FNR: 25150 Exam 1 Mammals
Pleistocene Extinctions
-10,000- 2 MyBP -glaciation -reduced sea levels -cold hardy species survive -megafaunal extinction 70%
Order Didelphimorphia
-63 species -SA Marsupials -Virginia Opossum
Scatter Hoarders
-many different piles scattered around EX: Gray squirrels
Diurnal
-more cone cells -distinguis colors -1 to 2 nerve cells per nerve -less sensitive
Mammary Glands
-nourishment -rapid growth w/ parental care
Nocturnal
-only rods -150 rods to nerves -large eyes -wide pupils -Tapetum Lucidum
Order Perissodactyla
-placental mammals -17 species -odd toed ungulates -horses, rhinos, tapirs
Order Dermoptera
-placental mammals -2 species -Skin wings, Patagium
Order Artiodactyla
-placental mammals -240 species -Even-toed ungulates -pigs, hippos, camels, giraffes, deer
Order Carnivora
-placental mammals -286 species -dogs, cats, weasels, bears, hyenas
Order Lagomorpha
-placental mammals -84 species -rabbits, hares pikas
Order Cetacea
-placental mammals -84 species -whales, dolphins
Order Congulata
-placental mammals -armadillos -lack teeth enamel
Order Chiroptera
-placental mammals -bats -use echolocation foraging -1116 species
Order Primates
-placental mammals -lemurs, monkey, apes, humans - 402 species
Order Pilosa
-placental mammals -sloths and anteaters -lack teeth or teeth enamel
Order Insectivora
-placental mammals -tenrecs, hedgehogs, shrew, moles
Order Proboscidea
-placental mammals -2 or 3 species -elephants
Tannins
-polyphenols -bind to prot. -block digestive enzymes -can function as toxins
estradiol
-prepares uterus for implantation -endometrial lining -enhances fat deposition -pelvic enlargement
progesterone
-prepares uterus for implantation further -inhibits further ovulation -maintains pregnancy -stimulates mammary tissue
Echolocation in bats
-pulse emitted from mouth/nose -sound produced by larynx -ear protection through a bone that separate during pulsed emissions
Why so we sleep
-restore glycogen -brain development -memory consolidation -conserve energy
Which of the following is a feeding adaptation for a myrmecophage?
-elongated rostrum -long tongue -small posterior;y directed spines on tongue -sticky secretions from salivary glands -all of the above*
Enamel
-encases teeth -heaviest, hardest and friction resistance
Luteal Phase
-estrogen declines -ruptured follicle transforms into corpus luteum -secretes progesterone
Sweat Glands
-evaporative cooling
Esophagus
-from buccal cavity - to stomach
Endophytic Fungi
-grasses infected -passed via seeds -produce alkaloids
Neopallium
-gray matter -front of the brain -control center -relay sensory -motor activity originates -Convolutions (folding) -More fold the more intelligent (more SA for neurons)
Echolocation
-sound based sensing
Larder Hoarders
-store food in one big pile
Alarm Calls
-warn relatives (kin selection) -females Pursuit invitation: distract predator from the rest of the group
Group Defense
-herds reduce predation -dilution effect
OverKill Hypothesis
-humans impact ecosystems
Marsupials
-lack chorion and allantois -gestation short -abdominal pouch -scrotum anterior to penis -uterus and vagina and penis forked -no corpus callosum -small cerebral hemispheres
Confrontation
-large mammals -females w/ young most vigilant -females more aggressive
Buccal Cavity
-lips -taste buds -teeth -tongue
Myrmecophagy
-long rostrum -tubular mouths -long tongue -covered filiform papillae -covered in stick secretions from salivary gland -eat social insects
Eutherian Female Reproductive Tract
-lots info here look at slides
Stomach
Acidic digestion HCl
Order Diprotodontia
Australian marsupials -tiny gliders EX: koala and great grey kangaroo
when did mammals first appear
Mesozoic Era
Order Monotremata
Monotremes: -Bird-like skull -toothless and leathery sheath -reptilian limb posture -lay eggs -left ovary functional -Lack Nipples -Cloaca - no corpus callosum EX: platypus
The _________exhibits increased folding and many more convolutions in more "intelligent" mammals than it does in the simple ones
Neopallium
Lemming
Reduced digestive efficiency -excrete undigested prots
The ___________was the most common large herbivore in NA through most of Cenozoic
Rhinoceros
baculum
Rigid bony support of penis (os penis) -supports erect penis and stimulates vagina
The energetic requirements of mammals vary allometrically with body size. Specifically,
Smaller mammals require more energy per gram of body weight per day
What type of communication is the most common for mammals?
Sound
Aestivation
Summer
what makes up the mesozoic era
Triassic Period, Jurassic Period, Cretaceous Period
Secondary Palate
above the roof of the mouth, enables chewing and breathing simultaneously
continental drift
allopatric speciation= geographical speciation
Bergmann's Rule
animals are larger (lower SA:V) at higher altitudes, better at conserving heat
Protease Inhibtors
block catalytic activity of proteolytic enzymes in herbivore's gut Ex: Lemming
Binocular
both eyes see at once
Metabolism
chemical rxns and E transformations for growth, repair and reproduction
Terpenoids
conifer monoterpenes inhibit fermentation of rumen bacteria
Homeothermy
constancy Tb -most mammals
Follicular Phase
developing follicle secretes estradiol
Allometry
disproportionate change in one biological variable in response to a unit change in another
adaptive radiation
diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches -mammal diversity low until Cenozoic Era
Subclass Synapsida
dominant reptiles during late Paleozoic Epoch
Allen's Rule
farther south typically the smaller, longer and thiner animals are
Habitat Reduction Hypothesis
glaciation= arid steppe
Crypsis
hard to see -molt -countershading
Alkoids
inhibit mitosis and DNA/RNA synthesis -blocks acetylcholinesterase
Endothermy
internal, elevated body temp. maintained by oxidation of food within the body -hypothalamus regulates -energetically expensive
Lignin
large carb polymer concentration increase w/ maturity -undigested by enzymes/bacterial fermentation
Anapsid temporal opening structure
led to turtles, no temporal opening,
Diapsid temporal opening structure
lizards and snakes arose from, two temporal openings on each side of the skull
Synapsida temporal opening structure
mammals arose from, articulation of the postorbital (PO) and squamosal (squam) bones above the single temporal opening
Subclass Prototheria
monotremes
Vertical Limb orientation
not spraddle-legged, humerus and femur not horizontal, enables fore and aft limb movements
Small Intestine
nutrient absorption into bloodstream
Monocular
only can see out of one eye
Retina
photoreceptive cell -rods (gray scale) -cones (color)
Order Rodentia
placental mammals -2273 species -squirrels, gophers, voles
Baleen structure is associated with
plnaktivory
Large Intestine
posterior end small intest. to rectum -similar to cecum in function
accesory glands
produce semen
Gonadotropic hormones
produced by the anterior pituitary gland -regulate the ovarian cycle -
Reptile jaw articulation
quadrate (skull) to articular bone (lower jaw)
Diaphragm
reduction in lumbar ribs/region separate thoracic and abdominal cavities contract while breathing
Iris
regulates amount of light entering the eye
Over saturation Hypothesis
return to equilibrium NA from SA
Ciliary
shapes lens/focus light
Complex Dentition
specialization, precise occlusion
What do the testes produce?
sperm and testosterone
epididymis
sperm maturation
Mammalian jaw articulation
squamosal to dentary joint, quadrate to incus and articular to malleus
Field Metabolism
sum or resting metabolism and E used for all other activities
what makes up cenozoic era
tertiary period, quaternary period
vas deferens
tube propels sperm to ejaculatory duct
Order Dasyuromorphia
-Australian Marsupials -primarily eat insects and meat EX: Tasmanian devil
Order Peramelemorphia
-Australian marsupials -syndactyly -running/hopping gate EX: rabbit-eared bandicoot
Placental Mammals
-Chorioallantoic -True placenta -trophoblast -precocial young -corpus callosum
Marsupial Female Reproductive Tract
-Choriovitelline placenta: connects embryo and uterus -yolk sac placenta -lacks embryonic membranes -contain parental matieral--> foreign to mom so short gestation
Monotreme Female Reproductive Tract
-Cloaca -lay eggs -lack nipples -left ovary functional -shell glands in oviducts
Skeletal Characteristics
-Dentary-squamosal joint present -Three middle ear ossicles present -Mandible consists of only one bone, the dentary -Double occipital condyle instead of only one -Lumbar ribs absent -Secondary (false) palate present -Single bony nasal opening -Diphyodont dentition (two sets of teeth) -Cusps present on the cheek teeth -Two or more roots on cheek teeth
Non-Skeletal Characteristics
-Endothermy -Complete double circulation (pulmonary and systemic), with higher arterial pressure in the systemic portion -Enucleated, round erythrocytes(red blood cells) -Possession of a diaphragm -Combination of integumentary characters, including hair, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands -Mammary glands, functional in females -Nitrogenous wastes excreted as urea instead of uric acid -Specialized facial dermal muscles
Echolocation in Cetaceans
-Focus sound through melon ( fat filled acoustic lens in forehead -sound reception via lower jaw -sonar
Cecum
-Hindgut fermentation -H20 absorption -elongated tub, opening at junct of small and large intestine -quicker than fore-stomach
Dentary- squamosal jaw articualtion
-articular (malleus) and quadrate (incus) bones (along with the stapes) -transmits vibrations -membrane to oval window of the inner ear
Brain size determined by
-body size -energy expended for brain support
Warning Coloration
-bold pattern -skunks
Secondary Palate
-bony palate ( passage that shunts air from the nostrils -breathing and chewing
Audition
-broader env -Low freq far -Pinna: focus and amplify -isolate single sounds
Toxins
-built only for defense -reduce or stop metabolic function -clock biochemical processes EX: Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Endophytic Fungi, Protease Inhibitors
Digestible Reducers
-cellulose -hemicellulose EX: -Lignin -Tannins -Silica
Dinosaur Extinctions
-competitive release -predators eliminated
Mechanical Defense
-curling into ball -hardened epidermis
Running Away
-cursorial species -rump-patch signaling
Hair
-dead epidermal cells
Scent Glands
-deposit scents -sex -social status -breeding condition -health
External Pinna and auditory tube
-ear canal that intercept sound waves -jaw articulation
Angiosperm Radiations
-early Cretaceous Period -expanding food base -new niches
Cynodont therapsids
1st mammals, surviving synapsid lineage, departure of reptilian body
The eyes of many prey species are located on the sides of their head to:
Increase their field of vision
Subclass Theria
Infraclasses: - Metatheria (Marsupials) - Eutheria (Placentals)
Climate Hypothesis
Large mammals long gestation, increasing seasonality
Heterothermy
variation in Tb -topor
fibro elastic membrane
walls of erectile tissue near rigid non-erect
Hibernation
winter