Final Review Quizzes/Exam Questions
Describe Pivot Joints: -Degrees of freedom -Examples
-Allows one bone to rotate around another -Allows movement in transverse plane (rotation only)- 1 degree of freedom. -Examples: AA (Atlantoaxial joint-C1/C2), proximal radioulnar joint.
Attachment of the Multifidi:
-Attachment pattern: •Span transverse processes to spinous processes, crossing 2-4 levels higher •Found in Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar regions
Describe Saddle Joints: -Degrees of freedom -Examples
-Concave and Convex contours on each bone. -two degrees of freedom- sagittal and frontal plane movement, plus circumduction but not axial rotation (pivot) -Examples: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Describe Hinge Joints: -Degrees of freedom -Examples
-Similar to door hinge -Allows movement in only one plane (sagittal) Example: elbow joint, fingers and toes
Describe Ball and Socket Joints -Degrees of freedom -Examples
-Sphere-shape of one surface fits into the concave shape of another surface -Capable of movement in all planes (3 degrees of freedom) Example: Glenohumeral Joint, Femoroacetabular joint (hip)
Descrive Gliding joints -Degrees of freedom -Examples
-Usually between two flat surfaces -Allows the least amount of movement of all synovial joints- 1 degree of freedom -Primarily Translational movement -Examples: carpal bones of the hand, tarsal bones of the foot, facet joints
Describe Condyloid Joints: -Degrees of freedom -Examples
-convex oval-shaped end of one bone articulates with the basin-shaped end of the adjacent bone. -Allows movement in 2 planes (Sagittal and Frontal) -Example: Radiocarpal joint, Atlanto-occipital joint
Due to their attachments to the extensor expansions of the lesser toes, the lumbricals, dorsal interossei, and plantar interossei cause metatarsalphalangeal joint 1) ___________, proximal interphalangeal joint 2) _____________, and distal interphalangeal joint 3)___________. 1) Extension; 2) Abduction; 3) Adduction 1) Flexion; 2) Flexion; 3) Extension 1) Extension; 2)Flexion; 3) Flexion 1) Flexion; 2) Extension; 3) Extension
1) Flexion; 2) Extension; 3) Extension
Typical ratio of scapulohumeral rhythm of the glenohumeral joint
120 degrees of gleno abduction; 60 degrees scapular upward rotation
The tibiofemoral joint has ____ degrees of freedom.
2
Glenohumeral abduction is coupled with scapular upward rotation at a typical ratio of: -2 degrees abduction for every 1 degree upward rotation -1 degree abduction to every 3 degrees upward rotation -1 degree ER to every 1 degree Scapular retraction -6 degrees abduction to every 1 degree upward rotation
2 degrees abduction for every 1 degree upward rotation
In contrast to the hand (where the midline for abduction and adduction is denoted by the 3rd digit), the midline of the foot is denoted by the _______ digit.
2nd
A client lies on their back and flexes her neck manually. They then rotates their neck side to side. Which motion segment contributes to the MOST transverse plane movement.
AA Joint (OA Joint DOESN'T allow rotation)
Identify the ligament that provides the primary restraint to anterior movement of the tibia relative to the femur.
ACL
Identify the muscle that contracts concentrically to abduct the 1st phalanx of the foot (hallux). Hint: this muscle also acts to support the medial longitudinal arch. First lumbrical Dorsal Interossei Abductor Hallucis Plantar Interossei
Abductor Hallucis
The sartorius contracts concentrically to create which of the following actions at the tibiofemoral joint? Flexion Internal rotation All of the above
All of the above
Weakness of the extensors of the tibiofemoral joint may manifest as which of the following? -knee hyperextension in stance -extensor lag with attempted active straight leg raise -all of the above -none of the above
All of the above
Which of the following muscles produce horizontal adduction of the shoulder (glenohumeral joint)? Coracobrachialis Anterior (clavicular) deltoid Pectoralis major Two of the above All of the above
All of the above
What is the best description of the mechanical purpose or benefit of the proximal and distal tibiofibular joint
Allows for twisting and bending of the lower leg
Define Motor Unit:
Alpha motor neuron + all associated muscle fibers
Concentric contraction of the brachialis muscle causes elbow flexion. Therefore, it is an _________ of elbow extension. Agonist Nuetralizer Antagonist Helper Synergist (Myology)
Antagonist
A free-diver takes a deep breath in. This causes elevation of the first rib. What muscle(s) are active during this movement?
Anterior and Middle Scalene
Thumb abduction occurs in a plane ___________________ . -Parallel to the frontal plane -Approximately parallel to the plane of the thumbnail in anatomical position ("oblique") -Within the frontal plane -At 90 degrees (perpendicular) to the frontal plane
Approximately parallel to the plane of the thumbnail in anatomical position ("oblique")
Describe thumb abduction:
Approximately parallel to the plane of the thumbnail when the hand is in anatomical position.
According to the length-tension relationship, muscles generate the most force: At optimal length When they are longer than optimal length When they are shorter than optimal length When they contract quickly (Myology)
At optimal length
Which of the following is an expected finding of a longstanding Radial Nerve Injury? -Atrophy of the triceps brachii and weakness of elbow extension -Anterior arm atrophy and profound elbow flexion weakness -Deltoid muscle atrophy (muscle wasting) and rotator cuff weakness
Atrophy of the triceps brachii and weakness of elbow extension
What type of synovial joint allows 3 degrees of freedom?
Ball and Socket Joints
The ______ is the primary elbow flexor agonist during the supinated grip barbell curl exercise (elbow flexion with forearm supination)
Biceps brachii
Concentric contraction of what muscles causes supination of the forearm from a starting position of 75 degrees of forearm pronation?
Biceps brachii, supinator, brachioradialis
Supination of the fully-pronated forearm is caused by all of the following, except?
Brachialis
Doesn't attach to the ulna:
Brachioradialis
Cervical Nerve Root of the Diaphragm:
C3, C4, C5 Innervation-Phrenic Nerve
An individual suffers a complete spinal cord injury. On examination, the client has strong elbow flexion (biceps brachii). The triceps brachii is not as strong as expected. The client shows no strength when the thumb was screened. What do the findings indicate about nerve roots?
C6 nerve roots are intact; C7 nerve roots and inferior have likely lost nerve supply.
A weight-bearing position of (closed kinetic chain) subtalar pronation will present as which of the following: -Calcaneal dorsiflexion, eversion, abduction -Calcaneal eversion, medial rotation and prominance of talus and appearance of a wide, flattened medial longitudinal arch -Calcaneal inversion, external rotation and stacking of talus upon calceanous, high appearance of arch. -Plantarflexion and inversion
Calcaneal eversion, medial rotation and prominance of talus and appearance of a wide, flattened medial longitudinal arch
The pubic symphysis is an example of a: Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Ellipsoidal joint (Arthrology and Osteology)
Cartilaginous joint
Regarding active range of motion for the cervical region, which of the following is the most abnormal finding (most different from expected range of motion values)? Cervical rotation Right maximum 85 degrees Cervical Left side-bending maximum: 15 degrees Cervical rotation Left maximum 80 degrees Cervical flexion maximum 50 degrees. (Cervical)
Cervical Left side-bending maximum: 15 degrees
Select the best description of the action of transversus abdominis (TVA) as an accessory muscle of respiration. -Compresses the abdominal cavity during expiration, which assists in recoil of diaphragm -Compresses the abdominal cavity during inspiration, which assists the diaphragm to contract -Draws the ribs inferior during exhalation -Assists in elevation of the ribs for inspiration
Compresses the abdominal cavity during expiration, which assists in recoil of diaphragm
The wrist (radiocarpal) joint is a __________ synovial joint. Trabecula Hinge Condyloid Fibrous (Arthrology and Osteology)
Condyloid
What kind of synovial joint is oval shaped and fits into an elliptical concave side?
Condyloid
An individual reports a long-standing injury to the Axillary Nerve. Where do you expect to see weakness and atrophy? Deltoid / deltoid region Flexors of elbow, anterior brachial region Grip weakness, antebrachium region Upper trapezius, inferior neck region
Deltoid / deltoid region
An individual reports a long-standing injury to the axillary nerve. Where do you expect to see weakness or atrophy?
Deltoid/deltoid region
Select the best answer regarding the action of the Internal Intercostal muscles. Elevates inferior rib with exhalation Elevates inferior rib with inhalation Depresses superior rib with inhalation Depresses superior rib with exhalation
Depresses superior rib with exhalation
The elbow complex is made up of all of the following joints, except:
Distal Radioulnar Joint
Order the joints from the wrist to the hand
Distal radioulnar, radiocarpal, intercarpal, CMC, MCP, PIP, DIP
All of the following contract concentrically to create MTP ADduction, EXCEPT:
Dorsal Interossei
A/n ______________ contraction is where the muscle lengthens as it contracts -Concentric -Eccentric -Isometric -Isokinetic
Eccentric
An individual lies supine with shoulder at his side, elbow in extension, and forearm in full supination. The brachioradialis muscle contracts concentrically in isolation. Describe the best description of the anticipated change in elbow and forearm positions. Elbow flexion, forearm pronates to semi-pronated (neutral position) Elbow flexes, forearm remains supinated. Elbow flexes, forearm pronates maximally Elbow extends and wrist flexes
Elbow flexion, forearm pronates to semi-pronated (neutral position)
Unilateral contraction of all of the following muscles produce contralateral rotation, except: Semispinalis Rotatores Multifidus Erector Spinae
Erector Spinae
A golfer bends forward to pick up their ball. Which muscle is the agonist?
Erector Spinae Group
Select the muscle or muscle group with the following attachment characteristics: A group of bilaterally arranged muscles with many attachment sites spanning skull to sacrum. Specifically, attachments are located on posterior vertebra (spinous processes and transverse processes), ribs, posterior vertebral bodies, temporal bone and sacrum Middle Scalene Anterior scalene Errector Spinae Group Multifidus (Cervical)
Errector Spinae Group
Identify the muscle that contracts concentrically to produce talocrural dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, and coupled pronation, and big toe extension.
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Concentric contraction of lumbricals, palmar interossei, and dorsal interossei cause metacarpophalangeal (MCP) flexion, proximal interphalangeal (PIP) extension, and distal interphalangeal (DIP) extension. All of these muscles attach to the ___________________. palmar apponeurosis Tenodesis grip Volar Hood Extensor Mechanism
Extensor Mechanism
THE ______ HAS A DISTAL ATTACHMENT AT THE DISTAL PHALANX OF DIGIT ONE?
Extensor Pollicis longus
All of the following muscles have proximal attachments at the lateral epicondyle, except: Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi radialis longus
What is the appropriate name for a long muscle that causes the toes to extend? Abductor digiti minimi Flexor carpi radialis Extensor digitorum longus Extensor digitorum brevis (Myology)
Extensor digitorum longus
Identify a muscle that contracts concentrically to dorsiflex the talocrural joint, evert (and pronate) the subtalar joints, and extend phalange #1 (hallux) at the MTP joint. Extensor hallucis longus Extensor hallucis brevis Extensor digitorum longus Solues
Extensor hallucis longus
A pinch grasp is used to pick up a jelly bean. All of the following may be considered agonsit except:
Extensor pollicis longus
Which of the following muscles are agonists of thumb extension at the MCP joint? Abductor pollicis longus and brevis Flexor pollicis longus and brevis Extensor pollicis longus and brevis Lumbrical #1
Extensor pollicis longus and brevis
Identify the most superficial abdominal muscle. Transversus abdominis Internal oblique External oblique
External oblique
Within normal scapulohumeral rhythm, scapulothoracic retraction is coupled with:
External rotation
T/F: Muscles with a pennate fiber arrangement contract faster than muscles with a parallel fiber arrangement. (Myology)
False
T/F: The 'bucket handle' movement describes the increase in thoracic cavity volume that accompanies expiration.
False
T/F: The diaphragm eccentrically contracts during quiet breathing
False
T/F: The femur is part of the axial skeleton. (Arthrology and Osteology)
False
T/F: The sternocleidomastoid has an distal attachments on both the clavicle and the acromion process.
False
True or False: Summation involves activating additional motor units to help produce a large amount of force. (Myology)
False
True or False: The "screw home mechanism" of the knee requires concentric contraction of biceps femoris (long and short heads).
False
True or False: ALL carpometacarpal joints (digit 1-5) are condyloid synovial joints
False; 1 is a saddle joint
The distal tibiofibular syndesmosis is an example of a: Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Hinge joint (Arthrology and Osteology)
Fibrous joint
All of the following muscles contract concentrically to contribute to subtalar inversion (and ultimately coupled supination), except: Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Fibularis brevis
Fibularis brevis
An athlete experiences a distal avulsion (separated tendon from bone) to his flexor digitorum profundis muscle. Which of these actions will he NOT be able to do actively? -Extend his DIP joints -Flex involved PIP joints -Flex involved DIP joints -Abduct his MCP joints
Flex involved DIP joints
The medial aspect of the distal humerus (specifically the medial epicondyle) of the upper extremity is the proximal attachment for which of the following muscles?
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Identify the muscle that contracts concentrically to Flex phalanges 2-5 at the MTP and PIP joints but does not cross the DIP joint. Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Flexor digitorum brevis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Name an antagonist of distal interphalangeal extension. Extensor digitorum Flexor digitorum profundus Lumbricals Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digitorum profundus
A mountaineer must perform combined flexion and ulnar-deviation of her wrist to pull herself up a rope. Which of the following muscles are agonists of this combined movement? -Flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor carpi ulnaris -Extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor digiti minimi, flexor pollicis longus -Prontator teres, pronator quadratus -Flexor carpi radialis, abductor pollcis longus, palmaris longus
Flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor carpi ulnaris
The measurement of inversion and eversion range of motion of the calcaneus directly assesses motion in which cardinal plane?
Frontal
A condyloid joint allows for movement in which planes?
Frontal and Sagittal
Identify the osteokinematic position of the talocrural joint that would stretch the tibialis anterior muscle. full plantarflexion full dorsiflexion full Inversion
Full plantarflexion
What muscle crosses posterior to the medial to lateral axis of the tibiofemoral joint and posterior to the axis of the talocrural joint?
Gastrocnemius
Eccentric muscle contraction of coracobrachialis is most related to which movement?
Glenohumeral extension
Identify the best (most comprehensive) stretch for the anterior (clavicular) head of the deltoid: -Glenohumeral extension, Internal rotation and Adduction -Glenohumeral Flexion, Internal rotation and Adduction -Glenohumeral extension, external rotation, and abduction -Hanging from a pull up bar
Glenohumeral extension, external rotation, and abduction
Most comprehensive stretch of the latissimus dorsi:
Glenohumeral flexion; glenohumeral abduction; glenohumeral external rotation
Client cannot abduct her arm overhead. Her scapula is capable of upward rotation of 70 degrees. Which joint is likely responsible for her limitation?
Glenohumeral joint
Facet joints are __________ - type joint
Gliding
Which is the least mobil of the synovial joints?
Gliding joints
All of the following are hinge joints, except: Distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) Humeroradial joint Humeroulnar joint Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP)
Humeroradial joint
Due to regional joint coupling, increased anterior pelvic tilt in standing positions typically results in which of the following? Compression of the pubic symphysis Increased lumbar kyphosis / Lumbar flexion Increased lumbar lordosis / lumbar extension Acetabulofemoral external rotation
Increased lumbar lordosis / lumbar extension
Rhomboids major is ______ to rhomboids minor
Inferior
The proximal attachment of the Rhomboid major are __________ to the proximal attachment of the Rhomboid minor. Superior Deep Lateral Inferior
Inferior
Select the best answer regarding the attachments of the Rectus Abdominis. -Inferior attachments at public bone and public symphysis; superior attachments at ribs 5-7 and zyphoid process -Superior attachments at linea alba and lower ribs; Inferior attachments at thoracolumbar fascia and iliac crest -Superior attachments at ribs 5-12; inferior attachments at the Linea alba and anterior iliac crest -Posterior-medial attachments at thoracolumbar fascia and deep fascia; Anterior-medial attachments at deep linea alba
Inferior attachments at public bone and public symphysis; superior attachments at ribs 5-7 and zyphoid process
Identify a muscle that contracts concentrically to cause glenohumeral joint external rotation. Latissimus dorsi Infraspinatus Teres major Subscapularis
Infraspinatus
Which of the following muscles contracts concentrically to cause glenohumeral horizontal abduction? Subscapularis Latissimus dorsi, Teres Major Infraspinatus Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Which muscle depresses the superior ribs with exhalation?
Internal Intercostals
Select the muscle or muscle group with the following attachment characteristics: Bilaterally arranged in the cervical and lumbar regions; span between adjacent spinous processes. rotatores Intertransversarii multifidus Interspinales (Cervical)
Interspinales
Select the muscle or muscle group with the following attachment characteristics: Bilaterally arranged in the cervical and lumbar regions; span between adjacent transverse processes. Interspinales Intertransversarii rotatores multifidus (Cervical)
Intertransversarii
Single leg standing with a level pelvis (meaning that anterior superior iliac spines are aligned in frontal plane; no pelvic drop or hike) requires significant activity of which of the following muscles: Ipsilateral acetabulofemoral abductor muscles Contralateral acetabulofemoral abductor muscles Ipsilateral hip extensor muscles Contralateral hip adductor muscles
Ipsilateral acetabulofemoral abductor muscles
Innervation of the quadriceps femoris muscles is provided by the _________ nerve roots via the ___________ (peripheral nerve) -L1- L3; sciatic nerve -L1-L3; femoral cutaneous nerve -L2- L4; femoral nerve -L5-S1; common fibular nerve
L2- L4; femoral nerve
The Unhappy Triad of ligament and meniscus injury includes injury to all of the following structures, except: ACL MCL LCL Medial meniscus
LCL
The line of pull of a muscle that contracts concentrically to create abduction at the acetabulofemoral joint must pass _________ to the acetabulofemoral joint's Anterior -to- Posterior axis of rotation. Medial Lateral Anterior Concentric
Lateral
Name two muscles that produce extension, adduction, and medial rotation at the glenohumeral joint: Teres Major and Teres minor Latissimus dorsi and Teres major Coracobrachilalis and acromial part of deltoid Spinal part of the deltoid and Serratus Anterior
Latissimus dorsi and Teres major
Two muscles that produce extension, adduction and medial rotation in the upper extremities
Lats, teres major
A driver perform a seated trunk and neck rotation. Contract concentrically to perform this except:
Left external oblique
Left unilateral lumbar Erector Spinae Group contraction contraction causes what?
Left lumbar side bending
What is the best stretch for the Erector Spinae Group?
Left lumbar side-bending with lumbar flexion (Best stretch is the eccentric contraction= opposite movement)
A yoga student stretches his trunk to the left, which results in Left thoracic spine sidebending (lateral flexion). Select the best description of the coupled motion of the ribs. -Left ribs compress (come together); Right ribs spread apart. -Left ribs spread apart; Right ribs come together -None of the above; ribcage and thoracic spine motions are not coupled. -No answer text provided.
Left ribs compress (come together); Right ribs spread apart.
All of the following muscles concentrically contract bilaterally to produce cervical flexion, except: longus capitis longus colli Levator Scapula Anterior, Middle and Posterior Scalenes (Cervical)
Levator Scapula
Select the muscle or muscle group with the following attachments: -Superior attachment: C1-C4 Transverse processes -Inferior attachment: superior angle of scapula Levator Scapula Upper Trapezius Semispinalis Middle Scalene (Cervical)
Levator Scapula
Which of the following muscles are Antagonists of Scapular Depression? -Lower Trapezius, Pectoralis minor -Serratus anterior, Infraspinatus -Levator scapula, Rhomboids (major and minor), Upper Trapezius -Middle Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapula, Rhomboids (major and minor), Upper Trapezius
An injury to the joints between the metatarsals and the tarsal bones may be described as a ___________ injury.
Lisfranc (Tarsometatarsal)
What muscle causes flexion of the OA joint?
Longus Capitis
What muscle would be considered an agonist of a "chin tuck"?
Longus Capitis
What muscle would not be an agonist if a boxer braces his abdominals before a punch?
Longus capitis
Which of the following muscles causes flexion of the atlanto-occipital joint (Skull-C1 articulation)? Upper trapezius Longus capitis Splenius capitis longus coli
Longus capitis
The term "deep cervical flexors" refers to which of the following muscles: Cervical multifidi Splenius capitis and iliocostalis Longissimus capitis and longissimus coli Longus capitus and longus coli (Cervical)
Longus capitus and longus coli
Hand intrinsic muscles
Lumbricals and opponens pollicis
Within the first row of carpal bones (proximal row), which carpal bone lies immediately medial (toward ulnar aspect of upper extremity) to the scaphoid? Trapezium Hamate Lunate Capitate
Lunate
Identify the superior attachment of the sternocleidomastoid. Medial third of the clavicle Scapular spine Mastoid process and nuchal line of occipital bone Spinous process of T3-T6 (Cervical)
Mastoid process and nuchal line of occipital bone
Shoulder flexion and extension occur about a ____________ axis. Medial - to - lateral Anterior - to - posterior Sagital Diaphysis (Arthrology and Osteology)
Medial - to - lateral
Identify the primary restraint to valgus knee forces of flexion/extension
Medial Collateral Ligament
The primary restraint to valgus knee forces and movements at anatomical neutral (zero degrees of flexion/extension) is the ______.
Medial collateral ligament
Which of the following contracts concentrically to cause shoulder (glenohumeral) abduction? Subscapularis Pectoralis Major Pectoralis Minor Middle (acromial) deltoid
Middle (acromial) deltoid
The tibiofemoral joint is classified as a ______________ -type synovial joint. Hinge Modified Hinge Roll and Glide Pivot
Modified Hinge
The tibiofemoral joint is considered what type of joint?
Modified Hinge
According to the force-velocity relationship: -Muscles produce the most force at high velocity -Muscles produce the most force when they contract concentrically -Muscles produce the lowest active force at slow velocity -Muscles produce the most active force at slow velocity (Myology)
Muscles produce the most active force at slow velocity
The ____________ may be described as the "keystone" tarsal bone of the medial longitudinal arch.
Navicular
All of the following muscles attach at the lateral aspect of the distal humerus, except:
Palmaris Longus
During bathing, an individual reaches his right arm across the anterior side of his body.... What is the agonist of the movement?
Pec major, anterior delt, coracobrachialis, subscapularis
An individual has downwardly-rotated scapula position. Tightness in which of the following muscles may contribute to a posture of scapular downward rotation?
Pec minor, levator scap, rhomboids major and minor
Identify an antagonist of glenohumeral abduction:
Pectoralis major
An individual presents with a significant downwardly rotated scapula position. Muscular tightness (limited extensibility) is a contributing factor. Which of the following muscles are most likely to be tight? Hint: another way to understand a "tight" muscles is by thinking of the muscles as partially concentrically contracted (shortened). Upper Trapezius and serratus anterior Pectoralis major and Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis minor and Rhomboids (minor and major) Upper Trapezius and Triceps Brachii
Pectoralis minor and Rhomboids (minor and major)
Thumb flexion occurs in a plane that is:
Perpendicular to the plane of the thumbnail
Identify a muscle whose transverse plane action changes (reverses) at increased angle of hip flexion?
Piriformis, G. Min, G. Max
Facet joints are located ____________ to the vertebral body.
Posterior
The line of pull of a muscle that contracts concentrically to perform extension at the acetabulofemoral joint must pass ______ to the acetabulofemoral joint's Medial- to - lateral axis of rotation. Posterior Anterior Medial
Posterior
Name the muscle with the following attachments: Proximal Attachment at the spine of the scapula. Distal Attachment at the lateral humerus (at deltoid tuberosity). Posterior (spinal) deltoid Middle (acromial) deltoid Teres Major Anterior (clavicular) deltoid
Posterior (spinal) deltoid
The origin of the posterior scalene is the _____________. -Occipital bone -Anterior vertebral bodies of T1 - T3 -Outer surface of second rib -Posterior tubercle of transverse processes of C5 - C7 (Cervical)
Posterior tubercle of transverse processes of C5 - C7
Identify the best description of the proximal attachments of the popliteus muscle. -Posterior-lateral aspect of the distal femur and the lateral meniscus -Posterior- medial aspect of the distal femur and the midal meniscus -Greater trochanter -Tibial tuberosity
Posterior-lateral aspect of the distal femur and the lateral meniscus
Identify the muscle that has attachment to the Flexor Digitorum Longus tendons and directly augments (assists) MTP, PIP, and DIP flexion. Flexor Digitorum Brevis Abductor Hallucis Quadratus Plantae Dorsal Interossei
Quadratus Plantae
Eccentric muscle contraction of the extensor carpi radialis brevis is most directly related to which of the following osteokinematic movements?
Radiocarpal joint flexion and ulnar deviation
Name an antagonist of anterior pelvic tilt. Errector spinae Rectus abdominis Rectus femoris Iliacus
Rectus abdominis
Which of these actions occurs in the transverse plane? Shoulder flexion Right trunk rotation Hip abduction Neck extension (Arthrology and Osteology)
Right trunk rotation
If someone had a right thoracic C scoliosis, you would expect to see a __________ posterior rib hump.
Right-sided
Which of the following joints can allow movement in more than one plane? Saddle joint True Hinge joint Pivot joint Fibrous joint (Arthrology and Osteology)
Saddle joint
Cervical C6/C7 motion segment osteokinematic flexion occurs in the ___________ plane.
Sagittal
Identify a muscle that contracts concentrically to create acetabuofemoral flexion (as well as other actions) and has superior attachment to the anterior aspect of the ilium (at the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine) Rectus femoris Pectineus Psoas major Sartorius
Sartorius
Concentric contraction of the Infraspinatus and Teres Minor causes all of the following osteokinematic actions except: Glenohumeral Horizontal Abduction Glenohumeral External Rotation Scapular Retraction
Scapular Retraction
A person gets a peripheral nerve injury to the L. Thoracic Nerve. What exercise can this person not do?
Scapular push-up plus (scapular protraction)
An athlete performs the lowering phase of an exercise called the Nordic Hamstring Curl: It is performed in tall kneeling. A partner securely holds down the athlete's lower legs. The athlete leans forward at the knees, eccentrically controlling movement into tibiofemoral extension. The osteokinematic motion is bilateral femur-on-tibia knee extension. Which of the following muscles contract eccentrically during the lowering phase of the Nordic Curl described above? -Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Both heads of Biceps Femoris, Gastrocnemius, popliteus, plantaris, sartorius -Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius
Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Both heads of Biceps Femoris, Gastrocnemius, popliteus, plantaris, sartorius
Which of the following muscles has an attachment at the costal surface of the scapula? Serratus Anterior Anterior (clavicular) deltoid Levator scapulae Coracobrachilalis
Serratus Anterior
Which type of bone is imbedded in a tendon? Long bone Sesamoid bone Irregular bone Flat bone (Arthrology and Osteology)
Sesamoid bone
A Long Thoracic Nerve injury may result in one or more of the following, except: -Weakness of scapular protraction -Deceased scapular upward rotation against resistance (i.e. during an overhead press) -Winged scapula -Significant deltoid region atrophy
Significant deltoid region atrophy
Sliding Filament:
Sliding filament explains the mechanism of muscle contraction based on the number of myosin cross bridges
All of the following muscles concentrically contract (unilaterally) to produce ipsilateral sidebending and contralateral rotation, except: multifidus sternocleidomastoid upper trapezius Splenius cervicis
Splenius cervicis
The ________ part of the diaphragm attaches to the zyphoid process. Costal Central Tendon Sternal Epigastric
Sternal
Select the muscle or muscle group with the following attachments: -Superior attachment: Temporal Bone of skull (Mastoid Process) -Inferior attachment: medial clavicle and the manubrium of sternum Levator Scapula Upper Trapezius Sternocleidomastoid Anterior scalene (Cervical)
Sternocleidomastoid
Select the best description of the attachments of the External Oblique (Hint: consider fiber direction): -Inferior attachments at public bone and public symphysis; superior attachments at ribs 5-7 and zyphoid process -Superior attachments at ribs 5-12; inferior attachments at the Linea alba and anterior iliac crest -Superior attachments at linea alba and lower ribs; Inferior attachments at thoracolumbar fascia and iliac crest -Posterior-medial attachments at thoracolumbar fascia and deep fascia; Anterior-medial attachments at deep linea alba
Superior attachments at ribs 5-12; inferior attachments at the Linea alba and anterior iliac crest
AA rotation occurs around a _______ axis.
Superior to inferior
Injuries to the rotator cuff are common in certain sports. What muscles (and possibly associated tendons) could be involved in this type of injury
Supraspinatus, Subscapularis, Infraspinatus, Teres minor
Identify the correct order of joints, proximal- to-distal, of the human lower leg / foot: -Subtalar, Talocrural, Transverse Tarsal, Intertarsal, Tarsometatarsal -Talocrural, Subtalar, Tarsometatarsal, Metatarsophalangeal, Transverse Tarsal -Talocrural, Subtalar, Transverse Tarsal, Tarsometatarsal, Metatarsal Phalangeal -Transverse Tarsal, Subtalar, Metatarsophalangeal, Intertarsal
Talocrural, Subtalar, Transverse Tarsal, Tarsometatarsal, Metatarsal Phalangeal
In weight bearing position, what happens to the medial longitudinal arch?
The foot become flat due to pronation
The sternocleidomastoid has inferior attachments at: -The transverse process of C7 and the manubrium -The lateral clavicle and the first rib -The manubrium of the sternum and the medial third of the clavicle -The sternum and acromion process (Cervical)
The manubrium of the sternum and the medial third of the clavicle
Iliacus, Psoas Major, and Psoas Minor are stronger (capable of more torque production at the acetabulofemoral joint) at 90 degrees of hip flexion than at zero degrees / neutral. For this reason, muscle screening tests intended to bias these muscle are performed in 90 degrees hip flexion. Identify the only accurate explanation for the described increase in Iliacus, Psoas Major, and Psoas Minor strength when tested in 90 degrees hip flexion relative to neutral. -The hip flexor muscles have optimized muscle fiber force - velocity relationships in flexion relative to neutral. -The muscles have decreased leverage / moment arms in flexion relative to neutral -The hip flexor muscles have greater physiological cross sectional area in flexion -The muscles have improved leverage / moment arms in flexion relative to neutral
The muscles have improved leverage / moment arms in flexion relative to neutral
Select the best explanation of why a muscle's action may change when the acetabulofemoral joint is brought away from anatomical neutral position. -The type of muscle contraction changes based on the joint angle -The orientation of the muscle's line of pull changes in relation to the axis of rotation -The muscle's cross sectional area changes with joint angle. -None of the above. This type of change is impossible.
The orientation of the muscle's line of pull changes in relation to the axis of rotation
All of the following statements are correct regarding the cervical region, except: -Approximately 50% of cervical rotation is provided by the AA (atlantoaxial) joint. -There are 6 cervical intervertebral discs -There are 7 cervical nerve roots -Cervical nerve roots exit the spinal cord superior to their respective vertebral level (Cervical)
There are 7 cervical nerve roots
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones? Give shape and support to the body Thermogenesis Mineral storage Form a system of levers designed for movement (Arthrology and Osteology)
Thermogenesis
Select the description of the anticipated osteokinematic motion given the following muscle contraction: Concentric Right thoracic erector spinae muscles. Thoracic extension Thoracic Extension and Right sidebending Thoracic Left sidebending Trunk Right rotation
Thoracic Extension and Right sidebending
Bilateral concentric contraction of the upper trapezius (descending fibers) causes all of the following except: Thoracic Flexion Cervical Extension Bilateral Upward Rotation of the Scapula Bilateral Elevation of the Scapula (Cervical)
Thoracic Flexion
All of the following osteokinematic motions occur in the same plane of motion, except: Elbow flexion (humeroulnar) Glenohumeral flexion Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) 1 extension Thumb carpometacarpal Joint (CMC 1) flexion
Thumb carpometacarpal Joint (CMC 1) flexion
Identify the peripheral innervation of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.
Tibial Nerve
Identify the primary extrinsic muscles that provide support to the medial longitudinal arch. -Flexor Hallucis Brevis, Flexor Digitorum Brevis, Abductor Hallucis -Tibialis Posterior, Tibialis Anterior, Flexor Hallucis Longus -Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris -Popliteus, Medial Hamstrings
Tibialis Posterior, Tibialis Anterior, Flexor Hallucis Longus
All of the following muscles concentrically contract to perform talocrural dorsiflexion, except: Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior
Tibialis posterior
The osteokinematic movement observed around any given joint is a result of the balance of _________ acting around the joint. muscle mass torques summations muscle activations (Myology)
Torques
Transverse abdominis trunk movement occurs in which cardinal plane?
Transverse
Cervical facet joints primarily limit motion in which plane? Transverse Plane Sagittal plane Frontal Plane Scapular Plane (Cervical)
Transverse Plane
Superior attachment of the posterior scalene is the ____________.
Transverse Process of C5-C7
The superior attachment of the posterior scalene is the _____________. -Anterior surface of the second rib -Occipital bone -Anterior vertebral bodies of T1 - T3 -Transverse processes of C5 - C7
Transverse processes of C5 - C7
Which of these muscles are agonists in scapular retraction? -Serratus Anterior, Pectoralis Minor -Trapezius (middle fibers), Rhomboids Major and Minor -Rhomboids Major and Minor, Pectoralis Minor, Levator Scapula -Deltoid (spinal part/ posterior), Middle Trapezius, Infraspinatus
Trapezius (middle fibers), Rhomboids Major and Minor
Identify the muscles of the scapular upward rotation force couple (Scapulothoracic Joint upward rotation agonists). -Middle Trapezius, Minor and Major Rhomboids, Posterior Deltoid -Trapezius (upper fibers), Serratus Anterior, Trapezius (lower fibers) -Levator scapula, Rhomboids Major and Minor, Pectoralis Minor -Deltoid (Anterior/Acromial), Coracobrachials, Clavicular head of Pectoralis Major
Trapezius (upper fibers), Serratus Anterior, Trapezius (lower fibers)
T/F. A motor unit is a single motor neuron and the individual muscle fibers controlled by it.
True
T/F: A motor unit is a single motor neuron and the individual muscle fibers controlled by it. (Myology)
True
T/F: Any muscle with attachment to the ribs has the potential to be recruited as an accessory muscles of respiration.
True
T/F: Rotator cuff is a true synergist
True
T/F: Within a parallel (fusiform) muscle, anatomical cross sectional area and physiological cross sectional area are the same. (Myology)
True
When the rotator cuff muscles serve to prevent or minimize undesirable glenohumeral joint motion or dislocation, the rotator cuff muscles are acting as: True Synergists Helper Synergists Centrationers Agonists
True Synergists
Abdominal muscles are active to prevent undesirable anterior pelvic tilt during and/or immediately prior to concentric hip flexor muscle contraction. In this example, the abdominal muscles are acting as: True synergists Agonists of Anterior pelvic tilt Helper Synergists Hip flexors
True synergists
During glenohumeral abduction, supraspinatus acts as an agonist. The other rotator cuff muscles contract to stabilize the glenohumeral joint, acting as _____________. Centrator Helper synergist True synergists Antagonist
True synergists
The ______________ muscle(s) may be recruited to directly assist in elevation of the first rib during forced inspiration. Anterior scalene Middle Scalene posterior Scalene Sternocleidomastoid Two of the above Three of the above All of the above
Two of the above
Select the muscle or muscle group with the following attachments: -Superior attachment: occipital bone and cervical spinous processes -Inferior attachment: lateral 1/3 of clavicle Levator Scapula Upper Trapezius Longus coli Sternocleidomastoid (Cervical)
Upper Trapezius
What muscle has an inferior attachment at the lateral 1/3 of clavicle?
Upper Traps
Identify the muscle that produces the following movements with concentric contraction: Cervical extension (bilateral contraction), cervical Ipsilateral sidebending (with unilateral contraction), and cervical contralateral rotation (with unilateral contraction). Splenius cervicis Upper trapezius Anterior scalene Sternocleidomastoid
Upper trapezius
Define active insufficiency:
When shortened across multiple joints, a muscle fails to produce optimal force.
Define Passive Insufficiency:
When stretched across multiple joints, passive tension in the muscle prevents simultaneous expression of full range of motion at all joints
Scapular dyskinesia presents as ______ and/or ________.
Winging/dysrhythmia
All of the following statements regarding coupled joint motion are true except:
Wrist flexion is strongly coupled with elbow flexion in the upper extremity
Based on joint coupling patterns, subtalar inversion motion is expected to be accompanied by which of the following motions? adduction and plantarflexion abduction and plantarflexion adduction and dorsiflexion eversion and plantarflexion
adduction and plantarflexion
The most comprehensive list of the concentric actions of the medial hamstrings (semimembranosus and semitendinosus) must include which of the following: -acetabulofemoral adduction -acetabulofemoral extension -tibiofemoral flexion -tibiofemoral internal rotation -all of the above -three of the above
all of the above
All of the following muscles cross the acetabulofemoral joint, except: biceps femoris long head semitendinosus semimembranosus biceps femoris short head
biceps femoris short head
All of the following muscles have an attachment on the radius, except:
brachialis
The muscle belly of the vastus intermedius lies ______ to the muscle belly of the rectus femoris. superfical lateral perpendicular deep
deep
Opposition, a transverse plane movement, at carpometacarpal joint 1 (CMC 1) requires which of the following to occur at the saddle-type joint? Dislocation Distraction Scaption Transplantation
distraction
___________ describes a joint movement that separates joint surfaces. -compression -gliding -distraction -roll-glide (Arthrology and Osteology)
distraction
Identify the sagittal, frontal, and transverse plane components of subtalar pronation. -plantarflexion, inversion, adduction -dorsiflexion, eversion, abduction -internal rotation, flexion, adduction -dorsiflexion, inversion, adduction
dorsiflexion, eversion, abduction
During the stand-to-sit movement, the quadriceps femoris muscles act ___________ to control descent into knee flexion
eccentrically
At the tibiofemoral joint, the soleus contributes to ______________ when the foot is weight - bearing on the ground. flexion extension abduction compression
extension
A person suffers a spinal cord injury and all cervical nerve roots T1 and below are injured. Where do you anticipate weakness? finger #2 adduction elbow flexion scapula upward rotation thumb extension
finger #2 adduction
Lowering a weight in the frontal plane requires eccentric supraspinatus contraction (and eccentric lateral (acromial) deltoid contraction. This activity corresponds with which of the following glenohumeral joint movements? glenohumeral adduction glenohumeral abduction scapular plane flexion scapular plane extension
glenohumeral adduction
The 'band pull-apart' exercise (resisted horizontal abduction) effectively trains which of the following muscles? Subscapularis, latissimus dorsi Serratus anterior, biceps brachii, supinator Infraspinatus, teres minor, posterior (spinal) deltoid Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor
infraspinatus, teres minor, posterior (spinal) deltoid
The diaphragm concentrically contracts with ______________. asphyxiation inspiration coughing expiration
inspiration
To brace or stabilize the trunk (or force air out of the lungs), all abdominal muscles contract together to increase ________________. intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) reciprocal inhibition preload on the heart length tension relationship
intra-abdominal pressure (IAP)
Select the muscle or muscle group with the following attachments: -Superior attachment: Anterior base (basilar part) of occipital bone -Inferior attachment: C3-C6 anterior aspect (of transverse processes) longus capitis longus colli Multifidus Intertransversarii (Cervical)
longus capitis
Which of the following muscles concentrically contracts (bilaterally) to produce OA joint (Atlanto-occipital, C0/C1) flexion? longus capitis longus coli Anterior scalene Two of the above All of tjhe above (Cervical)
longus capitis
Cervical C6/C7 motion segment flexion occurs about a __________ axis.
medial to lateral
Trunk flexion occurs about ____________ axes of rotation. anterior to posterior medial to lateral longitudinal superior to inferior
medial to lateral
Identify the muscle or muscle group that attaches superiorly at the spinous process of a vertebrae and inferiorly at the transverse process of a vertebrae two or four levels inferior. rotatores multifidus anterior scalenes intertransversarii (Cervical)
multifidus
Define Unilateral
one-sided
Agonist of thumb opposition:
opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis longus and brevis
The medial and lateral articular facets of the patella articulate with the _________ of the femur. -patellar surface or patellar groove -medial and lateral femoral condyles -tibial plateau -linea aspera
patellar surface or patellar groove
All of the following muscles have distal attachments at the pes anserinus, except: semitendinosus popliteus gracilis sartorius
popliteus
Reversing the 'screw home' mechanism of the knee requires concentric contraction of which of the following muscles? soleus iliopsoas popliteus biceps femoris short head
popliteus
Which of the following muscles are agonists of forearm pronation from a starting position of 70 degrees pronation? -pronator teres, pronator quadratus, and brachioradialis -pronator quadratus and pronator teres -supinator, biceps brachii -Extensor carpi radialis longus
pronator quadratus and pronator teres
Bilateral external oblique muscle contraction produces trunk motion in which plane? frontal oblique sagittal transverse
sagittal
All of the following attach at the lateral aspect of the humerus (at greater tubercle), except: subscapularis teres minor infraspinatus supraspinatus
subscapularis
All of the following muscles attach to the lateral part of the humerus (at greater tubercle), except: subscapularis Infraspinatus Teres minor supraspinatus
subscapularis
Based on your knowledge of muscle attachments, which rotator cuff muscle is considered to be the "anterior cuff"? subscapularis infraspinatus serratus anterior teres minor
subscapularis
Which of the following is an antagonist to glenohumeral external rotation? teres minor supraspinatus serratus anterior subscapularis
subscapularis
The _________ joint is composed of the articulation between the trochlea of the talus and the ______, which is formed by the distal tibial and fibula.
talocrural, mortise
All of the following contract concentrically to produce acetabulofemoral external rotation (from neutral), except: -quadratus femoris -gluteus maximus -gluteus minimus -tensor fascia latae
tensor fascia latae
The functional joint between the talus and the calcaneus is called: -the talocrural joint -the subtalar joint -transverse tarsal joint -tibiofibular joint
the subtalar joint
The biceps femoris long head and biceps femoris short head are innervated by which of the following peripheral nerves? -femoral nerve -tibial nerve -common fibular nerve -tibial nerve and common fibular nerve, respectively
tibial nerve and common fibular nerve, respectively
Define Contralateral
to the opposite side
Define Ipsilateral
to the same side
Define Bilateral
two-sided
Intrinsic Muscles of Dorsal Foot:
•Extensor Hallucis Brevis •Extensor Digitorum Brevis (The others are probably intrinsic muscles of the plantar foot)
Intrinsic muscles of the foot
•Flexor Hallucis Brevis •Flexor Digitorum Brevis •Abductor Hallucis
Extrinsic muscles of the foot
•Tibialis Posterior •Tibialis Anterior •Flexor Hallucis Longus
