French Revolution
1. Legislative Assembly 2. Consulate 3. National Convention 4. Directory 5. National Assembly
5, 1, 3, 4,2
Nelson destroys the French fleet here
Abukir Bay
Commander of the English fleet that destroyed the French at Abukir bay
Admiral Horatio Nelson
This was drawn from the upper ranks of the aristocracy. it was called in 1787 in order to resolve the financial crisis by getting the first and second estates to agree to be taxed. They refused, stating that only the Estates General could create new taxes. This required the calling of the Estates General.
Assembly of Notables
In effect these were government bonds backed by the sale of church property. They were so acceptable to the people that they circulated as currency, but the value fell.
Assignats
Bloodiest battle in Russia
Borodino
Lists of grievances
Cahiers de Doleances
This made the Roman Catholic church a branch of the secular state. Clergy were paid by the state and became its employees. The clergy had to take an aoath to supported the Constitution. It redrew the ecclesiastical map of France. Reduced the number of bishoprics by more than a third, transformed bishops and priests into civil offices.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Purpose was to carry out the duties of government, the "twelve who ruled."
Committee of Public Safety
Agreement between Napoleon and the Church
Concordat of 1801
Met at the conclution of the Napoleonic wars
Congress of Vienna
This established France as a constitutional monarchy. Under it, the major political authority of the nation would be a unicameral legislature in which all laws would originate. The Assembly had the power to make war and peace. It provided for an elaborate system of indirect elections and citizens were divided into two categories - active and passive. Power was essentially transferred into the hands of all propertied wealth in the nation.
Constitution of 1791
Effectively ended the revolution in France
Consulate
First act was to declare France a republic. They put Louis XVI on trial and executed him. its election in 1792 marked the beginning of politcal democracy - the first elected by universal manhood suffrage - yet only 10 percent of the potential electorate voted for it - amny abstained or were turned away. Itwsa the government of the radical phase of the revolution.
Convention
Brought Napoleon to power
Coup d'etat of Brumaire
This legislation effectively ended the Old Regime. In response to the Great Fear, the nobles and the clergy gave up all of their privileges - including their agreement to pay taxes.
Decrees of Aug. 3, 1789
Created by the Constitution of the Year III - it was made up of an executive body with five member elcted by the Council of Elders
Directory
"Reflections on the Revolution in France"
Edmund Burke
On July 14, 1789, a mob breaks into government buildings in search of arms. Part of the garrison is killed any many casualties are suffered by the mob. It had enormous symbolic significance and did much to ensure the destruction of the Old Regime. It its aftermath, Louis visited Paris and recognized the legitimacy of the National Guard.
Fall of the Bastille
Louis and his family, disguised as peasants, left the palace in a royal carriage and attempted to escape to the Belgian border. Louis was recognized and they were escorted back to Paris.
Flight to Varenne
Spoke out against the Directory. "conspiracy of equals"
Gracchus Babeuf
What is Edmund Burke's view of the Revolution?
He believed it was shortsighted and ignorant.
the Mointain
Highest seats, radicals
Called this because they met in a monastery
Jacobins
Which group was closely associated with the Reign of Terror?
Jacobins
Swiss banker who became France's director-general of finances. He attempted to reform the budget and bring France some financial order. He produced a report that outlined France's financial situation angering the aristocracy so he was forced to resign - the end of attempted reform.
Jacques Necker
Conservative Austiran foreign minister
Kliemens von Metternich
This was the legislature created by the Constitution of 1791. It was to function as part of a constitutional monarchy and would be responsible for forming laws. It was quickly split by elements that wanted a republic.
Legislative Assembly
Battle of Nations
Leipzig
Youngest daughter of Maria Theresa. Ill equipped for her chore (badly educated and extravagant), rumors of her behavior incensed Parisian crowds. She was executed in October of 1793.
Marie Antoinette
A new standard of weights and measures - intended to bring order and simplicity out of the older disordered system. Based upon natural law.
Metric System
Levee en masse
Military requisition on the entire population
A butcher's daughter from Montauban in northwest France, she became a major revolutionary radical in Paris and composed a Declaration of the Rights of Woman, which she addressed to Marie Antoinette. She demanded that women be regarded as citizens and outlined rights that would permit women to won property and require men to recognize the paternity of their children. She opposed the Terror and was executed in 1793.
Olympe de Gouges
This was an independent politcal force - a committee that ran the municipal wards of Paris. It cast itself in the role of protector of the gains of the revolution against both internal and external enemies.
Paris Commune
Fought against Spain and Protuagl
Penisnsular campaign
Emperor Leopold II of Austria and Frederick William II of Prussia promise to intervene in France to protect the royal family and to preserve the monarchy if the other major European powers agreed
Prussian manifesto
Three months of quasi-judicial executions and murders
Reign of Terror
Powerful leading figure on the Committe of PUblic Safety
Robespierre
Twelve hundred were executed as mobs moved from jail to jail
September Massacres
Founded by Paulilne Leon and Claire Lancombe. Purpose was fight internal enemies.
Society of Revolutionary Republican Women
Island in the south Atlantic
St. Helena
In this, the National Assembly declared that it would not cease meeting until it had written a constitution for France.
Tennis Court Oath
In its attempt to crush efforts by urban workers to protect their wages, the Assembly passed this which forbade workers' associations.
The Chapelier Law
Influenced by the Enlightenment writers and by the American Declaration of Independence.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man
This was a violent uprising in the rural countryside by peasants in July of 1789 - they burned chateaux, destroyed records of feudal obligations, and refused to pay feudal dues. Many aristocrats were killed.
The Great Fear
This was created to "try the enemies of the Revolution"
The Revolutionary Tribunal
The struggles of the previous stage lead to exhaustion. people lose focus and dserie normalcy. htere begins a period of "convalescence" - revoery, during which revolutionary excitement declines. The Radicals are crushed, the moderates are accepted again. There may even be moves by elements of the old order to reestablish themselves. This period of resignation and disagreement then leads to the acceptance of a dictator who still uses the words and ideas of the revolution.
Thermidorean Reaction
This was made up of three groups - the bougeoisie, the urban middle-class merchants, manufacturers, doctors, and lawyers; the urban working class; and the agricultural peasantry. They represented 97 percent of France's population.
Third Estate
French fleet is destroyed off the Spanish coast
Trafalgar
Created by the meeting of Napoleon and Alexander I. It confirmed French gains in Europe. Prussia lost half its territory. Russia secretly became an ally of France.
Treaty of Tilsit
Foreign Minister of England
Viscount Castlereagh
Nepoleon's final dfeat
Waterloo
The Abbe Sieyes exerted a major influence of the French Revolution through his book
What is the Third Estate?
Royalists in southern and western France conducted a campaign of violence against the former Revolutionaries and supporters of Napoleon.
White Terror
Thermidorean Reaction refers to
a reassertion of authority by the respectable bourgeoisie
Napoleon helped amke the French Revolution an international movement in the areas he conqured by
abolishing feudalism and manorialism
The Hundred Days was
an unsuccessful attempt by Napoleon to restore himself as a credible European leader
The French Revoluttion up to 1795 has often been considered a victory of the
bougeosie.
Louis XVI was condemned to death on the charge of
conspiring against the liberty of the people
The Law of 22 Prairial permitted the
conviction of counterrevolutionaries without substantial evidences
These were aristocrats who fled France at the beginning of the Revolution, they settled near the French border and were a constant source of counterrevolutionary fervor. The threat they posed drove the Revolution in more radical directions.
emigres
He was the "man of August 10" Lost a power struggle iwth Robespierre.
jacques Danton
three territorial adjustment
kingdom of netherlands austria gained control of northern italy prussia was given new territories along the rhine river
draft
levee en masse
Recent challenges to the traditional explanation of the origins of the French Revolution have centered on the fact that the
nobility and upper bourgeoisie were not necessarily pitted against each other.
Assignats were
paper currency issued by the National Assembly
Core value of the republic of virtue
public good over private good
Agreement between Briatin, Austira,Russia, and Prussia, collective security.
quadruple alliance
In the Tennis Court Oath, the Third Estate swore to
remain in session until a new Constitution was written
The shopkeepers, artisans, wage earners, and factory workers that were more radical than the Jacobins. They hit the streets everytime they were displeased with the course of the Revolution. Miniature popular assemblies in each of the forty-eight sections of Paris made up those "without knee pants."
sans-culottes
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy passed by the National Assembly required
the clergy to take an oath of loyalty to the government.
Napoleon Bonaparte's "continental System" had as its goal
the defeat of Britain through economic warface
The immediate cause of the outbreak of revolution in 1789 was
the government's financial crisis.
A vocal element in the French Revolution, the sans-culottes were
the urban working class