Final Exam Practice Test

Which of the following are characteristic favored by K-selection? a. Low intrinsic rate of increase b. Late reproduction c. Repeated bouts of reproduction d. Strong competitive ability e. All of above

All of above

In a population, the rate of evolutionary change is influenced by which one of the following? a. Number of neutral alleles b. Number of homozygous alleles c. Amount of genetic variation d. Number of genetically identical individuals in the population

Amount of genetic variation

Changes to genes involved with canalized traits are neutral because? a. Canalized traits only change proteins that do not result in structural changes b. Canalized traits never affect reproductive success c. Canalized traits exhibit little or no phenotypic variation d. Canalized traits are DNA sequences of the gene that are removed before transcription

Canalized traits exhibit little or no phenotypic variation

10. N/K' for a population can represent: a. Environmental resistance. b. Logistic component. c. Population size decrease. d. Both environmental resistance and logistic component. e. Both logistic component and population size decrease.

Environmental resistance.

Continuous traits segregate into distinct phenotypes in genetic crosses. True or false? a. True b. False

False

Evolution is based solely on random processes. True or false? a. True b. False

False

The signals involved in mate choice must be costly because: a. They are involved with reproductive success b. If they were not costly, cheaters could mimic the signals c. They are genetically controlled d. They are elaborate

If they were not costly, cheaters could mimic the signals

One of the most likely reasons why during domestication multiple traits get selected even if they are not the target of artificial selection is: a. Neutral evolution b. Canalization c. Selective sweep d. Constraint

Selective sweep

Which of the following is not a life history trait? a. Size at birth b. Number of offspring per reproductive attempt c. Survival between the first and second reproductive attempts d. Species' habitat

Species' habitat

What will be the evolutionary response to strong selection of traits with high heritabilities? a. The organisms will evolve at a gradual pace b. The organisms will not change very much c. The organisms will change very quickly d. The organisms will evolve slowly, then quickly, then slowly again

The organisms will change very quickly

Population dynamics refer to the change in abundance experienced by a population over time. a. True b. False

True

Animals can display, fight, and engage in endurance rivalries. Do plants compete for mates? a. Yes, plants can take over large territories to attract pollen b. Yes, plant pollen can scramble to be the first to pollinate a flower c. No, because plants are stationary they cannot compete for mates d. No, plants do not engage in sexual selection like animals

Yes, plant pollen can scramble to be the first to pollinate a flower

A simple tree community consists of 4 maples, 3 oaks, and 1 alder. The species richness of this community is: A. 0.42. B. 0.97. C. 1.5. D. 3. E. not possible to calculate from the data given.

3.

Which one of the following statements about a clade is not true? a. A clade is an artificial or unnatural group b. The members of a clade are related c. The members all share a recent common ancestor d. A clade is a complete branch of the tree of life

A clade is an artificial or unnatural group

Closely related species of birds of paradise are quite different with regard to sexually selected traits. That tells us that sexual selection is: a. A weak form of selection b. A slow form of selection c. Always slower than natural selection d. A fast and strong form of selection

A fast and strong form of selection

Which of the following statements is not true concerning evolution at the level of the individual? a. Survival of the fittest also includes the number of offspring that survive to reproduce b. A force in nature is consciously selecting the individuals to reproduce, thus directing evolution. c. Ecological interactions between individuals guarantee that there will be variation in the reproductive success of individuals d. Traits that vary and are controlled by genes are common in natural population.

A force in nature is consciously selecting the individuals to reproduce, thus directing evolution.

Which one of the following statements about hypotheses and theories is NOT true? a. Theories start as working hypotheses b. Some hypotheses survive to become theories c. A hypothesis is the same thing as a theory d. Hypotheses are promoted to the status of theories by having survived rigorous observational or experimental tests

A hypothesis is the same thing as a theory

Which of the following could possibly produce a maladaptation? a. A small isolated population experiencing moderate selection b. A highly variable population c. A large migration of individuals into a small population d. An isolated large population experiencing strong selection

A large migration of individuals into a small population

What must occur for a mutation to be considered fixed in a population? a. The mutation must be favored by selection b. The mutation must have a constant mutation rate c. A mutation is considered fixed when every homologous chromosome in a population is carrying the mutation. d. The mutation must correct a genetic defect

A mutation is considered fixed when every homologous chromosome in a population is carrying the mutation.

Which of the following will not result in neutrality? a. A nucleotide substitution that does not code for an amino acid change in a protein b. A mutation that increases reproductive success c. Three genotypes that all produce the same phenotype d. Two genotypes with the same fitness

A mutation that increases reproductive success

Species from a monophyletic group have: a. All descended from a common ancestor that was not the ancestor for any other group b. All descended from several ancestors c. All descended from a common ancestor that may have also been ancestral to other groups d. All belonged to the same genus

All descended from a common ancestor that was not the ancestor for any other group

Assumptions of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium are: a. Assortative mating b. Large population size c. No selection d. All of the above

All of the above

Different examples of variation in the genotype that still result in the same phenotype are? a. Variation in introns b. Silent mutation (nucleotide mutation but same amino acid) c. Genetic mutation resulting in the same protein folding d. All of the above

All of the above

Examples of sex competition related to sexual selection and mate choice are: a. Male-male competition b. Fighting c. Male dance/parade d. Brightness of color e. All of the above

All of the above

Speciation that starts with the geographic isolation of two populations is called: a. Sympatric b. Parapatric c. Allopatric d. Microevolutionary speciation

Allopatric

Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands are considered in most cases to exemplify: a. Sympatric speciation b. Allopatric speciation c. Sympatric speciation with secondary reinforcement d. Speciation driven by disruptive selection

Allopatric speciation

A community is defined as: A. A group of organisms that all make their living in a similar way. B. A group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a defined area. C. The portion of a defined area that supports life. D. A group of subpopulations living in separate locations with active exchange of individuals among subpopulations. E. An association of interacting species inhabiting a defined area

An association of interacting species inhabiting a defined area

Some Daphnia respond to cues to the presence of predators by developing spines, teeth, or protective helmets. This is an example of: a. An induced response b. A directional selection c. Limited phenotypic variation d. Natural selection

An induced response

Complete the following sentence: When two or more species show a phenotype that is not present in their common ancestor, this is an example of.... a. Analogy b. Homology

Analogy

The effects of selection depend on the genetic system of the organism undergoing selection. Which of the following are the two most common systems? a. Sexual and asexual haploids b. Sexual diploids and haploid c. Asexual haploids and sexual diploids d. Sexual haploids and asexual diploids

Asexual haploids and sexual diploids

If the gene that triggers the development of the insect and vertebrate eye is the same, then why are insect and vertebrate eyes so different? a. Because the downstream genes that completed the development of the eyes evolved b. Because the gene that triggers eye development mutated many times c. Because the gene that initiates eye development was duplicated many times in insects d. Because the downstream genes are highly conserved

Because the downstream genes that completed the development of the eyes evolved

What are the "boxes" (eg. homeobox) and how do they function in development? a. Boxes are variable DNA sequences that produce proteins that turn off transcription b. Boxes are sets of structural genes that, when switched on, start the development of limbs c. Boxes are DNA sequences that code for the part of the protein that binds to the DNA helix d. Boxes are clusters of proteins that bind to the nuclear pore, shutting it off from molecules getting into the nucleus

Boxes are DNA sequences that code for the part of the protein that binds to the DNA helix

We can only study genotype-specific reaction norms in organisms that are: a. Highly variable b. Related to each other c. Clones of each other d. Arthropods showing discontinuous growth

Clones of each other

Different species living in similar conditions that look similar but do not share a common ancestor are an example of: a. Convergence b. A natural group c. Divergence d. Homology

Convergence

Complete the following sentence: Canalization and developmental constraint ________ phenotypic variation. a. Have no effect on b. Increase c. Decrease d. Sometimes increase sometimes decrease

Decrease

Which one of the following statements is not true regarding developmental control genes? a. Developmental control genes are ancient b. Developmental control genes help to produce the phenotype that selection acts upon c. Genes that control development are conserved d. Developmental control genes differ greatly in different organisms

Developmental control genes differ greatly in different organisms

If the correlation between reproductive success and the heritability of a trait is zero, then which one of the following will occur? a. Drift will occur, resulting in neutral evolution b. Selection will result in neutral evolution c. Drift will result in adaptive evolution d. The population will slowly increase in reproductive success

Drift will occur, resulting in neutral evolution.

Which of the following statements best explains the evolutionary benefit of duplicating genes involved with development? a. Duplicating genes permits the organism to produce more transcription control factors, which speeds up evolution. b. Genes that control development are variable, and duplicating them protects their DNA sequences c. Duplicating development genes permits change without disrupting function of the original genes. d. Duplicating development genes was necessary to produce eyes

Duplicating development genes permits change without disrupting function of the original genes.

Sexual selection only began to operate after the evolution of sperm and eggs because: a. Eggs and sperm differ in genetic value. Eggs have a lower investment of resources compared to sperm b. Eggs and sperm differ greatly in how much it costs to produce on of each, one sperm costing much less than one egg c. Males tend to be choosy when selecting a mate d. The male and female gametes are isogamous

Eggs and sperm differ greatly in how much it costs to produce on of each, one sperm costing much less than one egg

Type II survivorship curve indicates: a. Low juvenile mortality and high mortality in older adults. b. High juvenile mortality and low mortality in older adults. c. Low juvenile mortality and low mortality in older adults. d. High juvenile mortality and high mortality in older adults. e. Equal chance of dying at any age.

Equal chance of dying at any age.

Life histories typical of r-selection are most likely to evolve where species populations are near carrying capacity much of the time. a. True b. False

False

Natural selection operates directly on the genotype. True or false? a. True b. False

False

The overall fitness decreases when the variation in reproductive success between generations decreases. True or false? a. True b. False

False

An advantage of sexual reproduction is: a. Less females are produced b. Some genes may promote themselves and propagate at the expenses of other genes c. Isogamy d. Faster rate of evolution

Faster rate of evolution

Polygyny is when: a. Each sex mates for life b. Females mate with a single male, but males can mate with more than one female c. Males mate with a single female, but females can mate with more than one male d. Each sex has more than one mate

Females mate with a single male, but males can mate with more than one female

Which of the following explains why islands often harbor species that do not occur anywhere else? a. Selection is stronger on islands b. Selection is more relaxed on islands c. Founder effect, genetic drift and diversification in the new environment d. This statement is not true

Founder effect, genetic drift and diversification in the new environment

P and Q correspond to: a. Frequency of alleles for continuous traits b. Frequency of phenotypes for continuous traits c. Frequency of genotypes for discontinuous traits d. Frequency of alleles for discontinuous traits

Frequency of alleles for discontinuous traits

Which one of the following would be considered an evolutionary trade-off? a. Antelopes that have thin legs will have a low body weight b. A rhinoceros that has thick legs will have a large cross-sectional area c. Fruit flies that lay many eggs have shorter lifespans d. When red grouse populations become too large they will starve

Fruit flies that lay many eggs have shorter lifespans

Which one of the following about genetic drift is true? a. Drift is stronger in large populations than in small populations b. Genetic drift tends to make populations more heterozygous c. Genetic drift will increase genetic variation within a population d. Genetic drift is the result of chance

Genetic drift is the result of chance

Nt = N0 lambda t represents: a. Geometric population growth. b. Annual growth rate. c. Exponential growth rate. d. Logistic growth. e. None of the choices are correct

Geometric population growth.

Heritability for a quantitative character indicates: a. Nothing. Heritability and quantitative characters are not related to each other b. How much of the phenotypic variation depends on genetic variation c. The number of genes involved in the phenotype d. None of the above

How much of the phenotypic variation depends on genetic variation

Considering these conditions: a. There is variation among individuals in lifetime reproductive success b. There is heritable variation in a trait c. There is significant correlation between variation among individuals in the trait and variation among individuals in lifetime reproductive success ---- Which of the following statements is true? ---- a. If a and b are true, but c is not, natural selection is operating b. If a is true, but b is not, then c cannot be true c. If a and b are true but c is not, drift is operating

If a and b are true but c is not, drift is operating

Where would you expect to be more likely to find the asexual forms of species capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction? a. In areas with optimal environmental conditions b. Closer to the equator c. In disturbed areas d. In only a small, limited portion of the species' range

In disturbed areas

Which statement about organisms' "niches" is false? A. The niche summarizes environmental factors influencing growth, survival, and reproduction of a species. B. The "fundamental" niche refers to physical, but not biological, aspects of the environment. C. Interactions such as competition and parasitism may restrict the size of an organism's niche. D. In the laboratory, two species with identical niches are especially easy to maintain in a mixed culture.

In the laboratory, two species with identical niches are especially easy to maintain in a mixed culture.

The biological species concept (BSC) defines a species as: a. All similar individuals b. Including all interbreeding populations within a group c. Members of natural populations that interbreed d. Including all members of actual or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups

Including all members of actual or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups

When selection favors a particular gene, it will also increase frequencies of genes that are close to that gene on the same chromosomes. This type of selection is called: a. Natural selection b. Indirect selection c. Gene selection d. Chromosomal selection

Indirect selection

For adaptive evolution to occur, there must be which of the following? a. No natural selection taking place b. Population differentiation c. Individual variation controlled by heredity that leads to a differential survival to reproduce d. Long periods of time

Individual variation controlled by heredity that leads to a differential survival to reproduce

Structures not present in ancestral lineages that evolve in descendant lineages are called: a. HOX genes b. Parallelisms c. Patterns d. Innovations

Innovations

A lek is an example of sexual selection because: a. Males are bigger than females b. Females are bigger than males c. It is a site defended by males d. It is a site where males gather to display and females come to choose their mates

It is a site where males gather to display and females come to choose their mates

In a lizard population, having a bright green body color increases survival and reproduction. The bright green phenotype is due to the recessive allele a, in which the genotype aa corresponds to a bright green phenotype, while AA and Aa will yield other types of coloration. What do you expect will happen over time to the frequency of the allele a in the population if the selective force favoring the green body color stays the same? a. I don't have enough data to answer the question b. It will randomly fluctuate in the population c. It will increase d. It will decrease

It will increase

Complete the following sentence: In a diploid organism, it will take ________ time for a recessive allele to increase or decrease its frequency in the population in comparison to a dominant allele. a. Longer b. Shorter c. The same d. Sometimes longer sometimes shorter

Longer

Type I survivorship curve indicates a. Low juvenile mortality and high mortality in older adults. b. High juvenile mortality and low mortality in older adults. c. Low juvenile mortality and low mortality in older adults. d. High juvenile mortality and high mortality in older adults. e. Equal chance of dying at any age.

Low juvenile mortality and high mortality in older adults.

The comparison of morphological traits from fossil dinosaurs and living birds is a method to study which of the following? a. Macroevolution b. Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium c. Heritability d. Microevolution

Macroevolution

In gorillas, which possess a hierarchical system in which an alpha male mates a higher number of times than other males, it would have a higher fitness for females occupying a higher hierarchical status or who are in very good conditions to produce offspring mostly consisting of: a. Males b. Females

Males

The result of poor mate choice would be: a. Mating with another species and producing offspring with low fitness b. The evolution of more elaborate displays c. A short term benefit for the offspring d. Lowering the cost of mate selection

Mating with another species and producing offspring with low fitness -- Lowering the cost of mate selection

Evolution occurring at the population level is called ______. a. Microevolution b. Macroevolution c. Genetic drift d. Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

Microevolution

In most ecological communities, we find: A. More rare species than moderately common or very common ones. B. More very common species than moderately common or rare ones. C. No rare species—apparently "rare" species are artifacts of incomplete sampling. D. Roughly equal proportions of rare, moderately common, and very common species. E. More moderately common species than rare or very common ones.

More very common species than moderately common or rare ones.

When might neutral alleles undergo evolutionary change? a. Neutral alleles will evolve if they are closely linked to other genes undergoing selection b. Neutral alleles will evolve if they affect fitness c. Neutral alleles will evolve if they are experiencing strong selection d. Neutral alleles will evolve if they are not experiencing genetic drift

Neutral alleles will evolve if they are closely linked to other genes undergoing selection

Examples of inclusive fitness are: a. Assortative mating b. Sexual selection c. Drift d. None of the above

None of the above

Genetic imprinting is defined as .... a. It is another way to define the heritability of a character b. It is another way to define the plasticity of a character c. The genotype of each parent d. The genotype of the offspring e. None of the above

None of the above

In a tetraploid population of 15 individuals, to calculate the frequency of a given allele, you divide the numerator by the denominator value. a. 20 x 1 b. 20 x 2 c. 20 x 3 d. None of the above

None of the above

Mutations that increase the amount of DNA are considered crucial events in evolution. Which of the following processes will lead to an increase in the amount of DNA? a. Drift b. An increase in the mutation rate c. Asexual genetic system d. None of the above

None of the above

Sexual selection evolved because .... a. The need for each sex to mate with the best partner b. Phenotypic plasticity c. Natural selection d. Isogamy e. None of the above

None of the above

What is the formula to calculate the allele frequencies of the alleles A and a in a population of 20 diploid individuals with the following genotypes: 5 individuals AA, 12 individuals Aa, and 3 individuals aa. a. freq(A)=[(5*2)+12]/(20), freq(a)=[(3*2)+(12*2)]/(20) b. freq(A)=[(5*2)+(12*2)]/(20*2), freq(a)=[(3*2)+(12*2)]/(20*2) c. freq(A)=(5+12)/(20*2), freq(a)=(12+3)/(20*2) d. None of the above

None of the above

In a mark-recapture study, the parameter M indicates: a. Population size b. Number of recaptured individuals among all sampled individuals in the recapture sampling c. Number of marked and released individuals d. None of the above

Number of marked and released individuals

Which one of the following statements regarding phenotypes is true? a. Organisms with similar phenotypes must have similar genotypes b. Organisms with similar phenotypes can have dissimilar genotypes c. Organisms with similar phenotypes always live in similar environments d. All of the options (a-c) are true

Organisms with similar phenotypes can have dissimilar genotypes

A group that does not include all the species descended from the most recent common ancestor is said to be: a. Monophyletic b. Polyphyletic c. Paraphyletic d. Natural

Paraphyletic

In the figure above frogs are: a. Monophyletic b. Paraphyletic

Paraphyletic

In the figure below birds are: a. Monophyletic b. Paraphyletic

Paraphyletic

The expression of different phenotypes from the same genotype in response to environmental variation is called: a. Phenotypic plasticity b. Heritability c. Canalization d. None of the above

Phenotypic plasticity

The slope of the reaction norm provides a measure of a genotype's: a. Reproductive success b. Mortality rate c. Phenotypic plasticity d. Amount of variation

Phenotypic plasticity

All of the following may constrain an organism's response to selection except: a. Genes b. The evolutionary history of the organism c. Physics d. Plasticity

Plasticity

The expression of discrete phenotypes from the same genotype in response to environmental variation is called: a. Phenotypic plasticity b. Polyphenism c. The nymphalid ground plan d. Cryptic coloration

Polyphenism

Local mate competition, in which the male offspring of one parent compete with each other for mates, results in the: a. Production of many sons and few daughters b. Production of few sons and many daughters c. Production of only daughters d. Production of only sons e. We cannot say

Production of few sons and many daughters

Which one of the following does not give rise to new genetic variation? a. A change in the DNA sequence b. Properly functioning DNA repair systems c. A change in chromosome number d. A change in chromosome structure

Properly functioning DNA repair systems

An individual that is born male, reproduces as a male, and later changes its sex to female and reproduces as a female is an example of which of the following? a. Parthenogenesis b. Protogyny c. Protandry d. Gonochorism e. Dominant

Protandry

Mutations to pseudogenes will be neutral because: a. Pseudogenes are no longer functional and will not produce phenotypic changes b. Pseudogene mutations are always redundant c. Pseudogenes do not code for genes that are involved with reproductive success d. Pseudogenes only result in minor changes

Pseudogenes are no longer functional and will not produce phenotypic changes Pseudogene mutations are always redundant

Which one of the following statements best describes a reaction norm? a. Reaction norms describe how quickly natural selection can produce new variations in a population under stress. b. Reaction norms show how a genotype interacts with the environment to produce a range of phenotypes. c. Reaction norms comprise the typical phenotypes found in a population. d. All of the options given are correct.

Reaction norms show how a genotype interacts with the environment to produce a range of phenotypes.

Sex has many disadvantages, including which one of the following? a. Recombination produced by sex never produces favorable gene combinations b. Sexual reproduction always favors females c. Sexual reproduction blocks cytoplasmic genes in the next generation d. Recombination produced by sex can destroy favorable gene combinations

Recombination produced by sex can destroy favorable gene combinations

Logistic population growth produces a population growth curve: a. J-shaped b. K-shaped c. N-shaped d. R-shaped e. S-shaped

S-shaped

The male Australian redback spider does a courtship dance in which he presents his abdomen to be consumed by the female during mating, eventually resulting in his death. If the male spider is mated to a female of a different species, she does not bite his abdomen and the male does not die. This example illustrates which one of the following statements? a. Survival of the male to mate again is critical. b. Selection is focused on eventual reproductive success, not the survival of the male c. Natural selection will work against itself d. Selection favors genes being passed on to other species.

Selection is focused on eventual reproductive success, not the survival of the male

Which one of the following statements does not describe an advantage of sex? a. Sex can repair mutational damage b. Sex can speed up the rate of evolution c. Sex can create rare, potentially beneficial recombinations d. Sex can promote meiotic drivers

Sex can promote meiotic drivers

Which one of the following statements regarding sex compared to asex is not true? a. Sex produces more genetically diverse offspring b. Sex is inefficient c. Sex only occurs in diplontic life cycles d. Sex is complex and costly

Sex only occurs in diplontic life cycles

Which of the following describes the increase of beneficial alleles in all genetic systems? a. Slow-fast-slow b. Exponential c. Fast-slow-fast d. Constant

Slow-fast-slow

Characteristics typical of a r species are: a. Large body size, large offspring size, many reproductive events b. Large body size, small offspring size, many reproductive events c. Small body size, small offspring size, large offspring number d. Small body size, small offspring size, small offspring number

Small body size, small offspring size, large offspring number

What happened in vertebrate evolution after the HOX cluster was duplicated? a. The vertebrates evolved into arthropods b. Some of the duplicated HOX genes controlled the development of novel structures such as limbs c. The duplicated HOX genes permitted vertebrate development to occur twice as fast d. The vertebrates evolved eyes

Some of the duplicated HOX genes controlled the development of novel structures such as limbs

Genetic drift is defined as: a. The process that lowers reproductive success. b. Something that has no impact on reproductive performance. c. Random process not influenced by natural selection. d. The process of improving a trait and the subsequent structure or the condition that results in improved reproductive success.

Something that has no impact on reproductive performance.

Selection against the extremes in a population, thus favoring the population mean phenotype, is called: a. Disruptive selection b. Stabilizing selection c. Directional selection d. Natural selection

Stabilizing selection

The first step in the evolution of sexual selection was likely to be: a. The evolution of different sized gametes b. Female choice c. The higher cost of individual sperm than individual eggs d. That females can produce more offspring compared to males

The evolution of different sized gametes

Adaptation is defined as: a. The process that lowers reproductive success. b. The resulting condition that has no impact of reproductive performance. c. A random process not influenced by natural selection d. The process of selecting a trait that results in improved reproductive success

The process of selecting a trait that results in improved reproductive success

The differential survival rate of the different genotypes is also called? a. Natural selection b. The relative fitness c. Inclusive fitness d. Adaptation

The relative fitness

Which one of the following must be true for natural selection to produce evolutionary change? a. The trait being selected must not impact reproductive success. b. The trait being selected must be inherited. c. The trait being selected must be at a single locus. d. The trait being selected must not exhibit any variation.

The trait being selected must be inherited

The rate if adaptive evolutionary change is entirely controlled by which of the following? a. The strength of the selection b. The type of genetic system c. The heritability of the trait d. The type of genetic system and the strength of selection

The type of genetic system and the strength of selection

In diploid organisms, favorable completely recessive mutations increase slowly because: a. Recessive individuals are always present in low number b. They are not selected for when present in the heterozygous condition c. They are expressed in the heterozygous condition d. The dominant alleles can outcompete the recessives.

They are not selected for when present in the heterozygous condition

Continuous phenotypic variation is caused by which of the following? a. Traits that are controlled by many genes and environmental variation b. A genetic system that favors variation c. Large interbreeding populations d. Artificial selection

Traits that are controlled by many genes and environmental variation

In a haploid population of 10 individuals of which 3 have the genotype A and 7 have the genotype a, the genotype frequencies and the allele frequencies are the same for each allele/genotype. a. True b. False

True

The geometric rate of increase λ can be used to estimate changes in population size in species with non-overlapping generations: a. True b. False

True

The main difference between Lamark's view of variation among organisms and Darwin's is that according to Lamark, certain traits may be acquired because of need and those acquired traits can be passed to the next generation. According to Darwin the variation for a trait is present in the population and selection acts upon; the favorable trait is already part of the variation in the population. a. True b. False

True

Which one of the following is not one of the steps involved with genetic changes during speciation? a. After initial separation, fixed genetic differences start to appear b. Unlimited hybridization is possible allowing for genetic exchange c. Complete genetic isolation has occurred d. All of the statements represent steps in the genetic process associated with speciation

Unlimited hybridization is possible allowing for genetic exchange

The requirements for evolution due to natural selection to occur are: a. Variation in the genotype, same fitness, random mating, selection b. Variation in the genotype, different fitness, random mating, genetic drift c. Variation in the phenotype, different fitness, heritability, selection d. Variation in the phenotype, same fitness, heritability, selection

Variation in the phenotype, different fitness, heritability, selection

Which of the following statements is not true regarding mutation rates and evolution? a. When mutation rates are very low, there is too little variation for optimal evolution b. When mutation rates are high, the mutations are always lethal c. There is evidence that mutation rates are under genetic control and thus affected by selection d. When mutation rates are very high, the mutations might destroy adaptive genotypes

When mutation rates are high, the mutations are always lethal

Population genetics is used to study change produced by natural selection when the genotype-phenotype relationships are simple. When is quantitative genetics used to study change produced by selection? a. When the trait being selected is rare b. When the trait undergoing selection is dominant c. When the phenotype of the trait being selected exhibits continuous variation d. When the trait being selected is neutral

When the phenotype of the trait being selected exhibits continuous variation

Population genetics is used to study changes produced by natural selection when the genotype-phenotype relationships are simple. When is quantitative genetics used to study changes produced by selection? a. When the trait being selected is rare b. When the trait undergoing selection is dominant c. When the phenotype of the trait being selected exhibits continuous variation d. When the trait being selected is neutral

When the phenotype of the trait being selected exhibits continuous variation