fluid and electrolyte imbalances **

Total body water in older adults is:

decreased due to increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass. Correct Correct! Older adults have decreased total body water due to increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass.

Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include:

decreased urine output. Correct Correct! One clinical manifestation of dehydration is decreased urine output.

Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by:

deficiency of ATP. Correct! Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by a deficiency of ATP.

A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop:

hypercalcemia Correct! A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop hypercalcemia because parathyroid hormone causes calcium to come out of the bones.

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by:

hyperventilation. Correct Correct! Hyperventilation causes respiratory alkalosis.

A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop:

hypophosphatemia Antacid overuse for a long time can cause hypophosphatemia by binding phosphate in the gastrointestinal tract and preventing its absorption.

Which of the following imbalances occurs with oliguric renal failure?

Hyperkalemia Correct! Oliguric renal failure decreases potassium excretion, which causes hyperkalemia.

Which two electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability?

Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia Correct Correct! Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia both cause increased neuromuscular excitability.

Which of the following imbalances often accompanies metabolic alkalosis?

Hypokalemia Correct! Hypokalemia often accompanies metabolic alkalosis because it can cause metabolic alkalosis or be caused by it.

Which of the following causes respiratory acidosis?

Hypoventilation Correct Correct! Hypoventilation causes CO2 retention and respiratory acidosis.

Which of the following series of laboratory values reflects uncompensated metabolic alkalosis?

Increased pH, increased HCO3- Correct Correct! Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by increased HCO3- and increased pH.

Which of the following conditions are known causes of hypokalemia?

Insulin overdose Correct Correct! Insulin overdose causes hypokalemia by shifting potassium into cells.

The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called the:

capillary osmotic pressure. Correct Correct! Capillary osmotic pressure is the inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid.

Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system typically include:

confusion Correct! Hypernatremia causes osmotic shrinking of brain cells, which manifests as confusion or coma.

What fraction of total body water (TBW) volume is contained in the intracellular space in adults?

Approximately two thirds of TBW is contained inside the cells.

Which of the following is the major buffer in the extracellular fluid?

Bicarbonate is the major buffer in the extracellular fluid.

Signs and symptoms of extracellular fluid volume excess include which of the following?

Bounding pulse Correct Correct! Bounding pulse is one of the signs of extracellular fluid volume excess.

How do clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema?

By allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure Correct! Clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema by allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure.

Which of the following causes hypomagnesemia?

Chronic alcoholism Correct! Hypomagnesemia is common with chronic alcoholism.

Which of the following describes the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia?

Confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures Correct Correct! Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures.

What age group has a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid?

Correct! Infants have a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid.

Which of the following causes hypernatremia?

Decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion Correct Correct! Decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion (diabetes insipidus) prevents water reabsorption in the kidneys, which creates large volumes of dilute urine and causes hypernatremia.

Which of the following alterations can lead to edema?

Decreased lymphatic flow Correct Correct! Lymphatic obstruction prevents the drainage of accumulated interstitial fluid and proteins, which can lead to severe edema.

Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion can cause which of the following changes?

Decreased serum sodium concentration Correct Correct! Excessive ADH stimulates excessive water reabsorption by the kidneys, which dilutes the blood, thus decreasing the serum sodium concentration.

Hyperaldosteronism causes which of the following?

ECV excess and hypokalemia Correct Correct! Hyperaldosteronism causes excessive renal retention of sodium and water and excessive potassium excretion, which lead to ECV excess and hypokalemia.

Which of the following alterations in the blood is evidence that the kidneys are compensating for respiratory acidosis?

Elevated bicarbonate ion concentration

What acid-base imbalance does diarrhea cause?

Metabolic acidosis Correct Correct! Diarrhea causes metabolic acidosis.

Which of the following processes is responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments?

Osmosis Correct! Distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments occurs by the process of osmosis.

Which system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis?

Respiratory Correct! When metabolic acids are out of balance, the respiratory system compensates for the altered pH by adjusting the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Which of the following has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid?

Sodium ions Correct! Extracellular fluid has a higher sodium ion concentration than does intracellular fluid.

Which of the following causes metabolic acidosis?

Tissue hypoxia Correct Correct! Tissue hypoxia can cause metabolic acidosis due to lactic acid production during anaerobic metabolism.

Which of the following describes the clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit?

Weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate Correct Correct! Clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit include weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate.

If an individual has a fully compensated metabolic acidosis, the blood pH is:

in the normal range. Correct Correct! The blood pH is in the normal range if an individual has fully compensated for an acid-base imbalance.

Early manifestations of a developing metabolic acidosis include:

lethargy Correct! Lethargy is an early manifestation of a developing metabolic acidosis.

Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include:

muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias. Correct Correct! Hypokalemia causes muscle weakness (or paralysis) and cardiac dysrhythmias.