Final - IBD(Ulcerative Colitis & Crohn's disease)
A young woman with Crohn's disease develops a fever and symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI) with tan, fecal-smelling urine. Which information will the nurse add to a teaching plan about UTIs for this patient that goes beyond a general teaching plan for UTIs? a. Fistulas can form between the bowel and bladder. b. Bacteria in the perianal area can enter the urethra. c. Drink adequate fluids to maintain normal hydration. d. Empty the bladder before and after sexual intercourse.
ANS: A Fistulas between the bowel and bladder occur in Crohn's disease and can lead to UTI. Teaching for UTI prevention in general includes good hygiene, adequate fluid intake, and voiding before and after intercourse.
An adult with E. coli food poisoning is admitted to the hospital with bloody diarrhea and dehydration. Which prescribed action will the nurse question? a. Infuse lactated Ringer's solution at 250 mL/hr. b. Monitor blood urea nitrogen and creatinine daily. c. Administer loperamide (Imodium) after each stool. d. Provide a clear liquid diet and progress diet as tolerated.
ANS: C Use of antidiarrheal agents is avoided with this type of food poisoning because the drugs slow GI motility and can prolong infection. IV fluids, clear oral fluids, and monitoring renal function are appropriate for dehydration.
The nurse is caring for a client who is prescribed a nasogastric (NG) tube for the purpose of stomach decompression. The nurse should anticipate a primary health care provider prescription for which type of suction?
Ans: 2 Gastric mucosa can be traumatized and pulled into the tube if the suction pressure is placed on high or if the suction is continuous. The suction should be set on low pressure and intermittent suction control.
The nurse is providing care for a client with a recent transverse colostomy. Which observation requires immediate notification of the primary health care provider? 1.Stoma is beefy red and shiny 2.Purple discoloration of the stoma 3.Skin excoriation around the stoma 4.Semi-formed stool noted in the ostomy pouch
Ans: 2 Ischemia of the stoma would be associated with a dusky or bluish or purple color. A beefy red and shiny stoma is normal and expected. Skin excoriation needs to be addressed and treated but does not require as immediate attention as purple discoloration of the stoma. Semi-formed stool is a normal finding.
A nurse is providing dietary teaching to a client who has ulcerative colitis. Which of the following food selections by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching? a. raw vegetable salad w/ low fat dressing b. roast chicken and white rice c. fresh fruit salad and milk d. peanut butter on whole wheat bread
Ans: B Clients who has UC are restricted to a low-fiber diet, which omits whole grains and raw fruits and vegetables. Roast chicken with white rice is the best choice.
A nurse is demonstrating colostomy care to a client who has a new colostomy. Which of the following actions should the nurse teach the client to perform? (SATA) a. use antimicrobial ointment on the peristomal skin b. empty the bag when it is one-third to one-half full c. cute the skin barrier opening a little larger than the ostomy d. wash the peristomal skin with mild soap and water e. apply the skin barrier while the skin is slightly moist
Ans: B C D Avoid full bag, cut opening about 1/16 to 1/8 larger than the stoma to avoid applying any constricting pressure to stoma.
After having frequent diarrhea and a weight loss of 10 lb (4.5 kg) over 2 months, a patient has a new diagnosis of Crohn's disease. What would the nurse plan to teach the patient? a. Medication use b. Fluid restriction c. Enteral nutrition d. Activity restrictions
ANS: A Medications are used to induce and maintain remission in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Decreased activity level is indicated only if the patient has severe fatigue and weakness. Fluids are needed to prevent dehydration. There is no advantage to enteral feedings if the patient is able to eat.
Diphenoxylate hydrochloride with atropine sulfate is prescribed for a client with ulcerative colitis. The nurse should monitor the client for which therapeutic effect of this medication? 1.Decreased diarrhea 2.Decreased cramping 3.Improved intestinal tone 4.Elimination of peristalsis
Ans: 1 Diphenoxylate hydrochloride with atropine sulfate is an antidiarrheal product that decreases the frequency of defecation, usually by reducing the volume of liquid in the stools. The remaining options are not associated therapeutic effects of this medication.
A nurse is caring for a client who is NPO and has an NG tube to suction. When the client reports nausea, which of the following actions should the nurse take? a. irrigate with normal saline b. provide oral hygiene c. clamp tube for 30 min d. increase amount of suction
Ans: A Determine patency.
A nurse is assessing a client who was admitted with a bowel obstruction. The client reports severe abdominal pain. Which of the following findings indicates that a possible bowel perforation has occurred? a. elevated blood pressure b. bowel sounds increase in frequency and pitch c. rigid abdomen d. emesis of undigested food
Ans: C As fluid escaped into the peritoneal cavity, a reduction in circulating blood volume occurs, lowering blood pressure.
A nurse is assessing a client who has a complete intestinal obstruction. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? a. absence of bowel sounds in all 4 quadrants b. passage of blood-tinged liquid stool c. presence of flatus d. hyperactive bowel sounds above the obstruction
Ans: D Intestinal peristalsis above the obstruction attempts to push the obstruction through the intestines. With a complete intestinal obstruction, there are no bowel sounds bellow the obstruction.
Which patient would the nurse assess first after receiving change-of-shift report? a. A 40-yr-old patient who has a distended abdomen and tachycardia b. A 60-yr-old patient whose ileostomy has drained 800 mL over 8 hours c. A 30-yr-old patient with ulcerative colitis who had six liquid stools in 4 hours d. A 50-yr-old patient with familial adenomatous polyposis who has occult blood in the stool
ANS: A The patient's abdominal distention and tachycardia suggest hypovolemic shock caused by problems such as peritonitis or intestinal obstruction, which will require rapid intervention. The other patients would be assessed as quickly as possible, but the data do not indicate any life-threatening complications associated with their diagnoses.
A patient being admitted with an acute exacerbation of ulcerative colitis reports crampy abdominal pain and passing 15 bloody stools a day. Which intervention would the nurse include in the patient's plan of care? a. Administer oral metoclopramide. b. Instruct the patient not to eat or drink. c. Administer cobalamin (vitamin B12) injections. d. Teach the patient about total colectomy surgery
ANS: B An initial therapy for an acute exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is to rest the bowel by making the patient NPO. Metoclopramide increases peristalsis and will worsen symptoms. Cobalamin (vitamin B12) is absorbed in the ileum, which is not affected by ulcerative colitis. Although total colectomy is needed for some patients, there is no indication that this patient is a candidate during this acute phase.
A 22-yr-old female patient with an exacerbation of ulcerative colitis is having 15 to 20 stools daily and has excoriated perianal skin. Which patient behavior indicates that the nurse's teaching about skin integrity has been effective? a. The patient uses incontinence briefs to contain loose stools. b. The patient uses witch hazel compresses to soothe irritation. c. The patient asks for antidiarrheal medication after each stool. d. The patient cleans the perianal area with soap after each stool.
ANS: B Witch hazel compresses are suggested to reduce anal irritation and discomfort. Incontinence briefs may trap diarrhea and increase the incidence of skin breakdown. Antidiarrheal medications cannot be given 15 to 20 times a day. The perianal area should be washed with plain water or pH balanced cleanser after each stool.
A 72-yr-old patient with dehydration caused by an exacerbation of ulcerative colitis is receiving 5% dextrose in normal saline at 125 mL/hour. Which assessment finding by the nurse is most important to report to the health care provider? a. Skin is dry with tenting and poor turgor. b. Patient has not voided for the last 2 hours. c. Crackles are heard halfway up the posterior chest. d. Patient has had 5 loose stools over the previous 6 hours.
ANS: C The presence of crackles in an older patient receiving IV fluids at a high rate suggests volume overload and a need to reduce the rate of the IV infusion. The other data will be reported but are consistent with the patient's age and diagnosis and do not require a change in the prescribed treatment.
Which diet choice by the patient with an acute exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) indicates a need for more teaching? a. Scrambled eggs b. White toast and jam c. Oatmeal with cream d. Pancakes with syrup
ANS: C During acute exacerbations of IBD, the patient would avoid high-fiber foods such as whole grains. High-fat foods also may cause diarrhea in some patients. The other choices are low residue and would be appropriate for this patient.
Which finding is likely in the nurse's assessment of a patient who has a large bowel obstruction? a. Referred back pain b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Projectile vomiting d. Abdominal distention
ANS: D Abdominal distention is seen in lower intestinal obstruction. Referred back pain is not a common clinical manifestation of intestinal obstruction. Metabolic alkalosis is common in high intestinal obstruction because of the loss of HCl acid from vomiting. Projectile vomiting is associated with higher intestinal obstruction.
The nurse is providing discharge teaching for a client with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease about dietary measures to implement during exacerbation episodes. Which statement made by the client indicates a need for further instruction? 1. "I should increase the fiber in my diet." 2. "I will need to avoid caffeinated beverages." 3. "I'm going to learn some stress reduction techniques." 4."I can have exacerbations and remissions with Crohn's disease."
Ans: 1 Crohn's disease is an inflammatory disease that can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract but most often affects the terminal ileum and leads to thickening and scarring, a narrowed lumen, fistulas, ulcerations, and abscesses. It is characterized by exacerbations and remissions. If stress increases the symptoms of the disease, the client is taught stress management techniques and may require additional counseling. The client is taught to avoid gastrointestinal stimulants containing caffeine and to follow a high-calorie and high-protein diet. A low-fiber diet may be prescribed, especially during periods of exacerbation.
The nurse is giving dietary instructions to a client who has a new colostomy. The nurse should encourage the client to eat foods representing which diet for the first 4 to 6 weeks postoperatively? 1.Low fiber 2.Low calorie 3.High protein 4.High carbohydrate
Ans: 1 For the first 4 to 6 weeks after colostomy formation, the client should consume a low-fiber diet. After this period, the client should eat a high-carbohydrate, high-protein diet. The client also is instructed to add new foods, including those with fiber, one at a time to determine tolerance to that food.
The nurse is providing instructions to a client with a colostomy about measures to reduce the odor from the colostomy. Which client statement indicates that the educational session was effective? 1."I should be sure to eat at least 1 cucumber every day." 2."Beet greens, parsley, or yogurt will help to control the colostomy odor." 3."I will need to increase my egg intake and try to eat ½ to 1 egg per day." 4."Green vegetables such as spinach and broccoli will prevent odor, and I should eat these foods every day."
Ans: 2 The client should be taught to include deodorizing foods in the diet, such as beet greens, parsley, buttermilk, and yogurt. Spinach also may reduce odor, but it is a gas-forming food and should be avoided. Cucumbers, eggs, and broccoli also are gas-forming foods and should be avoided or limited by the client.
The nurse caring for a client diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) recognizes that which classifications of medications may be prescribed to treat the disease and induce remission? Select all that apply. 1.Antidiarrheal 2.Antimicrobial 3.Corticosteroid 4.Aminosalicylate 5.Biological therapy 6.Immunosuppressant
Ans: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Pharmacological treatment for IBD aims to decrease the inflammation to induce and then maintain a remission. Five major classes of medications used to treat IBD are antimicrobials, corticosteroids, aminosalicylates, biological and targeted therapy, and immunosuppressants. Medications are chosen based on the location and severity of inflammation. Depending on the severity of the disease, clients are treated with either a "step-up" or "step-down" approach. The step-up approach uses less toxic therapies (e.g., aminosalicylates and antimicrobials) first, and more toxic medications (e.g., biological and targeted therapy) are started when initial therapies do not work. The step-down approach uses biological and targeted therapy first. Option 1, antidiarrheals, is incorrect. Although an antidiarrheal may be used to treat the symptoms of IBD, it does not treat the disease (the inflammation) or induce remission. In addition, antidiarrheals should be used cautiously in IBD because of the danger of toxic megacolon (colonic dilation greater than 5 cm).
A client who has undergone gastric surgery has a nasogastric (NG) tube connected to low intermittent suction that is not draining properly. Which action should the nurse take initially? 1.Call the surgeon to report the problem. 2.Reposition the NG tube to the proper location. 3.Check the suction device to make sure it is working. 4.Irrigate the NG tube with saline to remove the obstruction.
Ans: 3 After gastric surgery, the client will have an NG tube in place until bowel function returns. It is important for the NG tube to drain properly to prevent abdominal distention and vomiting. The nurse must ensure that the NG tube is attached to suction at the level prescribed and that the suction device is working correctly. The tip of the NG tube may be placed near the suture line. Because of this possibility, the nurse should never reposition the NG tube or irrigate it. If the NG tube needs to be repositioned, the nurse should call the surgeon, who would do this repositioning under fluoroscopy.
The nurse is preparing to administer an intermittent enteral feeding through a nasogastric (NG) tube. Which priority assessment should the nurse perform? 1.Observe for digestion of formula. 2.Assess fluid and electrolyte status. 3.Evaluate absorption of the last feeding. 4.Evaluate percussion tone of the stomach.
Ans: 3 All stomach contents are aspirated and measured before a tube feeding is administered. This procedure measures the gastric residual. The gastric residual is assessed to confirm whether undigested formula from a previous feeding remains, thereby evaluating absorption of the last feeding. It is important to assess gastric residual because administration of an enteral feeding to a full stomach could result in overdistention, predisposing the client to regurgitation and possible aspiration. The remaining options do not relate to the purpose of assessing residual.
The nurse is caring for a client experiencing an exacerbation of Crohn's disease. Which intervention should the nurse anticipate the primary health care provider prescribing? 1.Enteral feedings 2.Fluid restrictions 3.Oral corticosteroids 4.Activity restrictions
Ans: 3 Crohn's disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease that is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It is characterized by periods of remission interspersed with periods of exacerbation. Oral corticosteroids are used to treat the inflammation of Crohn's disease, so option 3 is the correct one. In addition to treating the GI inflammation of Crohn's disease with medications, it is also treated by resting the bowel. Therefore, option 1 is incorrect. Option 2 is incorrect, as clients with Crohn's disease typically have diarrhea and would not be on fluid restrictions. Option 4, activity restrictions, is not indicated. The client can do activities as tolerated but should avoid stress and strain.
The nurse is assisting a client with Crohn's disease to ambulate to the bathroom. After the client has a bowel movement, the nurse should assess the stool for which characteristic that is expected with this disease? 1.Blood in the stool 2.Chalky gray stool 3.Loose, watery stool 4.Dry, hard, constipated stool
Ans: 3 Crohn's disease is characterized by nonbloody diarrhea of usually not more than 4 or 5 stools daily. Over time, the episodes of diarrhea increase in frequency, duration, and severity. Options 1, 2, and 4 are not characteristics of the stool in Crohn's disease.
The nurse is caring for a hospitalized client with a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis. Which finding, if noted on assessment of the client, should the nurse report to the primary health care provider (PHCP)? 1.Hypotension 2.Bloody diarrhea 3.Rebound tenderness 4.A hemoglobin level of 12 mg/dL (120 mmol/L)
Ans: 3 Rebound tenderness may indicate peritonitis. Bloody diarrhea is expected to occur in ulcerative colitis. Because of the blood loss, the client may be hypotensive and the hemoglobin level may be lower than normal. Signs of peritonitis must be reported to the PHCP.
A client has just had surgery to create an ileostomy. The nurse assesses the client in the immediate postoperative period for which most frequent complication of this type of surgery? 1.Folate deficiency 2.Malabsorption of fat 3.Intestinal obstruction 4.Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Ans: 4 A frequent complication that occurs following ileostomy is fluid and electrolyte imbalance. The client requires constant monitoring of intake and output to prevent this from occurring. Losses require replacement by intravenous infusion until the client can tolerate a diet orally. Intestinal obstruction is a less frequent complication. Fat malabsorption and folate deficiency are complications that could occur later in the postoperative period.
The nurse is caring for a client after abdominal surgery and creation of a colostomy. The nurse is assessing the client for a prolapsed stoma and should expect to note which observation if this is present? 1.A sunken and hidden stoma 2.A narrow and flattened stoma 3.A stoma that is dusky or bluish 4.A stoma that is elongated with a swollen appearance
Ans: 4 A prolapsed stoma is one in which the bowel protrudes, causing an elongated and swollen appearance of the stoma. A retracted stoma is characterized by a sinking of the stoma. A stoma with a narrow opening is described as being stenosed. Ischemia of the stoma would be associated with a dusky or bluish color.
The nurse is caring for a client with a resolved intestinal obstruction who has a nasogastric tube in place. The primary health care provider has now prescribed that the nasogastric tube be removed. What is the priority nursing assessment prior to removing the tube? 1.Checking for normal serum electrolyte levels 2.Checking for normal pH of the gastric aspirate 3.Checking for proper nasogastric tube placement 4.Checking for the presence of bowel sounds in all 4 quadrants
Ans: 4 Distention, vomiting, and abdominal pain are a few of the symptoms associated with intestinal obstruction. Nasogastric tubes may be used to remove gas and fluid from the stomach, relieving distention and vomiting. Bowel sounds return to normal as the obstruction is resolved and normal bowel function is restored. Discontinuing the nasogastric tube before normal bowel function may result in a return of the symptoms, necessitating reinsertion of the nasogastric tube. Serum electrolyte levels, pH of the gastric aspirate, and tube placement are important assessments for the client with a nasogastric tube in place but would not assist in determining the readiness for removing the nasogastric tube.
A client with Crohn's disease is experiencing acute pain, and the nurse provides information about measures to alleviate the pain. Which statement by the client indicates the need for further teaching? 1."I know I can massage my abdomen." 2."I will continue using antispasmodic medication." 3."One of the best things I can do is use relaxation techniques." 4."The best position for me is to lie supine with my legs straight."
Ans: 4 Pain associated with Crohn's disease is alleviated by the use of analgesics and antispasmodics and also by practicing relaxation techniques, applying local cold or heat to the abdomen, massaging the abdomen, and lying with the legs flexed. Lying with the legs extended is not useful because it increases the muscle tension in the abdomen, which could aggravate inflamed intestinal tissues as the abdominal muscles are stretched.
A client is diagnosed with a moderate case of acute ulcerative colitis. The nurse doing dietary teaching should give the client examples of foods to eat that represent which therapeutic diet? 1.High fat with milk 2.Low fiber with milk 3.High protein with milk 4.Low fiber without milk
Ans: 4 The client with a mild to moderate case of acute ulcerative colitis often is prescribed a diet that is low in fiber and does not include milk. This will help to reduce the frequency of diarrhea for this client. The remaining options are incorrect diets and may cause discomfort for the client.
The nurse should instruct a client with an ileostomy to include which action as part of essential care of the stoma? 1.Massage the area below the stoma. 2.Take in high-fiber foods such as nuts. 3.Limit fluid intake to prevent diarrhea. 4.Cleanse the peristomal skin meticulously.
Ans: 4 The peristomal skin must receive meticulous cleansing because ileostomy drainage has more enzymes and is more caustic to the skin than colostomy drainage. The area below the ileostomy may be massaged as needed if the ileostomy becomes blocked by high-fiber foods. Foods such as nuts and those with seeds will pass through the ileostomy. The client should be taught that these foods will remain undigested. Fluid intake should be at least 6 to 8 glasses of water per day to prevent dehydration.
The nurse is caring for a client with ulcerative colitis. Which finding does the nurse determine is consistent with this diagnosis? 1.Hypercalcemia 2.Hypernatremia 3.Frothy, fatty stools 4.Decreased hemoglobin
Ans: 4 Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease of the large colon. Findings associated with ulcerative colitis include diarrhea with up to 10 to 20 liquid bloody stools per day, weight loss, anorexia, fatigue, increased white blood cell count, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, dehydration, hyponatremia, and hypokalemia (not hypercalcemia). Because of the loss of blood, clients with ulcerative colitis commonly have decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Clients with ulcerative colitis have bloody diarrhea, not steatorrhea (fatty, frothy, foul-smelling stools).
A nurse is planning care for a female client who has severe irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) and a new prescription for alosetron. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care? a. The client must sign agreement w/ provider before beginning alosetron. b. The client must stop taking alosetron if diarrhea continues for 1 week after beginning medication. c. The client should expect to have a slower heart rate while taking alosetron. d. The client should use a barrier birth control method because alosetron interacts with oral contraceptives.
Ans: A Alosetron has potentially fatal adverse effects associated with constipation and bowel obstruction. The FDA has allowed alosetron to be placed on the market only if the clients sign and adhere to a risk management program, which includes signing a client-provider agreement before starting alosetron.
A nurse is caring for a client who has an acute exacerbation of Crohn's disease. Which of the the following actions should the nurse take? a. ensure bowel rest b. offer sparkling water c. administer a stool softener d. offer plain warm tea frequently
Ans: A Clients who have an exacerbation of Crohn's disease usually require NPO status to ensure bowel rest and promote healing and recovery.
A nurse is teaching a client who has a colostomy about ways to reduce flatus and odor. Which of the following strategies should the nurse include? a. eat crackers and yogurt regularly b. chew mind hum throughout the day c. drink orange juice every day d. put an aspirin in the pouch
Ans: A helps reduce flatus, which contributes to odor
A nurse is teaching a newly licensed nurse about caring for a client who is scheduled for an esophagogastric balloon tamponade tube to treat bleeding esophageal varices. Which of the following pieces of information should the nurse include in the teaching? a. the client will be placed on mechanical ventilation prior to this procedure b. the tube will be inserted into the clients trachea c. the client will receive bowel preparation with cathartics prior to this procedure d. the tube allows the application of a a ligation band to the bleeding varices
Ans: A to protect airway
A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client who has a kidney transplant and has a prescription for oral cyclosporine. Which of the following statements indicates an understanding of the teaching? a. I will be able to stop medication within 6 months of surgery. b. I am likely to develop high blood pressure while taking this medication. c. I am likely to lose my hair while on this medication. d. I am taking this medication to boost my immune system.
Ans: B 1/2 the clients taking cyclosporine develop 10-15% increase in blood pressure and might need to start antihypertensive therapy.
A nurse is caring for a client who has ulcerative colitis. The provider prescribes bed rest with bathroom privileges. When the client asks the nurse why he has to stay in bed, which of the following responses should the nurse provide? a. you need to conserve energy at this time b. lying quietly in bed helps slow down the activity in your intestines c. staying in bed promotes the rest and comfort you need d. staying in bed will help prevent injury and minimize your fall risk.
Ans: B The greatest risk to the client is complication from severe diarrhea such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and gastrointestinal bleeding and trauma. Activity restriction can help reduce intestinal peristalsis and diarrhea.
A nurse is teaching a client who has a new prescription for alosetron. Which of the following client statements indicates an understanding of the teaching? a. "Nausea is common adverse effect of this medication." b. "I should contact my provider immediately if I experience constipation." c. "If I do not response to treatment at the lowest dosage, my provider may continue to increase the dosage at weekly intervals." d. "Abdominal pain with diarrhea can indicate a serious complication."
Ans: B The provider may adjust dose or withhold medication and then instruct the client to resume taking it once constipation has resolved.
A nurse is teaching a client who is beginning a course of metronidazole to treat an infection. For which of the following findings of an adverse effect should the nurse instruct the client as a priority to stop taking metronidazole and notify the provider? A. Metallic taste B. Nausea C. Ataxia D. Dark‑colored urine
C. CORRECT: Using the urgent vs. nonurgent approach to client care, the priority adverse effect to report to the provider is ataxia, tremors, paresthesias of the extremities, and seizures, which are manifestations of CNS toxicity.
A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has constipation. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include? a. Use bismuth subsalicylate regularly b. Consume low-fiber diet c. Eat yogurt with live cultures d. Use bisacodyl suppositories regularly
Ans: C Provides probiotics that help maintain and promote bowel function.
A nurse is monitoring a client who received diphenoxylate-atropine. Which of the following statements by the client should indicate to the nurse that the medication has been effective? a. I feel a little drowsy with this medication. b. I am not drinking more water. c. I have not has a bowel movement today. d. I no longer feel chest tightness.
Ans: C The nurse should identify that diphenoxylate-atropine is an opioid used to treat diarrhea. The therapeutic response of this medication is a decrease in the frequency of watery stools due to reduced motility of the intestinal lining.
A nurse in the emergency department is caring for a client who has bleeding esophageal varices. The nurse should anticipate a prescription for which of the following medications? a. famotidine b. esomeprazole c. vasopressin d. omeprazole
Ans: C Vasopressin constricts the splanchnic bed and decreases portal pressure. Vasopressin also constricts the distal esophageal and proximal gastric veins, which reduces inflow into the portal system and is used to treat bleeding varices.
A nurse is caring for a client who has gastrointestinal bleeding. The provider suspects a bleeding lesion in the colon. The initial approach to treatment likely will involve which of the following procedures? a. exploratory laparotomy b. double-contract barium enema c. magnetic resonance imaging d. colonoscopy
Ans: D Identifies cause and location of bleeding.
A client with acute ulcerative colitis requests a snack. Which is the most appropriate snack for this client? 1.Carrots and ranch dip 2.Whole-grain cereal and milk 3.A cup of popcorn and a cola drink 4.Applesauce and a graham cracker
Ans: 4 The diet for the client with ulcerative colitis should be low fiber (low residue). The nurse should avoid providing foods such as whole-wheat grains, nuts, and fresh fruits or vegetables. Typically, lactose-containing foods also are poorly tolerated. The client also should avoid caffeine, pepper, and alcohol.
A nurse is teaching a client about probiotic supplements. Which of the following information should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.) A. "Probiotics are micro‑organisms that are normally found in the GI tract." B. "Probiotics are used to treat Clostridium difficile." C. "Probiotics are used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia." D. "You can experience bloating while taking probiotic supplements." E. "If you are prescribed an antibiotic, you should take it at the same time you take your probiotic supplement."
A. CORRECT: Probiotics consist of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and Saccharomyces boulardii, which normally are found in the digestive tract. B. CORRECT: Probiotics are used to treat a number of GI conditions, including irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea associated with Clostridium difficile, and ulcerative colitis. D. CORRECT: Flatulence and bloating are adverse effects of probiotic supplements
A patient with a new ileostomy asks how much it will drain after the bowel has adapted in a few months. How many cups of drainage per day would the nurse tell the patient to expect? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
ANS: A After the proximal small bowel adapts to reabsorb more fluid, the average amount of ileostomy drainage is about 500 mL daily. One cup is about 240 mL.
Which information will the nurse include in teaching a patient who had a proctocolectomy and ileostomy for ulcerative colitis? a. Restrict fluid intake to prevent constant liquid drainage from the stoma. b. Use care when eating high-fiber foods to avoid obstruction of the ileum. c. Irrigate the ileostomy daily to avoid having to wear a drainage appliance. d. Change the pouch every day to prevent leakage of contents onto the skin.
ANS: B High-fiber foods are introduced gradually and should be well chewed to avoid obstruction of the ileostomy. Patients with ileostomies do not have a colon for the absorption of water; they need to take in increased amounts of fluid. The pouch should be drained frequently but is changed every 5 to 7 days. The drainage from an ileostomy is liquid and continuous, so control by irrigation is not possible.
A patient who had a transverse colectomy for diverticulosis 18 hours ago has nasogastric suction. The patient reports anxiety and incisional pain. The patient's respiratory rate is 32 breaths/min, and the arterial blood gases (ABGs) indicate respiratory alkalosis with a normal arterial oxygen level. Which action would the nurse take first? a. Check to make sure the nasogastric tube is patent. b. Give the patient the PRN IV morphine sulfate 4 mg. c. Notify the health care provider about the ABG results. d. Teach the patient to take slow, deep breaths when anxious.
ANS: B The patient's respiratory alkalosis is likely caused by the increased respiratory rate associated with pain and anxiety. The nurse's first action would be to medicate the patient for pain. The health care provider may be notified about the ABGs but is likely to instruct the nurse to medicate for pain. The patient will not be able to take slow, deep breaths when experiencing pain. Checking the nasogastric tube can wait until the patient has been medicated for pain.
A client had a new colostomy created 2 days earlier and is beginning to pass malodorous flatus from the stoma. What is the correct interpretation by the nurse? 1.This is a normal, expected event. 2.The client is experiencing early signs of ischemic bowel. 3.The client should not have the nasogastric tube removed. 4.This indicates inadequate preoperative bowel preparation.
Ans: 1 As peristalsis returns following creation of a colostomy, the client begins to pass malodorous flatus. This indicates returning bowel function and is an expected event. Within 72 hours of surgery, the client should begin passing stool via the colostomy. Options 2, 3, and 4 are incorrect interpretations.
A nurse is caring for a client who has diabetes and is experiencing nausea due to gastroparesis. The nurse should expect a prescription for which of the following medications? A. Lubiprostone B. Metoclopramide C. Bisacodyl D. Loperamide
B. CORRECT: Metoclopramide is a dopamine antagonist that is used to treat nausea and also increases gastric motility. It can relieve the bloating and nausea of diabetic gastroparesis. Lubiprostone is a medication used to treat irritable bowel syndrome with constipation in women. Bisacodyl is a stimulant laxative that is used for short‑term treatment of constipation. Loperamide is an antidiarrheal agent that decreases gastrointestinal peristalsis.
A nurse is caring for a client who has a new prescription for adalimumab for rheumatoid arthritis. Based on the route of administration of adalimumab, which of the following should the nurse plan to monitor? A. The vein for thrombophlebitis during IV administration B. The subcutaneous site for redness following injection C. The oral mucosa for ulceration after oral administration D. The skin for irritation following removal of transdermal patch
B. CORRECT: Adalimumab is administered subcutaneously, and injection‑site redness and swelling are common. It is appropriate to assess the site for redness following injection.
A nurse is evaluating teaching for a client who has rheumatoid arthritis and a new prescription for methotrexate. Which of the following statements by the client indicates understanding of the teaching? A. "I will be sure to return to the clinic at least once a year to have my blood drawn while I'm taking methotrexate." B. "I can receive live-virus vaccines while taking this medication." C. "I'll let the doctor know if I develop sores in my mouth while taking this medication. D. "I should stop taking oral contraceptives while I'm taking methotrexate."
C. CORRECT: Ulcerations in the mouth, tongue, or throat are often the first manifestations of methotrexate toxicity and should be reported to the provider immediately.
A nurse is preparing to administer leucovorin to a client who has cancer and is receiving chemotherapy with methotrexate. Which of the following responses should the nurse use when the client asks why leucovorin is being given? A. "Leucovorin reduces the risk of a transfusion reaction from methotrexate." B. "Leucovorin increases platelet production and prevents bleeding." C. "Leucovorin potentiates the cytotoxic effects of methotrexate." D. "Leucovorin protects healthy cells from methotrexate's toxic effect."
D. CORRECT: Leucovorin, a folic acid derivative and an antagonist to methotrexate, is given within 12 hr of high doses of methotrexate to protect healthy cells from the toxic effects of methotrexate.
