Flowers, Pollination, Fertilization
double fertilization
A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm.
beetles and pollination
attracted to strong, spicy usually not looking for nectar they don't suck they chew not really attracted to color
sepals
base leaves that come out of the receptacles think of them as rings
what does inferior mean?
below the line where all of the floral parts are connected
cleistogamy
closed pollination, flowers that can only self-pollinate
racemes
each little flower has its own stem at the base an inflorescence
megaspores
female
zygote
fertilized egg/egg cell
spike
huge spathe and spadix, stinky has a central axis with a flower flowering from the bottom up
micropyle
in the ovules of seed plants, the opening in the integuments through which the pollen tube usually enters
what does it mean when a flower sex is "complete?"
it has all four rings: stamens, pistil, petals, sepals all complete flowers are perfect complete flowers have both male and female parts
what does it mean when a flower sex is "incomplete?"
it is a flower that is missing any one of the four rings incomplete flowers MIGHT be imperfect
integuments
layers of sporophyte tissue that envelop and protect the megasporangium in gymnosperms.
bilateral symmetry
left and right sides are mirror images of each other example would be a bean
stamen
made of filament and anther the base of the stamen is the filament the anther is the top part that hold pollen. the stamen is the pollen producing reproductive organ of a flower
Pistil
made up of the stigma, style, and ovary all are born on the peduncle stem "the house of the female" the inner most structure
microspores
male
bees and pollination
mostly attracted to blue and yellow nectary guides pull in bees attracted to sweet flavors
symbiosis/symbiotic
mutually advantageous relationships, everybody wins sym means "together" bio means "life"
endosperm
nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo
single flower
one stem per flower
style
part of the pistil it is below the stigma it is the neck of the pistil
ovary
part of the pistil located at the base of the pistil inside the ovary there are rooms; each room is a carpel inside the ovary there are ovules (egg) ovaries can be inferior or superior
stigma
part of the pistil stigma means sticky it is the sticky tip of the pistil it is a place where pollen can land
parthenocarpy
parthen = "virgin", carpy = "fruit", virgin fruit named for athena seedless fruit
cross pollination
pollinates the flowers of the plants next to it instead of pollinating its own flowers leads to genetic diversity which is a good thing leads to a successful and competitive organism
receptacle
the base of the flower where everything is connected (above the peduncle)
cyme
the difference between other inflorescence and a cyme is that the cyme flowers from the top down
Flower
the flower is the initial structure of reproduction flowers develop into fruits which contain the seeds
pollination
the movement, transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma done by wind, water, animals, humans
peduncle
the single stem that bears the whole structure the stalk that holds a flower
hummingbirds and pollination
they don't have a strong sense of smell but they can reach deep into spurs attracted to yellow and red
Kinds of inflorescence
umble corymb head cyme raceme spile spathe and spadix ament
apomixis
asexual reproduction of seeds
cotyledons
An embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed
pistillate
a female flower
imperfect flower
a flower that has either male of female parts unisexual: staminate and pistillate flowers may be born monoeciously or dioeciously
perfect flower
a flower that is both male and female has both stamens and pistils they are complete
scape
a leafless flower stem (scapose flower)
staminate
a male flower
sporophyte
a plant that produces spores at some point in its genetic lifestyle it goes from juvenile to mature to reproductive
radial symmetry
a round mirror image example would be a rose
petals
aka corolla sometimes they are colorful to attract pollinators
Inflorescence
an arrangement, a collection, of more than one flower in one place on a plant. a grouping of flowers
umble
an inflorescence example would be dill indeterminate, all of the peduncles bases are at one place
panicle
an inflorescence like a group of racemes, all together in one bunch main stem but then it branches each branch has many flowers on it flower from the bottom up
corymb
an inflorescence similar to an umble but the flower stems arise on different points along the axis rather flat-topped
head
an inflorescence typical of the sunflower family at the base it is wide and all of the flowers are connected bloom from the outside in
animals and dissemination
animals are a very big disseminator of fruits when seeds pass through the gut of an animal it's like a chemical process that can germinate the seeds and change the structure of the fruit
cleistogamous
self pollinated, leads to genetic uniformity, very uniform from one generation to another flowers don't open so it doesn't allow pollination
dioeciously
seperate flowers, seperate plants
spathe and spadix
sometimes bright outrageous colors a large leaf structure with a spathe at the base