final for race class

Resource shares of African Americans :Employment:

Black unemployment rate is double that of whites and has remained the same over the past 60 yrs., high rate in service positions

Resource shares of African Americans :income

Income: median family income = $36,898 (2015)

Impact of growth in numbers has had on sense of threat on members of the dominant population

Latino population= dispersed, geographic distinctiveness remains o Mexicans: Southwestern states (FL, Illinois, NY, NJ) o Latinos: NE o Cuban Americans: SE Rapid influx of Spanish speaking immigrants concerns US · Rapid birth rates · Differential rates of ethnic populations causes sense of threat (ethnic tension, especially in a few states i.e. western US) · Concerns: immigrant status of Latinos, many undocumented aliens According to census: · 60% citizens · 11% foreign born but become citizens · 29% foreign born and not citizens o Foreign born undocumented immigrants are the sense of sense, # may be too low Globalization...i.e. immigration Vast majority of Mexican Americans who come to work many return home Sheer size and growing political influence of Latinos has induced backlash

Resource shares of 3 largest Latino populations in U.S. Housing

Latinos live in areas w/ others of same background · Puerto Ricans are most racially segregated from others · Cuban Americans and Mexican Americans are the least segregated and have highest rate of interaction w/ white Americans · Housing segregation is confining, reduced access to resources

Some of the major stereotypical images native americans

Lazy, children of nature, savages

ARAB AMERICANS

Newcomers to american ethnic landscape Come from 21 major countries totaling 300 million Arab: linguistics, cultural, political term to denote immigrants from MIddle East For cultural reasons all do not identify as Arab Middle East includes places like Turkey, Iran and Israel where the main language is not Arabic As of 2013: 3.7 million (1.1 % of U.S. population) in USA 95% concentrated in metropolitan areas ⅓ have come in last century Lebanese single largest group nationally 25% of Arab Americans are Muslim Most are Christian Christian lebanese or syrian Up to 6 generations

The status of race as a scientific concept

Race as a scientific concept is not valid because there is nothing that is different between races except physical characteristics; however race is biological and un-mutable

African Americans targets of discrimination Characteristics that make them identifiable

Skin color Poverty Unemployment Lower classes Speech How they dress

Race :

connotes biological differences among people-skin color ,facial features, stature, and the like -that are transmitted from generation to generation

Ethnogenesis:

creating a distinctive ethnicity as means of adapting to discrimination

Resource share:

determined by discrimination, how/where/what you can use resources on, low resources shares make one a greater target for discrimination → Examples: income, power, money, education

Environmental racism:

disposal sites being near poor areas

Political discrimination: Italians

low voter participation rates due to distrust that many southern italians felt towards the government and to dampening effects of low socioeconomic status on political activity. Became more allied with democrats . anti-catholic prevented Italian Americans for holding office.

resource shares of Native Americans Income:

lowest median income of all minority groups with 27% below poverty line and 37% of children in poverty Higher poverty rates on reservations 2013 median income = $36,641

Resource shares of 3 largest Latino populations in U.S.ife expectancy

· Death rate for Latino population is problematic bc identified w race not ethnicity so there is confusion · Leading cause of death for Hispanic and white American children (1-14) in 2012 was unintentional injury (ex. fire, drowning, motor vehicle accidents) o Hispanic children: 21% o White children: 13% o Latino: 47% of ages 15-24 are victims of homicide o White: 10% § Violence is a huge contributor to the shorter life expectancy of Latinos § High homicides reflect the risks involved in living in areas of high crime rate and gang violence

Relevance of Alien Land Act in California- economic success and mobility of Asian American groups

"Aliens" couldn't purchase or lease agricultural land- huge impact on Japanese who were farmers→ led to truck farming/ farmers markets

Origin of the term "Asian American"

-The term American is synonymous with "white", and many Americans can't distinguish different types of Asians apart - Immigrants who came from Asian countries during cotton farming in Hawaii and then the Gold Rush (mainly China and Japan). Because of their eye fold and non-European culture they were easily identifiable. - Soon Filipinos and Koreans followed, even though all these people came from different areas they were all lumped together as Asians. - Pacific Islanders are excluded from the larger term Asian

Economic discrimination- irish

-forced to take low wage jobs. given manufacturing, mining, construction, textile, and domestic service. Were only given low wage jobs that required no skills. Overcame economic discrimination by unionizing, dominated many local unions Established a secure economic base which has allowed later generations to move into higher skilled jobs

Significance of 13th, 14th, 15th amendments and defining the status of African Americans as citizens

13th Abolition, but still says African Americans can be enslaved as punishment for a crime 14th Citizenship 15th Suffrage

What has been the role of protest in improving state of African Americans

2 decades (1950s/60s) fought to get rid of legal acts of discrimination Mass protests/sit-ins, lobbying, sue supreme court→ created model for all social groups

Resource shares of 3 largest Latino populations in U.S. poverty

2008 Poverty Rate Mexican Americans: 21% Puerto Ricans: 21% Cubans: 11% Children under 18 living in poverty Mexican American: 30% Puerto Rican: 30% Cuban: ? Median family income Mexican Americans: $41,538 (1st poorest) Puerto Ricans: ~$43,000 (2nd poorest) Cuban: $51,290 European Americans $71,000 2013 Poverty rate All Hispanics: 28% Median income All Hispanic households: $40,963

Approximate size of Native American population today

4.1 million according to latest census data

Resource shares of African Americans :poverty

40% of black single parent households in poverty According to 2006 Census Poverty Rates 12% fell under federal definition of poor (~$26,000) 25% lived in poverty (compared to (% white american)

resource shares of Native Americans Education:

76% of Native Americans over 24 have graduated high school Increasing college graduate rates Navajos have significantly lower graduation rates

Resource shares of African Americans :Education:

81% high school graduates, 18% college educated (2015)

Ethnic group ethnic populations '' sub populations

:is a subpopulation of individuals who label and categorized by the general population and ,often ,by the members of the group itself as being of a particular type of ethnicity they share a unique history as well as a distinctive behavioral organizational and cultural characteristics and a s a result they often are treated differently by others

Segregation:

:process of spatially isolating members of an ethnic subpopulation in areas where they cannot have the same access to valued resources as do people that are not isolated

Rebellion:

:when subordinate ethnic subpopulations do not always accept ,assimilate ,withdraw, or marginally participate. Frequently they rebel . such rebellion can take a number of forms ,one being general hostility and aggressive behavior towards the majority.all form of rebellion involve minorities 'striking back and venting their frustration and at times these revolts become extremely violent ,

theories of ethnic relations Assimilation

A process of interpretation and fusion in which persons and groups acquire the memories sentiments and attitudes of other groups and by sharing their experience and history are incorporated with them into a common cultural life Start with competing where ethnic population compete over resources such as jobs, Living space and political representation Includes: cultural assimilation, structural assimilation, marital assimilation, identificational assimilation, attitude-receptional assimilation, behavioral-receptional assimilation, and civic assimilation

theories of ethnic relations Power and stratification

Also stratification trying to find a social niche .; Emphasizes how the process of discrimination produces over representation of members of ethnic subpopulation in various social class. Emphasizes power in order to control where ethnic groups are placed in the class to create system of ethnic stratification. Includes: caste systems, colonialism, split-labor market, split-class, and middleman minority

Minority group :

An ethnic subpopulation in a society subject to discrimination by members of more powerful ethnic subpopulations

resource shares of Native AmericansEmployment:

As of 2008, 12% unemployed (twice that of national rate) Men work blue collar service jobs, women work clerical and service jobs Employed by federal/state governments Little upward mobility

How are they stratified and what is the nature of the discrimination they face :jews

Ashkenazi: came in 1700s from Northern Europe (England, Germany, Poland) for economic opportunity, they outnumbered Sephardic Jews (from Spain) Marranos: Jews who had been forced to convert to Christianity during Spanish impostion , next to come to country Sephardic Jews: came in 1600s, largely spanish background Israeli Jews: come in 1970 many undocumented Current stats: 10% orthodox, 35% reformist, 18% conservative Orthodox: strict following of torah Reformist: modernized practices to be less strict Conservative: fall somewhere between orthodox and reformed

At least 6- 7 of major theories of ethnic relations discussed in chapter 2

Assimilation Biological Pluralism Psychological Human ecology Power and stratification

theories of ethnic relations Biological

Based on biological underpinning of ethnicity . Natural selection was in our genes . That certain part of the gene was selfish and driven to maximize fitness . Or to Their capacity to remain in the gene pull . Two concepts kin selection which holds that family structures are allowing males and females to maximize their fitness by keeping as much genetic material in the gene pool Reciprocal was developed to explain why non family members help each other survive . They want to help people that do not have similar genes and then this would be reciprocated for them

Review materials on cultural and institutional legacy of Anglo Saxons to the culture and structure of American life Education institutions :

Before the revolution school was private and for the affluent . based on the tenente of english protestantism ,the core values that protestantism spawned the culture of western and northern europe and the views of commerce and politics held by the early english settlers

With respect to Jewish Americans, how does the Torah (other religious text) serve to conduct daily lives

Causes some separation Increases identifiability

Major tribal groups

Cherokee, Navajo, Sioux, Choctaw

Which group was first to migrate to mainland U.S. asian americans

Chinese and Japanese were first

Race as a social construction

Different races allow us to talk about different groups based on physical differences ("race" was first used in Europe to describe livestock bred for different reasons)

The adaptations to prejudice and discrimination embraced by minority groups

Find niche Withdraw and isolate from society Rebel Participate in protests Create new ethnic group (ethnogenesis)

Significance of Chinese Exclusion Act as social policy

First federal law banning a group of immigrants based on race Only merchants, students, teachers, tourists and government officials allowed→ not a lot of women

Which of these terms has become controversial hispanic or latino

Hispanic (doesn't acknowledge latin American/African/indigenous roots)

Origins of the terms "Hispanic" and "Latino"

Hispanic: umbrella term by U.S. government in the 70s/80s to identify residents of Spanish speaking origins Latino: people from Latin America, acknowledges African and Latin heritage

Be familiar with role that Immigration Act of 1965 had in increasing growth in Asian American populations

Immigration Act of 1965: eliminated the last vestiges of what had been a highly racially biased immigration policy, dramatically changed the composition of immigration flows to this country, and initiated a reevaluation of the standards utilized for racial and ethnic classification by federal agencies in light of the vast diversity of new immigrant populations. Growth of Asian American populations?

Jews Important characteristics for jews:

Important characteristics for jews: Considered "Race" on basis of social and cultural Identifiability based on awareness of shared history Social and cultural differences Religion Rituals Food prep and consumption Shrewd cheap Materialistic Sly Most persecuted group in history International bankers Conspiracy that Jews tried to control all gov'ts/world Too bright, intelligent, educated, industrious

Resource shares of 5 major Asian American populations Median Family Income of Asian American Groups 2008/2015 and Poverty Levels (the table he drew on the board in class)

Income Levels 2008 / 2015 Chinese income Levels 2008 / 2015 81,825 / 69,586 poverty levels 9.27% Filipino income Levels 2008 / 2015 87,069 / 82,389 Poverty Levels 3.9% Koreanincome Levels2008 / 2015 66,055 / 58,572 Poverty Levels10.9% Vietnamese income Levels 2008 / 2015 66,566 / 59,405 Poverty Levels 11.7% Asian-Indian income Levels 2008 / 2015 99,789 / 101,591 Poverty Levels 4.9% White income Levels 2008 / 2015 70,835 / 59, 698 Poverty Levels 6.1%

theories of ethnic relations Psychological

Individuals have many potential identities revolving around their perceptions of themselves as a person . These perceptions are a cluster of cognitions , emotions and self evaluations that operate at many different levels

important characteristics of the Irish as becoming targets of prejudice and discrimination

Irish (1841-1890) (3rd largest ethnic population) First of white ethnics to come to US after Anglo-Saxon core Non-Protestant catholic Willingness to work for lower wages Negative stereotypes Characterized by families Considered subhuman,ape like Drunks Hostile Immoral Ignorant Involvement in political machines

Review materials on cultural and institutional legacy of Anglo Saxons to the culture and structure of American life Political institutions :

It blends in the seventh century british political traditions an eighteenth century french social philosophy. The early colonist concepts of decentered nationhood ,representative government ,decentralized power,and rule by law were greatly supplemented in post revolutionary era by the french thinking equality justice , individual rights represented democracy ,and checks and balances among legislative judicial and administrative branches of government.

Growth of population in United States in the past three decades Census numbers:

Latinos/ Hispanics (persons or national origins or ancestor's national origins are Latin America, Central/South America) · 2000: 35 million · 2008: 47 million · 2014: 55 million o Dramatic growth of Hispanic population in this country over relatively brief period of time o Largest ethnic/ racial minority o 70% of total population, largest share of this number is Mexican American (64%) o Lead to tremendous amount of tension in society African Americans · 2014: 46 million Hispanics · 2014: 55 million (largest minority, outdoes AA) · 2016: projected 119 million people 2013 breakdown of Hispanic /Latino in US · 64% Mexican American · 10% Puerto Rican · 3.7% Cuban · 3.7% Central Americans? · 3% Dominican · 2.5% Guatemalan

theories of ethnic relations Human ecology

Living patten not urban areas are produced by competition for scarce resources land housing and jobs

Factors that have contributed to identifiability of Mexican Americans

Mexican Americans (Chicanos) have high degree if identifiability which is a basis for discrimination · Language and culture o Spanish language o Catholic religion o Indian culture · Close border has preserved Spanish language, social intercourse btw 2 cultures o Less incentive to abandon native culture · Speak Spanish/English w/ accent · Darker skin color

Resource shares of African Americans :Housing:

Mostly urban, residential segregation still prominent

Marginal participation

Participation by subordinate ethnic subpopulations in a niche where their creative resources allow them to prosper.Tends to be the most successful when the minority population is small and does not enter areas dominated by the majority. example; jews not being able to business opportunities and it prosper in societies that actively discriminate against them

Institutional discrimination

Policies and regulations, rather than personal prejudices that compel people to discriminate. Also individual acts of discrimination sanctioned by the cultural values, beliefs, laws, and norms of a society.

Negative stereotypes of Mexican Americans

Portrayed Mexicans as an "inferior race", biologically tainted by Indian blood · Greasers · Cowardly · Lazy · Shiftless · Lawless · Potentially violent · White race would be "mongrelized" bc of excessive contact with Mexicans · "Banditos" (males) (fat, lazy, thieving, immoral) · Macho, violent street criminals · Women are seductresses or passive mothers of violent gang youth, wives of lazy husbands

Jim Crow laws that institutionalized discrimination

Racial caste system between 1877 and mid 1960s in southern states mostly Personifies government sanctioned racial oppression African Americans relegated to second class citizenship Represents legitimization of anti-black discrimination under God Says African Americans are innately intellectually/culturally inferior Black Codes Designed to restrict rights of freed slaves Enacted after the end of slavery to minimize consequences of freedom Includes laws that say that African Americans cannot vote, serve on juries, testify against whites, carry arms, or enter some occupations homeless/unemployed could be pressed into forced labor Vary from region to region

theories of ethnic relations Pluralism

Reaction to the melting pot . The Maintenance of distinctive cultural ,organizational and behavioral characteristics is often a way of coping with discrimination . Ethnogenesis is often employed to describe the process of creating a distinctive ethnicity as a means of adapting to discrimination even as some degree of assimilation occurs

Identify basic core values of American society as framed by that legacy

Salvation, hardwork, abstinence from temptation, and religiosity (ie. values of ascetic Protestantism)

Italians (1880-1920) important characteristics of Italians:

Seen as a distant race that was inferior intellectually and morally Lacking intelligence, loose morals Darker skin toned Geographically concentrated Cultural differences between northern and southern ethnic Many were peasants and came to country that was much more urban Southern Italians= poor, uneducated, peasants Northern Italians= more educated, affluent, able to enter professions and small business Catholic Children were considered unintelligent because bias statistics and intelligence tests Part of the mafia, therefore in crime and had little integrity Crime was a mean of upward mobility in a hostile society Italian men were tough, dim-witted, and oversexedwomanizers, emotional, jealous

Stereotypes that have persisted through the years

Uncivilized heathens Bestial Sexually aggressive Have savage impulses Ignorant Lazy Immoral Childlike Helpless Criminals

Review author's unified theory of ethnic relations and the theories major components

Unified Theory of Ethnic Relations: says the central force in ethnic relations is discrimination, which is perpetuated by identifiability and sense of threat. Identifiability and discrimination affect resource shares thus causing differences in the degree of ethnic stratification

Joe Feagin's notion of racial framing- how the concept is defined and its implications against African Americans

White racial frame: frame in which white Americans make sense of race in this country, made of stereotypes, narratives, mythology, history that is played up and down, strengthened through jokes, slurs, discrimination through institutions, holidays, hollywood, etc. Whites are mostly superior in culture Negative stereotypes/images of inferior racial other are constructed and accepted Ex. A.A. are natural born athletes, musicians This denies their hard work and goes along w/ stereotype that A.A. are lazy Demeanor, speech and dress further distinguish many members of the African American Community The prejudice and discrimination that middle-class African Americans live with cannot be attributed to class or culture, but simply to skin color Understanding prejudice against African Americans

Ethnic prejudices

are beliefs and stereotypes about designated subpopulations who share certain identifying characteristics-biological ,behavioral ,organizational ,or cultural or at least are perceived to share these identifying characteristics.

Abusive practices:

are patterns of action against the victims of discrimination by member of other ethnic groups and particularly by those charged with enforcement of the law . Example environmental racism or racial profiling.

Reluctant liberals:

are unprejudiced but will discriminate when it is in their interest to do so

self-segregation

enables a population to create and support their own communities, business ,schools, leadership , and other social forums .example early black muslim movement in America advocates a separate African american communities , self-supporting and isolated from white institutions .

Passive acceptance :

f the power of an ethnic group is small and the magnitude of the discrimination is great, members of the group may have no choice but to accept the discrimination. often not passive but rather active and manipulation of a situation. For example slaves were not able to alot of things yet some slaves were able to to develop their own culture and to enjoy some of the basic pleasures of life thought the appearance of passive acceptance .

Organized protest :

final type of reaction to prejudice and discrimination . example:concept of ethnogenesis is often used to explain how ethnic subpopulation revel mix of characteristics ,some involving assimilation into the. Dividing country by religion.

Educational discrimination: italians

first wave of southern Italian immigrants were illiterate and impoverished. slower to accept public school as important, children went to school for a little bit and then dropped out to help support the family, therefore learning only basic skills. Yet, they became quickly Americanized because they couldn't afford private schools like the Irish and had to attend public school.

Economic discrimination: Italians

have same income of whites now. underrepresented in in top administration of gov. and private industry. Came and lived with bosses yet there bosses provided low wage work, overpriced food, and expensive slum housing (PADRONE). hard for immigrants to get out of poverty. Had many obstacles like language, few vocational skills, little education, isolation in italian ghettos, away from job network. were payed lower wages and excluded from unions. However different for southern Italians. join unions, became upwardly mobile, were able to move to higher skilled craft occupations. more businessmen Monopolize the construction industry

resource shares of Native AmericansHealth:

high rates of diabetes and due to poor living conditions, there is a high mortality rate, avg life expectancy trails national average by five years, increased likelihood of terminal illnesses

Exclusion:

is a pattern of discrimination that denies members of an ethnic group certain positions ,independent of the effects of segregation . examples slaves denied basic citizenship rights.

Ethnic discrimination

is the process by which the members of a more powerful and dominant ethnic subpopulation deny the member of another ,less powerful and subordinate ethnic subpopulation full access to valued resources

assimilation

is the process by which the members of an ethnic group become part of the broader culture and society ,losing their distinctive characteristics.

Selective inclusion:

is the process of allowing members of ethnic subpopulations into certain positions while at the same time excluding them from other positions. Example: jews were excluded from most economic, social, political positions but were included in the world of finance.

Economic discrimination: jews

middleman minority positions (social climbers, clumsy actors). had entrepreneurial skills. Therefore started small business. Comparatively high income and level of education yet despite economic/academic success, Jews are underrepresented in many occupations, high level positions of power 1890 census: 60% in trade finance, 20% in office work, 6% in professions Taking risk in narrow range of business has created a "Golden ghetto"

Educational discrimination:jews

most educated subpopulation in US, long tradition of respect for learning and education Jewish Americans are concentrated in middle/upper SES strata but remain underrepresented in elite political/economic spheres

Political discrimination:jews

politically active, voting in large numbers, yet no political power

Reverse discrimination:

programs designed to overcome the effects of past discrimination against members of a subordinate group subpopulation often deny some members of the dominant subpopulation equal access to resources.

Ethnic stratification:

refers to several related interrelated process : The amount , level , and type of resources such as a job ,education , health ,money ,power, and prestige - and ethnic subpopulation typically receives . The degree to which these resources share locate most members of an ethnic subpopulation in various social hierarchies. The extent to which these resources share contribute to those distinctive behaviors ,organizations , and cultural systems that provide justification to the dominant group for making the ethnic subpopulation targets of discrimination

Subpopulations:

same as ethnic group

Prejudice

set of beliefs and stereotypes about category of people hence ethnic prejudices

Ethnic cleansing

systematic attempt to eliminate an ethnic/religious group from society.

Expulsion:

the act of exiling members of an ethnic subpopulation from a country. Expulsion can take the form of direct coercion, or it can be indirect. Is somewhat less intense form of discrimination because those who are exiled from society retain access to at least one highly valued resource: life.

Review materials on cultural and institutional legacy of Anglo Saxons to the culture and structure of American life Religious institutions :

the english brought with them anglican and congregational protestantism. They were not dominated by the revolutionary era.

Discrimination :

the process by which an individual , group or subpopulation of individual acts in ways that deny another individual ,group or subpopulation access to valued resources

Review materials on cultural and institutional legacy of Anglo Saxons to the culture and structure of American life Economic institution:

they started the form of capitalism.which relied on disadvantages and inexpensive ethnic labor .

Ethnicity :

when a subpopulation of individuals reveal, or is perceived to reveal ,shared historical experiences as well as unique organizational ,behavioral and cultural characteristics.

Genocide

when members of an ethnic subpopulation are killed or potential an entire group is exterminated.example nazis in germany

Racial profiling

when officers use ethnic markers to assess the likelihood of a potential crime

All-weather liberals:

who are not prejudice and do not discriminate

Active bigot

who are prejudice and quite willing to discriminate

Timid bigots:

who are prejudiced but afraid to show it

resource shares of Native AmericansHousing:

worst housing conditions, many dying of TB and diabetes, 4 generations may live together in one house