FO - Final

hydrocarbons

compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon

"Do you own a dog?" might be an example of which concept?

control question

DNA thermal cycler

creates a copy of the DNA through an automated process

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

creates strands of DNA from small samples of DNA at crime scenes

While on the scene of a very large explosion, Harry realized that he and his colleagues require additional wire mesh screens to collect evidence. What are they MOST likely sifting through?

debris found at the crime scene

low explosives

decompose slowly and include black powder and smokeless powder

vector quantities

defined both by a numerical value and a direction

A suspect in custody who is either a minor or mentally incapacitated is more likely than other suspects to do what?

falsely confess

Which of the following is a component of lipids?

fatty acids

Newton's 2nd Law

for an object with constant mass, force equals mass times acceleration

Newton's 3rd Law

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

scientific theory

formed from a collection of facts that a scientist then interprets in an attempt to understand a larger phenomenon

compounds

formed when multiple elements join together

After collecting evidence from the apartment of a woman reported missing and interviewing her friends and family, Ken has collection of facts. He is beginning to put together some thoughts on what might have happened to the woman. What should Ken do with these facts in order to determine what to do next?

formulate a theory about what happened

protiens

found in foods like meat and beans, some act as an energy source, while others are enzymes and hormones that carry out important functions

scalar quantities

fully defined by a numerical value

Although you and each of your siblings have DNA from both of your parents, what helps explain why you aren't all identical?

genetic recombination

What is the genetic code that makes up an organism called?

genotype

A boulder that's poised at the top of a hill, ready to roll down at any second, contains what type of energy?

gravitational energy

macromolecules

large molecules built from smaller molecules - four major types are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

false negatives

polygraph results that occur when the examinee tells a lie but it is recorded as a truth

false positives

polygraph results that occur when the examinee tells the truth but his response is recorded as a lie

What DNA process is similar to taking a plant cutting and growing it into a larger plant?

polymerase chain reaction

A criminal profiler is seeking to create a profile and notes that a suspect liked to watch the fire trucks arrive at the fires that he set. What is this an example of?

post-offense behavior

law of conservation of energy

principle stating that energy can't be created or destroyed-only transformed or transferred

behavioral evidence

psychological clues that the perpetrator unknowingly leaves behind at a crime scene

control questions

questions asked in a polygraph examination to get a baseline reading for what a "yes" answer looks like on the polygraph printout

What is one of the functions of the integumentary system, which includes skin and hair?

regulate body temperature

Philosopher Paul Feyerabend said that science does not operate by any specific method that makes it superior to what?

religion

variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR)

repeated segments on the DNA strand

verified

repeatedly demonstrated to be true

chromosomes

rod-like structures that contain genetic material

population

several organisms of the same species living together in the same area

Hemophilia is a disease that's X-linked and only appears on the X chromosome. For a female offspring to inherit the disease what has to happen?

she inherits the x-linked trait from her mother

When evidence from an explosion reaches the lab, one of the first technologies used to analyze it enhances which human sense?

sight

states of matter

solid, liquid, gas, plasm

phospholipida

special type of lipid that makes up the plasma membrane

lipids

store energy and make up the plasm membranes that enclose cells

potential energy

stored that can be released to create movement

postmodernism rejects:

strict procedures and structures

Nyah has been tasked with determining which type of knife a victim was stabbed with. Which option would be the BEST to use to help Nyah make this determination?

test various types of knives to see which "wound" matches the victim's wound most closely

Darnell is examining evidence from an old crime scene. He has a blood sample, but he believes that the sample may be too degraded to get nuclear DNA from. He decides to try to retrieve mtDNA from the sample and compare it to a sample from your suspect. What information could this sample give him?

that there is a maternal relation between the two people

mass

the amount of matter an object contains

forensic linguistics

the application of linguistic patterns and methods to law enforcement and criminal justice

genes

the basic and fundamental part of heredity

Officers responded to a robbery in progress at a convenience store. A young man with red hair was seen fleeing the scene. Investigators found blood on a broken plate of glass at the storefront, a dropped smartphone, and the site of a small explosion near the cash register. What would a forensic biologist examine on this case?

the blood on the glass

denaturing

the breaking of the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands of DNA together, creating single strands

Which of these common phenomenon represents the Doppler effect?

the changing pitch in the sound of airplanes flying overhead

pneumographs

the component of a polygraph machine that is composed of two rubber tubes filled with air that measures respiratory rate

probable cause

the criteria that law enforcement officers must meet, showing they've collected enough evidence to suspect an individual of a crime before issuing an arrest warrant or taking further legal action

irrelevant facts

the facts that are more outside of our topic's scope

relevant facts

the facts that pertain to our topic

forensic psychology

the field that studies why criminals commit crimes

pre-test

the first section of a polygraph exam that is designed to give the examinee a chance to tell their side of the story

cell

the fundamental unit of all living things

genotype

the genetic code of an organism

amplitude

the height of the wave from the top of its crest to its center line

What is the BEST example of radiant mechanical energy within a house?

the light coming from a nightlight

DNA typing

the means of distinguishing the DNA of one person from another

ph

the measure of acidity or basicity of a solution

plasma membrane

the membrane that surrounds and protects all cells

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid

the molecules that carry our genetic information

Forensic scientists investigate situations where at least one person has had what violated?

their rights

principles of trace evidence

a theory that tells us that "every contact leaves a trace"

ion mobility spectrometer (IMS)

a vacuum to test for explosive materials

A criminal profiler discovers that an unknown serial killer selects their victims from local yoga classes, and there is evidence that the killer may follow the victim for several days before they are killed. What is this an example of?

antecendent

mutation

any change to the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA

projectile

any object thrown into the air

accelerant

any substance used to start a fire

How do chemists classify substances?

as acids or bases

Humans and chimpanzees share about 98.8 percent of the genetic code. This sounds very close—it's only 1.2 percent different—until what information is remembered to provide perspective?

1.2% represents 36 million different base pairs

Of the roughly 3 billion base pairs total in humans, roughly how many show individual differences?

6 million

The outward blast effect from the bomb's site of origin can be as fast as:

7,000 mph

Humans and chimpanzees share roughly what percent of their DNA?

98%

Which statement is a relevant description of how the technological advances of the 21st century have improved criminal profiling?

Criminal profiling is now more accurate as investigators have new, technological ways of obtaining and examining evidence.

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA molecules that carry the genetic code

Twenty years ago, Ronald was convicted of second degree murder when he was 18. At the time, he gave a false confession to authorities because he felt intimidated. The Innocence Project has recently taken Ronald's case. What type of evidence will MOST likely result in Ronald being exonerated?

DNA evidence

What forensic scientist devised the Principles of Trace Evidence?

Edmond Locard

How is pH used when examining a body?

Low pH in blood suggests a body has been dead for some time.

Ballistics experts studying the assassination of President Kennedy analyzed video and forensic evidence. In the video, Kennedy's head moves backward even though the bullet entered the back of his head. How did the experts explain that motion?

Newton's Third Law of Motion

tandem repeats

a section of a chromosome that has multiple copies of a particular DNA sequence occurring in a repeating fashion

doppler effect

a shift in frequency seen when the observer is moving relative to the wave's source

organism

a single living thing, such as a human being

Which of these is MOST similar to the DNA process of replication?

a single person being cloned into two identical twins

The Doppler effect can allow an analyst to extrapolate where a person was standing, or how they were moving, using audio recordings of gunshots because when the sound wave is emitted from a greater distance what happens?

The wave spreads out and the sound becomes lower.

CODIS

a software program that contains DNA profiles of convicted offenders, missing persons, crime scene evidence, and other sources

catalyst

a substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed or changed

scientific method

a systematic sequence of steps that allow scientists to test ideas and arrive at verifiable and duplicable results

single nucleotide polymorphism analysis (SNP analysis)

a technique that detects variations in single nucleotides in the DNA sequence and uses this information to predict different physical traits

modernism

a 20th century philosophical movement that assumes that there are universal truths that go beyond any one person's own beliefs or interpretations, and that we can come to know these truths by employing tools like observation and testing

Which example could BEST be described as a projectile?

a child jumping off of a swing set

The lab burnt down and a small number of blood and tissue samples have been rescued and need to be stored ASAP! What is the BEST choice for an improvised storage container?

a dry freezer

A vehicle has been stolen from a public parking lot. Three suspects have been brought in for an interrogation. One of the suspects is 15 years old, with no previous criminal activity. The 15 year old also has a slight learning disability and is clearly confused by what is going on and feeling scared. After hours of intense one-on-one interrogation, this individual confesses to the crime. What might this be an example of?

a false confession

molecule

a group of atoms joined by chemical bonds

What is the BEST display of Newton's First Law of Motion on a playground?

a kid falling off his bike

galvanic skin resistance

a measurement of the amount of sweat on your fingerprints and the skin's ability to conduct electricity

victimology

a method criminal profilers use to analyze behavior, habits, and the temperament of murder victim(s) in order to understand more about the killer

postmoernism

a mid-to-late-1900s philosophy that asserts that there is no absolute truth that transcends human experience

At the scene of a house explosion, there is not much evidence left to examine. However, during the investigation, the social media of the homeowner who was killed in the blast is reviewed. Three of the lasts posts from that day are about cooking various dishes. Based on that information, what should be investigated as a potential source of the explosion?

a natural gas leak from the stove

At what level would a hive of bees be examined at?

a population

Upon arriving at the scene, investigators find what appears to be a typical case of arson. What type of substance are they MOST likely to look for remnants of?

accelerants

consensus

an agreement

Which scenario an example of criminal profiling?

an investigator analyzing a written ransom note for insight into details about the person who wrote it, such as an education level or political belief

Newton's 1st Law

an object will remain at rest, or in a uniform straight-line motion if moving, unless an external force acts upon it

acceleration

an object's change in velocity

substrate control

an uncontaminated sample

What type of evidence are psychological clues that a perpetrator leaves behind at a crime scene called?

behavioral

hybridization

binds together DNA with a complementary DNA sequence

molotov cocktails

bombs made by placing gasoline in a glass jar using an ignition source

Buccal cells

cells from the lining of the inner cheek

tissues

cells of similar type band together within the body to form tissues

force

changes the motion of an object

Silver tarnishing is an example of what type of change?

chemical

Currently, some commercially available explosive are tagged with traceable:

chemical markers

As a forensic investigator, looking for DNA evidence is not just important in matching a suspect to a crime scene, what does it also plays a role in?

clearing people who were not at the scene

Which explosion crime scene investigation task would MOST likely be assigned to the most experienced, skilled team members?

collecting residue samples from the scene

cell theory

describes the 3 basic principles of cells: 1) all living things are composed of one or more cells 2) the cell is the basic unit of life 3) new cells arise from existing cells

alleles

different forms of a given gene

phenotypes or traits

different physical appearances resulting from the genotype

wavelength

distance from one crest of a wave to the next or one trough to the next

waves

disturbances that transfer energy from one place to another

Emma is examining evidence from a robbery. She hypothesizes that the robber entered the home from the garage, but when she investigates this, she can't find any signs of forced entry or any physical evidence that supports this. What should her next step be?

draw conclusion

The body of a woman is found buried in a field. Although much of the body has decomposed, her clothes are mostly intact. She appears to have died of suffocation but has no other visible injuries. However, there are bloodstains on both her shirt and pants. Based on location and description, police suspect this is the body of a woman who went missing about 15 years ago. What rationale might a forensic scientist have in choosing whether it's worth it to analyze the bloodstains to see if they match a suspect?

dried blood can still produce nuclear DNA after 20 years

primary explosives

easily ignited or detonated and are very sensitive to heat and friction

kinetic energy

energy of movement-for example, gas molecules moving inside a chamber

carbohydrates

energy-providing sugars found in foods like bread and fruit

Humans, plants and animals are all made up of which type of cell?

eukaryotic

What do scientists relentlessly examine and re-examine from new investigations or discoveries?

evidence

Which of the following is an example of chemistry in forensic science?

extending DNA strands to match samples

T/F: Disorganized crimes are those in which little physical evidence is left behind.

false

T/F: The scientific method includes as many steps as needed for an experiment.

false

T/F: Unless it hits something, a bullet fired toward the sky experiences a constant rate of deceleration as soon as it is fired from a gun.

false

T/F: While investigators can enter a fire scene without a warrant, they are not allowed to gather evidence at the scene without a warrant.

false

Hemophilia is a disease that's X-linked and only appears on the X chromosome. For a male offspring to inherit the disease what has to happen?

he inherits the x-linked trait from her mother

mitochondrial DNA

inherited from one's mother and is found outside of the cell nucleus

When looking at a cell under a microscope, it is noted that it is boxy, with a rigid wall. What could this tell you about the cell?

it may have come from a blade of grass

Why are warrants NOT required to investigate a fire scene?

it's important to know where a fire started and if it could flare up again

levels of organization

levels that describe the hierarchy of living things, from small to large

Solid, liquid, gas and plasma are the four states of what?

matter

What does mass times velocity equal?

momentum

What two types of issues can the vector quantity help us think of?

momentum and direction

facts

observable and measurable observations that can be verified

physical change

occurs when matter changes state without changing its molecular composition

chemical reaction

occurs when the molecular structure of a substance changes

An envelope is discovered at a crime scene. Where might it be examined for DNA?

on the licked area

A situation where you would be likely to use mtDNA is:

on the teeth and bones of skeletonized human remains

restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

one of the methods forensic scientists use to study DNA

complementary base pairings

pairings on the DNA strand

Luci has dark brown hair, brown eyes, and is lactose intolerant. These are all BEST described as examples of Luci's what?

phenotypes

Instead of collecting gas with a syringe, another method involves what?

placing a strip of charcoal in the airtight container

frequency

the number of wave crests or troughs passing through a given point over a given time

What is the blast effect?

the outward rush of gases from a bomb's site of origin

blast effect

the outward rush of gases from the bomb's site of origin

point of origin

the place where a fire began

An examiner is looking over data following a polygraph test. They notice that, in all of the tests that were conducted, there were abnormalities present, such as an irregular heart rate and irregular respiratory rate. This seems to indicate deception. The examiner thoroughly analyzes the data and comes to an ultimate conclusion. This is an example of what type of practice?

the post-test

Suspect A is actually telling the truth, and they describe the events of a certain evening with confidence. After being asked to do so, Suspect A then retells the events of the same evening in the reverse order. What is this suspect relying on?

the power of their memory

inertia

the principle that objects at rest stay at rest, and objects in motion stay in motion at a constant velocity

active transport

the process by which a cell expends energy to move substances into or out of the cell across the plasma membrane

passive transport

the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration across the plasma membrane

extension

the process of creating a complementary strand of DNA to the single strand

replication

the process of creating new DNA from existing DNA

annealing

the process of reforming a double DNA strand

electromagnetic spectrum

the range of possible wavelengths or frequencies

Ricin kills by attacking what part of a cell?

the ribosomes, causing cells to "starve"

criminal profiling

the science of analyzing psychological and behavioral characteristics to determine whether a certain individual is likely to have committed a particular crime

in-test

the second section of a polygraph exam that begins when the machine is hooked up to the examinee

mitochondria

the small structures in the cell that are responsible for creating energy and carry several pieces of DNA

rate of reaction

the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place

demography

the study of human populations that focuses on age, income level, ethnicity, and other social factors

A substance is being examined that has been found at a crime scene. Using a chemical test, it is determined that glycogen is present in the substance. What does this mean for the investigation?

the substance is from a human or animal source

A suspect is brought in for questioning about a string of burglaries. This same suspect has been questioned by police before for other crimes. After about a half-hour of questioning, the 17-year-old suspect confesses to the crime. What would make you question the accuracy of this confession the most?

the suspect is under the age of 18

Molly wants to link a suspect to a crime scene. She has a DNA sample that she has taken from the crime scene, but the suspect is nowhere to be found so she can't get their DNA to compare it to. However, the suspect's family has agreed to give you samples of their DNA. Which family member would be the BEST option to help her see if the crime scene sample can be linked to the suspect?

the suspect's twin brother

post-test

the third and final section of a polygraph exam that starts when the examiner looks at the data to see if anything abnormal shows that the subject was being deceptive in their answers

Arya is investigating a hit and run where her main piece of evidence is tire tracks left at the scene. An eyewitness reports that the car involved was a green SUV and gives her the license plate number. When she locates the car, what is the MOST relevant fact she's looking to find out.

the type of tires on the car

The refractive index used to match questioned glass samples represents:

the variation in the reduction of light's speed in various kinds of glass.

Kiara is investigating a crime scene where a home has been broken into and the homeowner was attacked and robbed while eating her breakfast. On the counter is a plate with a half-eaten piece of toast, the contents of her purse strewn about, and the victim's earring which was knocked off when she was struck. Both windows are open, but screens are intact, and on the floor by the counter is a muddy footprint made by a size 12 men's shoe. What is the MOST relevant fact about this scene that could help Kiara catch the intruder?

there is an unknown footprint on the floor

high explosives

these materials ignite almost instantaneously and include dynamite and TNT

During an autopsy in a homicide case, why would the forensic pathologist give crime scene investigators the pieces of electrical tape used to bind the victim's hands and feet?

they could contain skin or sweat from the murderer

In the levels of organization for biological systems, tissues, organs, and organisms populations are identified. Which of these four is the smallest level of organization?

tissues

When testing for hydrocarbons at a fire scene, what do investigators use a syringe for?

to draw up the gas or vapor released

What is the MOST important purpose of conducting experiments in the scientific method?

to prove or disprove a hypothesis

Why might investigators conducting an interrogation hold back on revealing key pieces of evidence?

to see if the suspect lies about the evidence

T/F: A typical polygraph exam consists of three sections: pre-test, in-test, and post-test.

true

T/F: Fires frequently do not consume all traces of flammable liquids involved.

true

T/F: Ptolemy may not be considered a traditional 'scientist' today.

true

During an arson investigation, evidence is collected near the scene of the fire. Which item collected is an example of a substrate control sample?

unburnt wood flooring near the scene of the fire

secondary explosives

usually much less sensitive to heat and friction and they typically have to be ignited through the use of other explosive materials

epistemologies

ways of knowing something

Cody has been called to a crime scene at a farm. A dead body has been found partially buried in a field. There are wide tire tracks leading to the site, and he finds that a shovel was dropped about 10 feet away. There is no blood at the scene and he believes the victim was killed elsewhere. If his task is to determine how the victim came to be in the field, what would be the BEST thing for him to research right now?

what type of tires made the tracks found

explosion

when gases expand because of a chemical or mechanical action