Food As Medicine-Ponnusamy Exam 1 (all in color)

Immunoglobulin

(IgA) protein with antibody activity

HDL

(high density lopoproteins) The good connected to a decreased risk of heart disease

LDL

(low density lipoproteins) THE BAD connected to an increased risk of heart disease

Factors that can increase the risk of developing chronic diseases are:

an unhealthy diet and physical inactivity tobacco use & alcohol consumption genetics & economic factors

RDA

are based on scientific knowledge and have been presented by the committee of the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS)

Of the under consumes nutrients, calcium, potassium, dietary fiber, and vitamin D

are considered nutrients of public health concern because low intakes are associated with health concerns

heart attack can occur as an effect of

atherosclerosis

Firmicutes:

bad gut microbes

Insoluble fiber

binds with water to help produce bowel movements and prevent constipation

Inflammation

body's natural response against harms two types: acute and chronic often characterized by redness, swelling, warmth, and sometimes pain and some immobility

Overuse of antibiotics and using them incorrectly such as stopping their use prematurely

can cause bateria to become resistant to the antibiotics

B. subtilis

can form spores found in human gut, also in soil used to make Natto- a fermented soybean product

S. mutans:

cause of tooth decay digests sugars, produce lactic acid that weakens tooth enamel

immune system

comprised of T cells, B cells, dendrict cells

"closed" or "coded"

dating that might appear on shelf-table products cans and boxes of food.

Acid-reducing medications

decrease acid in the stomach and increase the pH, which may allow the bad bacteria to make their way into the colon, causing dysbiosis.

RISK FACTORS:

do not necessarily cause chronic diseases

soluble fiber

eating foods with soluble fiber reduces your blood cholesterol level and your risk of developing heart disease

inflmmatory trigger in obesity

excess high-fat diet

Commensal relationship

exist together without harming each other.

Peristalsis

food moves through your digestive system

S. mitis:

forms a biofilm on tooth enamel if it enter blood stream, can cause inflammation of heart

"hidden" dietary fat

french fries, pizza, pasta dishes, baked goods, salad dressings

Simple carbs

fruits honey milk sugars added to cookies, candies, soft drinks

Risk of developing type 2 diabetes is influenced by

genetics obesity

atherosclerosis

hardening of the arteries fatty deposits (plaques) of cholestorol build up-> heart's arteries

Research indicates that the risk of cancer may be decreased by choosing diets:

high in fruits, vegies, antioxiadants and omega-3 fatty acids low in trans fats(more studies needed to determine the association between trans fats and some cancers)

"sell by"

how long to display the product for sale

Cytokines

immune cells use cytokines to communicate small molecules released by cells into the blood also activate inflammation cytokine storms have the potential to do significant damage to body tissues and organs

Reasons for obesity in poor contries: not immediately obvious; complex interactions between:

impacts of population growth decreased physical activity

Ketosis

is a state the body goes into if it needs to break down body fat for energy. The state is marked by raised levels of ketones in the blood which can be used by the body as fuel.

Visceral fat

is stongly linked to metabolic disease and insulin resistance, and an increased risk of death, even for people who have a normal body mass index.

Dysbiosis

is th emedical term doctors use when this gut microflora balance is disturbed and the ratio changes. out of sync between the good, protective bacteria and the harmful, bad bacteria.

The oxidized LDL

is the basis for cholesterol build-up on the artery walls and damage leading to heart disease

Mucosa

is the innermost later of the hastrointestinal tract made up of EPITHELIUM responsible for most digestive, absorptive and secretory processes

Diabetes is the leading cause of

kidney failure lower-limb amputations other than those caused by injury new cases of blindness amoung adults

dendrictic cells

link between bodily tissies and immune system

Chronic diseases:

long term diseases- not contagiour and largely preventable

animal sources (of dietary fats)

meat, cheese, dairy

"used by" or "freeze by"

most important with respect to food safety

inflmmatory response

narrowing and hardening process, bloo flow slows, preventing sifficient oxygen-rich blood from reaching the heart muscles.

dietary cholesterol

only animal products

Nutrition Transition:

over consumption of redily available, inexpensive, high-energy foods

Free radicals

oxidize low density l ipoproteins (LDL)

Oxidation is a chemical process

oxygen-free radicals an important trigger in the atherosclerosis

imflammatory respose

pathogens- a molecule from a microbe, parasite, foreign body, or injured tissue with increased nutrient intake the levels of nutrients flooding the system may rise enough that the overflow stimulates pathogen- sensing pathways

Heart disease

people who eat red meat have a higher risk of heart disease

"use by"

recomended for peak quality

"best if used by (or before)"

recommended for best flavor or quality, NOT a purchase or safety date

salt & stomach cancer: the connection

salt & upper throat cancer: the connection

Asthma

studies looking at whether more diverse gut microbiomes are linked to a lower risk of asthma are inconsistent

Major lifestyle risk factors include:

tabacco use lack of physical acgtivity Range of poor dietary habits

Bacteroidetes

the good gut bacteria

type 2 diabetes

the pancreas may produce insulin, but the insulin-requiring cells do not respond to insulin in a normal way Elevated blood glucose levels can damage blood vessels and lead to CVD

"open dating"

A labeling method that indicates the freshness, or shelf life, of a perishable product, such as milk or bread. ie. meat, poultry, eggs and dairy products

Carbohydrates

A nutrient that is the main source of energy for the body

Extra protein is not used efficiently by the body and may impose a metabolic burden on the bones, kidneys, liver.

ALSO, high-protein/high-meat diets may also be associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease due to intakes of saturated fat and cholestorol or even cancer

Gut microbiota: Fuctions

Adhere to the intestinal wall, the harmful bacteria cannot produce antimicrobial substances(enzymes or proteins that kill bad bacteria) produce mucin to boost immunity helps: body digest certain foods production of some vitamins absorption of some nutrients, like calcium, magnesium, and iron

Consuming too much or too little of foods/nutrients can cause illness

CDC: Centers for Disease Control: maintain mortality, morbidity rates measure deaths and illnesses over time TB incidence has declined over the past century; prevalence of Type 2 diabetes has increased

IBD/IBS/Ulcerative colitis/Crohn's disease

Chronic intestinal inflammation

C. diffiile diarrhea:

Clostridium difficile, commonly called C. diff a classic example of a bacterial imbalance getting you in trouble.

Human gut-associated microbiota are dominated by four main phyla:

Firmicutes, bacteroidetes, actinobacteria and proteobacteria

Complex carbs:

Grains (bread & pasta) vegetables (potatoes & beans) rice cereals Wheat tortillas whole-wheat rolls

Insulin and Glucagon

Hormones that regulate blood glucose & energy storage; produced by pancreas

how much oil to consume?

6 teaspoons or 2 tablespoons of oil per day

colon

6ft large intestine

Epidemiological transition:

Patterns of disease shifts away from infectious an dnutrient deficiencies towards meabolic syndrome-related diseases and some types of cancers Economic factors have broader influence on global eating habits than might be expected from analyses of dietary trends in developed nations

The nutrition transition

Shift towards a higher density diet with a greater role for fat and added sugars in foods

epithetial cells

also called colonocytes, are the gatekeepers of th egut

Some nutrients are consumed by many individuals in amounts below the adaquate intake levels

these incluse but not limited to, potassium, dietary fiber, magnesium, calcium, and vitamins A,D, E, & C Low intakes for most of these nutrients occur within the context of unhealthy overall eating patterns, due to low intakes of the food groups- vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and dairy- that contain these nutrients

subcutaneous fat

under the skin around the belly, thighs and rear

Plant sources ( dietary fats)

veg. oils, nuts, avocados

visceral fat

wraps around the internal organs