Final review for final exam
Peritonitis is an infection of the fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Why do you think this condition might be difficult to treat? Why would this condition have wide-ranging effects on the abdominal organs?
- Difficult to treat because the cavity does not have its own blood supply and you have to find out how the infection got in there and stop that too. - This has wide ranging effects because many abdominal organs are housed in there and if the infection reacts those organs the infection can become sepsis which is way more serious.
Explain how the structures of the epithelium and muscularis of the small intestine, stomach, and esophagus follow their function
- Stomach: 3 layers of smooth muscle to break down food to chyme; rugae that allow for expansion of the lumen of the stomach - Small intestine: plicae circulares (series of permanent folds), villi and microvilli that all allow for maximum absorption because of increased surface area - Esophagus: stratified nk squamous in the top to protect against abrasion; second part has stratified columnar to help push the food down; muscular folds for expansion smooth muscle to help push the food down
Which of the following organs is not part of the alimentary canal? A. Gallbladder B. Cecum C. Esophagus D. Ileum
A. Gallbladder
Predict the effects that renal failure might have on the body's homeostasis
Blood will become toxic because it is not being properly filtered Blood pressure will not be controlled because electrolyte balance is not being controlled by the kidneys
T/F The peritoneal cavity is located between the visceral peritoneum and the mesentery
False
T/F The gall bladder produces and stores bile
False it only stores bile, does not produce it
T/F The longest segment of the small intestine is the duodenum
False it's the jejum
How does the form of the simple epithelial tissues that make up the renal tubules follow its function?
Proximal convoluted tubule: It is made up of simple cuboidal epithelium which has brush borders. This helps to increase the surface area and the area of asorption. Loop of Henle - ascending and descending: In descending loop of Henle, there are thick and thin parts. The thick part has simple cuboidal epithelium while the thin part has simple squamous eithelium. In ascending loop of Henle, there are thick and thin parts. The thick part has simple cuboidal epithelium while the thin part has simple squamous eithelium. Descending loop is highly permeable to water but slightly permeable to ions. The thin ascending loop is impermeable to water and ions. But sodium and chloride cross by diffusion. In the thick ascending limb, Na+, K+and Cl- are reabsorbed. Mg2+ and Ca2+ are also absorbed. Distal convoluted tubule: IT has simple cuboidal cells. The reabsorption of Na+, K+, Ca2+ oocurs with regulation of pH. pH is regulated by the absorption of protons and bicarbonate ions.
The condition known as heartburn is most often caused by acid regurgitating from the stomach into the esophagus. Why do you think the acid tends to burn the esophagus and produce pain but does not similarly burn the stomach?
This is because the esophagus does not have the protective mechanism that the stomach has. The stomach has mucosa in its lining to protect from HCL and the protein digesting enzymes, but the esophagus does not.
T/F The liver consists of plates of hexagonal liver lobules
True
T/F The small intestine feature three sets of progressively smaller folds that increase surface area for absorption.
True
T/F The stomach has three layers of smooth muscle that contract to churn food into chyme
True
The exocrine cells of the pancreas are called BLANK A and secrete BLANK B. The endocrine cell of the pancreas are called BLANK C and secrete BLANK D.
a. acinar cells b. brush border enzymes c. islet of langerhans d. insulin and glucagon
Salivary amylase
begin(s) carbohydrate digestion in the mouth
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