Psy Cog chapter 13

The validity of a syllogism depends on

-its form

consider the following conditional syllogism: premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade premise 2: I got a good grade conclusion: therefore, I studied this syllogism is

invalid

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning.

-inductive

Ling is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an

-expected emotion

Rosa is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Rosa decides to purchase to BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of ________________, she will use a _______________ strategy.

-gains;risk-taking

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema?

-if I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends on Saturday night

Donte purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Donte says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Donte's judgment is most likely biased by a(n)

-availability heuristic

Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman?

-deliberate

Terrell volunteers his time to campaign for Joel Goodman. He spent all afternoon putting up "Goodman for Congress" signs around his town and arrived back at headquarters just in time to watch the Goodman- Hernandez debate on TV. Terrell was eager to watch the candidates debate each other, even though he was 100 percent sure he was going to vote for Goodman. Terrell's first response to the debate will most likely be

-"Goodman answered the question on job creation very well."

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a ____ chance that Sarah is a science major.

-40 percent

In an effort to get his sister Sharon to vaccinate her young children, Frank compiled the results from many scientific research studies that show the long-term health benefits of childhood vaccines. Yet when Frank presented the information to Sharon, she refused to believe him, stating that the research was clearly faked by large pharmaceutical companies. Sharon not only said that vaccines are risky but also now claims they are poisonous. What occurred in the conversation between Frank and Sharon?

-Backfire effect

From a thinking perspective, when faced with making a decision, the suggestion to "Go with your gut" would emphasize ________, while the suggestion "Take your time" would place emphasis on ________.

-Type 1; System 2

Tuan brought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Tuan's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of

-an illusory correlation

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the

-availability heuristic

Wally and Shamika are out on a date. When Shamika asks where they should go for dinner, Wally says, "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n)

-availability heuristic

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to

-buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

-can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none of the opposing side

consider the following syllogism: If it's a robin. Therefore, it is a robin In the example above, "Therefore, it is a robin" is a ____________ of a ______________ syllogism

-conclusion; conditional

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the

-confirmation bias

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _________________ reasoning.

-deductive

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using __________ reasoning.

-deductive

One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they

-ignore the falsification principle

Sandeep is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Sandeep feels is an example of an __________ emotion.

-incidental

Consider the following conditional syllogism: premise 1: If I eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight premise 2: I ate lunch today conclusion: therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight this syllogism is

-invalid

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says, "My grandfather smoked cigars, and loved to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his argument involves

-sample size

the evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's

-tendency to detect when others are cheating

consider the following argument: observation: here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. conclusion: the sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow.

-the argument is strong because there are a large number of observations

Consider the following syllogism: premise 1: All dogs are cats premise 2: All cats say "meow" conclusion: therefore, all dogs say "meow" Which statement below describes this syllogism?

-the conclusion is valid

The conjunction rule states that

-the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning

-the representativeness heuristic