Fluids and Electrolytes

A nurse is preparing to insert an intravenous (IV) catheter into a client's arm. At which angle relative to the client's skin should the catheter be inserted?

10- to 15-degree angle

The nurse is administering 1,000 mL 0.9 normal saline over 10 hours (set delivers 60 gtt/1 mL). Using the formula below, the flow rate would be: gtt/min = milliliters per hour x drop factor (gtt/mL) ÷ 60 min/hr

100 gtt/min

The physician writes an order for intravenous fluids to infuse at 150 mL per hour. If the drop factor of the tubing is 10, at how many drops per minute should the fluid infuse?

25

The nurse is calculating the infusion rate for the following order: Infuse 1,000 mL of 0.9% NaCl over 8 hours, with gravity infusion. Your tubing delivers 20 gtts/min. What is the infusion rate?

42 gtts/min

A client with protracted nausea and vomiting has been receiving intravenous solution at 125 ml/h for the past several hours. The administration of this solution has resulted in an increase in blood pressure because the water in the solution has passed through the semipermeable membrane of blood cells, causing them to swell. What type of solution has the client been receiving?

A hypotonic solution

The nurse is planning to discontinue a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) for a client who is prescribed warfarin therapy. Which intervention will individualize care for this client?

Apply pressure to insertion site for at least 3 minutes.

What is the lab test commonly used in the assessment and treatment of acid-base balance?

Arterial blood gas

A nurse is performing a venipuncture on an older client. The client has visible veins that appear to roll. What nursing technique is most appropriate?

Avoid use of a tourniquet.

The nurse reviews the laboratory test results of a client and notes that the client's potassium level is elevated. What would the nurse expect to find when assessing the client's gastrointestinal system?

Diarrhea

The nurse is caring for a client with "hyperkalemia related to decreased renal excretion secondary to potassium-conserving diuretic therapy." What is an appropriate expected outcome?

ECG will show no cardiac dysrhythmias within 48 hours after removing salt substitutes, coffee, tea, and other K+-rich foods from diet.

A client is receiving a peripheral IV infusion and the electronic pump is alarming frequently due to occluded flow. What is the nurse's most appropriate action?

Flush the IV with 3 mL of normal saline.

A nurse is changing a client's peripheral venous access dressing. The nurse finds that the site is bleeding and oozing. Which type of dressing should the nurse use for this client?

Gauze dressing

A nurse is assessing clients across the lifespan for fluid and electrolyte balance. Which age group would the nurse identify as having the greatest risk for these imbalances?

Infants

Which nursing interventions would be appropriate for a client diagnosed with deficient fluid volume? Select all that apply.

Intravenous therapy Electrolyte management Nutrition management

The nurse has just successfully inserted an intravenous (IV) catheter and initiated IV fluids. Which items should the nurse document? Select all that apply.

Rate of the IV solution Location of the IV catheter access Client's reaction to the procedure Type of IV solution Gauge and length of the IV catheter

A nurse is assessing for the presence of edema in a client who is confined to bed and who often lies supine. The nurse would pay particular attention to which area?

Sacral area

A nurse is administering a blood transfusion to a client. After 15 minutes, the client reports difficulty breathing. What is the first action by the nurse?

Stop the transfusion and infuse normal saline using a new administration set.

The nurse is preparing a packed red blood cell transfusion for a client. The nurse checks the client's blood type in the electronic medical record (EMR) and notes that it is blood type B. What does this mean?

The client has anti-A antibodies

The nurse is assessing a client's intravenous line and notes small air bubbles within the tubing. What is the priority nursing action?

Tighten the roller clamp to stop the infusion.

Which statement most accurately describes the process of osmosis?

Water moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

Which client is at a greater risk for fluid volume deficit related to the loss of total body fluid and extracellular fluid?

an infant age 4 months

A client has been admitted with fluid volume deficit. Which assessment data would the nurse anticipate? Select all that apply.

blood pressure 100/48 mmHg poor skin turgor heart rate 128/bpm

The nurse is caring for a client who had a parathyroidectomy. Upon evaluation of the client's laboratory studies, the nurse would expect to see imbalances in which electrolytes related to the removal of the parathyroid gland?

calcium and phosphorus

A client admitted with heart failure requires careful monitoring of his fluid status. Which method will provide the nurse with the best indication of the client's fluid status?

daily weights

After surgery, a client is on IV therapy for the next 4 days. How often should the nurse change the IV tubing for this client?

every 72 hours

Edema happens when there is which fluid volume imbalance?

extracellular fluid volume excess

When an older adult client receiving a blood transfusion presents with an elevated blood pressure, distended neck veins, and shortness of breath, the client is most likely experiencing:

fluid overload.

The nurse is caring for a client, who was admitted after falling from a ladder. The client has a brain injury which is causing the pressure inside the skull to increase that may result in a lack of circulation and possible death to brain cells. Considering this information, which intravenous solution would be most appropriate?

hypertonic

A group of nursing students is reviewing information about body fluid and locations. The students demonstrate understanding of the material when they identify which of the following as a function of intracellular fluid?

maintenance of cell size

Mr. Jones is admitted to the nurse's unit from the emergency department with a diagnosis of hypocalcemia. His laboratory results show a serum calcium level of 8.2 mg/dL (2.05 mmol/L). For what assessment findings will the nurse be looking

muscle cramping and tetany

A nurse is providing care to a client with an extracellular fluid (ECF) volume deficit. The nurse suspects that the deficit involves a decrease in vascular volume based on which finding? Select all that apply

orthostatic hypotension decreased urine output slow-filling peripheral veins

The nurse writes a nursing diagnosis of "Fluid Volume: Excess." for a client. What risk factor would the nurse assess in this client?

renal failure

What commonly used intravenous solution is hypotonic?

0.45% NaCl

A nurse is reviewing the client's serum electrolyte levels which are as follows: Sodium: 138 mEq/L (138 mmol/L) Potassium: 3.2 mEq/L (3.2 mmol/L) Calcium: 10.0 mg/dL (2.5 mmol/L) Magnesium: 2.0 mEq/L (1.0 mmol/L) Chloride: 100 mEq/L (100 mmol/L) Phosphate: 5.75 mg/dL (1.8 mEq/L) Based on these levels, the nurse would identify which imbalance?

Hypokalemia

The student nurse asks, "What is intravascular fluid?" What is the appropriate nursing response?

"Watery plasma, or serum, portion of blood."

A client with type AB blood has experienced a precipitous drop in hemoglobin levels due to a gastrointestinal bleed and now requires a blood transfusion. Which blood types may this client safely receive? Select all that apply.

A B AB O

A client has the following arterial blood gas results: pH: 7.33 PaCO2 : 42 mm Hg HCO3 : 19 mEq/L (19 mmol/L) PaO2 : 95 mm Hg Which imbalance would the nurse suspect?

Metabolic acidosis

The nurse is caring for a client who was in a motor vehicle accident and has severe cerebral edema. Which fluid does the nurse anticipate infusing?

hypertonic