FO - Final
hydrocarbons
compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon
"Do you own a dog?" might be an example of which concept?
control question
DNA thermal cycler
creates a copy of the DNA through an automated process
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
creates strands of DNA from small samples of DNA at crime scenes
While on the scene of a very large explosion, Harry realized that he and his colleagues require additional wire mesh screens to collect evidence. What are they MOST likely sifting through?
debris found at the crime scene
low explosives
decompose slowly and include black powder and smokeless powder
vector quantities
defined both by a numerical value and a direction
A suspect in custody who is either a minor or mentally incapacitated is more likely than other suspects to do what?
falsely confess
Which of the following is a component of lipids?
fatty acids
Newton's 2nd Law
for an object with constant mass, force equals mass times acceleration
Newton's 3rd Law
for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
scientific theory
formed from a collection of facts that a scientist then interprets in an attempt to understand a larger phenomenon
compounds
formed when multiple elements join together
After collecting evidence from the apartment of a woman reported missing and interviewing her friends and family, Ken has collection of facts. He is beginning to put together some thoughts on what might have happened to the woman. What should Ken do with these facts in order to determine what to do next?
formulate a theory about what happened
protiens
found in foods like meat and beans, some act as an energy source, while others are enzymes and hormones that carry out important functions
scalar quantities
fully defined by a numerical value
Although you and each of your siblings have DNA from both of your parents, what helps explain why you aren't all identical?
genetic recombination
What is the genetic code that makes up an organism called?
genotype
A boulder that's poised at the top of a hill, ready to roll down at any second, contains what type of energy?
gravitational energy
macromolecules
large molecules built from smaller molecules - four major types are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
false negatives
polygraph results that occur when the examinee tells a lie but it is recorded as a truth
false positives
polygraph results that occur when the examinee tells the truth but his response is recorded as a lie
What DNA process is similar to taking a plant cutting and growing it into a larger plant?
polymerase chain reaction
A criminal profiler is seeking to create a profile and notes that a suspect liked to watch the fire trucks arrive at the fires that he set. What is this an example of?
post-offense behavior
law of conservation of energy
principle stating that energy can't be created or destroyed-only transformed or transferred
behavioral evidence
psychological clues that the perpetrator unknowingly leaves behind at a crime scene
control questions
questions asked in a polygraph examination to get a baseline reading for what a "yes" answer looks like on the polygraph printout
What is one of the functions of the integumentary system, which includes skin and hair?
regulate body temperature
Philosopher Paul Feyerabend said that science does not operate by any specific method that makes it superior to what?
religion
variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR)
repeated segments on the DNA strand
verified
repeatedly demonstrated to be true
chromosomes
rod-like structures that contain genetic material
population
several organisms of the same species living together in the same area
Hemophilia is a disease that's X-linked and only appears on the X chromosome. For a female offspring to inherit the disease what has to happen?
she inherits the x-linked trait from her mother
When evidence from an explosion reaches the lab, one of the first technologies used to analyze it enhances which human sense?
sight
states of matter
solid, liquid, gas, plasm
phospholipida
special type of lipid that makes up the plasma membrane
lipids
store energy and make up the plasm membranes that enclose cells
potential energy
stored that can be released to create movement
postmodernism rejects:
strict procedures and structures
Nyah has been tasked with determining which type of knife a victim was stabbed with. Which option would be the BEST to use to help Nyah make this determination?
test various types of knives to see which "wound" matches the victim's wound most closely
Darnell is examining evidence from an old crime scene. He has a blood sample, but he believes that the sample may be too degraded to get nuclear DNA from. He decides to try to retrieve mtDNA from the sample and compare it to a sample from your suspect. What information could this sample give him?
that there is a maternal relation between the two people
mass
the amount of matter an object contains
forensic linguistics
the application of linguistic patterns and methods to law enforcement and criminal justice
genes
the basic and fundamental part of heredity
Officers responded to a robbery in progress at a convenience store. A young man with red hair was seen fleeing the scene. Investigators found blood on a broken plate of glass at the storefront, a dropped smartphone, and the site of a small explosion near the cash register. What would a forensic biologist examine on this case?
the blood on the glass
denaturing
the breaking of the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands of DNA together, creating single strands
Which of these common phenomenon represents the Doppler effect?
the changing pitch in the sound of airplanes flying overhead
pneumographs
the component of a polygraph machine that is composed of two rubber tubes filled with air that measures respiratory rate
probable cause
the criteria that law enforcement officers must meet, showing they've collected enough evidence to suspect an individual of a crime before issuing an arrest warrant or taking further legal action
irrelevant facts
the facts that are more outside of our topic's scope
relevant facts
the facts that pertain to our topic
forensic psychology
the field that studies why criminals commit crimes
pre-test
the first section of a polygraph exam that is designed to give the examinee a chance to tell their side of the story
cell
the fundamental unit of all living things
genotype
the genetic code of an organism
amplitude
the height of the wave from the top of its crest to its center line
What is the BEST example of radiant mechanical energy within a house?
the light coming from a nightlight
DNA typing
the means of distinguishing the DNA of one person from another
ph
the measure of acidity or basicity of a solution
plasma membrane
the membrane that surrounds and protects all cells
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid
the molecules that carry our genetic information
Forensic scientists investigate situations where at least one person has had what violated?
their rights
principles of trace evidence
a theory that tells us that "every contact leaves a trace"
ion mobility spectrometer (IMS)
a vacuum to test for explosive materials
A criminal profiler discovers that an unknown serial killer selects their victims from local yoga classes, and there is evidence that the killer may follow the victim for several days before they are killed. What is this an example of?
antecendent
mutation
any change to the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA
projectile
any object thrown into the air
accelerant
any substance used to start a fire
How do chemists classify substances?
as acids or bases
Humans and chimpanzees share about 98.8 percent of the genetic code. This sounds very close—it's only 1.2 percent different—until what information is remembered to provide perspective?
1.2% represents 36 million different base pairs
Of the roughly 3 billion base pairs total in humans, roughly how many show individual differences?
6 million
The outward blast effect from the bomb's site of origin can be as fast as:
7,000 mph
Humans and chimpanzees share roughly what percent of their DNA?
98%
Which statement is a relevant description of how the technological advances of the 21st century have improved criminal profiling?
Criminal profiling is now more accurate as investigators have new, technological ways of obtaining and examining evidence.
nucleic acids
DNA and RNA molecules that carry the genetic code
Twenty years ago, Ronald was convicted of second degree murder when he was 18. At the time, he gave a false confession to authorities because he felt intimidated. The Innocence Project has recently taken Ronald's case. What type of evidence will MOST likely result in Ronald being exonerated?
DNA evidence
What forensic scientist devised the Principles of Trace Evidence?
Edmond Locard
How is pH used when examining a body?
Low pH in blood suggests a body has been dead for some time.
Ballistics experts studying the assassination of President Kennedy analyzed video and forensic evidence. In the video, Kennedy's head moves backward even though the bullet entered the back of his head. How did the experts explain that motion?
Newton's Third Law of Motion
tandem repeats
a section of a chromosome that has multiple copies of a particular DNA sequence occurring in a repeating fashion
doppler effect
a shift in frequency seen when the observer is moving relative to the wave's source
organism
a single living thing, such as a human being
Which of these is MOST similar to the DNA process of replication?
a single person being cloned into two identical twins
The Doppler effect can allow an analyst to extrapolate where a person was standing, or how they were moving, using audio recordings of gunshots because when the sound wave is emitted from a greater distance what happens?
The wave spreads out and the sound becomes lower.
CODIS
a software program that contains DNA profiles of convicted offenders, missing persons, crime scene evidence, and other sources
catalyst
a substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed or changed
scientific method
a systematic sequence of steps that allow scientists to test ideas and arrive at verifiable and duplicable results
single nucleotide polymorphism analysis (SNP analysis)
a technique that detects variations in single nucleotides in the DNA sequence and uses this information to predict different physical traits
modernism
a 20th century philosophical movement that assumes that there are universal truths that go beyond any one person's own beliefs or interpretations, and that we can come to know these truths by employing tools like observation and testing
Which example could BEST be described as a projectile?
a child jumping off of a swing set
The lab burnt down and a small number of blood and tissue samples have been rescued and need to be stored ASAP! What is the BEST choice for an improvised storage container?
a dry freezer
A vehicle has been stolen from a public parking lot. Three suspects have been brought in for an interrogation. One of the suspects is 15 years old, with no previous criminal activity. The 15 year old also has a slight learning disability and is clearly confused by what is going on and feeling scared. After hours of intense one-on-one interrogation, this individual confesses to the crime. What might this be an example of?
a false confession
molecule
a group of atoms joined by chemical bonds
What is the BEST display of Newton's First Law of Motion on a playground?
a kid falling off his bike
galvanic skin resistance
a measurement of the amount of sweat on your fingerprints and the skin's ability to conduct electricity
victimology
a method criminal profilers use to analyze behavior, habits, and the temperament of murder victim(s) in order to understand more about the killer
postmoernism
a mid-to-late-1900s philosophy that asserts that there is no absolute truth that transcends human experience
At the scene of a house explosion, there is not much evidence left to examine. However, during the investigation, the social media of the homeowner who was killed in the blast is reviewed. Three of the lasts posts from that day are about cooking various dishes. Based on that information, what should be investigated as a potential source of the explosion?
a natural gas leak from the stove
At what level would a hive of bees be examined at?
a population
Upon arriving at the scene, investigators find what appears to be a typical case of arson. What type of substance are they MOST likely to look for remnants of?
accelerants
consensus
an agreement
Which scenario an example of criminal profiling?
an investigator analyzing a written ransom note for insight into details about the person who wrote it, such as an education level or political belief
Newton's 1st Law
an object will remain at rest, or in a uniform straight-line motion if moving, unless an external force acts upon it
acceleration
an object's change in velocity
substrate control
an uncontaminated sample
What type of evidence are psychological clues that a perpetrator leaves behind at a crime scene called?
behavioral
hybridization
binds together DNA with a complementary DNA sequence
molotov cocktails
bombs made by placing gasoline in a glass jar using an ignition source
Buccal cells
cells from the lining of the inner cheek
tissues
cells of similar type band together within the body to form tissues
force
changes the motion of an object
Silver tarnishing is an example of what type of change?
chemical
Currently, some commercially available explosive are tagged with traceable:
chemical markers
As a forensic investigator, looking for DNA evidence is not just important in matching a suspect to a crime scene, what does it also plays a role in?
clearing people who were not at the scene
Which explosion crime scene investigation task would MOST likely be assigned to the most experienced, skilled team members?
collecting residue samples from the scene
cell theory
describes the 3 basic principles of cells: 1) all living things are composed of one or more cells 2) the cell is the basic unit of life 3) new cells arise from existing cells
alleles
different forms of a given gene
phenotypes or traits
different physical appearances resulting from the genotype
wavelength
distance from one crest of a wave to the next or one trough to the next
waves
disturbances that transfer energy from one place to another
Emma is examining evidence from a robbery. She hypothesizes that the robber entered the home from the garage, but when she investigates this, she can't find any signs of forced entry or any physical evidence that supports this. What should her next step be?
draw conclusion
The body of a woman is found buried in a field. Although much of the body has decomposed, her clothes are mostly intact. She appears to have died of suffocation but has no other visible injuries. However, there are bloodstains on both her shirt and pants. Based on location and description, police suspect this is the body of a woman who went missing about 15 years ago. What rationale might a forensic scientist have in choosing whether it's worth it to analyze the bloodstains to see if they match a suspect?
dried blood can still produce nuclear DNA after 20 years
primary explosives
easily ignited or detonated and are very sensitive to heat and friction
kinetic energy
energy of movement-for example, gas molecules moving inside a chamber
carbohydrates
energy-providing sugars found in foods like bread and fruit
Humans, plants and animals are all made up of which type of cell?
eukaryotic
What do scientists relentlessly examine and re-examine from new investigations or discoveries?
evidence
Which of the following is an example of chemistry in forensic science?
extending DNA strands to match samples
T/F: Disorganized crimes are those in which little physical evidence is left behind.
false
T/F: The scientific method includes as many steps as needed for an experiment.
false
T/F: Unless it hits something, a bullet fired toward the sky experiences a constant rate of deceleration as soon as it is fired from a gun.
false
T/F: While investigators can enter a fire scene without a warrant, they are not allowed to gather evidence at the scene without a warrant.
false
Hemophilia is a disease that's X-linked and only appears on the X chromosome. For a male offspring to inherit the disease what has to happen?
he inherits the x-linked trait from her mother
mitochondrial DNA
inherited from one's mother and is found outside of the cell nucleus
When looking at a cell under a microscope, it is noted that it is boxy, with a rigid wall. What could this tell you about the cell?
it may have come from a blade of grass
Why are warrants NOT required to investigate a fire scene?
it's important to know where a fire started and if it could flare up again
levels of organization
levels that describe the hierarchy of living things, from small to large
Solid, liquid, gas and plasma are the four states of what?
matter
What does mass times velocity equal?
momentum
What two types of issues can the vector quantity help us think of?
momentum and direction
facts
observable and measurable observations that can be verified
physical change
occurs when matter changes state without changing its molecular composition
chemical reaction
occurs when the molecular structure of a substance changes
An envelope is discovered at a crime scene. Where might it be examined for DNA?
on the licked area
A situation where you would be likely to use mtDNA is:
on the teeth and bones of skeletonized human remains
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
one of the methods forensic scientists use to study DNA
complementary base pairings
pairings on the DNA strand
Luci has dark brown hair, brown eyes, and is lactose intolerant. These are all BEST described as examples of Luci's what?
phenotypes
Instead of collecting gas with a syringe, another method involves what?
placing a strip of charcoal in the airtight container
frequency
the number of wave crests or troughs passing through a given point over a given time
What is the blast effect?
the outward rush of gases from a bomb's site of origin
blast effect
the outward rush of gases from the bomb's site of origin
point of origin
the place where a fire began
An examiner is looking over data following a polygraph test. They notice that, in all of the tests that were conducted, there were abnormalities present, such as an irregular heart rate and irregular respiratory rate. This seems to indicate deception. The examiner thoroughly analyzes the data and comes to an ultimate conclusion. This is an example of what type of practice?
the post-test
Suspect A is actually telling the truth, and they describe the events of a certain evening with confidence. After being asked to do so, Suspect A then retells the events of the same evening in the reverse order. What is this suspect relying on?
the power of their memory
inertia
the principle that objects at rest stay at rest, and objects in motion stay in motion at a constant velocity
active transport
the process by which a cell expends energy to move substances into or out of the cell across the plasma membrane
passive transport
the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration across the plasma membrane
extension
the process of creating a complementary strand of DNA to the single strand
replication
the process of creating new DNA from existing DNA
annealing
the process of reforming a double DNA strand
electromagnetic spectrum
the range of possible wavelengths or frequencies
Ricin kills by attacking what part of a cell?
the ribosomes, causing cells to "starve"
criminal profiling
the science of analyzing psychological and behavioral characteristics to determine whether a certain individual is likely to have committed a particular crime
in-test
the second section of a polygraph exam that begins when the machine is hooked up to the examinee
mitochondria
the small structures in the cell that are responsible for creating energy and carry several pieces of DNA
rate of reaction
the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place
demography
the study of human populations that focuses on age, income level, ethnicity, and other social factors
A substance is being examined that has been found at a crime scene. Using a chemical test, it is determined that glycogen is present in the substance. What does this mean for the investigation?
the substance is from a human or animal source
A suspect is brought in for questioning about a string of burglaries. This same suspect has been questioned by police before for other crimes. After about a half-hour of questioning, the 17-year-old suspect confesses to the crime. What would make you question the accuracy of this confession the most?
the suspect is under the age of 18
Molly wants to link a suspect to a crime scene. She has a DNA sample that she has taken from the crime scene, but the suspect is nowhere to be found so she can't get their DNA to compare it to. However, the suspect's family has agreed to give you samples of their DNA. Which family member would be the BEST option to help her see if the crime scene sample can be linked to the suspect?
the suspect's twin brother
post-test
the third and final section of a polygraph exam that starts when the examiner looks at the data to see if anything abnormal shows that the subject was being deceptive in their answers
Arya is investigating a hit and run where her main piece of evidence is tire tracks left at the scene. An eyewitness reports that the car involved was a green SUV and gives her the license plate number. When she locates the car, what is the MOST relevant fact she's looking to find out.
the type of tires on the car
The refractive index used to match questioned glass samples represents:
the variation in the reduction of light's speed in various kinds of glass.
Kiara is investigating a crime scene where a home has been broken into and the homeowner was attacked and robbed while eating her breakfast. On the counter is a plate with a half-eaten piece of toast, the contents of her purse strewn about, and the victim's earring which was knocked off when she was struck. Both windows are open, but screens are intact, and on the floor by the counter is a muddy footprint made by a size 12 men's shoe. What is the MOST relevant fact about this scene that could help Kiara catch the intruder?
there is an unknown footprint on the floor
high explosives
these materials ignite almost instantaneously and include dynamite and TNT
During an autopsy in a homicide case, why would the forensic pathologist give crime scene investigators the pieces of electrical tape used to bind the victim's hands and feet?
they could contain skin or sweat from the murderer
In the levels of organization for biological systems, tissues, organs, and organisms populations are identified. Which of these four is the smallest level of organization?
tissues
When testing for hydrocarbons at a fire scene, what do investigators use a syringe for?
to draw up the gas or vapor released
What is the MOST important purpose of conducting experiments in the scientific method?
to prove or disprove a hypothesis
Why might investigators conducting an interrogation hold back on revealing key pieces of evidence?
to see if the suspect lies about the evidence
T/F: A typical polygraph exam consists of three sections: pre-test, in-test, and post-test.
true
T/F: Fires frequently do not consume all traces of flammable liquids involved.
true
T/F: Ptolemy may not be considered a traditional 'scientist' today.
true
During an arson investigation, evidence is collected near the scene of the fire. Which item collected is an example of a substrate control sample?
unburnt wood flooring near the scene of the fire
secondary explosives
usually much less sensitive to heat and friction and they typically have to be ignited through the use of other explosive materials
epistemologies
ways of knowing something
Cody has been called to a crime scene at a farm. A dead body has been found partially buried in a field. There are wide tire tracks leading to the site, and he finds that a shovel was dropped about 10 feet away. There is no blood at the scene and he believes the victim was killed elsewhere. If his task is to determine how the victim came to be in the field, what would be the BEST thing for him to research right now?
what type of tires made the tracks found
explosion
when gases expand because of a chemical or mechanical action
