Flowers, Pollination, Fertilization

double fertilization

A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm.

beetles and pollination

attracted to strong, spicy usually not looking for nectar they don't suck they chew not really attracted to color

sepals

base leaves that come out of the receptacles think of them as rings

what does inferior mean?

below the line where all of the floral parts are connected

cleistogamy

closed pollination, flowers that can only self-pollinate

racemes

each little flower has its own stem at the base an inflorescence

megaspores

female

zygote

fertilized egg/egg cell

spike

huge spathe and spadix, stinky has a central axis with a flower flowering from the bottom up

micropyle

in the ovules of seed plants, the opening in the integuments through which the pollen tube usually enters

what does it mean when a flower sex is "complete?"

it has all four rings: stamens, pistil, petals, sepals all complete flowers are perfect complete flowers have both male and female parts

what does it mean when a flower sex is "incomplete?"

it is a flower that is missing any one of the four rings incomplete flowers MIGHT be imperfect

integuments

layers of sporophyte tissue that envelop and protect the megasporangium in gymnosperms.

bilateral symmetry

left and right sides are mirror images of each other example would be a bean

stamen

made of filament and anther the base of the stamen is the filament the anther is the top part that hold pollen. the stamen is the pollen producing reproductive organ of a flower

Pistil

made up of the stigma, style, and ovary all are born on the peduncle stem "the house of the female" the inner most structure

microspores

male

bees and pollination

mostly attracted to blue and yellow nectary guides pull in bees attracted to sweet flavors

symbiosis/symbiotic

mutually advantageous relationships, everybody wins sym means "together" bio means "life"

endosperm

nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo

single flower

one stem per flower

style

part of the pistil it is below the stigma it is the neck of the pistil

ovary

part of the pistil located at the base of the pistil inside the ovary there are rooms; each room is a carpel inside the ovary there are ovules (egg) ovaries can be inferior or superior

stigma

part of the pistil stigma means sticky it is the sticky tip of the pistil it is a place where pollen can land

parthenocarpy

parthen = "virgin", carpy = "fruit", virgin fruit named for athena seedless fruit

cross pollination

pollinates the flowers of the plants next to it instead of pollinating its own flowers leads to genetic diversity which is a good thing leads to a successful and competitive organism

receptacle

the base of the flower where everything is connected (above the peduncle)

cyme

the difference between other inflorescence and a cyme is that the cyme flowers from the top down

Flower

the flower is the initial structure of reproduction flowers develop into fruits which contain the seeds

pollination

the movement, transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma done by wind, water, animals, humans

peduncle

the single stem that bears the whole structure the stalk that holds a flower

hummingbirds and pollination

they don't have a strong sense of smell but they can reach deep into spurs attracted to yellow and red

Kinds of inflorescence

umble corymb head cyme raceme spile spathe and spadix ament

apomixis

asexual reproduction of seeds

cotyledons

An embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed

pistillate

a female flower

imperfect flower

a flower that has either male of female parts unisexual: staminate and pistillate flowers may be born monoeciously or dioeciously

perfect flower

a flower that is both male and female has both stamens and pistils they are complete

scape

a leafless flower stem (scapose flower)

staminate

a male flower

sporophyte

a plant that produces spores at some point in its genetic lifestyle it goes from juvenile to mature to reproductive

radial symmetry

a round mirror image example would be a rose

petals

aka corolla sometimes they are colorful to attract pollinators

Inflorescence

an arrangement, a collection, of more than one flower in one place on a plant. a grouping of flowers

umble

an inflorescence example would be dill indeterminate, all of the peduncles bases are at one place

panicle

an inflorescence like a group of racemes, all together in one bunch main stem but then it branches each branch has many flowers on it flower from the bottom up

corymb

an inflorescence similar to an umble but the flower stems arise on different points along the axis rather flat-topped

head

an inflorescence typical of the sunflower family at the base it is wide and all of the flowers are connected bloom from the outside in

animals and dissemination

animals are a very big disseminator of fruits when seeds pass through the gut of an animal it's like a chemical process that can germinate the seeds and change the structure of the fruit

cleistogamous

self pollinated, leads to genetic uniformity, very uniform from one generation to another flowers don't open so it doesn't allow pollination

dioeciously

seperate flowers, seperate plants

spathe and spadix

sometimes bright outrageous colors a large leaf structure with a spathe at the base