learning -road scholar programs provide intellectual stimulation, socialization with age peers, and a chance to see the sights in other parts of the country or the world
accommodation REALLY UNDERSTAND THIS VS ASSIMILATION
-often characterized as flexible goal adjustment and is usually unintentional. -accommodative processes entail reevaluating, adjusting, or even redefining personal goals and preferences in accordance with situational and personal limitations. -in late adulthood this may become necessary when ambitions and preferences must be adjusted in accordance with situational constraints -accommodative processes include revising ones goals and aspirations and changing ones standards of self evaluation -Ex. Phyllis thinks she has fared well compared to others her age. accommodative processes can buffer older adults against losses, allowing them to maintain the integrity of their self concepts and thus their feelings of life satisfaction
assimilation
-often termed tenacious goal pursuit -usually the first process activated when individuals detect a gap between hoped for goals and actual circumstances -assimilative processes typically involve intentional actions or efforts -in early adulthood, assimilative efforts focus on goals that extend well into the future -Ex. many young adults work at a succession of jobs with a long term goal of establishing their identity in a career -assimilative efforts can also be preventive, corrective, or compensatory -in late adulthood, such efforts are often directed toward maintaining resources and avoiding mismatches between skills and demands -an especially important goal in later lie is minimizing health risks and assimilative efforts could include modification of eating and exercise habits -another goal for older adults is maintaining a competent and independent level of functioning -many cope with changes in physical capabilities by assimilative actions such as installing grab bars in the bathroom, strobe lights on telephones, and emergency call buttons in each room -continued use of assimilative strategies when goals are clearly unattainable can lead to frustration and negative emotions
intergenerational stake hypothesis
-older parents are invested in perceiving their off spring in a favorable light, they view their relationships with adult children through rose colored glasses -in contrast, adult offspring wish to make their own mark on the world, so they are motivated to perceive their parents as less compatible
sunk cost fallacy
-people continue investing resources into an activity or endeavor that is not turning out well just because of the investment they have already made
optimization of primary and secondary control (OPS)* REALLY REVIEW THIS ONE.
-physical and cognitive losses may reduce the likelihood of achieving primary control in advanced old age, so older adults must become increasingly selective about where they place their efforts -being selective is adaptive because efforts at primary control can be directed toward areas where success is most attainable -in late adulthood, primary control may include compensatory strategies that require technical aids such as hearing aids and assistance fro other people over the life span, primary and secondary control processes operate jointly -but with the approach of middle age and especially older adulthood, biological and social challenges may limit the broad use of primary control, and secondary control may take on greater importance
situational attributions
-place the responsibility for the breakup on external extenuating circumstances Ex. the reaction of families, friends, or society in general to allen and barbara's living together without marriage
strength and vulnerability integration (SAVI)
-proposes there are both age related gains (strengths) and age related losses (vulnerabilities) when it comes to dealing with stress
nursing homes*
-provide the most support and are also the m ost costly and closely regulated in terms of licensing requirements -many nursing homes have a hospital like atmosphere -in addition to meals and personal care, residents have access to skilled nursing services around the clock -although some nursing homes offer several levels of care, nursing home residents tend to be physically frail and many suffer from mental disorders, most commonly Alzheimers disease and depression
dispositional attributions
-put responsibility for the breakup entirely on the personal characteristics of the individuals involved Ex. allen was impatient or rigid, or barbara was immature or lacked commitment to allen
framing effects
-refer to a phenomenon whereby people's decisions are influenced by the language used to describe the available options
upswing hypothesis of marital satisfaction*
-refers to a phenomenon that characterizes some marriages over time -the level of marital satisfaction is high in the early years of marriage before the arrival of children, followed by a dip in the ensuing years when the focus is on rearing children and establishing careers -later, marital satisfactions hows an increase although perhaps not to quite as high a level as in the early years -this upswing occurs around the time children are launched at which point many couples are in good health and can enjoy more personal freedom -the upswing hypothesis was based on cross sectional research in which couples of various ages and number of years married were interviewed at the same time -note that individuals who remain in a marital relationship for a long time may represent a select subgroup whose relationships have withstood stresses that caused other couples to separate or divorce
constant probability of success model of creativity*
-the point of maximum creativity in a career often coincides with the point of maximum productivity -individuals who generate the largest number of works have the greatest chance of generating a masterpiece -the likelihood of a "creative hit" depends upon how many works are produced during that time, even though some of those works will be less important -if overall productivity falls off with increasing age, the number of creative works may fall off proportionately -individuals who are most productive in their early years often continue to be productive in their later years
social network* REALLY REVIEW THIS ONE
-refers to the structural characteristics of an individual's social ties, including the number, age, sex, relationship, and frequency of contact with people who are part of it -members of our social network provide social support in various forms -some offer assistance when we are ill or help when we encounter financial difficulties -others are individuals in whom we can confide when we are upset or worried and who can replenish our feelings of control and self worth -still others are just people with whom we want to spend time -social support in all of these forms can buffer individuals against the negative effects of stress
secondary control processes*
-related to internal resources -similar to accommodative processes in that they involve altering goals and expectations and accepting exiting realities that cannot be changed -Ex. a person who tries to become an expert in computer skills on his or her own may become frustrated if these attempts fail -a form of secondary control would be for this individual to lower the expectation of being able to learn these skills without help
category based operations
-rely on previously formed schemas -once a target is identified as a member of a certain category Ex. college professor, perceivers base their impression of that target on the schema they already have about the characteristics of college processors Ex. scholarly, absentminded, and so on -similar to top down processing, which was described earlier -an advantage of category based operations is that they are efficient and place minimal demand on the perceivers cognitive resources -a possible disadvantage is that a schema that might have been useful in the past may not be appropriate in a new situation
top down processing strategy
-relying on prior knowledge and experience -the top down strategy is less cognitively demanding, although it can be effective if the information in storage is accurate and relevant to the decision at hand
adult congregate living facilities
-require residents to meet a minimum age requirement often 62 but to be capable of living with relative independence -apartments in congregate facilities are equipped with safety feature such as grab bars in bathrooms and call buttons in case emergency assistance is needed -many congregate living facilities serve at least one meal a day in a common dining area, the cost of which may be included in the monthly rent -in one such facility visited by the author, residents must notify the director if they plan to skip a group meal -this notification policy serves as a check on each residents well being -many facilities provide house keeping services and most have office staff -residents committees make plans or suggestions to the staff about social programs -some residents still drive, but many facilities provide van service for transporting residents to grocery stores, shopping malls, medical appointments, or for scheduled group outings
immunization
-shields individuals against threats to aspects of the self concept that are central to their identity -like accommodative processes, immunizing processes are usually unintentional and they protect people from information that conflicts with the definitions they have of themselves
board and care homes
-small, privately run homes, often converted from single family structures -they serve three or four individuals who are unable to live independently in the community -many board and care residents are widowed european american women with no children or other close kin
schemas
-social cognition has to do with how we process social information -such processing is influenced by our cognitive representations or schemas -we all have schemas about ourselves -schemas also influence how we form impressions of other people, interpret their behavior and appraise social dilemmas
reciprocity
-social exchanges that are balanced in terms of support both provided and received are characterized by reciprocity -each individual gives as much support as he or she receives
reorganizational stage
-the reorganizational stage overlaps with the young old years which in american society are associated with retirement from paid work and an end to responsibilities for offspring who are now fully grown and independent adults
retirement*
-social institution which rules about when it is permissible for workers to leave the paid labor force -it "designates a social status that has become established as a historically new stage in the life course" -for the individual retirement represents a transition to a stage of life that does not require paid employment ----- -U.S. Median age=61 -average age is about 62 -it was 67 in the 1950's and 63 in the 1990s -so people are living longer but retiring earlier -early retirement is by two very different groups: 1. poor health, low income, and unenployment 2. good health, above average income, and pension plans -most likely white men, least likely women -reasons for retirement: health, wealth, age (older=most likely), caregiving responsibilities, work characteristics (self employed and highly work committed retire later), leisure pursuits (those who have hobbies, recreation interests, and active social lives are more apt to retire) -gender differences: women are less likely to plan for retirement, so they have less saved -women retire for different reasons (more likely to be family related than work related: Ex. caregiving. also more likely to retire if husband does) -for women, retirement may be one of the longest periods of life
social exchange theory
-social interactions can have both rewards and costs -rewards entail positive feelings, but costs may include unpleasantness experienced during the course of a social exchange -there is a greater risk of incurring costs if the interaction is with someone who is not a close family member or friend -a social interaction between two partners is balanced if both partners have an equal desire for the reward offered by the other -one partner may value the reward from the exchange more than the other partner -the concept of power enters in when there is imbalance in a social exchange -the less powerful partner values the exchange more and thus feels obligated to comply with the demands of the more powerful partner -over time such compliance becomes increasingly costly to the less powerful partner; if the costs of the interaction continue to outweigh the benefits, the less powerful partner may withdraw from the interaction -the more powerful partner may be another individual but could also be an institution in the broader social environment
interactive attributions
-take both dispositional and situational factors into account rather than attributing the outcome entirely to one or the other -represent a more compromising view and seem to be more common in asian than in western cultures
problem focused strategies*
-taking direct action to control, or "fix" the problem
self esteem
-the affective, or evaluative, aspect of the self concept -a person with high self esteem perceives himself or herself as having worth, whereas a person with low self esteem does not -can occur in different domains -Ex. I feel good about my appearance but bad at my knowledge on operating computers
cognitive reserve hypothesis
-the brains of such individuals are equipped to deal with neuropathology an still function at a level above the threshold that would result in a dementia diagnosis -some peoples brains have more cognitive or neural reserve possibly because of a higher initial level of cognitive ability, more education, or lifestyles that featured greater amounts of physical or cognitive activity
implicit theories of wisdom*
-the conceptions laypeople have about what constitutes wisdom
explicit theories of wisdom*
-the definitions of wisdom proposed by various researchers
self concept
-the image have of ourselves -rather than being one general image, our self concept consists of a collection of schemas that are related to different domains -Ex. an individual might have a schema about his or her physical appearance, intellectual capability, or social skills -the domains most important for a particular individuals self concept dictate what he or she considers meaningful
moral perspective taking
-the inclination to consider a moral dilemma from various perspectives -level 1: only a single point of view is considered, with no acknowledgment that other points of view or do exist -level 2: several points of view are acknowledged, but no attempt is made to reconcile them, or to recommend that one character in the dilemma try to understand another characters point of view -level 3: two or more points of view are considered and it is recommended that one character in the dilemma try to understand another's point of view -level 4: two or more points of view are considered as in level 3 but there is acknowledgment of reciprocity between the competing points of view
social security*
-the system in the united states was modeled after the german retirement system -originally american workers were eligible for monthly benefits from social security at the age of 65 with a dollar amount based on the salary they earned prior to retirement -currently those who have worked for the required number of quarters are not eligible for full social security benefits until they turn 66 or 67 depending on their year of birth -retired workers are eligible for reduced benefits at age 62 with a dollar amount less by a percentage of what they would receive if they waited until their full retirement age -monthly payments increase by a set percentage for those who delay taking befits beyond their full retirement age
external locus of control*
-their own efforts, actions, and behavior have little to do with what happens to them -they believe positive and negative outcomes are determined by chance or other outside forces
internal locus of control*
-they have a great deal of personal control over what happens to them -they believe that experiencing positive outcomes and avoiding negative outcomes are contingent upon their own efforts, actions, and behavior
intimacy at a distance
-they welcome contact and involvement with family members but prefer to maintain their own households as long as they are physically and financially capable
hourglass effect in sibling relationships
-ties that were strong when siblings lived under the same roof tend to weaken in young and middle adulthood, but often they are reactivated in the later years
cognitive analytic strategies
-trying to solve the problem by thinking it through logically
situational model of elder abuse
-views elder abuse as a caregiver's response to a stressful situation -the total dependency of an older adult on a single caregiver creates an especially heavy burden -long hours caring for a frail older adult with no relief can lead to exhaustion, frustration, and social isolation, and ultimately to abuse
extended family household
-was common in rural areas in earlier decades, consists of members from more than two generations, all living under the same roof or in very close proximity -the extended family household could also include aunts, uncles, and cousins
beanpole family structure
-what families will be like in the future -thanks to the increase in life expectancy, more families will have for our even five living generations -each generation will have fewer members because the birth rate is lower today than it was in earlier decades
piecemeal operations
-which are akin to bottom up processing -with piecemeal operations, perceivers construct a unique and possibly a more accurate representation of a target by integrating individual items of information -piecemeal operations require active processing of detailed information, so they consume more cognitive resources than category based operations
compensatory decision rules
-which entail summing, weighing, and averaging all possible alternatives prior to making a decision -compensatory decision rules pose heavier cognitive processing demands than non compensatory decision rules
intimacy versus isolation
-young adults who resolve this challenge positively are successful in developing close give and take relationships with others -intimate relationships are important well into older adulthood, but the ability to forma close relationship with another person may develop in young adulthood -young adults who resolve this challenge positively are graced with the virtue of love
five factor model of personality* REALLY REVIEW THIS ONE.
Openness to experience: fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values Conscientiousness: competence, order, dutifulness, achievement-striving, self-discipline, deliberation Extraversion: warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, positive emotions Agreeableness: trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender-mindedness Neuroticism: anxiety, angry hostility, depression, self consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability
