Forensics-Chapters 6-9, 13,16

Edward Heinrich

"The Wizard of Berkeley"-worked on the Siskiyou robbery case

Magnifying glass

Magnifies between 5-10 times

measuring alcohol intake

1. Direct chemical analysis of the blood for alcohol content 2. Measurement of the alcohol content of the breath

Forensic Science

A scientific and professional discipline for recognizing, identifying, evaluating and individualizing physical evidence by applying natural, life and social sciences to law-science matters.

delta

All loops must have one; the ridge point nearest the type-line divergence is the...

Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrophotometry

By determining what wavelengths that electrons emit (measuring the intensities of these wavelengths and comparing them to those generated by known standards), the analyst can determine what elements are present in the sample using this process

MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETER

Combines a microscope with a spectrophotometer and Analyzes trace materials

Emission Spectrometry

For atoms excited by a high-temperature energy source this light emission is commonly called...

Siskiyou Train Robbery

Heinrich studied dust and debris on a pair of overalls in this case, leading to a massive manhunt for the suspects

3 methods to identify gunshot residue

Inductively Coupled Plasma, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry

whorls

Observed in 30 to 35% of the population, these fingerprint traits must have type lines, a minimum of two deltas and divide into four distinct groups - plain, central pocket loop, double loop and accidental

arches

Observed in about 5% of the population, these fingerprint traits do not have type lines, deltas or cores and divide into two distinct groups: plain and tented

Microscopy

The analytical approach in which a microscope plays a central role in maximizing the extraction of useful information from a variety of samples

X-Ray Diffraction

The atomic planes of a crystal cause an incident beam of X-rays to interfere with one another as they leave the crystal-a phenomena called...

type line

The pattern area surrounded by two diverging ridges is the...

atomic number

This number is equal to the number of protons in an atom's nucleus

mass spectrometer

an instrument which can measure the masses and relative concentrations of atoms and molecules.

Schmerber vs California

a case involving an Automobile collision; suspect Arrested on DUI charges; Blood sample taken by a doctor at the direction of police- over objection of defendant; Court ruled against defendant

Mathieu Orfila

father of forensic toxicology

Loops

fingerprint trait observed in 60 to 65% of the population; Must have one or more ridges entering from one side and exiting from the same side

Stereoscopic microscope

magnifies between 10 to 125 times

Scanning Electron Microscope

magnifies up to 1 Million times

Compound microscope

magnifies up to 1500 times

Paul Kirk

he advocated using microscopic trace evidence to help solve crimes

10 elements

how many elements make up approximately 99% of the earth's crust?

Maryland Rapist Case

in this case, researchers used dust evidence from two shirts to identify the perpetrator and determined that it was the same person, they worked with drywall, and that they worked indoors

stereoscopic exam

investigators perform this examination initially to look for gunpowder

Scanning Electron Microscopy

investigators use this method to identify gunshot primer residue

Anthropometry

scientific method of identification replaced by fingerprinting in the early 1900s

Microscopic Trace Evidence

scientists use this to help detectives investigate crimes by providing facts and developing well-reasoned conclusions

opium

the source of most narcotics is...

Inorganic

these components are found in metal, pigments in paints and dyes, explosive formulations and certain poisons

trace elements

these elements (generally present in concentrations of less than 1%) can serve as invisible markers for the trace evidence examiner when comparing materials in case work

radial loops

these loops (named after the radius) open toward the thumb

Ulnar loops

these loops (named after the ulna) open toward the little finger

carbon

this element comprises less than 0.1% of the earth's crust

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

this is an analytical technique that measures the concentrations of elements

POLARIZING MICROSCOPE

this microscope RE-DIRECTS LIGHT WAVES TO ONE PLANE, ELIMINATES LIGHT GLARE, DETECTS WITH SECOND POLARIZER, AND ANALYZES MATERIALS THAT POLARIZE LIGHT

Compound Microscope

this microscope has two lenses, objective and eyepiece, combined power of both lenses can magnify up to 1500X

cuticle, cortex, medulla

three anatomical regions of hair are...

oxygen and silicon

three-quarters of the weight of the earth's crust is composed of only two elements, which are...

birefringence

when mineral crystals have two distinct indices (more than one index) of refraction, this instance is called...