FSOT 1

Electoral College

"(i-LEK-tuhr-uhl) The presidential electors who meet after the citizens vote for president and cast ballots for the president and vice president. Each state is granted the same number of electors as it has senators (see United States Senate) and representatives combined. These electors, rather than the public, actually elect the president and the vice president. The Founding Fathers assumed that electors would exercise discretion and not necessarily be bound by the popular vote, but the rise of political parties undermined this assumption. Electors are now pledged in advance to vote for the candidate of their party, and nearly always do so. Thus, the vote of the Electoral College is largely a formality.

Battle of Quebec

"1759 - James Wolfe lead and army to meet French troops near the Plains of Abraham. Both he and the French commander, Marquis de Montcalm, died. The French were ultimately defeated and the city of Quebec surrendered.

Florida Purchase Treaty

"1819 - Also known as the Adams-Onis Treaty. Spain sold Florida to the U.S. and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act (repeal of)

"1890 - Directed the Treasury to buy even larger amounts of silver that the Bland-Allison Act and at inflated prices. The introduction of large quantities of overvalued silver into the economy lead to a run on the federal gold reserves, leading to the Panic of 1893. Repealed in 1893.

George McClellan

"A Union general in the Civil War.

containment, policy of

"A United States foreign policy doctrine adopted by the Harry S. Truman administration in 1947, operating on the principle that communist governments will eventually fall apart as long as they are prevented from expanding their influence.

left-wing

"A descriptive term for an individual or a political faction that advocates liberal, radical, or even revolutionary policies, usually in favor of overcoming social inequalities. In the United States, left-wing groups generally support federal social welfare programs designed to open opportunities to all citizens. (Compare right-wing.)

Interstate Commerce Commission

"A federal agency that monitors the business operations of carriers transporting goods and people between states. Its jurisdiction includes railroads, ships, trucks, buses, oil pipelines, and their terminal facilities.

Populism

"A political doctrine or philosophy that aims to defend the interests of the common people against an entrenched, self-serving or corrupt elite.

A man’s home is his castle

"A proverbial expression that illustrates the principle of individual privacy, which is fundamental to the American system of government. In this regard, the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitutionâ€"part of the Bill of Rightsâ€"prohibits “unreasonable searches and seizures.â€

AFL-CIO

"Abbreviation for the American Federation of Laborâ€"Congress of Industrial Organizations, two groups that merged in 1955 to become the largest federation of labor unions in the United States. Member unions, including a variety of workers from machinists to musicians, make up over seventy percent of the unionized labor force in the United States.

Social Reforms

"Abolition of debtors’ prisons and changes in criminal codes allow people to be punished but also rehabilitated.

Stanton, Anthony, Chapman Catt

"All suffregettes

The National Road

"Also called the Cumberland Road

Federal Bureau of Investigation

"An agency of the United States federal government, long headed by J. Edgar Hoover, which investigates violations of federal (rather than state or local) laws, including kidnaping, smuggling narcotics, and espionage.

First Amendment

"An amendment to the United States Constitution guaranteeing the rights of free expression and action that are fundamental to democratic government. These rights include freedom of assembly, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech. The government is empowered, however, to restrict these freedoms if expression threatens to be destructive. Argument over the extent of First Amendment freedoms has often reached the Supreme Court. (See clear and present danger, libel, and obscenity.)

Alaskan pipeline

"An oil pipeline that runs eight hundred miles from oil reserves in Prudhoe Bay, on the northern coast of Alaska, to the port of Valdez, on Alaska’s southern coast, from which the oil can be shipped to markets. Also called the Trans-Alaska pipeline.

The Open Door Note

"Asked Imperialist Nations to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market.

Funding

"Based on the natural laws of supply and demand and Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations. (1776)

Roger B. Taney

"Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and helped Jackson crush the Bank of the U.S.

Independent Treasury Act

"Divorced" US government from banking. Passed in 1840 but was repealed by Whigs (who wanted to revive Bank of US) the next year.

Josiah Strong

"Enivisioned a ""final competition of races,"" in which the Anglo-Saxons would emerge victorious.

NAACP

"Founded in 1909 by a group of black and white intellectuals. Stands for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

Franklin Pierce

"Fourteenth President

amicus curiae

"Friend of the Court"; a third party to a lawsuit who files a legal brief for the purpose of raising additional points of view in an attempt to influence a court's decision.

John Quincy Adams

"Helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent.

Alexander Hamilton

"Helped write the Federalist Papers

Republicanism

"Idea made by Paine.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

"In 1890, he wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History. He was a proponent of building a large navy. He said that a new, modern navy was necessary to protect the international trade America depended on and that control of the sea as the key to world.

Free Market Economy

"Invisible Hand" regulates prices, wages, product mix, etc

Clay, Calhoun, Webster

"Leaders who came about during the debate over the Tariff of 1816. (This put a 20-30% tariff on imported goods to protect American’s economy)

Carpetbaggers

"Northerners accused of sleazily seeking power and profit in a now-desolate South.

Fifth Amendment

"One of the ten amendments to the United States Constitution that make up the Bill of Rights. The Fifth Amendment imposes restrictions on the government’s prosecution of persons accused of crimes. It prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy and mandates due process of law.

Vertical Integration

"Owning every step of the manufacturing process.

Horizontal Integration

"Owning many different businesses who sell the same thing.

Lone Star State

"Perhaps one of the most recognized nicknames of any state, ""The Lone Star State"" comes from the symbolism of the star on the 1836 flag of the republic, the ""National Standard of Texas."" The single golden star on a blue background signified Texas as an independent republic and was a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from Mexico.

The "Sun Belt"

"Smiling crescent" of 15 states in Southern America. The population increased in this area at double the rate of old industrial zones in the Northeast (Frostbelt)

Sugar and Currency Acts

"Sugar - Established a number of new duties and contained provisions aimed at deterring molasses smugglers. It was explicity designed to generate revenue for the British government. (1764)

James G. Blaine

"The 1884 nomination for the Rebublican presidential candidate. Pan-Americanism stated that events in the Americans affected the U.S. and we thus had reason to intervene.

Judicial Nationalism

"The Constitution and Federal Law is superior to State Constitutions and State Lawâ€"Article VI of the Constitution

French Alliance

"The colonies needed help from Europe in their war against Britain. France was Britain's rival and hoped to weaken Britain by causing her to lose the American colonies. The French were persuaded to support the colonists by news of the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga.

integration

"The free association of people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds (see ethnicity); a goal of the civil rights movement to overcome policies of segregation that have been practiced in the United States.

capital punishment

"The infliction of the death penalty as punishment for certain crimes. (See capital offense.)

busing

"The movement of students from one neighborhood to a school in another neighborhood, usually by bus and usually to break down de facto segregation of public schools.

freedom of assembly

"The right to hold public meetings and form associations without interference by the government. Freedom of peaceful assembly is guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution.

Quakers

"They believed human religious institutions were, for the most part, unnecessary.

Federalist Papers

"This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution.

Patriots

"Those who supported rebellion and were called “Whigs.â€

Loyalists

"Those who supported the King.

Zachary Taylor

"Twelfth President

Shakers

"Universal Friends" - Promoted celibacy (died out unsurprisingly)

Charles Townshend

"reated the Townshend Acts

John Tyler

"tenth President

Massachussets Body of Liberties?

(1641): First established legal code in New England. Compiled by the Puritan minister Nathaniel Ward.

Constitution

(1787-1989) The fundamental law of the US. Established strong central government in place of the Articles of Confederation

11th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1795): Clarifies judicial power over foreign nationals, and limits ability of citizens to sue states in federal courts and under federal law.

12th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1804): Changes the method of presidential elections so that members of the electoral college cast separate ballots for president and vice president.

Indian Removal Act?

(1830): A law passed by Congress in order to facilitate the relocation of American Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands further west. It authorized President Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living within the boundaries of existing U.S. states. Resulted in the forcable movement of tens of thousands of native americans. The most well known was the Trail of Tears (1838), when 4,000 cherokees were killed during their forced relocation.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"

Mexican War?

(1846-1848) A war between the United States and Mexico, resulting in the cession by Mexico of lands now constituting all or most of the states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado.

13th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1865): Abolishes slavery and grants Congress power to enforce abolition.

14th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1868): Defines United States citizenship; prohibits states from abridging citizens' privileges or immunities and right to due process and the equal protection of the law; repeals the three-fifths compromise.

15th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1870): Prohibits the federal government and the states from using a citizen's race, color, or previous status as a slave as a qualification for voting.

Battle of the Little Bighorn?

(1876): Also called Custer's Last Stand, it was the most famous incident of the Indian Wars. Cheyenne and Sioux indians killed Custer and all of his men.

Munn V. Illinois

(1877) United States Supreme Court Case that ended up allowing states to regulate business within their borders, including railroads

Pendleton Civil Service Act

(1883): Did away with the "spoils system" and made the hiring of federal employees merit based.

United States v. E.C. Knight Co

(1895) Congress wanted to bust a trust because it controled 98% of sugar manufacturing. Supreme court said no because it wasn't interstate commerce which they do have the right to regulate. Severely weakend the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Elkins Act

(1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers

16th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1913): Authorizes unapportioned federal taxes on income.

17th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1913): Establishes direct election of senators.

18th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1919): Prohibited the manufacturing, importing, and exporting of beverage alcohol. Repealed by the Twenty-First Amendment.

19th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1920): Prohibits the federal government and the states from using a citizen's sex as a qualification for voting.

20th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1933): Changes details of Congressional and presidential terms and of presidential succession. (lame duck ammendment)

21st Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1933): Repeals Eighteenth Amendment but permits states to retain prohibition and ban the importation of alcohol.

Korematsu v. United States

(1944) Japanese American was convicted of not reporting to internment camp. Court upheld the president's power to intern probable threats during wartime

22nd Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1951): Limits president to two terms.

Browder v. Gayle

(1956) Ended segregation in the public transportation system after the Montgomery Bus Boycott

23rd Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1961): Grants presidential electors to the District of Columbia.

24th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1964): Prohibits the federal government and the states from requiring the payment of a tax as a qualification for voting for federal officials. (poll taxes)

25th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1967): Changes details of presidential succession, provides for temporary removal of president, and provides for replacement of the vice president.

26th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1971): Prohibits the federal government and the states from using an age greater than 18 as a qualification to vote.

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

27th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

(1992): Limits congressional pay raises. Was one of original 12 bill of rights.

American Temperance Union

(AJ) , 1836, It united temperance groups and distributed tracts warning against strong drink

Pet Banks

(AJ) , State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank.

Trail of Tears

(AJ) , The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Tariff of 1832

(AJ) , The Tariff of 1832 was a protectionist tariff in the United States. It was passed as a reduced tariff to remedy the conflict created by the tariff of 1828, but it was still deemed unsatisfactory by southerners and other groups hurt by high tariff rates. Southern opposition to this tariff and its predecessor, the Tariff of Abominations, caused the Nullification Crisis involving South Carolina. The tariff was later lowered down to 35 percent, a reduction of 10 percent, to pacify these objections.

Second Bank of the United States

(AJ) , chartered in 1816, much like its predecessor of 1791 but with more capital; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business.

Oberlin College

(AJ) , first college to teach women and African Americans

Emma Willard

(AJ) , in 1821 founded Troy Female Seminary in New York which was a model for girls' schools everywhere

Nominating Convention

(AJ) , meeting at which a political party chooses a candidate, religious qualification dropped

Lucretia Mott

(AJ) , was an American Quaker minister, abolitionist, social reformer and proponent of women's rights. She is credited as the first American "feminist" in the early 1800s but was, more accurately, the initiator of women's political advocacy.

Mary Lyon

(AJ) in 1837 founded the first college for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary

Tariff of 1833*

(AJ) set up by henry clay, it was a way to prevent jackson from victory. clay aptly deserves his title as the great comprimiser. it allowed for the tariff of 1832, with a 10 percent decrease every year for 10 years, when the tariff rate would be back to where it was in 1816. it was squezed through congress.

First Labor Unions*

(AJ), in Philly, wanted 1) abolition of imprisonment for debt 2) free education 3) abolition of prison contract 4) 10 hour work day

Fifteenth Amendment

(AJohn) , Banned states from denying African Americans the right to vote

Purchase of Alaska*

(AJohn) , In December, 1866, the U.S. offered to take Alaska from Russia. Russia was eager to give it up, as the fur resources had been exhausted, and, expecting friction with Great Britain, they preferred to see defenseless Alaska in U.S. hands. Called "Seward's Folly" and "Seward's Icebox", the purchase was made in 1867 for $7,200,000 and gave the U.S. Alaska's resources of fish, timber, oil and gold.

Grandfather Clause

(AJohn) , Law that excused a voter from a literacy test if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867

Radical Republicans

(AJohn) , Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war

Thirteenth Amendment

(AJohn) , abolished slavery

Fourteenth Amendment

(AJohn) , made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country

Johnson Impeachment

(AJohn) fired someone who was on tenure, only republican, democrats looking for reason to get rid of him

First Bull Run*

(AL) , 1861-- First battle of the Civil War. Union soldiers were commanded by McDowell and defeated by the Confederate soldiers under Beauregard (Stonewall Jackson)

Ten Percent Plan*

(AL) , 1863, when 10 percent of the voters of a state took an oath of loyalty to the Union, the State could form a government and adopt a new constitution that banned slavery

National Banking System

(AL) , Authorized by Congress in 1863 to establish a standard bank currency. Banks that joined the system could buy bonds and issue paper money. First significant step toward a national bank. (North)

Emancipation Proclamation

(AL) , Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Second Bull Run

(AL) , McClellan gets his butt kick and the South defeats North, 1862

Greenbacks

(AL) , Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

Copperheads

(AL) , a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War, Vallandigham

Bounties

(AL) , payments to encourage volunteers (North not South)

William Sherman

(AL) , scorched earth" policies that he implemented in conducting total war. Leading Union general. Known for saying 'War is Hell.'

Gettysburg

(AL) 1863 (meade and lee), July 1-3, 1863, turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle

Vicksburg

(AL), 1863 , a decisive battle in the American Civil War (1863)

alderman

(AWL-duhr-muhn) A member of a city council. Aldermen usually represent city districts, called wards, and work with the mayor to run the city government. Jockeying among aldermen for political influence is often associated with machine politics

Bakke decision

(BAK-ee) An important ruling on affirmative action given by the Supreme Court in 1978. Allan Bakke, a white man, was denied admission to a medical school that had admitted black candidates with weaker academic credentials. Bakke contended that he was a victim of racial discrimination. The Court ruled that Bakke had been illegally denied admission to the medical school, but also that medical schools were entitled to consider race as a factor in admissions. The Court thus upheld the general principle of affirmative action.

Populist Party

(BH) , Founded 1891 - James B. Weaver, problem was overproduction, called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

(BH) Authorized the President to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves

Strong Navy

(CAA)

Civil Service Reform

(CAA) , Congress took action in the late 19th century to protect ethical politicians and create standards for political service; including, a civil service test for those seeking a job in government.

Merit System*

(CAA), A system of public employment in which selection and promotion depend on demonstrated performance rather than political patronage.

Veterans' Bureau Scandal

(CC) Colonel Forbes goes to jail for conspiring to sell narcotics, liquor, and other government property

Oil in Mexico

(CC) now Mexico saying the mineral wealth belonged to there govt, America agreed as long as their property rights weren't disturbed, Obregon become President, then Calles, (CC) sends Morrow to settle dispute

Teapot Dome

(CC), a government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Little Rock

(DDE) , Governor Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to surround Central High School to keep the nine students from entering the school, because he believed black and whites should be segregated, despite Federal laws on integration. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne Division to keep them safe

Taiwan Quemoy Matsu****

(DDE) 1953, Eisenhower said that they would aid Nationalist China, but if they acted against Taiwan, they would repel

Suez Crisis*

(DDE) 1956, , when President Nasser of Egypt announced his intention to build a damn in the Suez to provide power and irrigation to Egypt, the United States offered its financial support, withdrawing it when Nasser spoke with the Communists on the subject. Nasser responded by nationalizing the Suez canal, which was previously owned by British and French stockholders. This hurt Europe by crippling their oil supply, most of which came from the Persian Gulf. The French and British retaliated by striking Egypt, confident that the United States would supply them with the oil they needed while they foughtwith the Middle East. President Eisenhower refused to do so, forcing the allies to withdraw their troops. As a result, U.N. troops acted for the first time to maintain peace and order in the world. Soviets tried to interfere. Eisenhown put the Strategic Air Command on alert.

Eisenhower Doctrine*

(DDE) 1957, , policy of the US that it would defend the middle east against attack by any communist country, Arab states said to leave Lebanon alone

French Indochina

(DDE) a French colony that included Vietnam , Laos, and Cambodia, but Vietminh captured the fRench fortress of Dien Bien Phy, North was a Communist State, south independent, they wanted to resist of Communism

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

(DDE), A regional defense pact pulled together by Dulles to prevent the "fall" to communism of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

Summit Conference

(DDE), Eisenhower, discuss nuclear testing and disarmament with Soviet Union, but then U-2 incident, US first said it was just for meterological plan but the Russians caught Francis Powers, Khrushchev demanded apology, and violation of Russian territory, but Eisenhowr refused both demand.

Interstate Highway Act

(DDE), now rapid growth of suburban housing, like Levittown, NY , 1956 law that authorized the speding of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles oh highway. The scale of suburban growth would not have been remotely possible without a massive federal program of highway building. Committed to the idea of easing automobile travel, President Eisenhower authorized the first funding of the Interstate system in 1953. Further legislation passed by Congress in 1956 resulted in the Interstate Highway Act. This consisted of multilane expressways that would connect the nations major cities. Biggest public works expedenture in history even bigger than any New Deal program. The new highways eased commutes from suburbs to cities, boosted travel and vacation industries.

E pluribus unum

(EE PLOOR-uh-buhs YOOH-nuhm, OOH-nuhm) A motto of the United States; Latin for “Out of many, one.†It refers to the Union formed by the separate states. E pluribus unum was adopted as a national motto in 1776 and is now found on the Great Seal of the United States and on United States currency.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

(FDR following death) nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman

blitzkrieg*

(FDR) , "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939

National Youth Administration

(FDR) , (NYA)1935, provided education jobs counseling and recreation for young people. part time positions at schools for students allowed for aid in h.s. college and grad school. part time jobs for drop outs

Public Works Administration

(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.

Lend Lease Act*

(FDR) , 1941 March; Congress' act which allied the president to lend or sell war materials to any country he deemed vital to that country's defense, had to return things though, Taft was against, used "gum theory"

Pearl Harbor!

(FDR) , 1941 United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

Operation Overload

(FDR) , Name given to the planned Allied invasion of France

Battle of Midway*

(FDR) , U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

Neutrality Act 1935

(FDR) , reaction from Italy's act on Ethopia, no selling arms, The 1935 act, signed on August 31, 1935, imposed a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials with all parties in a war. It also declared that American citizens traveling on warring ships traveled at their own risk. The act was set to expire after six months

Stimson Doctrine

(FDR) 1932, , 1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria

Tennessee Valley Authority!*

(FDR) 1933, , A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Civilian Conservation Corps

(FDR) 1933, , March 31, 1933; unemployment relief act; hired young men for reforestation programs, firefighting. flood control, spawn drainage, etc;

Federal Securities Act

(FDR) 1933, 1934, , required promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds

Banking Acts

(FDR) 1933, 1935 , AKA (Steagall Act) June 16. Separated commercial from investment banksing (recently overturned), established FDIC*** (Federal Deposit Insurance Corp) which guarantees deposits.

National Industrial Recovery Act

(FDR) 1933, focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA, established Public Works Administration and National Recovery Administration to help economic recovery from Great Depression; NRA was ruled unconstitutional in Schechter Poultry v. US

National Housing Act

(FDR) 1934 , June 28, 1934- It created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation. It was designed to stop the tide of bank foreclosures on family homes, it instead gave loans

Tydings McDuffie Act

(FDR) 1934, provided for the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution for a 10-year "transitional period" which became the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence, during which the US would maintain military forces in the Philippines. The nation did not want to have to support the Philippines if Japan attacked there.

Home Owners Loan Act

(FDR) 1934, refinancing mortgages at lower rates, preventing foreclosure of home mortgages

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

U.S v. Butler

(FDR) 1936 as a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act were unconstitutional.

National Housing Act #2

(FDR) 1937 , 1937-Wagner=Sponser. Rasied $500mill for urban slum clearance & public housing projects

Quarantine Speech*

(FDR) 1937, , The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

Battle of Britain

(FDR) 1940, German air forces invaded Britain but the British Royal Air Force drove them out with the help of the new invention radar that let them know where the German planes were

Selective Service Act*

(FDR) 1940, first peace time draft, 21 through 35 years old

San Francisco Conference

(FDR) 1945 - This conference expanded the drafts of the Yalta and Dumbarton Oaks conferences and adopted the "United Nations" Charter.

Yalta Conference

(FDR) 1945, want quick end to war "The Big Three" FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War, Stalin broke promise on free elections and representative govt.

National Labor Relations Act

(FDR) A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations. *, Made sure workers were treated and payed well and not getting abused by their business. *this law created the National Labor Relations Board to enforce the law and supervise shop elections

Panay Incident

(FDR) Dec. 12, 1937, The Panay incident was when Japan bombed a American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized.

Tehran Conference*

(FDR) December, 1943, a meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace

Neutrality Act of 1939

(FDR) European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position

WW2 People

(FDR) Hitler, Mussolini (Axis with H), Winston Churchill, SW - Stimson, SN - Knox, (FDR), MacArthur

Neutrality Act 1937

(FDR) The Neutrality Act of 1937, passed in May, included the provisions of the earlier acts, this time without expiration date, and extended them to cover civil wars as well. Further, U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations, however private ships can come at on risk

United Nations

(FDR) an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

Neutrality Act 1936

(FDR) forbade loans or credit for belligerents

Political Action Committee

(FDR), committee formed by a special-interest group to raise money for their favorite political candidates

felony

(FEL-uh-nee) A grave crime, such as murder, rape, or burglary, that is punishable by death (see capital offense) or imprisonment in a state or federal facility.

filibuster

(FIL-uh-bus-tuhr) A strategy employed in the United States Senate, whereby a minority can delay a vote on proposed legislation by making long speeches or introducing irrelevant issues. A successful filibuster can force withdrawal of a bill. Filibusters can be ended only by cloture.

Personal Liberty Laws

(FP) , Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves

Charles Sumner and Preston Brooks

(FP) , Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler and subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks

Underground Railroad

(FP) 1830, Harriet Tubman, a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

Ostend Manifesto

(FP) 1854, a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S., found out, Pierce repudiated

Japan Trade

(FP), Matthew C. Perry with Japan, Japan dominant power in Far East

Operation Desert Storm

(GB1) , Deadlines pass and Sadam doesnt move. Op desert shield becomes operation desert storm. Phases of the war = 1-air attack on Sadam 2-troops push him out of Kuwait.

Los Angeles Riots

(GB1) , Outbreak of violence in 1992 caused by the acquittal of four white policemen of beating an African American = Rodney King, motorist in Los Angeles

Hurrican Andrew

(GB1) 1992, delayed so critizied Federal Emergency Managment Agency (FEMA)

William K. Reilly

(GB1) 2000 EPA, antipollution, tighten automobile emissiosn

Peace in Nicaragua

(GB1) 5 central american countries end the civil war their, violeta chamotto won presidency over sadinistas in 1990, now free to farm land

Savings and Loan Associations

(GB1) A financial institution that lends money in which depositors maintain savings and checking accounts = insolvent, poor security, Bush did bailout to find more insolvents, for now insurance provided by Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation

Operation Desert Shield

(GB1) Bush place embargo on Iraq, put miltary in Saudi, West Europe and Arabs now against Iraq

Operation Just Cause

(GB1) Dec.1989;Bush's invasion of Panama

Panama and Noregia

(GB1) after Omar Torrijos comes dominating Manuel Noriega, charged by US for drug trafficking, US sanctions attempted military coup (Operation Just Cause, largest since Vietnam), Noriega fled and surrendered

Healthcare Coverage

(GB1) cost of health care rose as well as those without it

Scandal at HUD

(GB1) former top officials milked low income housing rehab programs by selling their services as "consultants" to developers seeking valuable contracts, $5.7 million been paid in "consulting fees", 20 receipients, Jack Kemp investigates

Ethics in Govt

(GB1) main issue = larges fees for lobbying and weak laws governing campaign spending

Resolution Trust Corporation

(GB1) managed the assets and liabilities of institutions that became insovlent between 1989 and 1992.

End ot the Cold War

(GB1) was between end of WWII (1945 to 1990), two major wars in between were Korean and Vietnam, Gorbachev destroy Brezhnev policy (use miltary to keep Communism), US and Russia stop missile on each other

Persian Gulf War

(GB1), 1991, a war fought between a coalition led by the United States and Iraq to free Kuwait from Iraqi invaders

War on Drugs

(GB1), William Bennett as there was a dramatic increase in drug use, and demand for illegal drugs, especially "crack" cocaine, political figures of both parties spoke heatedly about the need for a "war on drugs", but government efforts to stop drug imports and reduce demand had little effect.

Stalwarts

(GC) , Bosses of Republic political machines who practiced patronage and elected officials due to status not experience.

Granger Laws

(GC) , Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

Mugwamps

(GC) , a group within the Republican party who could not accept Blaine and supported the Democrats

Knights of Labor

(GC) , one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century. Founded by seven Philadelphia tailors in 1869 and led by Uriah S. Stephens, its ideology may be described as producerist, demanding an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. Leaderships under Powderly, successful with Southwest Railroad System, failed after Haymarket Riot

Interstate Commerce Act

(GC) 1887, a law that made a federal Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate unfair railroad practices

Mills Bill*

(GC) 1887, lowered tariff and put some goods on the free list, failed

Pullman Strike

(GC) 1894, , Strike of 1894. Eugene V. Debs organized the American Railway Union (150000 members). Maintained a company town, and when the Depression hit, wages were cut one third, but the rent and living expenses remained the same. Strikers overturned Pullman cars, paralyzed railway traffic from Chicago to Pacific Coast. Eventually, bayonet militia came in from Washington from Cleveland himself. Strikers were imprisoned without jury trials. He was charged since he interfered with mailing service, The beginning of the end of company towns. People who helped keep law and order was Mayor Hopkins and Governor Altgeld

Oliver H. Kelley*

(GC), considered the "Father" of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (more commonly known as "The Grange"). a fraternal organization for American farmers that encouraged farm families to band together for their common economic and political good.

Hawaiian Incident

(GC2) 1893, Queen Liliuokalani had Hawaii, Americans wanted land to grow sugar, Queen was depost, US govt petitioned to annex Haiwaii, but Cleveland against it, did it in favor of Queen, but it was annexed anyways in 1898

Wilson Gorman Tariff*****

(GC2) 1894, This tariff passed by Congress in 1894 restricted US sugar imports. The tariff led to an economic downturn in Cuba, and in turn helped to increase the anger of Cuban natives against colonial Spain. Was 40% rate compared to McKinley Tariff, however again he was defeated on tariff program

Venezuelan Boundary Dispute

(GC2) 1895, Guiana and Venezula in conflict with each other (discovery of gold), Cleveland called for arbitration, The US determined to enforce the Monroe Doctrine by itself, without relying on the British (got most of the land) navy.

Problem of the Gold Reserve

(GC2) ppl used cheaper money (silver) and kept sounder money (gold), soon with the repeal of the Sherman SIlver Purchast Act, gold came into the Treasury, this profited bankers

Panic of 1893

(GC2), Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Federal Campaign Finanace Law

(GF) (1) fines up to 10,000 for each violation of the law in a civil case, (2) PAC no more than 5000 per candidate

Presidential Nominating Conventions

(GF) 1976, James E. Carter and Ronald Reagan

Conrail*

(GF) 1976, combined 7 railroads in NE US in an attempt to revitalize service, last ditch attempt to avoid outright govt ownerships and operation

Ford's Asian Trip*

(GF) Ford and Brezhnev talked about continuing policy of detente, to prevent a third world war

Congressional Reform

(GF) created the seniority system to appoint chairpersons of commitees, incease the size of the Ways and Means Committee from 25 to 37, and no member of other commitees could be chairperson of two major committes at the same time

Helsinki Accords

(GF) first signed by Canada, US, Soviet Union, and 32 others which pledged cooperation between East and West Europe and to reduce tension associated with the Cold War, eventually Communist Party died in East Europe in 1991

Federal Election Commission*

(GF) investigate alleged violations of the law

Ways and Means Committee*

(GF) where almost all important work on tax law occurs; decides whether to go along with presidential requests for tax cuts or increases, changed under Ford

Ford and Congress

(GF)relations weren't that good

First Bank of the US

(GW) 1791-1811, by Hamilton, came about strict vs loose construction

Tariff 1789

(GW) Hamilton, aka 10 percent tariff, protection of domestic manufacture by tariffs

Assumption of State Debts

(GW) Plan by Hamilton meant to tie the states more securely to fed gov; states pay debt, created huge national debt, assumption bill. logrolling - one support another

Excise Tax

(GW) a tax on certain items such as alcohol, tobacco, and gasoline

Domestic and Foreign Debts

(GW), Hamilton, funding at a par

Genet Affair

(GW), refused to give aid Washington objected to this French ministers plan to hire American Privateers to fight on the high seas for France and against England.

Funding at par

(GW)This meant that the federal government would pay off its debs at face value, plus accumulated interest which at the time had a total of $54 million. This included the federal government taking on the debts by the states and paying for it as a country. Hamilton's establishment of this act gave the country much needed unity because it brought the states together under the centralized government. This made paper money essentially useless do to inflation.

habeas corpus

(HAY-bee-uhs KAWR-puhs) A legal term meaning that an accused person must be presented physically before the court with a statement demonstrating sufficient cause for arrest. Thus, no accuser may imprison someone indefinitely without bringing that person and the charges against him or her into a courtroom. In Latin, habeas corpus literally means “you shall have the body.â€

Relief and Construction Act*

(HH) $3 billion towards public works of a self-liquidating type (once completed, would bring revenue to pay for itself)

Federal Farm Board

(HH) , Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; it offered farmers insurance against loss of crops due to drought; flood; or freeze. It did not guarantee profit or cover losses due to bad farming.

Great Depression

(HH) , starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it

McCarran Walter Act*

(HH) 1929 , immigration law that discriminated against Asians and south Europeans

Pump Priming

(HH) the spending of government funds in commercial enterprises, to stimulate the national economy

homicide

(HOM-uh-seyed) The killing of one person by another, whether intended (murder) or not (manslaughter). Not all homicide is unlawful; killing in self-defense, for example, is not a crime.

Truman Doctrine

(HT) , 1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

The Marshall Plan

(HT) , 1947, by George Marshall, against "hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos" a massive aid package offered by US they gave food and economic assistance to europe to help countries rebuild

Iron Curtain

(HT) , Term used by Churchill in 1946 to describe the growing East-West divide in postwar Europe between communist and democratic nations

Presidential Succession Act*

(HT) , allowed for the speaker of the house to take over as president if there is no vice president

Senator Joseph McCarthy (McCarthyism)

(HT) , claimed he had a list of 205 people who were communist in the state department. He said there were communist in the army, that's when he went to far

Smith Act of 1940********

(HT) , made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the US government by force or violence

Cold War

(HT) 1946-1988, Churchill said it was a "iron curtain" between eastern and western Europe, A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years, US against Communism (containment)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(HT) 1949, created in 1949 organization whose members include the US, Canada, most western european nations and turkey all of whom agreedd to combine military forces and to treat a war against one as a war against one as a war against all.

Korean war

(HT) 1950-1953, division between US and Russia, UN formed a representative govt there, NOrth Korean crossed the 38th parallel in force to South, so Truman order troops to Korea, sent MacArthur with UN forces, Mao Tse-tung (North Korea) was against the US, but MacArthur said he needed to to "end the war" offensive, but Red Chinese helped NK, MacArthur wanted to attack against but Truman said no, and MacArthur insulted Truman, so Truman got rid of him

International Military Tribunal*

(HT) Robert Jackson, defined crime as something against - peace, humanity, and international law

Dixiecrats (States' Right Party)*

(HT) Southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party, leader is Governor Strom Thurmond

Berlin Wall

(HT), a wall separating East AKA People's Republic of Germany (controlled by Russia) and West Berlin AKA German Federal Republic (controlled by Britain, France, and America) built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Treaty of Alliance 1778

(JA) ended

Midnight Judges

(JA), 1801, , The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Dred Scott Case

(JB) , Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south

Harpers Ferry

(JB), 1859 John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Camp David Acccord

(JEC) 1979, Anwar el-Sadat (egypt), Menachem Begin (Israel) and Carter (US) talked about rejecting war, and also Israel aggred to return all of Sinai Peninsula to Egypt within three years, treaty signed in Washington

SALT II

(JEC) 1979, Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.

Carter's Energy Plan

(JEC) 1979, he wanted cut down on foregin oil supports and on American reliance on petroleum, alternate sources he wanted were solar poewr and synthetic gasoline, also (1) commit funds to develop alternative enrgy sources through windfall taxes, but sadly none of these happened.

United States Embassy at Teheran, Iran

(JEC) Mohammed Reza Pahlavi became Iran "shah" and ayatollah khomeini didn't like this, shah wanted "white revolution", and shah exiled Khomeini, who later directed Islamic Republic, and kept hostages, Carter tried to help, he froze all Iranian assets in US, and also sent USS Nimitz in Gulf of Oman where 8 were killed, 2 events (1) Iran became victim of Iraq (2) 30 after RR became president, he talked tough on Carter's policy and 52 hostages were sent free.

Energy Problem 1979

(JEC), Iran revolution ended oil shipment, so in spring of 1979, gas and oil priced were raised

Panama Canal Treaty

(JEC), decision whether extend for a considerable period or exterminate, decided the latter since he didn't want bitter relations with Panama

Kennedy Assassination

(JFK) , Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas 1963, LBJ took the oath of office

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

(JFK) 1963, Wake of Cuban Missile Crisis (climax of Cold War, closest weve ever come to nuclear war) Soviets & US agree to prohibit all above-ground nuclear tests, both nations choose to avoid annihilating the human race w/ nuclear war, France and China did not sign

Greenback Labor Party

(JG) Political party that farmers sought refuge in at first, combined inflationary appeal of earlier Greenabackers w/ program for improving labor

Macon Act

(JM), 1810, The Macon Bill stated that if either Britain or France agreed to observe the neutrality of the United States, the US would resume trading with that country and continue the embargo on the other. The French soon agreed to American demands.

Battle of New Orleans

(JM), Jackson defends city against British frontal attack, becomes national hero

Tallmadge Amendment

(JMon) , This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

The Mexican War

(JP) 1846-1848 , Mexico broke relations with USA after annexation of Texas. Also, dispute over boundary of Texas (Rio Grande or Nueces River?) Americans interested in New Mexico and California, as well. Polk sent Slidell to try and buy off the Mexicans... they wouldn't budge.Polk ordered Taylor to move army across Nueces River to the Rio Grande- stayed stationed for a while,finally Mexicans crossed river and attacked "MEXICANS" started the war (NOT). America got New Mexico and California, ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Wilmot Proviso

(JP), David Wilmot Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico (1846), Calhoun against with his compact theory (govt. created by states)

Webster Ashburton Treaty

(JT), followed by Aroostook War, 1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

larceny

(LAHR-suh-nee) Theft; taking another person’s property with the intent of permanently depriving the owner.

Voting Rights Act*

(LBJ) , 1965 act which guaranteed the right to vote to all Americans, and allowed the federal government to intervene in order to ensure that minorities could vote

Tet Offensive*

(LBJ) , 1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution*

(LBJ) , The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

Urban Riots

(LBJ) , large scale rioting, summer 1966 and 1967, so Pres appointed National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, said democracy to all citizen, adequate financing by both the federal and local govt.

Medicaid*

(LBJ) , medical expense assitance provide by the state goverment to needy families

Baker v. Carr

(LBJ) 1962 Baker v. Carr, case decided in 1962 by the U.S. Supreme Court. Tennessee had failed to reapportion the state legislature for 60 years despite population growth and redistribution. Charles Baker, a voter, brought suit against the state (Joe Carr was a state official in charge of elections) in federal district court, claiming that the dilution of his vote as a result of the state's failure to reapportion violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The court dismissed the complaint on the grounds that it could not decide a political question. Baker appealed to the Supreme Court, which ruled that a case raising a political issue would be heard. This landmark decision opened the way for numerous suits on legislative apportionment.

Civil Rights Act

(LBJ) 1964 , LBJ passed this in 1964. Prohibited discrimination of African Americans in employement, voting, or public accomidations. Also said there could be no discrimination against race, color, sex, religion, or national origin, had to take literacy test

Wesberry v. Sanders

(LBJ) 1964 , One person, one vote (in redistricting for federal elections, each congressional district was to be approximately the same) In Georgia, the 5th district had 3 to 4 times more people than did the other districts.

Income Tax Cut

(LBJ) 1964, income tax was reduced to some extent, cuts were made in govt. spending, armed forces installations were shut down

Medicare

(LBJ) 1965 , a federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Immigration Act

(LBJ) 1965, law discontinued quota based on national origin

University of Missippi and Alabama

(LBJ) Robert Kennedy sent marshalls to protect the right of qualified black there

Cuban Policy

(LBJ) when Cuba cut off the water supply from America, so Johnson response was supply freshwater by tankers, he worried Castro he would continue U2 spy plans but Castro said he would shoot them, so US attempted to isolate and punish but critics criticized

legislative branch

(LEJ-i-slay-tiv) The branch of the federal and state government empowered to make the laws that are then enforced by the executive branch and interpreted by the judicial branch. The legislative branch consists of Congress and the fifty state legislatures. At both state and federal levels, legislatures are made up of popularly elected representatives, who propose laws that are sensitive to the needs and interests of their local constituents. After a law is proposed as a bill, it is sent to appropriate committees for several stages of discussion, research, and modification. It is then debated in both legislative housesâ€"except in Nebraska, which has a single-house legislatureâ€"and put to a vote. If the law is passed, it is still subject to further modification and final vote by both houses. Under the system of checks and balances, the president can refuse to sign the bill into law (through the veto power). The legislature can then vote to override the veto. Other checks and balances include legislative powers to impeach public officials (see impeachment), confirm appointments to the executive and judicial branches, and vote on appropriations.

Clayton Bulwar Treaty*****

(MF) 1850, Both U.S. and England wanted to build a Panama Canal. This said that if either of us built it, we'd get the builder's permission to use it and would share the profits.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

(MF) 1852, , a novel published by harriet beecher stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral (caused Civil War), Europe applauds

Gadsen Purchase

(MF) 1853, $10 million land purchase in the desert of flat land for the Southern railroad completion in 1853. completes manifest destiny!

Compromise of 1850

(MF) by Daniel Webster, California wanted to join the Union, but if California was accepted the North would gain control of the Senate, and Southerners threatened to secede from the Union. This compromise set up California joining the Union as a free state, New Mexico and Utah use popular sovereignty to decide the question of slavery, slave trading is banned in the nation's capital, The Fugitive Slave Law is passed, and the border between Texas and New Mexico was set.

Panic of 1837

(MVB) , When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Gag Resolution

(MVB) 18-36-1844, Strict rule passed by prosouthern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Independent Treasury System AKA Subtreasuries

(MVB), 1840 Meant to keep government out of banking. Vaults were to be constructed in various cities to collect and expand government funds in gold and silver. Proposed after the National Bank was destroyed as a method for maintaining government funds with minimum risk. Passed by Van Buren and Polk.

Bland Allison Act*****

(RBH) 1878 , 1878 law passed over the veto of President Rutherford B. Hayes requiring the U.S. treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. The goal was to subsidize the silver industry in the Mountain states and inflate prices, no less than $2 million and no more than $4 million

Indian Removal Bill

(RBH), put down of Sioux uprising in Minnesota and the Dakota (last tribe)

Equal Rights Amendment!

(RN) , in 1972 and 1988, constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

26th Amendment

(RN) , lowered the voting age to 18

Moon Landing

(RN) 1957, Sputnik by Russia, US had Explorer I, and Neil Armstrong had Apollo 11

Postal Service

(RN) establish a postal service that was efficient and self supporting, greatly lessened political interference. 1970

Yom Kippur War

(RN), , This was a war fought by Israel and neighboring Arab nations where the Arabs launched a surprise attack during Yom Kippur. U.S. support for Israel during the war led to OPEC boycotting the U.S., creating an energy crisis.

Spiro T. Agnew

(RN), , VP under Nixon, resigned for extortion and bribery charges

Environmental Protection Agency

(RN), 1970 an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

Clean Air Act

(RN), 1970 reaction to Rachel Carson in her 1962 in Silent Spring, It describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of smog and air pollution in general. The legislation forced the country to enforce clean air standards to improve health and showed that American was moving towards certain environmentalist measures.

Nixon's War on Inflation(RN),

(RN), 1971, no longer held long-held position against govt controls, now prices were frozen, dollar no longer valued as gold, it became floating dollar, federal jobs cuts

Summit Conference in China*

(RN), America opposed entrance to UN of Mao-Tse-tung's Communist People's Republic of China, however they saw Kai-shek's Nationalist CHina on island of Taiwan, but Nixon relaxed restricitons, also on trade, and US support People's Republic of and General Assembly did to, and also expelled Nationlist China, from the UN, also after Nixon returned from China, Okinawa Island was returned to Japan, but US retained its military base there.

New Economic Policy

(RN), Phase 1, at least 90 days, phase 2, wage and price controls for 90 day period, rate of inflation incresae of 2% to 3%. wage gains through collective bargaining were cut of labor members, which was unfair since there were no provisions for cutting profits.

SALT

(RN), Strategic Arms Limitation Talks- A pact that served to freeze the numbers of long-range nuclear missles for five years in 1972. This treaty between Nixon (U.S.), China, and the Soviet Union served to slow the arms race that had been going on between these nations since World War II.

Summit Conference in USSR

(RN), along with two top advisiors, Henry Kissinger and Gerard Smith, talked with USSR about conduct joint space teams, scientists cures of cancer and heart disease, cease from any further incidents, warships, pretty much cooperate together, and also talked about SALT

Energy Crisis

(RN), following Yom Kippur War, so they planned to use Alaskian pipeline, but eventually went back to foreign

Consumer Proection Agency

(RN), influenced by Ralph Nader, effectively protected from fraud and deceit through law, enforced by govt agencies, attracted many lawyers and others to the cause

Gramm Rudman Act

(RR) , It provided automatic spending cuts, balancing budget act

El Salvador Dilemma!

(RR) 1979-1990, Civil was there, US and Pres. Jose Napoleon Duarte against leftist, but then soon death squads and threat leftist, two main problems (1) ones in power supported govt. in limit and (2) used power to delay and hurt agriculture, but soon guerilla attacks stopped after US invested money in El Salvador's newly privatized electrical markets

Labor during Reagan

(RR) 1980s, decline in industrial unions and less factory workers, but more service industry personnel, United Auto Workers and United Mine Workers diminished contracts, gave up wages and benefits in exchange for greater job security, mostly made of the middle class.

Grenada Dilemma!

(RR) 1983, America wanted to rid the communist pressure in Grenada, Castro threats revolution in the Americas, Organization of Eastern Carribean States ask for US intervention, America remain long enough to remove Cuba supported govt from power and stop civil war, major sucess, earned credibility throughout Caribbean Basin

Tax Reform Act

(RR) 1986, wanted to lower taxes (progressive taxes), however impossible since lower rates was to be made up by losing previous tax loopholes. richest however didn't suffer that much, only paid 28 not 33 percent.

Stock Market Crash 1987

(RR) 1987, due to use of computerized program trading in stocks and stock-index futures by a few large institutional investors, however spring of 1988 steady growth but many jobs were lost

Haiti DIlemma

(RR) 1990s, had 30 year dictatorship, soon ends, then Bertrand Aristide overthrows with military, and UN awith US use mandate to restore constituional rule and Aristide's presidency.

Reaganomics

(RR) The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side(cut income taxes), and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth, umemployed started going back to work

The Budget, the National Debt , and the Overvalued Dollar

(RR) after FBD, became a debtor nation, closed gap between income and military expenditures, govt had to borrow money through selling bonds, so they borrowed from foreign nations, foreigners lent because interest rates were high in US, but Treasury only accepted "dollar", price of the dollar increased 60 percent, "strong dollar" = good, "overvalued dollar" = severe economic problems

William Bennett

(RR) attention on educatio reform

Edwin Meese

(RR) helped minority workers

Economic Growth and Deregulation

(RR) wanted free enterprise system, which would help pour revenue into the pockets of taxpayers, as a result, dismantled govt programs like Clean Air and Water Acts and OSHA, economic regulations Environmental Protection Agency, accused of making deals with industries, America doing well in Europe since they were good customers (huge trade surpluses), they had private saving ans invested in US Treasury bills, however downfall was unbalanced budgets

Nicaragua Dilemma

(RR), 1979, Sandinistas took over, Reagan no look, so he hired Contras, but Congress didn't want another Vietnam, however later found out the US govt was in Nicaragua's harbors trying to crippe its economy, and soon many became concerned whether it would make Soviet Union mad and strain European relations, so Congress voted to cut off military

Controversial Visit

(RR), 1985 Regan visits German cemetry at Bitburg, graves of victims of Nazis

Cold War Renewwed

(RR), 1985, Reagan believe SALT II Treaty favored Soviet Union - evil, soon Mikhail Gorbachev party leadership, Reagan's view caused anxieties among America's Western European allies, antinuclear demonstrations in Europe start, the Yuri Andropov proposed arms reduction that he knew Reagan would reject, he wanted to corrupt Europe's and US's relations, but that didn't really work

Intermidate Nuclear Forces Treaty*

(RR), 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev signed treaty to eliminate Soviet and American medium range nuclear missiles, Soviet economy cut back on military, treaty was gain for the West, more critical problem was nuclear testing, first joint reduction, on site inspection for the first time.

Problems in the MIddle East

(RR), American Marines Lebanon suffered losses but Muslim groups, so Americans teamed up with Israeli to evacuate the Marines, Israel announced withdrawal of troops and Jerusalem conceded, Operatio nPeace for Galilee ended PLO attacks from Lebanon, Israel under Ameican pressure to improve its economic performance to get their assistance, then TWA jetliners was hijacked by Lebanese Shiite Muslim demanding Israel to relase 700 Muslim hostages, so Reagan faced AMal militamen and Party of God, soon successful negotiations with Syria and Lebanon, but now start terrorist attacks

Was the Cold War Over?*

(RR), Gorbachev = supported political settlements in Angola and Cambodia, and took out troops from Afghanistan, wanted more open society (perestroika "restructing", glasnost "openess"), also reduced miltary spendings, Bush didn't support the programs like Star Wars

Federal Reserve Sytem under Paul Volcker

(RR), aided in keeping money from growing too fast, reduced inflation

Problems in Africa

(RR), drought and famine = US humanitarian efforts, apartheid = Americans apartheid, soon Nelson Mandela (opposed apartheid) released by F.W. de Klerk, soon got Nobel Prize and became president

Federal Budget Deficit (Reagan)

(RR), hated big govt and wanted to cut taxes through offering increased defense spending, he was convinced that Soviet Union was a threat so he raised money for greater military like MX missile and Star Wars, this caused FBD (what govt took in and what it spent) of $200 billion, refused to support tax increases and refused lower social security benefits

Change in the Eighties

(RR), reduced the domestic funds of government by choking off its revenue, weakened civil rights enforcement, dealt with education (Willaim Bennett), rich benefited, poor didn't, women started working male jobs, rising benefits of social security, chidren had it worse, worked part time or temporary, but few or no benefits, North - computer industry, South - decline in manufacturing

Quids*

(TJ) old democratic republicans who believed was of 1812 violated democratic prinapals

Old Republicans

(TJ) thought he deserted Republican principles

Hague Conference

(TR) , 1899 (first under McKinley) conference at which the Great Powers discussed arms reduction, demonstrated internationalism

Portsmouth Treaty

(TR) , 1905, Roosevelt and representatives from Russia and Japan work out treaty, Japan takes over Korea, Roosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize

Gentlemen's Agreement

(TR) , 1907 Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them

Panama Canal

(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Lincoln Steffens

(TR) , United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936)

Hay Pauncefote Treaty

(TR) , negotiations with Colombia, six mile strip of land in Panama, $10 million, US could dig canal without British involvement

Drago Doctrine*****

(TR) 1902 No nation should use force to collect debts unless debtor nation refused arbitration, Luis Drago

Pure Food and Drug Act

(TR) 1906 , 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Hepburn Act

(TR) 1906, , Gives the ICC the power to set maximum railroad rates, finally giving the agency enforcement power

Hay Bunau Varillia Treaty

(TR) Panama allowed US a 10 mile strip of land, work down under the army of Colonel Gorgas and direction under Colonel Goethals. U.S. garantee of independence for newly created Republic of Panama

Direct Primary

(TR) run for office may circulate a petition and get the required number signatures, voters a more direct role in govt

Coal Strike

(TR), 1902, , Coal mines of Pennsylvania. 140,000 workers, many illiterate immigrants had been frightfully exploited and accident plagued. Demanded a 20% increase in pay and reduction of the working day from 10 to 9 hours. Mine owners refused to negotiate., TR threatens to bring in troops, then they listened

Panic of 1873

(USG) , Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver

Union Pacific Railroad*

(USG) , railroad that started in Omaha, Nebraska and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Chinese immigrants

Tweed Ring

(USG) , the corrupt part of Tammany Hall in New York City, started by Burly "Boss" Tweed that Samuel J. Tilden, the reform governor of New York had been instrumental in overthrowing, Thomas Nast exposed through illustration in Harper's Weekly

Laissez Faire

(USG) , the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs

Liberal Republicans*

(USG) , wanted to end Reconstruction, sought honest government, and the riding of "grantism', so they nominated Greeley as their candidate. The Democratic Party had also chosen Greeley, hoping that Grant would be defeated if they united against him. But Regular Republicans renominated Grant. The Republicans controlled enough Black votes to gain victory for Grant.

First Continental Railroad

(USG) Central Pacific Railroad, Union Pacific, Irish and Chinese, meets at Promontory Point, Utah

Central Pacific Railroad

(USG), A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Irish immigrants

Five Power Pact

(WH) , (maintain status quo) An agreement on ship ratios between the US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy. For every five ships the US had, Britain would have five, Japan would have three, and France and Italy would each have 1.67. The major Pacific naval powers—Britain, Japan, and the United States—with some specific exceptions, agreed not to increase fortifications on their Pacific bases. This provision was included to help Japan overcome its reluctance to accept a smaller naval role.

Four Power Pact

(WH) , An agreement made by the United States, Britain, France, and Japan to not seek further Pacific expansion or increased naval strength in the region. The countries also agreed to respect the Pacific holdings of the other countries signing the agreement. The signatories agreed to consult each other in the event of a dispute over territorial possessions

Nine Power Pact

(WH) , Signed by the United States, France, Great Britain, Japan, Italy, Belgium, China, Netherlands, and Portugal. This treaty, created during the Washington Naval Conference, was third in a set of three treaties created during the conference. These treaties were all ways that President Harding tried to keep the Untied States isolated. The Treaty made the open door policy international law. The United States and Japan replaced Great Britain and Russia as major powers in the south Pacific

Fordney McCumber Tariff**

(WH) 1922, This tariff raised the tax on imports to its heights level- 60%

Washington Conference

(WH), was a military conference called by the administration of President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington, D.C. from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia.

Gays in Military

(WJC) "dont ask, dont tell", end ban of homosexual in military, but under conditions 1) no open engagement, 2) remained quiet about orientation

NAFTA

(WJC) , North American Free Trade Agreement

Brady Bill

(WJC) 1993; handgun violence prevention act; legislation that established a five-day waiting period for handgun purchases

Military Base Closing

(WJC) 70 major bases were closed by Congress, politicians have no control

International Trade Agreement*

(WJC) Mickey Kantor, agreement in Tokyo, cut tariff to reduce consumer prices and raise living standards around the world, however didn't resolve tariff cuts on apparel and textiles, to achieve success, US had to open its border wider to foreign textiles

Midwest Folloding

(WJC) Miss. River overflowed, so Federal Emergency Management Agency work with state and local, gave up levees, cooperated with nature more

Taxpayer Relief Act 1997

(WJC) Pres and Republicans agree to balanced federal budget, provide first federal tax, expanded coverage to uninsured children, helped with 70 billion, but failed with SS and Medicare

Tobacco

(WJC) Pres sued industry to stop marketing cigars to kids and accept great federal regulation

Abortion

(WJC) although 20th anniversay of Roe v. Wade said constitutional right to abortion against abortion by signing memoranda

Whitewater

(WJC) an Ame political controversy that began with the real estate dealings of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates, [Jim and Susan McDougal] in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture. David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against Clinton, claimed in November 1993 that Bill, while govnr of AK, pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, Kenneth Starr major player

campaign money mess

(WJC) both parties accused of illegal practices, (violating = allowing foreign influence in US elections) hard money (campaign gifts to individual candidates) should be reported to federal election commission

HMOS

(WJC) care come from large range of doctors and hospitals, large businesses and ogvt, trouble getting health care when needed, managed care sure patients get better, not sicker, he failed to reform nation's healthcare system

National Service Trust Act

(WJC) college = everyone, high school graduates volunteer to earn minimum wage, affordable student loans directly by govt.

Family and Medical LeaveAct 1993

(WJC) company with more than 50 employees, allow 12 weeks of unpaid keave

Budget Priorities

(WJC) cut federal deficit, edu. for the poor (operation head start), inc. energy taxes, increase income taxes on upper classes, min. wage raised, did not act on health care, Kennedy Kassebaum bill (change jobs doesn't lose med. insurance, cannot be denied based on preexisting condition), did little to hasten economic and provide better jobs.

China and Clinton

(WJC) even though turmoil, us had to keep good relations with China

Terrorist Plot

(WJC) garage - Twin Tower, Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Tim McVeigh and Terry Nichols, bomb Olympic Stadium because = abortion there

Evergalades Restoration Fund

(WJC) largest environmental operation ever, in Florida, buffer zones north and east

Ending Nuclear Testing

(WJC) us wouldn't test unless another nation did it first

Welfare Reform

(WJC)"end welfare as we know it", poor ppl move from welfare to work, welfare payments to max of five years, welfare recipients engage in work within two years

Kyoto Accord*

(WJC), multilateral environmental agreement which called on industrial nations to cut the discharge of harmful gases

Contract with America

(WJC)Gingrich, President can delete specific items passed by the Congress, proposed constitutional amendment to limit the term of office was ignore, imposed federal mandates on states without providing the money

Boxer Rebellion

(WMc) , A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

Treaty of Paris 1898

(WMc) , The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

Insular Cases

(WMc) , These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos. It was congress who had the power

Commodore Dewey

(WMc) , surprise victory over the Span in Spanish- American War in the Philippines

Platt Amendment

(WMc) 1) Cuba makes no treaty with others if in endangers independence 2) can't borrow money if they can't pay back 3)US can get involved with Cuba affairs 4)US has navy there

Theodore Roosevelt

(WMc) Assistant Secretary of Navy, Rough Rider (helped him gain fame after San Juan Hill), instructed Commodore Dewey to attack Philippines

Teller Resolution*

(WMc) Congress granted the presiden the power to liberate Cuba, stating that the United States intended only to free Cuba from tyranny

Klondike Gold Rush*

(WMc) occurred in the Yukon Territory in 1897 after gold was discovered there

Open Door Policy*

(WMc), Caleb Cushing said US had right of China, John Hay , A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Dollar Diplomacy

(WT) , President Taft's policy of building strong economic ties to Latin America. (Nicaragua, DR, Haiti, Virgin Islands)

Payne Aldrich Tariff

(WT) 1909, , Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

(WT) Pinchot found out that Ballinger had taken a series of 'no-bid' contracts out (to friends, with the promise of substantial kickbacks to Ballinger) companies intent on mining coal on federally protected land. Pinchot went to Taft, Teddy Roosevelts hand picked successor, and informed him. Taft basically told Pinchot that it was ok, and that the contracts would be allowed to stand. This caused a heated argument between Pinchot and Taft with Pinchot getting fired by the President.

Sussex Pledge

(WW) , A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning, Germany block promise

Federal Reserve Board

(WW) , A seven-member board that sets member banks reserve requirements, controls the discount rate, and makes other economic decisions.

Fuel Administration!!!

(WW) , Harry Garfield, Like the Food Administration, the Fuel Administration encouraged Americans to save fuel with "heatless Mondays" and "gasless Sundays." The actions helped create a sum of $21 billion to pay for the war.

War Industries Board

(WW) , Headed by Bernard Baruch, could order businesses to support war by building more plants, etc.

Women's Suffrage

(WW) , National American Woman Suffrage Association formed in 1910 carries cause of women's suffrage to victory, granted suffrage in the 19th amendment, women also began to replace men in industries during the war

Sixteenth Amendment

(WW) , The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

Liberty Loans

(WW) , War bonds to help fund the war

Eighteenth Amendment!

(WW) , banned the sale of alcohol in 1919, in comes in the Volstead Act

Seventeenth Amendment

(WW) , direct election of senators

Nineteenth Amendment

(WW) , granted women the right to vote in 1920 (Susan B Anthony started campaign)

Great Migration (circa WWI)

(WW) , movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Federal Reserve Act*

(WW) , response to Panic , Regulated banking to help small banks stay in business. A move away from laissez-faire policies, it was passed by Wilson.

Federal Reserve System

(WW) 1913 , independent agency in the federal executive branch. Established under the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the Federal Reserve System ("Fed") is the central bank of the United States. One of the most powerful agencies in the government, it makes and administers policy for national credit and monetary policies. The Fed supervises and regulates bank functions across the country, thus maintaining a sound and stable banking industry, able to deal with a wide range of domestic and international financial demands

Federal Trade Commission

(WW) 1914 , A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits

Clayton Antitrust Act*

(WW) 1914, New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions, also made labor unions not dependent on antilaws

Jones Act

(WW) 1916, Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.

Treaty of Versailles

(WW) 1918, , Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manefacture any weapons.

Fourteen Points

(WW) 1918, program for world peace, freedom of seas, removal of barriers to international trade, reduction of armaments

Esch Cummins Act*

(WW) 1920, railroads given to private operations, now US digresses from railroad and more into automobiles and ships

Lusitania

(WW), British passenger boat sunk by a German submarine that claimed 1,000 lives. One of main reasons US decided to join the war.

Volstead Act

(WW), implemented the 18th Admendment. It established illegal alcohol at above .5%, but then comes the speakeasies

George Kennan

(containment) A member of the State Department, he felt that the best way to keep Communism out of Europe was to confront the Russians wherever they tried to spread their power.

de facto segregation

(di FAK-toh, day FAK-toh) Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens “by fact†rather than by legal requirement. For example, often the concentration of African-Americans in certain neighborhoods produces neighborhood schools that are predominantly black, or segregated in fact (de facto), although not by law (de jure).

ex post facto

(eks pohst FAK-toh) A descriptive term for an explanation or a law that is made up after an event and then applied to it: “The chairman’s description of his plan sounds like an ex post facto attempt to justify an impulsive action.†Ex post facto is Latin for “from after the deed.â€

incumbent

(in-KUM-buhnt) One who holds a public office. By virtue of their experience in office, their exposure to the public, and their ability to raise campaign funds, incumbents usually have a significant advantage over opponents if they choose to run for reelection.

jurisprudence

(joor-is-PROOHD-ns) The philosophy of law. Jurisprudence implies creating a body of law and methods for interpreting the law, studying the relationships between law and society, and predicting the effects of legal decisions. In the United States, lawmakers, attorneys, scholars, and courts all take an active role in guiding jurisprudence.

Alabama (Geneva Tribunal)

*1869-1872, Seward negotiates with England on recovering damages from Civil War, Treaty of Washington 1871, solved dispute over fisheries, boundaries, and Alabama

English Bill of Rights

1689 document guaranteeing certain basic rights to English subjects. Those rights include the right to a speedy trial; protection against excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment; and the right to petition the government. This document also prevented the king from interfering with elections or from imposing taxes without consent of the Parliament.

Stamp Act

1765 law requiring payment of a tax to Britain on a great variety of papers and documents. Americans rioted in opposition, petitioned for repeal. Was repealed in 1766.

Quebec Act

1774 â€" It was passed by Parliament. It alarmed the colonies because it recognized the Roman-Catholic Church in Quebec. Some colonials took it as a sign that Britain was planning to impose Catholicism upon the colonies. The First Continental Congress met to discuss their concerns over Parliament’s dissolutions of the New York (for refusing to pay to quarter troops), Massachusetts (for the Boston Tea Party), and Virginia Assemblies. The First Continental Congress rejected the plan for a unified colonial government stated grievances against the crown called the Declaration of Rights, resolved to prepare militias, and created the Continental Association to enforce a new non-importation agreement through Committees of Vigilance. In response, in February, 1775, Parliament declared the colonies to be in rebellion.

When was the US constitution written?

1787

When did the U.S. constitution go into effect?

1789

Jay's Treaty

1794 â€" It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restriction on the rights of neutrals.

Cotton Gin

1798 â€" Eli Whitney developed the cotton gin, a machine which could separate cotton from its seeds. This invention made cotton a profitable crop of great value to the Southern economy. It also reinforced the importance of slavery in the economy of the South.

Eli Whitney

1798 â€" He developed the cotton gin, a machine which could separate cotton from its seeds. This invention made cotton a profitable crop of great value to the Southern economy. It also reinforced the importance of slavery in the economy of the South.

Sedition Act

1798, (JA) , made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government

Naturalization Act

1798, (JA) Act that increased the time to become a US citizen from 5 to 14 years

Marbury v. Madison

1803 (TJ) , The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789

Louisiana Purchase

1803. Jefferson feared Napolean's imperial ambitions so wanted to buy the land. Napolean just wanted the cash ($15 million). Effectively doubled the size of the U.S.

Twelfth Amendment

1804 (TJ) , Beginning in 1804, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President

Non Intercourse Act

1809 (TJ), 1809 law that allowed Americans to trade with all nations except Britain and France.

First Protective Tariff

1816 (JM) In 1816, Congress passed the nation's first protective tariff. It was designed to protect textile factories, because the British were dumping cloth in the United States at bargain prices in their attempt to regain markets they had lost during the War of 1812.

Dartmouth College Case

1819 (JMon), contract, Daniel Webster, Jurisdictional dispute between the college's president and board of trustees led to a Supreme Court ruling favoring the educational freedom of private institutions (which is what colleges are considered to be)

Sectional Tariff*

1824, (JMon)was a protective tariff in the United States designed to protect American industry in the face of cheaper British commodities, especially iron products, wool and cotton textiles, and agricultural goods., Calhoun thought South suffered

Exposition and Protest

1828 (JQA) , John C. Calhoun wrote this in protest to the Tariff of 1828. In it, he said that a state should be able to nullify a federal law (The Tariff of 1828)

Force Bill

1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge

1837) interest of community are above corporate rights case settled a dispute over the constitutional clause regarding obligation of contract

William Harry Harrison

1841, Whig Party, issue = avoided banking, tariff, internal improvments, slavery, loose vs strict construction, died

John Slidell

1845 - He went to Mexico to pay for disputed Texas and California land. But the Mexican government was still angry about the annexation of Texas and refused to talk to him.

Millard Fillmore

1850-53 Took over for Taylor, had to deal with North and South hostilities.

Know Nothing

1850s - Nativist movement - against Irish Immigrants and Roman Catholics

Sumner-brooks Affair

1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him.

James Buchanan

1857-1861, Democrat, Know-Nothings Party (Fillmore), Democrats (Compromise of 1850 and Kansas Nebraska Bill)

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

13th Amendment

1865 - Freed all slaves, abolished slavery

How long did reconstruction last?

1865 to 1877 the states of the Confederacy were controlled by the federal government before being readmitted to the Union. First were occupied by Union armies, then readmitted to the union after elections which saw many former slaves vote, and blacks even win positions of power.

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet (Johnson violated, led to impeachment)

Alaska purchased from Russia?

1867

Credit Moblier Scandal

1872 - Union Pacific Railway created a ficticious construction company and hired itself to work (using government funds) - scandal broke loose and leaders attempted to bribe Congress with Union Pacific stock

Rutherford B. Hayes

1877-1881, Republican, against Tilden (played role to crush Tweed Ring), ended Reconstruction through election bargain

Resumption Act

1879 - Congress said that greenbacks were redeemable for gold, but no one wanted to redeem them for face gold value. Because paper money was much more convenient than gold, they remained in circulation.

Progressive Era in the US?

1880s to start of WWI.

James A. Garfield

1881, Republican, Greenback Labor Party, Republican - protective tariff, Democrats - revenue tariff, shot by Julius Guiteau (mental unstable, thought unfair spoils system)

Wabash vs. Illinois

1886 - Stated that individual states can control trade in their states, but cannot regulate railroads coming through them. Congress has exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. States cannot regulate or place restrictions on businesses which only pass through them, such as interstate transportation.

-

1893 - Act repealed by President Cleveland to protect gold reserves."

Spanish-American war

1898. Spanish mistreatment of Cuban natives aroused resentment in the US, encouraged by yellow journalism. Trigger was explosion of the Battleship Maine in Havana harbor. Best remembered for Battle of San Juan Hill. US acquired Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines in the war, and temporary control over Cuba. As a result, America became a world power. Yellow journalism had role in starting war.

Foraker Act

1900 Gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government. In 1917 they got US citizenship.

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Root-Takahira Agreement

1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China. (TR) Japan recognized American power in Phillippines and US recognized Japan's power in Manghuria and Korea

Muller v. Oregon

1908 Ruled laws to protect women workers were constitutional.

William H. Taft

1909-1913, Republican, issue - conservation policies, antitrust laws, tariff, against Bryan. Dollar diplomacy

What year was the NAACP founded?

1910

Henry Ford

1913 - Ford developed the mass-produced Model-T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line. Also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits. Sloan, an American industrialist, helped found project.

General John Pershing

1916 - Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico and Pershing was directed to follow him into Mexico by America because he was leading an American front. Pershing met with resistance and eventually left without finding Pancho Villa.

Pacho Villa

1916 - Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico and Pershing was directed to follow him into Mexico. Pershing met with resistance and eventually left without finding Pancho Villa.

Zimmerman Note

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

The Zimmerman Note

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile.

When did the US enter WWI?

1918. The armistice was on Nov. 11 of the same year.

Roaring Twenties

1920s era of freewheeling popular culture. People defied prohibition and indulged in new styles of dancing and dressing, rejected many traditional moral standards.

Jazz Age

1920s jazz popular, also time of attacks on convention in many areas of American life.

Progressive movement

1920s movement that held that irresponsible actions by the rich were corrupting both public and private life. Called for trust busting, and progressive income tax.

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

1921 - First legislation passed which restricted the number of immigrants. Quota was 357,800, which let in only 2% of the number of people of that nationality that were allowed in in 1890.

Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928

1928 "Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.

The Teapot Dome Scandal

1929 - The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as "Teapot Dome" was taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation, Daugherty, Denky, and Fall were forced to resign.

Herbert Hoover

1929-1933, Republican, "rugged individualism", first time Catholic runs for president (Alfred E. Smith), "pump priming"

The "Bonus" Army

1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.

Henry L. Stimson and Manchuria

1932 - Japan's seizure of Manchuria brought this pronouncement by Hoover's Secretary of State, Henry Stimson, that the U.S. would not recognize any changes to China's territory, nor any impairment of China's sovereignty.

Norris LaGuardia and the Anti-Injunction Act

1932-Liberal Republicans, Feorelo LaGuardia and George Norris cosponsored the Norris-LaGuardia Federal Anti-Injunction Act, which protected the rights of striking workers, by severely restricting the federal courts' power to issue injunctions against strikes and other union activities.

Gold Standard abandoned and turn to silver

1933 (FDR)

Franklin Roosevelt

1933-1945, Democrat, "forgotten man," broke two term rule, platform - prohibition, help farmers, prevent fraud, balanced budget, decrease public spending, third election - two groups: "Defend America by Aiding the Allies" and "America First"

The FHA

1934 - Created by Congress to insure long-term, low-interest mortgages for home construction and repair.

What year was FDR's court packing scheme?

1937

Roosevel'ts "Quarantine" Speech

1937 - In this speech Franklin D. Roosevelt compared Fascist agression to a contagious disease, saying democracies must unite to quarantine agressor nations.

John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath

1939 - Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression.

The America First Committee

1940 - Formed by die-hard isolationists who feared the U.S. going to war. They wanted to do anything they could to stay out of war.

The Destroyer Deal

1940 - U.S. agreed to "lend" its older destroyers to Great Britain. (Destroyers were major warships that made up the bulk of most countries' navies.) Signaled the end of U.S. neutrality in the war.

Congress of Racial Equality

1941-42 - Interracial until 1962, when it became predominately Black, after 1964, only Blacks were allowed to join. It concentrated on organizing votes for Black candidates and political causes, successful even in states like Mississippi and Alabama.

Moscow Conference*

1943, (FDR), US, GB, and USSR, talked about principle of sovereign

Bretton Woods Conference

1944, (FDR) , The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.

The National Security Act of 1947

1947 - Created the cabinet post of Secretary of Defense, the CIA, and the National Security Council. 1949 - Created NATO.

The Truman Doctrine

1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.

Brown vs. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Vietnam War

1954-1975. North tried to take over th South with help of Viet Cong. Eisenhower and Kenedy sent advisors, Johnson sent half a million troops. Tet offensive and My Lai massacre severe set back. Nixon and Kissinger negotiated cease fire and withdrawl. Lead to severe division of American society at home.

When did the AFL and CIO merge?

1955

Fidel Castro

1959 - A band of insurgents led by Fidel Castro succeeded in overthrowing the corrupt government of Juan Baptista, and Cuba became Communist.

The Berlin Wall

1961 - The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushev, erected a wall between East and West Berlin to keep people from fleeing from the East, after Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet aggression.

JFK

1961-1963, Democrat, both parties had the platform of civil rights planks and a national health program, used president to be elected and first Roman Catholic

Griswold vs. Connecticut

1965 Court decision that overturned CT law making it illegal to use or disseminate information about contraceptives.

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Signed?

1978. it was a reaction to the abuses of the Nixon whitehouse.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

Gulf War

1991 war between United Nations forces (led by the US) and Iraq. The war was instigated by Iraq's invasion of neighboring Kuwait.

Federal Employees Political Activities Act

1993 liberalization of the Hatch Act. Federal employees are now allowed to run for office in nonpartisan elections and to contribute money to campaigns in partisan elections

William Jefferson Clinton

1993-2001, youngest to be reeelected, Democrat ever since FDR, universal healthcare, higher taxes on wealthy, cut federal budget deficit, freedom choice of abortion = success

Nobel Peace Prize for Carter

2002, Habitat for Humanity, helped low income families

Virginia dynasty

4 of the first 5 presidents were from Virginia.

How long is a US senator's term?

6 years. It seems more often because elections are staggered.

Quirin affair?

8 germans who had lived in America and returned to Germany before WWII snuck into the US to sabatoge the war industries. They were caught and executed by a military tribunal established by FDR.

Treaty of Ghent

: Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions

Boston Tea Party

A "revolt" on the Tea Act passed by Parliament; Sons of Liberty dressed up like Indians raided English ships in Boston Harbor. They dumped thousands of pounds of tea into the harbor. Led to Coercive Acts. (1773)

Federal Reserve Act?

A 1913 act of Congress that created the Federal Reserve System, the central bank of the United States of America. According to the United States Constitution, only the U.S. Congress has the power and responsibility to coin money and set its value. In the 1913 Federal Reserve Act however, Congress delegated this power to the Federal Reserve. All banks chartered under the National Banking Act of 1863 were made members of the Federal Reserve System, while others could join. A Board of Governors appointed by the President of the United States supervised the system.

Grand and Petit Jury?

A Grand Jury is established to determine if a crime has been committed. A petit jury determines whether a person is guilty of a crime that has been committed.

Brook Farm

A Massachusetts commune that wanted to created a perfect union between intellect and manual labor. It failed because nobody really wanted to work.

Pocahontas

A Native American princess who befriended John Smith and prevented his execution. She later married a settler and traveled to England with him.

American Protective Association

A Nativist group of the 1890s which opposed all immigration to the U.S.

Concurring opinion

A Supreme Court opinion by one or more justices who agree with the majority's conclusion but for different reasons. See also Opinion of the Court; Dissenting opinion (Ch. 14)

Good Neighbor policy

A United States foreign policy doctrine, adopted by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, designed to improve relations with Latin America. A reaction to the exploitative dollar diplomacy of the early 1900s, the Good Neighbor policy encouraged interaction between the United States and Latin America as equals. In the postâ€"World War II era, however, the United States has often reverted to dollar diplomacy and gunboat diplomacy to impose its will on the countries of Latin America.

Coxey's Army

A band of unemployed people who marched to DC during the depression of 1894 under the leadership of Jacob S. Coxey. They urged the enactment of laws which would provide money without interest for public improvements to create work.

Civic competence

A belief that one can affect government policies. (Ch. 4)

Civic duty

A belief that one has an obligation to participate in civic and political affairs. (Ch. 4)

Class-action suit

A case brought into court by a person on behalf of not only himself or herself but all other persons in the country under similar circumstances. For example, in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court decided that not only Linda Brown but all others similarly situated had the right to attend a local public school of their choice without regard to race. (Ch. 14)

Home-rule charter

A charter that allows the city government to do anything that is not prohibited by the charter or by state law. (Ch. 3)

General-act charter

A charter that applies to a number of cities that fall within a certain classification, usually based on city population. Thus in some states all cities with populations over 100,000 are governed on the basis of one charter, while all cities with populations between 50,000 and 99,999 are governed by a different one. See also Special-act charter (Ch. 3)

Grandfather clause

A clause added to registration laws allowing people who did not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867 (before African Americans were legally allowed to vote). This was to exempt poor and illiterate whites from registration requirements established to keep former slaves from voting. The Supreme Court declared the practice unconstitutional in 1915. (Ch. 6)

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

A clearinghouse for member nations to discuss monetary issues and develop international plans and policies to deal with monetary issues. Regulating monetary exchange rates is its primary task.

Change to Win Federation?

A coalition of American labor unions originally formed in 2005 as an alternative to the AFL-CIO. Includes the Teamsters, Laborers' Union, the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union, and the SEIU.

Religious Right

A coalition of right wing Protestant fundamentalist who have become increasingly active in politics since Roe v. Wade.

Foreign Relations Committee

A committee of the Senate charged with overseeing the conduct of foreign policy.

Fiscal federalism

A concept of federalism where funding is appropriated by the federal government to the states with specific conditions attached. The legislation can be in the form of mandates.

Boycott

A concerted effort to get people to stop buying goods and services from a company or person in order to punish that company or to coerce its owner into changing policies. (Ch. 15)

Division vote

A congressional voting procedure in which members stand and are counted. See also Voice vote; Teller vote; Roll-call vote (Ch. 11)

Annapolis Convention

A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

Descriptive representation

A correspondence between the demographic characteristics of representatives and those of their constituents. (Ch. 11)

injunction

A court order that either compels or restrains an act by an individual, organization, or government official. In laborâ€"management relations, injunctions have been used to prevent workers from going on strike.

kangaroo court

A court that ignores principles of justice; a court characterized by incompetence and dishonesty.

capital offense

A crime, such as murder or betrayal of one’s country, that is treated so seriously that death may be considered an appropriate punishment.

Department of Labor

A department of the federal executive branch concerned with improving working conditions and employment opportunities for laborers. Its programs include job training (especially for the poor), appraising manpower resources and needs, and regulating occupational safety.

Department of Defense

A department of the federal executive branch entrusted with formulating military policies and maintaining American military forces. Its top official is the civilian secretary of defense. It is headquartered in the Pentagon.

Department of State

A department of the federal executive branch primarily responsible for making and conducting foreign policy. It is commonly called the State Department and is headed by the secretary of state. Its activities include negotiating treaties, coordinating correspondence and information programs with foreign governments, and administering economic aid to developing nations.

Department of Energy

A department of the federal executive branch responsible for developing policies for effective use of the nation’s energy resources. The Department of Energy is involved in energy conservation, regulating oil pipelines, and encouraging research on new sources of energy

Department of Housing and Urban Development

A department of the federal executive branch responsible for home finance, promoting civil rights in housing, urban renewal, and the development of new communities.

Department of Education

A department of the federal executive branch responsible for providing federal aid to educational institutions and financial aid to students, keeping national educational records, and conducting some educational research.

Department of the Interior

A department of the federal executive branch responsible for the National Park Service, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and a variety of programs designed to preserve natural resources in the United States and its territories and possessions in the Pacific Ocean.

Department of Health and Human Services

A department of the federal executive branch responsible for the Social Security Administration, the Public Health Service, and other programs designed to promote public welfare. It was originally called the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, until the separate Department of Education was created in 1979.

Department of Transportation

A department of the federal executive branch responsible for the national highways and for railroad and airline safety. It also manages Amtrak, the national railroad system, and the Coast Guard.

Department of Agriculture

A department of the federal executive branch that provides services for farmers, including agricultural research, soil conservation, and efforts to regulate and stabilize the farming economy.

Department of Commerce

A department of the federal executive branch whose responsibilities include management of the census and the United States Patent Office. Through a variety of bureaus and agencies, such as the Industry and Trade Administration and the Office of Minority Business Enterprise, the Department of Commerce works to promote American business interests at home and abroad.

Department of Justice

A department of the federal executive branch, headed by the attorney general, which administers the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), prosecutes violations of federal law, and is responsible for enforcing all civil rights legislation.

Department of the Treasury

A department of the federal executive branch; it includes the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The Department of the Treasury has general responsibility for setting federal fiscal policy by collecting taxes and customs duties, administering the public debt, keeping all government accounts, minting currency, and licensing ships engaged in international and interstate commerce. The Department of the Treasury administers the Secret Service.

Consent of the governed

A derivative of the doctrine of natural rights; a philosophy, later adopted by Jefferson when he drafted the Declaration of Independence, that puts the authority of the government in the peoples' hands.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

brief

A document containing the legal written arguments in a case filed with a court by a party prior to a hearing or trial

Association

A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Budget

A document that announces how much the government will collect in taxes and spend in revenues and how those expenditures will be allocated among various programs. (Ch. 16)

FDIC

A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Strengall Banking Reform Act of 1933.

Civil Service Commission

A federal agency which regulates the hiring of government employees.

Constitutional court

A federal court exercising the judicial powers found in Article III of the Constitution and whose judges are given constitutional protection: they may not be fired (they serve during "good behavior"), nor may their salaries be reduced while they are in office. The most important constitutional courts are the Supreme Court, the ninety-four district courts, and the courts of appeals (one in each of eleven regions plus one in the District of Columbia). See also District courts; Courts of appeals; Federal-question cases (Ch. 14)

Interstate Commerce Commission

A five member board that monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states.

Détente

A foreign policy started by Richard Nixon and supported by Ronald Reagan that resulted in an improvement of relations with the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Sit ins

A form of non-violent protest in the 60s. Would sit in public place and refuse to leave. Provoked arrest, which was then used to gain attention to the demonstrators cause.

Emmett Till

A fourteen year old black boy who was lynched by a Mississippi mob for leering at a woman.

Brandeis Brief

A friend of the court opinion offered by Louis Brandeis, in the Supreme Court case Muller v. Oregon (1908), which spoke about inherent differences between men and women in the workplace.

Daniel Boone

A frontier settler who explored and settled Kentucky

Operation Rolling Thunder

A full-scale bombing attack against North Vietnam. There were approximately 184,000 Americans involved.

federal government

A government in which the national government and the local governments share certain power. The US is this.

Assistance program

A government program financed by general income taxes that provides benefits to poor citizens without requiring contributions from them. (Ch. 17)

Australian ballot

A government-printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890 in order to reduce the voting fraud associated with party-printed ballots cast in public. (Ch. 6)

Robert La Follette

A great debater and political leader who believed in libertarian reforms, he was a major leader of the Progressive movement from Wisconsin.

Scotish Irish

A group of Scots who fled to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by the Scots-Irish. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors.

Niagara Movement

A group of black and white reformers who organized the NAACP in 1909

farm bloc

A group of both Democratic and Republican members of Congress from the farming states of the Middle West that pressures the federal government to adopt policies favorable to farmers.

Brain trust

A group of intellectuals and planners who act as advisors, especially to a government.

Joint-Stock Company

A group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the King.

Powhatan Confederacy

A group of local tribes who taught the English how to grow cropts. Saved Englishmen, and when princess Pocahontas married John Rolfe, tensions were eased.

The Dixicrats

A group of people from 15 southern states that were embittered by Truman's nomination and nominated J. Strom Thurmond on a states' Rights Party ticket.

Pilgrims

A group of persecuted English Puritans who arrived on the Mayflower.

Big ten

A group of pominent midwestern universities known for high academic standards and keen atheletic competition.

cabinet

A group of presidential advisers, composed of the heads of the fourteen government departments (the secretaries of the Department of Agriculture, Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, Department of Education, Department of Energy, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Department of the Interior, Department of Labor, Department of State, Department of Transportation, Department of the Treasury, Department of Veterans Affairs, and the attorney general (head of the Department of Justice)â€"all of whom are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate) and a few other select government officials. Theoretically, the cabinet is charged with debating major policy issues and recommending action by the executive branch; the actual influence of the cabinet, however, is limited by competition from other advisory staffs.

Puritans

A group of religious reformists who wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church based on the ideas of John Calvin. Notable voyages were in 1620 (Pilgrims) and 1629 (Massachusetts Bay Colony).

Hyperpluralism

A group theory characterized by many interest groups vying for control resulting in a government that is tied up in a gridlock.

Joint Chiefs of Staff

A high-level military advisory board in the Department of Defense, composed of high-ranking representatives of the army, navy, air force, and marines. The Joint Chiefs are responsible for formulating military policy and recommending action regarding issues of national security and international relations.

McKinley Tariff Act

A highly protective tariff passed in 1880. So high it caused a popular backlash which cost the Republicans votes.

Capitol Hill

A hill in Washington, D.C., on which the United States Capitol building sits. (See photo, next page.) The House of Representatives and the Senate meet in the Capitol. (See on the Hill.)

Virginia Company

A joint-stock company: based in Virginia in 1607, founded to find gold and a water way to the Indies. Confirmed all Englishmen that they would have the same life in the New World, as they had in England, with the same rights. 3 of their ships transported the people that would found Jamestown in 1607.

hung jury

A jury that is unable to reach a verdict of guilty or not guilty. The result is a mistrial, and legal proceedings must be reinitiated to bring the case to trial again. Trying the case a second time does not constitute double jeopardy.

United Food and Commercial Workers International Union?

A labor union representing approximately 1.3 million workers in the United States and Canada in many industries, including health care, meatpacking, poultry and food processing, manufacturing, textile and chemical trades, and retail food. Until July 2005, UFCW was affiliated with the AFL-CIO, where it was the second largest union by membership. Along with two other members of the Change to Win Coalition, the UFCW formally disaffiliated with the AFL-CIO on July 29, 2005.

Fee shifting

A law or rule that allows the plaintiff (the party that initiates the lawsuit) to collect its legal costs from the defendant if the defendant loses. See also Plaintiff (Ch. 14)

Fugitive Slave Act

A law passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, which provided southern slaveholders with legal weapons to capture slaves who had escaped to the free states. The law was highly unpopular in the North and helped to convert many previously indifferent northerners to antislavery.

Embargo Act

A law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Jefferson hoped to weaken the warring France and Britain by shutting off trade, but the act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It helped to revive the Federalists and caused New England's industry to grow. It was repealed in 1807 and eventually led to the War of 1812.

British Orders in Council

A law passed by the English while fighting the French in 1793. The British closed off all port vessels that France went through so they couldn’t get supplies, but American ships were seized also and Americans were impressed into the British navy, leading to the War of 1812.

Referendums

A law passed by the legislature could be put on the ballot can for the people to approval/veto. Made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.

Bill of attainder

A law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime. The state legislatures and Congress are forbidden to pass such acts by Article I of the Constitution. (Ch. 2)

Maryland Toleration Act

A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland. Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland, and this protected the Catholics from Protestant rage of sharing the land. Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.

Dillon's rule

A legal principle that holds that the terms of city charters are to be interpreted narrowly. Under this rule (named after a lawyer who wrote a book on the subject in 1911) a municipal corporation can exercise only those powers expressly given it or those powers necessarily implied by, or essential to the accomplishment of, these stated powers. (Ch. 3)

Information superhighway

A linked conglomerate of computer-generated information also known as the internet.

justice of the peace

A local officer of the judicial branch empowered to try minor cases, recommend cases for trial, and perform civil ceremonies, such as marriages and oath taking. Justices of the peace are usually elected locally and are paid fees for their services.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A major achievement of the government under the Articles of Confederation. It created an orderly procedure for the settlement of the Ohio Valley.

High-tech campaign

A major characteristic of the modern presidential campaign. The use of paid political ads, 30- and 60- second spots, paid infomercials incorporating charts and graphs, and sophisticated polling techniques have all been used in recent campaigns.

joint resolution

A measure approved by both houses of the United States Congress and signed by the president. Similar to an act of Congress, the joint resolution is used to approve or initiate foreign policy actions, to grant a single appropriations proposal, and to propose amendments to the Constitution.

Constitutional Convention

A meeting of delegates in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, which produced a totally new constitution still in use today. (Ch. 2) Also, As yet untried methody by which the Constitution may be amended. To call a constitutional convention, two-thirds of all state legislatures must petition the federal government.

Democrat

A member of the Democratic party.

Iron curtain

A metaphor first used by Winston Churchill to describe a military and political barrier maintained by the former Soviet Union to prevent free travel and communication between Eastern and Western Europe. (Ch. 20)

Circular structure

A method of organizing a president's staff in which several presidential assistants report directly to the president. (Ch. 12)

Ad hoc structure

A method of organizing a president's staff in which several task forces, committees, and informal groups of friends and advisers deal directly with the president. (Ch. 12)

William Lloyd Garrison

A militant abolitionist, he became editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession

Regulators Uprising

A movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.

Women's movement

A movement to secure legal, economic and social equality for women. Galvanized by work of Betty Friedan. Worked for equal pay, improved day care and abortion rights.

City

A municipal corporation or municipality that has been chartered by a state to exercise certain defined powers and provide certain specific services. (Ch. 3)

Adversarial press

A national press that is suspicious of officialdom and eager to break an embarrassing story about a public official. (Ch. 10)

Issue network

A network of people in Washington-based interest groups, on congressional staffs, in universities and think tanks, and in the mass media who regularly discuss and advocate public policies--say, health care or auto safety. Such networks are split along political, ideological, and economic lines. (Ch. 13)

Foggy Bottom

A nickname for the United States Department of State, whose offices were built in a formerly swampy area of Washington, D.C., known as Foggy Bottom because of vapors rising from the swamp.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature speaking against the "Tariff of Abominations." It proposed nullification of the tariff to prevent secession.

Dust Bowl

A parched region of the Great Plains in OK, ARK, and TX, where a combination of drought and soil erosion created enormous dust storms in 1930s.

Congressional campaign committee

A party committee in Congress that provides funds to members who are running for reelection or to would-be members running for an open seat or challenging a candidate from the opposition party. (Ch. 7)

Ideological party

A party that values principled stands on issues above all else, including winning. It claims to have a comprehensive view of American society and government radically different from that of the established parties. (Ch. 7)

conscientious objector

A person who refuses to render military service on the grounds of moral principle or religious belief. A CO must demonstrate a sincere, active, and long-standing objection in order to receive an exemption from armed service. The United States and some European governments officially recognize CO status; approved COs are usually required to perform social service or noncombat military service in place of armed duty. (See also draft, draft dodger, and Selective Service System.)

judicial activism

A philosophy of judicial decision making that argues judges should use their power broadly to further justice, especially in the areas of equality and personal liberty

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Shot heard round the world

A phrase from poem by Emerson about the first shots of the first battle of the Revolutionary War, encouraging worldwide movements towards democracy.

equal protection of the laws

A phrase in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution requiring that states guarantee the same rights, privileges, and protections to all citizens. This doctrine reinforces that of due process of law and prevents states from passing or enforcing laws that arbitrarily discriminate against anyone.

gender gap

A phrase marking the trend in recent U.S. presidential elections, whereby more female than male voters support the Democratic party candidate and more male than female voters support the Republican party candidate.

Income strategy

A policy of giving poor people money to help lift them out of poverty. (Ch. 17)

gunboat diplomacy

A policy toward a foreign country that depends on the use, or threat of the use, of arms. (See big stick diplomacy.)

conservative

A political ideology that tends to favor defense spending and school prayer and to disapporve of social programs, abortion, affirmative action, and a large, active govt. Generally affiliated with the Republican party.

Federal regime

A political system in which local units of government have a specially protected existence and can make final decisions over some governmental activities. (Ch. 3)

Confederation or confederal system

A political system in which states or regional governments retain ultimate authority except for those powers that they expressly delegate to a central government. The United States was a confederation from 1776 to 1787 under the Articles of Confederation. See also Federalism; Unitary system (Ch. 3)

Blanket Primary

A primary in which voters may cast ballots in either party's primary (but not both) on an office-by-office basis

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

A primary measure of inflation determined by the increase in the cost of products compared to a base year.

Double-tracking

A procedure to keep the Senate going during a filibuster in which the disputed bill is shelved temporarily so that the Senate can get on with other business. See also Filibuster; Cloture rule (Ch. 11)

In forma pauperis

A procedure whereby a poor person can file and be heard in court as a pauper, free of charge. (Ch. 14)

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Budget resolution

A proposal submitted by the House and Senate budget committees to their respective chambers recommending a total budget ceiling and a ceiling for each of several spending areas (such as health or defense) for the current fiscal year. These budget resolutions are intended to guide the work of each legislative committee as it decides what to spend in its area. (Ch. 16)

Bill

A proposed law

Earned Income Tax Credit

A provision of a 1975 tax law that entitles working families with children to receive money from the government if their total income falls below a certain level. (Ch. 17)

Background story (news)

A public official's explanation of current policy provided to the press on the condition that the source remain anonymous. (Ch. 10)

Congressional Record

A published account of the votes, speeches, and debates of the United States Congress.

Administrative Adjudication

A quasi-judicial process in which a bureaucratic agency settles disputes between two parties in a manner similar to the way courts resolve disputes

Thaddeus Stevens

A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress.

Black Muslims

A radical movement for black power under the leadership of Malcolm X.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad baron, he controlled the New York Central Railroad.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A red letter law which stated that disputed land the Old Northwest was to be equally divided into townships and sold for federal income. Promoted education and ended confusing legal disagreements over land.

Environmental impact statement

A report required by federal law that assesses the possible effect of a project on the environment if the project is subsidized in whole or part by federal funds. (Ch. 21)

Bear Flag Republic?

A republic that lasted for 25 days, started in Sonoma, CA in 1846 when Americans took over the town from the Mexicans. Once the Mexican-American War had begun, they joined America.

Northwest Passage

A sea route through North America sought by early explorers.

Hartford Convention

A secret convention of Federalists held in Hartford to discuss their party status and War of 1812. When they wrote their “resolutions†and considered secession, many viewed them as traitors, which ultimately led to the downfall of their party. (1814)

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society dedicated to the supremecy of White People in the U.S. Began during reconstruction, and has waxed and waned since. Burn crosses to intimidate people to leave an area.

Insurance program

A self-financing government program based on contributions that provide benefits to unemployed or retired persons. (Ch. 17)

Federalist papers

A series of eighty-five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay (all using the name "Publius") that were published in New York newspapers in 1787-1788 to convince New Yorkers to adopt the newly proposed Constitution. They are classics of American constitutional and political thought. (Ch. 2)

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

The Rome-Berlin Axis 1934

A series of treaties in 1936 and 37 between Germany, Italy, and Japan created what was called the "Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis." The coutries were thereafter refered to as the Axis Powers.

Bureaucracy

A set of complex hierarchical departments, agencies, commissions, and their staffs that exist to help a chief executive officer carry out his or her duty to enforce the law.

Cue (political)

A signal telling a congressional representative what values (e.g., liberal or conservative) are at stake in a vote--who is for, who against a proposal--and how that issue fits into his or her own set of political beliefs or party agenda. (Ch. 9)

-

A single star was part of the Long Expedition (1819), Austin Colony (1821) and several flags of the early Republic of Texas. Some say that the star represented the wish of many Texans to achieve statehood in the United States. Others say it originally represented Texas as the lone state of Mexico which was attempting to uphold its rights under the Mexican Constitution of 1824."

Budget deficit

A situation in which the government spends more money than it takes in from taxes and fees. (Ch. 16)

Budget surplus

A situation in which the government takes in more money than it spends. (Ch. 16)

Remember the Maine

A slogan of the Spanish-American war referring to the sinking of a battleship in Cuba. Stirred up by yellow journalism, this lead McKinley to declare war.

Command-and-control strategy

A strategy to improve air and water quality, involving the setting of detailed pollution standards and rules. (Ch. 21)

Wildcat strike?

A strike without union authorization.

Yellow Peril

A supposed threat to the US posed by Japan and China. Fear of asian immigration and Japan's rising military power.

donkey

A symbol of the Democratic party, introduced in a series of political cartoons by Thomas Nast during the congressional elections of 1874. (Compare elephant.)

elephant

A symbol of the Republican party, introduced in a series of political cartoons by Thomas Nast during the congressional elections of 1874. (Compare donkey.)

draft

A system for selecting young men for compulsory military service, administered in the United States by the Selective Service System. At present the United States relies on a volunteer military and does not have a draft, though young men are required by law to register with the Selective Service. (See also conscientious objector and draft dodger.)

Federal system

A system in which sovereignty is shared so that on some matters the national government is supreme and on others the state, regional, or provincial governments are supreme. (Ch. 3)

Sharecropping

A system of farming that developed in the South after the Civil War. Laborers were given a third of the crop.

Pony Express

A system of mail service between Missouri and California.

War Hawks

A term originally used to describe a member of the House of Representatives of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated going to war against Great Britain in the War of 1812.

Seminoles

A tribe of Native Americans who inhabited Florida. Lost war and were removed to west of the Mississippi in 1840s.

Equal Rights Amendment

A twice-proposed but never ratified amendment to the Constitution that would prohibit denial or abridgement of rights on the basis of sex. First proposed in 1923, the amendment was passed by Congress in 1972 but failed ratification by the requisite number of states. It was a major rallying point of the women’s movement.

Work-to-rule?

A type of slowdown used by workers. It is not completely covered by US labor law.

Covered wagon

A typical conveyance for settlers moving west.

Incentive

A valued benefit obtained by joining a political organization. (Ch. 9)

Dual sovereignty

A variation of double jeopardy. A person accused of a crime can be tried once in a state court and once in a federal court.

Disengagement

A view that U.S. involvement in Vietnam had led to a military defeat and political disaster and that further similar involvements should be avoided. Also known as "new isolationism." See also Isolationism; Containment (Ch. 20)

Equality of opportunity

A view that it is wrong to use race or sex either to discriminate against or give preferential treatment to minorities or women. See also Reverse discrimination (Ch. 19)

judicial restraint

A view, associated with Felix Frankfurter among others, that judges should be reluctant to declare legislative enactments unconstitutional unless the conflict between the enactment and the Constitution is obvious. The doctrine is akin to, but not identical with, narrow construction, and it is the opposite of judicial activism.

closed shop

A workplace where an employee must be a member of the union. This was outlawed by the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act.

indictment

A written statement of criminal charges brought against a defendant. Guarantee that defendants know the charges against them so they can plan a defense.

GOP

Abbreviation of Grand Old Party, a nickname for the Republican party in the United States

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire

Accidentally killed 141 workers, prodded concerns that raised new questions of human and immigrant rights and of existing labor laws.

Faction

According to James Madison, a group of people who seek to influence public policy in ways contrary to the public good. (Ch. 2)

Family Medical Leave Act (1993)

Act that gave unpaid emergency medical leave for employees with a guarantee that their job would not be taken away in the interim.

Freedom of Information Act (1974)

Act that incorporates sunshine laws; opened up the government's meetings of record to the public and media.

Americans with Disabilities Act (1991)

Act that required employers, schools, and public buildings to reasonably accommodate the physical needs of handicapped individuals by providing such things as ramps and elevators with appropriate facilities.

Immigration Act of 1991

Act that shifted the quota of immigrants to Europe and aimed to attract immigrants who were trained workers.

freedom of information act

Act which declassified government documents for public use.

National War Labor Board

Acted as a supreme court for labor cases. Did more harm than good when it tried to limit wages, which led to strikes.

Cost overruns

Actual costs that are several times greater than estimated costs. These occur frequently among private contractors producing new weapons for the Pentagon. (Ch. 20)

Brooklyn Bridge

Added to the seductive glamour of gleaming cities.

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to Monroe Doctrine, justified U.S. intervention in Latin American affairs if their weakness or wrongdoing warranted such action.

amendment

Addition to the Constitution. Amendments require approval by two-thirds of both houses of Congress and three-quarters of the states.

Constitutional amendments

Additions and changes to the original Constitution. The first ten amendments make up the Bill of Rights; there are currently twenty-seven amendments.

William Halsey

Admiral of US fleet in Pacific in WWII.

Good-faith exception

Admission at a trial of evidence that is gathered in violation of the Constitution if the violation results from a technical or minor error. See also Exclusionary rule (Ch. 18)

Missouri Compromise

Admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state and prohibited Kansas and Nebraska from becoming slave states. The Dred Scot decision ruled this compromise unconstitutional.

Francis E. Townsend

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Affirmations of States rights in the face of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Written by Madison and Jefferson. Included a statement of the power of nullification by the States.

Ralph Bunche

African American diplomat who won Noble Prize for helping negotiate armistice between Israelis and Arabs.

Jesse Owens

African American who won 4 gold medals at Olympic games in Germany under Hitler (a blow to Nazi notions of a master race).

Secession

After Lincoln was elected, but before he was inaugurated, seven Southern states seceded. Buchanan, the lame duck president, decided to leave the problem for Lincoln to take care of.

Pequot War

After Pequots attacked Puritan settlement, killing nine, the colonists responded by burning Pequot village, killing 400.

When was the US Army desegregated?

After WWII, 1945-1950 by decree of president Truman.

Mormon Church

After facing extreme hostility in the Midwest, Mormons moved to Utah and established their influential church there.

National-Republicans

After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican Party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's.

Pontiac's Rebellion

After the French and Indian War, colonists began moving westward and settling on Indian land. This migration led to Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763, when a large number of Indian tribes banded together under the Ottawa chief Pontiac to keep the colonists from taking over their land. Pontiac's Rebellion led to Britain's Proclamation of 1763, which stated that colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Whiskey Ring

After the Whiskey Ring robbed the Treasury, Grant delcared, "Let no guilty man escape," his own secretary was found to be a culprit. However, he wrote a letter on his behalf , and country began to turn on Grant.

Treaty Of Grenville

After their defeat at the Battle of the Fallen Timbers in 1794, 12 Native American tribes signed the Treaty of Grenville, which cleared the Ohio territory of tribes and opened it up to U.S. settlement

Independent regulatory agencies

Agencies that are quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial in nature and operation. Example include the Food and Drug Administration and Environmental Protection Agency.

Executive agreement

Agreement made between the president and a leader of a foreign country that does not have to be ratified by the Senate.

Collective security

Agreement to form through treaties mutual defense arrangements, such as NATO, which guarantee that if one nation is attacked, other nations will come to its defense.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Agreement wherein new trade barriers would be avoided by member nations, existing tariffs would be eliminated, and protective tariffs would be used only for emergency situations.

Arms control

Agreements reached by countries with the aim of reducing the proliferation of military weapons such as the Antiballistic Missile Treaty (1972), the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (1972), the second Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (1979), the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (1987), the first Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (1991), and the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (1993).

George Wallace

Alabama govenor who opposed integration. National Guard forced him to back down when he tried to block entry into the U. of Alabama.

direct democracy

All enfranchised citizens vote on all matters of government.

Confiscation Act

Allowed Union to liberate those slaves used by the Confederacy for "insurrectionary purposes."

Homestead Act

Allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for five years, improving it, and paying $30. Urged many to move out West.

Grutter Vs. Bollinger

Allowed race as a general factor in law school admissions at university of michigan

iron triangle

Also called subgovernment. Formed by the close working relationship among various interest groups, congressional committees, and executive agencies that enforce federal regulations.

First Quota Act of 1921?

Also known as the Emergency Quota Act of May 19, 1921 it limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 3% of the number of persons from that country living in the United States in 1910, according to Census figures. This totalled about 357,802 immigrants. Of that number just over half was allocated for northern and western Europeans, and the remainder for eastern and southern Europeans, a 75% reduction from prior years. Professionals were allowed in despite their origins. The act was passed in a time of swelling isolationism following World War I.

Bill Of Rights

Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.

Adlai Stevenson

Ambassador to UN during Cuban Missile Crisis.

killer amendment

Amendment to a bill proposed by its opponents for the specific purpose of decreasing the bill's chance of passing.

Chatauqua Movement

American Adult educational movement which was popular through the 19th and 20th movements - brought people into communities to lecture

Samuel (Golden Rule) Jones

American Political reformer - advanced employee-management relations

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American Temperance Society 1826

John D. Rockefeller

American businessman - founder of Standard Oil Co. (major monopoly)

John Dewey

American philosopher and educator, he led the philosophical movement called Pragmatism. Influenced by evolution, he believed that only reason and knowledge could be used to solve problems. Wanted educational reforms.

Bataan Death March

American troops were treated with vicious cruelty in the 80-mile Bataan Death March to prisoner-of-war camps.

Jonathan Edwards

An American clergyman who was a leader of the Great Awakening in the 1730s.

Johnny Appleseed

An American folk hero who traveled throughout the mid-west encouraging people to plant orchards.

Benedict Arnold

An American general who betrayed the US to the British in the Revolutionary war

Terrence Powderly

An American labor union originally established as a secret fraternal order and noted as the first union of all workers. It was founded in 1869 in Philadelphia by Uriah Stephens and a number of fellow workers. Powderly was elected head of the Knights of Labor in 1883.

1973 Rehabilitation Act?

An American piece of legislation that guaranteed certain rights to people with disabilities.

Geronimo

An Apache leader who was one of the last to lead Native Americans against white settlers.

Dawes Act

An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism.

Compensatory action

An action designed to help members of disadvantaged groups, especially minorities and women, catch up, usually by giving them extra education, training, or services. (Ch. 19)

Bureau of the Public Debt?

An agency in the Treasury department that issues US Bonds.

Drug Enforcement Administration

An agency in the United States Department of Justice that enforces federal laws and regulations dealing with narcotics and other dangerous drugs. It cooperates with the FBI and with local law enforcement agencies.

Atomic Energy Commission

An agency of the United States government from 1946 to 1974 that was charged with controlling and developing the use of atomic energy for civilian and military purposes. In 1974, the AEC was abolished, and its duties were divided between two new agencies: the Energy Research and Development Administration (now a part of the Department of Energy) and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).

54/40 of fight

An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk’s slogan â€" the Democrats wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54 40 latitude. Polk settled for the 49 latitude in 1846.

Mayflower compact

An agreement reached before landing. Bound Pilgrims to live in a civil society according to their own laws. First written consitution in North America.

Coalition

An alliance among different interest groups (factions) or parties to achieve some political goal. An example is the coalition sometimes formed between Republicans and conservative Democrats. (Ch. 2)

Conservative coalition

An alliance between Republicans and conservative Democrats. (Ch. 11)

Nativism

An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.

Executive Privilege

An assertion of presidential power that reasons that the president can withhold information requested by the courts in matters relating to his office

Fiscal policy

An attempt to use taxes and expenditures to affect the economy. (Ch. 16)

Class consciousness

An awareness of belonging to a particular socioeconomic class whose interests are different from those of others. Usually used in reference to workers who view their interests as opposite those of managers and business owners. (Ch. 4)

Economic planning

An economic philosophy that assumes that the government should plan, in varying ways, some part of the country's economic activity. For instance, in times of high inflation, it suggests that the government regulate the maximum prices that can be charged and wages that can be paid, at least in the larger industries. Another form of planning, called industrial policy, would have the government planning or subsidizing investments in industries that need to recover or in new industries that could replace them. (Ch. 16)

Keynesianism

An economic philosophy that assumes that the market will not automatically operate at a full-employment, low-inflation level. It suggests that the government should intervene to create the right level of demand by pumping more money into the economy (when demand is low) and taking it out (when demand is too great). (Ch. 16)

Free Enterprise and Competition

An economic system characterized by private ownership of property and productive resources, the profit motive to stimulate production, competition to ensure efficiency, and the forces of supply and demand to direct the production and distribution of goods and services.

Hoover Commission?

An effort spearheaded by former president Herbert Hoover. It made a report to president Truman in 1949. The proposals of the Hoover Commission resulted in an extensive reorganization of the executive branch of the federal government. Another one was conductedand published its findings in 1955 during Eisenhower's administration. Their recommendations, over 70 percent of which were implemented by executive and legislative action, resulted in the elimination and consolidation of some departments but also in the creation of such new bodies as the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the General Services Administration. In emulation of the federal government, many states set up similar bodies, known as "little Hoover commissions."

direct primary

An election in which voters choose candidates to run on a party’s ticket in a subsequent election for public office.

Critical Election

An election that signals a party realignment through voter polarization around new issues

Frederick Douglass

An escaped slave who became a prominent speaker for Abolitionist movement.

Concurrent resolution

An expression of congressional opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both the House and Senate but not of the president. Used to settle housekeeping and procedural matters that affect both houses. See also Simple resolution; Joint resolution (Ch. 11)

Tariff of Abominations

An extremely high tariff that Jacksonian Democrats tried to get Adams to veto. Greatly angered Southerners, who were heavily reliant on manufacturing, were angered by what they considered to be the unfair tariff. (1828)

Elite

An identifiable group of persons who possess a disproportionate share of some valued resource--such as money or political power. (Ch. 1)

Convention bump

An increase reflected in presidential preference polls immediately following a party's nominating convention.

friend of the court

An individual or group interested in influencing the outcome of a lawsuit but not an actual party to the suit. The statement presented to the court is an amicus curiae brief; amicus curiae is Latin for “friend of the court.â€

Domino theory

An influential theory first articulated by President Eisenhower holding that if an important nation were to fall into communist hands, other neighboring countries would follow suit. Eisenhower used the metaphor of a row of dominoes falling in sequence to illustrate his point. (Ch. 20)

Lame duck

An officeholder who is either defeated or is retiring from the office in which he is serving, but still in office until his successor is sworn in; perceived to have little power or influence.

district attorney

An official responsible for representing the government in court cases and for prosecuting criminals.

Closed rule

An order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate and forbids a particular bill from being amended on the legislative floor. See also Open rule; Restrictive rule (Ch. 11)

Sons of Liberty

An organization established in 1765, these members (usually in the middle or upper class) resisted the Stamp Act of 765. Even though the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, the Sons of Liberty combined with the Daughters of Liberty remained active in resistance movements.

American Civil Liberties Union

An organization founded in 1920 in the wake of the red scare to defend civil liberties. The ACLU has often defended the rights of individuals aligned with unpopular causes, including American communists and Nazis.

dark horse

An unexpected winner. In politics, a dark horse is a candidate for office considered unlikely to receive his or her party’s nomination, but who might be nominated if party leaders cannot agree on a better candidate

Shay's Rebellion

An uprising in MA in 1786, whose occurance demonstrated the need for a stronger national government.

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Anthony was an early leader of the women's suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stnaton in 1869.

Anti-Federalists

Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states

Liberty Party

Antislavery party that won 16,000 votes in election of 1844, hurt Clay's chance at victory.

Cost

Any burden, monetary or nonmonetary, that some people must bear, or think that they must bear, if a policy is adopted. See also Benefit (Ch. 15)

Benefit

Any satisfaction, monetary or nonmonetary, that people believe they will enjoy if a policy is adopted. See also Cost (Ch. 15)

Teller Amendment

April 1896 - U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but this amendment disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba

The Rosenbergs

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

Article 7, Constitution

Article 7 details the method for ratification, or acceptance, of the Constitution: of the original 13 states in the United States, nine had to accept the Constitution before it would officially go into effect.

Commerce clause

Article I Section 8 Clause 3 of the Constitution giving Congress the authority to regulate interstate commerce and commerce with foreign nations.

John Foster Dulles

As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.

Electoral Count Act

As a belated result of the disputed election of 1876 involving Samuel J. Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes, the Electoral Count Act of 1887 placed the responsibility of deciding electoral disputes mainly on the states themselves. Congress now counts the votes (a mere formality) on Jan. 6.

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As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws."

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

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Asked European nationas to keep fair competition open to all nations willing and wanting to participate. It ""saved"" China from being carved up."

Continental Congress

Assembly of the 13 colonies that rules during the Revolutionary War under the Articles of Confederation. It passed the Declaration of Independence

Memorial Day massacre of 1937?

At the Memorial Day massacre of 1937, police shot and killed ten demonstrators. The incident took place during the "Little Steel Strike" of 1937 in United States. The incident arose after U.S. Steel signed a union contract, but smaller steel manufacturers (called "Little Steel"), including Republic Steel, refused to do so. In protest, the Steel Workers Organization Committee of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) called a strike. On Memorial Day, hundreds of sympathizers gathered at Sam's Place, headquarters of the Steel Workers Organizing Committee. As the crowd marched across the prairie towards the Republic Steel Mill, a line of Chicago policeman blocked their path. When the foremost protestors argued their right to continue, police fired on the crowd. As the crowd fled, police bullets killed ten people.

Bunker Hill

At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the British troops were based in Boston. The British army had begun to fortify the Dorchester Heights near Boston, and so the Continental Army fortified Breed’s Hill, north of Boston, to counter the British plan. British general Gage led two unsuccessful attempts to take this hill, before he finally seized it with the third assault. The British suffered heavy losses and lost any hope for a quick victory against the colonies. Although the battle centered around Breed’s Hill, it was mistakenly named for nearby Bunker Hill.

The Settlement House Movement

At this time many settlement houses were created, which helped newcomers cope with American big-city life and exposed middle class women to American big city problems. the most prominent settlement house (but not first) was the Hull House.

Robert Kennedy

Attorney General and champion of Civil Rights Movement and foe of organized crime. Was assassinated while running for President by a Palestinian.

Richard Olney

Attorney General of the U.S., he obtained an active injunction that state union members couldn't stop the movement of trains. He moved troops in to stop the Pullman strike.

The Atlantic Charter

August 1941-Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met and discussed common problems of the world. The two men came up with the eight-point Atlantic Charter, outlining the aspirations of the democracies for a better world at the war's end. The Atlantic Charter promised that there would be no territorial changes contrary to the wishes of the inhabitants; it affirmed the right of a people to choose their own form of government and to regain the governments abolished by the dictators; and it declared for disarmament and a peace of security, pending a new League of Nations.

Jurisdiction

Authority vested in a particular court to hear and decide the issues in any particular case

Muckrakers

Authors in late 19th/early 20th century who specialized in exposing corruption in business and government.

Clinton Vs. NY

Banned presidential use of line item veto

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Based largely on its opposition to the gold standard"

Common law

Based on the legal concept of stare decisis, or judicial precedent.

Monitor vs. Merrimack

Battle during the civil war showing wooden warships were now obsolete

Battles during War of 1812*

Battle of Lake Erie (Oliver Perry), Battle of Tippecanoe (Harrison and Tecumseh), Fort McHenry (Francis Scott Key), Battle of New Orlean (Jackson)

Gerald Ford

Became President when Nixon resigned. Pardoned Nixon and lost to Carter in 1976.

Andrew Johnson

Became president when Lincoln was assassinated. Later impeached for illegally dismissin a government official.

Nicholas Biddle

Became the Second National Bank’s president, and he made the bank's loan policy stricter and testified that, although the bank had enormous power, it didn't destroy small banks. The bank went out of business in 1836 amid controversy over whether the National Bank was constitutional and should be rechartered.

front loading

Because early primaries have grown increasingly important in recent years, many states have pushed forward the date of their primary elections.

front-loading

Because early primaries have grown increasingly important in recent years, many states have pushed forward the date of their primary elections. Political analysts use this term.

Yorktown

Because of their lack of success in suppressing the Revolution in the northern colonies, in early 1780 the British switched their strategy and undertook a series of campaigns through the southern colonies. This strategy was equally unsuccessful, and the British decided to return to their main headquarters in New York City. While marching from Virginia to New York, British commander Lord Cornwallis became trapped in Yorktown on the Chesapeake Bay. His troops fortified the town and waited for reinforcements. The French navy, led by DeGrasse, blocked their escape. After a series of battles, Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781, which ended all major fighting in the Revolutionary War.

Haymarket Riot?

Began in 1886 with a riot at the McCormick Harvester plant in Chicago where unionized workers were striking for shorter work days and then a few days later moved to Haymarket Square where a protest meeting was called to denounce the events of the previous day; resulted in several deaths.

Manifest destiny

Belief in 1840s that the US was destined to expand across North America to the Pacific Ocean.

Cult of Domesticity

Belief in Middle and Upper Classes in US and Britain - women embodied perfect virtues in all senses

broad constructionism

Belief that the Constitution should be interpreted loosely concerning the restrictions it places on federal power. Loose constructionists emphasize the importance of the elastic clause.

Betsy Ross

Believed to have sown the first American flag in the form of the Stars and Stripes.

Fiorello La Guardia

Beloved mayor of NZC in 30s and 40s.

Bessemer Process

Bessemer invented a process for removing air pockets from iron, and thus allowed steel to be made. This made skyscrapers possible, advances in shipbuilding, construction, etc.

We shall overcome

Best known song of the civil rights movement

Wade-Davis Bill

Bill declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to weaken the power of the president. Lincoln vetoed it. Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator by vetoing.

W.E.B. DuBois

Black leader who fought for universal suffrage and civil rights, and founded the Nigara Movement and NAACP.

Marcus Garvey

Black separatist and nationalist of 1920s. Helped ship Blacks back to Africa. Was later deported for fear of his influence on the black community.

Exodusters

Blacks who knew what fate awaited them in the South and moved to the Midwest to start anew.

Helen Keller

Blind and deaf, overcame her adversities. Known for her persistence and courage.

King Philip's War

Bloodiest English-Native American conflict of the time. Leader of the Pokanokets, Metacomet, led attacks on several expanding colonist settlements. He formed an alliance with other tribes, but soon they were defeated due to lack of supplies.

Glorious Revolution of England

Bloodless revolution in England that overthrew King James II and replaced him with William and Mary. Ended Dominion of England, Massachusetts became a royal colony, and it inspired the Americans for their own revolution.

Declaration of Independence

Blueprint for the American Revolution containing three parts. The first part - an introduction including ideas such as natural rights as related to life, liberty, and property, the consent of the governed, and the concept of limited government. The second part - a list of grievances against the King of England and the third part - a declaration of independence.

John L. Lewis

Boss of the United Mine Workers who succeeded in forming the Committee for Industrial Organization.

Which side did native americans fight on in the American Revolution?

Both, but mainly supported the British.

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British Prime Minister (Grenville’s replacement)

British burn Washington DC

British entered capital and set fire to many public buildings such as the Capital and the White House

Charles Cornwallis

British general during the revolutionary war, who surrendered to Washington at the Battle of Yorktown.

Molasses Act of 1733

British legislation which had taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies. The act angered the New England colonies, which imported a lot of molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular Trade. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants did not pay it.

Impressment

British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.

William Pitt

British secretary of state during the French and Indian War. He brought the British/colonial army under tight British control and started drafting colonists, which led to riots.

Boston Massacre

British soldiers killed protestors of British rule. This increased the colonists inclination toward revolution.

Queen Anne's War

British vs. French (1702-13)

Oregon Treaty

British were tired of fighting for Oregon, proposed 49 degree line to Polk. Senate accepted. (1846)

Espionage Act and Sedition Act

Brought forth under the Wilson administration, they stated that any treacherous act or draft dodging was forbidden, outlawed disgracing the government, the Constitution, or military uniforms, and forbade aiding the enemy.

The Panama Canal

Buit to make passage between Atlantic and Pacific oceans easier and faster because there were many Navy ships that needed to get from Gulf of Mexico out to the Pacific to help protect American islands in case of invasion.

J.P. Morgan

Business man -refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale

Government Corporations

Businesses established by Congress that perform functions that could be provided by private businesses. (like the US Postal Service)

These are the times that try men's souls

By Thomas Paine in the America Crisis

COINTELPRO?

COINTELPRO is an acronym (Counter Intelligence Program) for a program of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation aimed at investigating and disrupting dissident political organizations within the United States. Although covert operations have been employed throughout FBI history, the formal COINTELPRO operations of 1956-1971 were broadly targeted against organizations that were (at the time) considered to have politically radical elements, ranging from those whose stated goal was the violent overthrow of the US government (such as the Weathermen) to non-violent civil rights groups such as Martin Luther King Jr.'s Southern Christian Leadership Conference to racist and segregationist groups like the Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party. COINTELPRO began in 1956 and was designed to "increase factionalism, cause disruption and win defections" inside the Communist Party U.S.A.

Transatlantic cable/telegraph

Cable from Newfoundland to Ireland to revolutionize international communication.

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Calhoun was from the South and was in favor of the tariff.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Called for Seneca Falls Convention, worked in close partnership with Susan B. Anthony for Women's suffrage.

Black power

Called for independent development of political and social institutions for black people.

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie was an American millionaire and philanthropist who donated large sums of money for public works. His book argued that the wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Case established the principle that Congress has sole authority over interstate commerce.

Federal-question cases

Cases concerning the Constitution, federal law, or treaties over which the federal courts have jurisdiction as described in the Constitution. See also Diversity cases (Ch. 14)

Diversity cases

Cases involving citizens of different states over which the federal courts have jurisdiction as described in the Constitution. See also Federal-question cases (Ch. 14)

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Catt was a suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920."

First Bank of the United States

Caused debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Hamilton felt that it was in the implied powers of the Constitution that the government could establish the bank to strengthen the economy, but Jefferson felt that while it would be helpful, the government did not have the power to create it. Washington ultimately sided with Hamilton.

Union Pacific and Central Pacific joined/transcontinental line

Central Pacific and Union Pacific lines met at Ogden, Utah, creating the first transcontinental railroad line.

Demographics

Characteristics of a population, including age, sex, and race. Demographics are often used to determine changes in the make-up of a population.

NATO

Chartered April, 1949. The 11 member nations agreed to fight for each other if attacked. It is an international military force for enforcing its charter.

Richard Daley

Chicago mayor and political boss 50s-70s. Credited with helping elect JFK in Illinois and for using force against protestors during Democratic convention in 1968.

Cordell Hull

Chief architect of the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934. He also succeeded in negotiating pacts with 21 countries by the end of 1939. These pacts were essentially trade agreements that stated if the United States lowered its tariff, then the other country would do the same.

Earl Warren

Chief justice 1953-1969. Bold interpretation of the Constitution "the Warren Court" in favor of the disadvantaged. Involved in Brown vs. Board and Miranda decisions. Investigated assassination of Kennedy.

John Marshall

Chief of Justice that established judicial review and laid the groundwork for a broad interpretation of the Constitution. Chief justice of Supreme Court during Marbury vs. Madison.

Civil Society

Citizens are allowed to organize and express their views publicly as they engage in open debate about public policy

Electorate

Citizens eligible to vote

New Amsterdam

City founded by Dutch settlers that later became NYC.

7th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

Civil trial by jury.

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions?

Claiming 157 million members in 225 affiliated organisations in 148 countries and territories, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) came into being on December 7, 1949 following a split within the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). Central to the ICFTU's work has been the struggle to defend workers' rights. The ICFTU lobbies for the ratification of what it calls "core labour standards" -- the various conventions of the International Labour Organization.

Pentagon Papers

Classified study of Vietnam war leaked to the NYT. Supreme court upheld the right of the newspapers to publish the documents.

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Clay was from the West and also supported the tariff. He believed in the American System. This system entailed first, the protective tariff, and then with the benefits of the tariff and increase in national industry, the money could then be used to improve roads and transportation among the states."

Coercive Acts

Closed Boston Harbor to all but essential trade (food and firewood) and declared it would remain closed until the damages incurred during the Boston Tea Party were paid for. Several measures tightened English control over the Massachusetts government and its courts, and another required civilians to house British soldiers.

John Q. Public

Colloquial term for average citizens and what they want or believe. (Ch. 5)

Carolina

Colony (ultimately split in two) used as outpost for West Indies trade. Where American slavery is said to have started.

Self Governing Colony

Colony allowed to self-govern. (Connecticut, Rhode Island)

Royal Colony

Colony governed directly by King. Almost all colonies became royal at some point. (Virginia, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, North Carolina, New York, New Jersey, Carolina, Georgia)

New Jersey

Colony granted to friends of King.

Proprietary Colony

Colony with chartered ownership given to a proprietor. (Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware)

John Pershing

Commander of US troops in WWI in Europe.

Robert E. Lee

Commanding General of Confederate troops during the Civil War. Victory in Chancellorsville but loss in Gettysburg.

HUAC

Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents. Made a standing committee in 1945. During World War II it investigated pro-fascist groups, but after the war it turned to investigating alleged communists. From 1947-1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government and Hollywood film industry.

Utopian communities

Communities seeking cooperation, communism ideals, and communitarianism.

Establishment clause

Component of the First Amendment to the Constitution that defines the right of the citizens to practice their religions without governmental interference. It also places a restriction on government creating a "wall of separation" between church and state. Section of the Constitution that prohibits the government from designating one faith as the official religion of the US.

Stonewall Jackson

Confederate General who lead victorys in the First Battle of Bull Run and the Chattle of Chancellorsville. He was accidentally shot by his own troops.

Washington Gladden

Congregationalist minister who followed the social gospel and supported social reform. A prolific writer whose newspaper columns and many books made him a national leader of the Social gospel movement.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Congress alone is allowed to control interstate commerce.

categorical-formula grants

Congress appropriated funds for specific purposes, allocated by formula and are subject to detailed federal conditions, provide federal supervision to ensure that money is spent as planned, local government receiving funds must also invest some of its own funds in the desired endeavors

Impeachment of Johnson

Congress, who strongly disliked Johnson, finally got it's chance to impeach him when he violated the Tenure of Office Act (even though it was unfair).

Congressional Budget Office

Congressional agency of budget experts who assess the feasibility of the president's plan and who help create Congress' version of the federal budget.

conference committee

Congressional committee that includes representatives of both houses of Congress. Their purpose is to settle differences between the Houes and Senate versions of bills that have been passed by their respective legislatures.

Appropriation bill

Congressional legislation that has spending as a basic characteristic. There are 13 appropriation bills that make up the federal budget.

John Birch Society

Conservative group in 50s and 60s, particularly concerned about Communists. Seen as extreme.

bicameral

Consisting of two legislative houses. The US has a bicameral legilature; its two houes are the House of Representatives and the Senate.

delegated powers

Constitutional powers granted solely to the federal government.

War Production Board

Converted factories from civilian to military production. Manufacturing output tripled.

Rosenberg case

Couple excecuted for allegedly being Soviet Spies. Some thought falsely accused in McCarthyism.

Arraignment

Court hearing where a person accused of a crime is formally charged.

criminal court

Court in which criminal trials are heard

Appellate court

Court that generally reviews only findings of law made by lower courts

Activist court

Court that makes decisions that forge new ground such as Roe v. Wade or Brown v. Board of Education and establish precedent that often result in some form of legislative action

Appellate jurisdiction

Courts that have the right to review cases from lower courts on appeal. The highest federal court, the Supreme Court, is the final court of appeal.

court of appeals

Courts, also called appellate courts, that are designed as part of the system of due process. Cases may be presented to these courts if a party is dissatisfied with the original court’s decision. An appeal must demonstrate that a new decision is warranted, usually in light of new evidence or a persuasive argument that the Constitution was improperly interpreted. A case may be appealed to successively higher state or federal appellate courts until it reaches the United States Supreme Court. There are twelve federal courts of appeal, each covering a group of states called a “circuit.â€

Noah Webster

Created American English. Dictionary named after him.

Food Administration

Created by Wilson during WWI - Led by Herbert Hoover - set up ration system to save food for soldiers

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression. It was later used to finance wartime projects during WW II.

Wounded knee

Creek in SD where US killed large number of Sioux in 1890. Last major military conflict between whites and Native Americans.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Currently the key economic measure that analyzes an upward or downward economic trend of the monetary value of all the goods and services produced within the nation on a quarterly basis.

Custer's last stand

Custer pursuing Sioux indians, but underestimated their force. His whole group was killed in the Battle of Little Bighorn.

What is the difference between de facto segregation and de jure segregation?

De facto segregation is segregation of races that actually exists, though not by law. De jure segregation is segregation of races by law.

Frances E. Willard and the WCTU

Dean of Women at Northwestern University and the president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union which she build to become the largest organization of women in the world.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Debates during Illinois Senate race, focused largely on slavery. Propelled Lincoln to be national figure.

The Teheran Conference

December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.

The Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Decision that established the precedent that the Supreme Court could rule a state law unconstitutional.

Frederick Jackson Turner/"The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

Declared America no longer had a frontier, changed American psyche completely. (1893)

Maryland

Declared by Lord Baltimore as haven of religious tolerance for all Christians. Became first major Catholic enclave in the New World.

Daniel Webster

Defended national unity in the Senate against advocates of States rights such as Calhoun.

Clarence Darrow

Defense attorney in the Scopes trial.

Enumerated powers

Delegated powers of Congress, including the power to collect taxes, pay debts, provide for the common defense and general welfare, regulate commerce among the states, coin money, and declare war.

Lincoln's second inaugural address

Delivered after victory in Civil War. Called for malice toward none, reconciliation and reconstruction.

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Democratic president from New Hampshire

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Derogatory Southern name for Northerners who came to the South to participate in Reconstruction governments.

Upton Sinclair/"The Jungle"

Described awful conditions of meat packing industry, led to Meat Inspection Act.

Imperial Congress

Describes a Congress that succeeds in establishing itself as dominant in legislative and foreign policy.

Gridlock

Describes peoples' perception that Congress and the president are in a state of disagreement that results in little legislation passing.

Front runner

Designation given to the candidate who leads in the polls.

Oklahoma City Bombing

Destruction of Federal office building in OK by Timothy McVeigh. Most significant act of domestic terrorism.

Helent Hunt Jackson/"A Century of Disorder"

Detailed the injustices of the reservation system, and inspired reformers to push for a change.

house rules committee

Determines the rules for debate of each bill, including whether the bill may be amended. This is the most powerful committee in the House.

Creative federalism

Developed during President Lyndon Johnson's administration, it was characterized by the Great Society programs, which placed a major responsibility on federally funded programs.

The League of Nations

Devised by President Wilson, it reflected the power of large countries. Although comprised of delegates from every country, it was designed to be run by a council of the five largest countries. It also included a provision for a world court.

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Died suddenly in1850; replaced by Millard Fillmore"

Sectionalism

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South, and West). This can (and did) lead to conflict.

J. Edgar Hoover

Director of FBI 1921-1972. Vigorous investigation of gangsters and spies. Controversial because seen as overzealous with respect to communists.

ADEA

Discrimination in hiring, promotions, wages, or firing/layoffs. Statements or specifications in job notices or advertisements of age preference and limitations. Denial of benefits to older employees. An employer may reduce benefits based on age only if the cost of providing the reduced benefits to older workers is the same as the cost of providing full benefits to younger workers., Since 1978 it has prohibited mandatory retirement in most sectors, with phased elimination of mandatory retirement for tenured workers, such as college professors, in 1993. The ADEA was later amended in 1986 and again in 1991 by the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act (Pub. L. 101-433) and the Civil Rights Act of 1991 (P.L. 102-166). The ADEA differs from the Civil Rights Act in that the ADEA applies to firms of 20 or more workers (see 29 U.S.C. § 630(b)) rather than 15 or more workers, thus providing less protection.

Incorporation of the Fourteenth Amendment

Doctrine that made the Bill of Rights apply to the states as a result of Supreme Court decisions. Even though the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868, incorporation started to take place in the 1920s. It reached a peak during the Warren Court in the late 1950s and 1960s.

Does the presiden't cabinet deal more with foreign or domestic issues?

Domestic.

Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (1848)

Drafted at the Seneca Falls Convention and taken from The History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. 1, by E.C. Stanton, S. B. Anthony, and M. J. Gage, the document that outlines the case for the right to vote for women, as well as other rights denied to women at that time.

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Drawn up by John Quincy Adams."

5th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

Due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, private property.

Freeport Doctrine

During L-D debate, Lincoln asked if the people of a territory voted against slavery despite Supreme Court, who would prevail. Douglas said the people.

Peter Stuyvesant

Dutch govenor who surrendered New Netherlands to English who renamed it New York.

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's writer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker novel, How the Other Half Lives. It shocked the middle class and deeply influenced Theodore Roosevelt.

Communism

Economic System where workers own means of production and control distribution of resources

Inflation

Economic situation characterized by steadily rising prices and falling purchasing power. It is, in part, caused by wage rates increasing faster than productivity.

Capitalism

Economic system that favors private control of business and minimal gov't control/regulation of private industry

Edison/light bulb

Edison invented the light bulb at the turn of the century, revolutionizing the American way of life.

Progressive education

Educational movement focusing on educating the child, not the subject. Rejects traditional approaches for more practical ones.

The Eisenhower Doctrine

Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.

George W. Bush

Elected over Al Gore after charges of irregularities in counting of votes in Florida. War in Afghanistan after 9/11, Iraq war, financial crisis, etc.

general election

Election held on the first Tuesday of November, during which voters elect officials.

Landslide

Election where the winning candidate wins by more than 60 percent of the votes cast.

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Elements of this culture would play a role in shaping the characterizations of a United States that valued independence and social equality."

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Eliminated obstacles used to block black voting, such as literacy tests. Enabled federal registrars to register voters.

Continuing resolution

Emergency spending legislation that prevents the shutdown of any department simply because its budget has not been enacted.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) led a Filipino insurrection against the Spanish in 1896 and assisted the U.S. invasion. He served as leader of the provisional government but was removed by the U.S. because he wanted to make the Philippines independent before the U.S. felt it was ready for independence. He was captured.

Filipino insurrection

Emilio Aguinaldo led a Filipino movement for independence in 1896, and wrote constitution when Spain surrendered. When US received Philippines, they tried to fight again, but quickly gave up.

Fair Employment Practices Commission

Enacted by executive order 8802 on June 25, 1941 to prohibit discrimination in the armed forces.

Hoovervilles

Encampments of the poor and homeless that sprang p during the Great Depression.

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Encouraged territories to organize and seek admission directly a states to avoid the issue of slavery.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Ended French and Indian War

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Ended Mexican War - US received Texas (with Rio Grande border) and other states - US paid Mexico $15 million dollars

Treaty of Portsmouth

Ended Russo-Japanese War. (1905)

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Ended the Spanish-American War and developed an American empire overseas. Spain agreed to abandon Cuba and exchange Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to America for $20 million.

British Proclamation of 1763

English law enacted after French and Indian War which forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. It helped spark the American revolution.

California enters Union

Entered as a free state as part of Compromise of 1850, threw off balance.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Essayist, poet. A leading transcendentalist, emphasizing freedom and self-reliance in essays which still make him a force today. He had an international reputation as a first-rate poet. He spoke and wrote many works on the behalf of the Abolitionists.

Delaware

Established by Lord de la Warr. Had a strong Swedish influence.

Rhode Island

Established by Roger Williams, it practiced religious tolerance and did require voters to be church members.

Pennsylvania

Established by William Penn, it was a colony founded for the Quakers and practiced religous toleration and civil liberties.

Fighting words doctrine

Established in Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942), the decision incorporated into state law the concept that the government can limit free speech if it can be proved that the result of speech will cause physical violence.

Washinton's Neutrality Proclamation

Established isolationist policy, proclaimed government's official neutrality in widening European conflicts also warned American citizens about intervening on either side of conflict. (1793)

due process

Established legal procedures for the arrest and trial of an accused criminal

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Established the 'separate but equal doctrine' that segregation was legal. Later overturned in Brown vs. Board of Education.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established the basic 3-tiered structure of the federal courts system

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Ex: An oil company owns the land the oil comes from, the business to extract the oil, the shipping business to ship the oil, and the gas stations to sell the oil."

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Ex: Gap owns Forth and Towne, Banana Republic, Old Navy, and the GAP company itself."

inevitable discovery

Exception to the exclusionary rule that allows the use of illegally obtained evidence at trial if the court determines that the evidence would eventually have been found by legal means

Nathan Hale

Executed by the British during the Revolutionary War who famously said 'I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.'

Article 2 of the US Constitution Cover?

Executive Power

federal reserve board

Executive agency that is largely responsible for the formulation and implementation of monetary policy.

Clientele Agencies

Executive departments directed by law to foster and promote the interests of a specific segment or group in the US population (such as the Department of Education)

Lewis & Clark expedition

Explored the Northwest, newly purchased from France. Helped open up the area.

Richard Byrd

Explorer of North and South poles.

Doctrine of Nullification

Expressed in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, it said that states could nullify federal laws.

King Cotton

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the south’s cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, “You daren’t make war against cotton!...Cotton is king!â€

McCarthyism

Extreme opposition to communism shown by McCarthy.

Roosevelt's Court packing plan

FDR expanding the size of the supreme court in order to change its balance in favor of the New Deal.

Fair Labor Standards Act?

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, established a national minimum wage, guaranteed time and a half for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor". The law originally contained a large number of special industry exemptions, many of which were designed to protect traditional pay practices in small, rural businesses. The bulk of these exemptions have been repealed. Currently, the most important issues relate to the so-called "white collar" exemptions applicable to professional, administrative and executive employees.

Wyatt Earp

Famous US Marshall in Dodge City, took part in famous gunfight at the OK Corral in Tombstone AZ in 1881

John Dillinger

Famous bank robber in 1930s.

Lou Gehrig

Famous contemporary of Babe Ruth. Later developed rare nervous system disease now known as 'Lou Gehrig disease.'

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Famous general in Mexican War

The Yalta Agreement

February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Federal Agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, national origin, religion, or sex in hiring, promotion, or firing

fairness doctrine

Federal Communications Commission policy that required holders of raido and televiison licenses to ensure that different view points were presented about controversial issues or persons; largely repealed in 1987

Fannie Mae?

Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), commonly known as Fannie Mae, created in 1938 to establish a secondary market for mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). Fannie Mae buys mortgages on the secondary market, pools them and sells them as mortgage-backed securities to investors on the open market. This secondary mortgage market helps to replenish the supply of lendable money for mortgages and ensures that money continues to be available for new home purchases.

Article 6 of the US Constitution Cover?

Federal Power

Grants-in-aid

Federal funds provided to states and localities. Grants-in-aid are typically provided for airports, highways, education, and major welfare services. See also Categorical grants; Block grants (Ch. 3)

Categorical grants

Federal grants for specific purposes defined by federal law: to build an airport, for example, or to make welfare payments to low-income mothers. Such grants usually require that the state or locality put up money to "match" some part of the federal grants, though the amount of matching funds can be quite small. See also Grants-in-aid; Block grants (Ch. 3)

Sherman Antitrust Act

Federal law passed in 1890s against Monopolies. Used against Standard Oil and American Tobacco Company.

Conditions of aid

Federal rules attached to the grants that states receive. States must agree to abide by these rules in order to receive the grants. (Ch. 3)

Layer cake federalism

Federalism characterized by a national government exercising its power independently from state governments.

Food stamp program

Federally funded program that gives food coupons to low-income people based on income and family size.

Hard money

Federally regulated campaign contributions made to political candidates and political parties. Under current law, hard money contributions cannot exceed $1000 per individual, per election cycle.

Chappaquiddick incident

Female staffer drown after Ted Kennedy drove off a bridge. Essentially put an end to Kennedy's chances of becoming President.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

First battle in the Revolutionary War. Paul Revere's ride and Emerson's poem 'shot heard around the world.'

Thurgood Marshall

First black appointed to the Supreme Court in 1967. Was lawyer in Brown vs. Board of Education. Consistently liberal record.

George Washington Carver

First black scientist to gain national prominence.

Jackie Robinson

First black to play major league baseball.

Elizabeth Blackwell

First female to graduate from medical college.

Apollo 11

First human landing on moon.

Elenor Roosevelt

First lady to FDR, involved in humanitarian and diplomatic efforts around the world. Represented US in UN.

House of Burgesses

First legislature in the colonies. Formed in Virginia in 1916.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments to the US Constitution. The Bill of Rights guarantee personal liberties and limit the powers of the government.

Madeline Albright

First woman secretary of state under Clinton

Jeanette Rankin

First woman to serve in Congress. Suffragist and pacifist, voted against US involvement in WWI and WWII.

Sandra Day O'Conner

First woman to serve on Supreme Court. Appointed by Reagan.

Frances Perkins

First women to hold a cabinet position (Secretary of Labor under FDR). She assisted in drafting of New Deal and creation of Social Security system.

Muhammad Ali

Flamboyant boxing Champion in 1960s and 70s. Converted to Islam, refused to go to Vietnam.

Great Migration (colonial times)

Flood of Puritan immigants from Europe to the Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1629-42.

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Flourished among western farmers

Chester Arthur

Followed Garfield, favored civil service reform.

Currency Act of 1764

Forbade the colonies to issue paper money. The colonists saw the British government increasing its control over the colonies against the colonists' will.

Chester Nimitz

Forced Japanese back when they were trying to weize Midway Island.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Forced the treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver each month. However, the price of silver did not rise and precious gold was being drained away from the treasury while cheap silver piled up. Led to panic of 1893.

dual federalism

Form of US federalism during nation's early history. Federal and state governments remain separate and independent (layer cake analogy)

constitutional government

Form of government in which government power is vested in the people and is defined and limited by law.

aristocracy

Form of government in which power in concentrated in the hands of the upper social class.

autocracy

Form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of a single individual.

SDS

Formed in 1962 in Port Huron, Michigan, SDS condemned anti-Democratic tendencies of large corporations, racism and poverty, and called for a participatory Democracy.

Samuel Gompers

Founded AFL, wanted to achieve social reform through better standards for laborers, opposed political involvement.

Mary McLeod Bethune

Founded National Council of Negro Women, promoted teaching of black history

Georgia

Founded by James Oglethorpe for those burdened by debt. The English used the colony as a buffer between the propserpous Carolinas and the French and Spaniards.

Connecticut

Founded by Thomas Hooker who brought groups of Puritans to new colony.

Plymouth Bay Colony

Founded by the Pilgrims in 1620. They were headed towards Virginia, but their ship was blown off course.

Harvard College

Founded in 1636, it was the first college in the colonies.

College of William and Mary

Founded in 1693, it was the first college of the Jamestown area.

Yale College

Founded in 1701, it was the third college of the colonies.

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Founded in 1909 to improve living conditions for inner city Blacks, evolved into a national organization dedicated to establishing equal legal rights for Blacks."

Florence Kelley

Founded the National Consumer's League, which wanted legislation to protect consumers from being cheated or harmed by big business. Also was the state of Illinois' first chief factory inspector and lead an advocate for improved factory conditions.

Margaret Sanger

Founder in 10s and 20s of Birth Control movement. Later headed Planned Parenthood Federation.

Clara Barton

Founder of the American Red Cross

George Washington

Founding father, commander of revolutionary army, first president. Considered the father of his country.

Thomas Jefferson

Founding father, principal author of the Declaration of Independence, President 1801-9. Arranged the Louisiana Purchase, founded the U. of VA. Champion of political and religious freedom.

Benjamin Franklin

Founding father, signer of the declaration of independence, Ambassador to France and Britain, early researcher of electricity,

John Adams

Founding father, signer of the declaration of independence, second president. Avoided war with France. Alien & Sedition Acts passed while he was president.

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France aided the U.S. in the American Revolution, and the U.S. agreed to aid France if the need ever arose. Although France could have used American aid during the French Revolution, the U.S. didn't do anything to help. The U.S. didn't fulfill their part of the agreement until World War I."

The Good Neighbor Policy

Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a "good neighbor." The phrase came to be used to describe the U.S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy," the U.S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations.

1st Ammendment of the US Constitution?

Freedom of speech, press, religion, peaceable assembly, and to petition the government.

Four Freedoms

Freedoms FDR said are worth fighting for: speech, worship, want and fear. Used to justify US involvement in WWII.

Key Players of Mexican War

Fremont - "Pathfinder" California, Kearny - New Mexico, Winfield Scott - Vera Cruz to Mexico City (ended war), Zachary Taylor - Buena Vista

Marquis de Lafayette

French General who helped American Revolution and later became important in French Revolution.

Give me liberty or give me death

From speech by Patrick Henry urging American colonies to revolt against England.

Mann-Elkins Act

Further extended the regulatory ability of the ICC by letting it regulate cable and wireless companies dealing with telephone and telegraph lines.

Pinckney's Treaty

Gave America what they demanded from the Spanish: free navigation of the Mississippi, large area of north Florida. (Helped America to have unexpected diplomatic sucess) (1795)

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Gave more rights to Blacks after Civil War

Douglass Mac Arthur

General in WWII for recapturing Phillippines. Supervised occupation of Japan. Commander of UN forces in Korean war. Later removed by Truman.

11th amendment "immunity"?

Generally, a state is immune from suit by an individual. However, a state can consent to be sued, or Congress can abrogate a state's immunity, as long as it is within Congress' authority to do so (i.e. constitutional authority).

Hessians

German mercenaries who, because they were lured by booty and not duty, had large numbers desert and remained in America to become respectful citizens.

Benjamin Harrison

Gilded Age president. Congress under him known as the "Billion Dollar Congress" for showering veterans with pensions, passing the McKinley Tariff Act and

Nelson Rockefeller

Govenor of NY and VP to Ford. Considered a moderate Republican.

Office of Price Administration

Government agency which successful combatted inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and introducing rationing programs during World War II.

Content Regulation

Governmental attempts to regulate the electronic media

Independent Executive Agencies

Governmental units that closely resemble a Cabinet department but have a narrower area of responsibility (such as the CIA) and are not part of any Cabinet Department

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote (finally). (1920)

Battle of Gettysburg

Greatest battle of Civil War fought in PA. Considered to be the turning point in the War in favor of the North.

Oneida

Group in NY that shockingly lived a communal life and shared everything, even marriages.

Lowell System

Guaranteed employees housing in respectable, chaperoned boardinghouses, cash wages, and participation in cultural and social events.

Billy the kid

Gunslinger in New Mexico.

Assumption

Hamilton's idea that the federal government would assume all state debts.

Which president was elected because he opposed the League of Nations?

Harding. He opposed Wilson's league of nations, as did the US senate.

Harrison at Tippecanoe Creek

Harrison defeat Tecumseh at Battle of Tippecanoe. (1811)

Wobblies

Haywood was the leader of the Wobblies. The International Workers of the World (Wobblies) were a militant, radical union. They favored socialism and opposed free enterprise. They were disliked by big business and less radical unions.

Winfield Scott

He commanded the main expedition inland on Mexico in 1847. He was known as “Old Fuss and Feathers†because of his resplendent uniforms and strict discipline. He was unable to do as he pleased because of his inadequate number of troops, the terrain, disease, etc. He battled his way to Mexico City by September 1847.

Charles de Gaulle

He formed the French resistance movement in London immediately after the French surrender at Vichy. He was elected President of the Free French government in exile during the war and he was the first provisional president of France after its liberation.

William Marbury

He had been appointed as Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia by President John Adams shortly before leaving office, but John Marshall, Adam’s Secretary of State didn’t deliver his commission as required. When Thomas Jefferson became President, he ordered the new Secretary of State, James Madison, to not deliver his commission. Marbury petitioned and brought the case to the Supreme Court, but was unsuccessful and never became a Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia.

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He laced his ideas with biblical imagery, familiar to common folk.

Charles Coughlin

He ran against FDR and disliked the New Deal. He voiced his opinions on the radio.

Ernest Hemingway

He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954 and the Pulitzer Prize in 1952. A Farewell to Arms was written in 1929 and told the story of a love affair between an American ambulance driver and a British nurse in Italy during WW I. He shot himself in the head with a shotgun in 1961.

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He served under President Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the U.S. Florida in exchange for the U.S. dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work."

John D. Long

He was a Navy secretary and much of the readiness of the army was owed to him and Theodore Roosevelt.

Daniel Shays

He was a captain in the American Revolutionary War. He is mostly known for leading a small army of farmers in Shays' Rebellion, which was a revolt against the state government of Massachusetts from 1786-1787.

Citizen Genet

He was a represenative of the French Republic who came to America in order to recruit Americans to help fight in the French Revolution.

A. Mitchell Palmer

He was chosen to round up immigrants that were questionably communists, and he ended up rounding up about 6000 people.`

Federalist Party

Headed by Alexander Hamilton, this party, made up of the country's upper class, supported a strong national government and set a policy agenda that would solve the nation's economic problems.

Creel Committee

Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917-1919). He depicted the U.S. as a champion of justice and liberty

SCLC

Headed by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., a coalition of churches and Christians organizations who met to discuss civil rights.

George Creel

Headed the Committee on Public Information

de Lome letter

Hearst’s Journal published a private letter written by Spanish minister to the United States Depuy de Lôme regarding his reservations for Cuban independence and disparaging President McKinley. Helped spark war.

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Helped Texas achieve statehood in 1845"

Harriet Tubman

Helped hundreds of slaves escape to freedom by way of the Underground railroad.

Kit Carson

Helped open up California, a general in the Civil War, and displacer of Navajo

Henry Clay

Helped orchestrate the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 to hold the Union together.

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Helped write the Yellow Press."

Cumberland (National) Road

Highway that stretched across nation, providing much aid to Westerners. (1811)

Hinton R. Helper

Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non-slave-owing Whites in his 1857 book, which as a violent attack on slavery. It wasn't written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small farmer.

The Impending Crisis of the South

Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non-slave-owning Whites in his 1857 book, which was a violent attack on slavery. It wasn’t written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small farmer.

Archduke Ferdinand

His assassination sparked numerous alliances that led to WWI.

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His ideas about rejecting monarchy and empire and embrace and independent republic fell on receptive ears in America, though it should be noted that these ideas already existed."

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His programs were designed to pay off the U.S.'s war debts and stabilize the economy; he believed that the United States should become a leading international commercial power. His programs included the creation of the National Bank, the establishment of the U.S.'s credit rate, increased tariffs, and an excise tax on whiskey. Also, he insisted that the federal government assume debts incurred by the states during the war."

The Nazi Invasion of the Soviet Union

Hitler decided to crush the Soviet Union, seize the oil and other resources of the Soviet Union, and then have two free hands to battle Britain. On June 22, 1941, Hitler launched an attack on the Soviet Union. President Roosevelt immediately promised assistance and backed up his words by making some military supplies available.

Direct Incitement

Holds that advocacy of illegal action is protected by 1st Amendment unless imminent lawless action is intended and likely to occur.

Incorporation Doctrine

Holds that the Due Process Clause applies to State and Local gov'ts in addition to national

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Idea that there should be a “republic†where senators, governors, and judges should have their power from the consent of the people.

The "tricle down" Theory

If the rich become richer then the money will "trickle down" to the middle and poor classes making them more wealthy.

National Origins Act of 1924

Immigration law that was blatantly discriminatory against Eastern and Southern Europeans and virtually excluded Asians.

Clinton impeachment

Impeached for purjury about Monica Lewinsky. Tried and acquitted by the Senate.

Taxation without representation is tyranny

Important right since Magna Carta, not granted to colonists. Was one of the principal motivations for the declaration of independence.

Protective Tariff

Imposed 8% on the value of dutiable imports. Passed to increase revenue and protect small industries. Due in part to Hamilton's plan.

Military Reconstruction Act

Imposed martial law on the South, called for new state constitutional conventions, forced the states to allow blacks to vote for convention delegates, and required each state to ratify 14th Amendment and sent its constitution to Congress for approval.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

In 1639 the Connecticut River colony settlers had an open meeting and they established a constitution called the Fundamental Orders. It made a Democratic government. It was the firdst constitution in the colonies and was a beginning for the other states' charters and constitutions.

Halfway Covenant

In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial church membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church. It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members. Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Bacon's Rebellion

In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a Virginia planter, led a group of 300 settlers in a war against the local Native Americans. When Virginia's royal governor questioned Bacon's actions, Bacon and his men looted and burned Jamestown. Bacon's Rebellion manifested the increasing hostility between the poor and wealthy in the Chesapeake region.

Dominion of New England

In 1686, New England, in conjunction with New York and New Jersey, consolidated under the royal authority -- James II. Charters and self rule were revoked, and the king enforced mercantile laws. The new setup also made for more efficient administration of English Navigation Laws, as well as a better defense system. The Dominion ended in 1688 when James II was removed from the throne.

Saratoga

In 1777, British General John Burgoyne attacked southward from Canada along the Hudson Valley in New York, hoping to link up with General Howe in New York City, thereby cutting the colonies in half. Burgoyne was defeated by American General Horatio Gates on October 17, 1777 at the Battle of Saratoga, surrendering the entire British Army of the North.

Caroline Incident

In 1837 a steamer, the Caroline, was attacked by the British. They burned it on the shore of New York. This steamer was carrying supplies across the Niagara River. Luckily, it sank before going over the falls and only One American died.

Republican Party

In 1854, it formed from the antislavery Whigs and Democrats, the Free-Soilers and various other groups. Ran Lincoln in 1860 and won.

Dred Scott v. Sanford?

In 1857, the Supreme Court ruled that even free Africans could not sue in a federal court, since they were not citizens of the United States and that slaves brought into free territory remained slaves because they were a form of property.

John Brown

In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.

Fort Sumter

In 1861 Confederates attacked the fort, which led to its surrender and was the opening engagement of the Civil War. It is located in Charleston, South Carolina.

H.L. Mencken

In 1924, founded The American Mercury, which featured works by new writers and much of Mencken's criticism on American taste, culture, and language. He attacked the shallowness and conceit of the American middle class.

When was the CIO founded?

In 1935 by eight international unions within the American Federation of Labor to pressure the AFL, which had either opposed or given only lukewarm support to organizing mass production industries, to change its policies. After failing to change AFL policy from within, five of these eight unions split from the AFL to found the Congress of Industrial Organizations as a rival federation in 1938. The CIO rejoined the AFL, forming the new entity known as the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), in 1955.

Dennis vs. the United States

In 1948, the Attorney General indicted two key Communist leaders for violation of the Smith Act of 1940 which prohibited conspiring to teach violent overthrow of the government. They were convicted in a 6-2 decision and their appeal was rejected.

Federal Election Campaign Acts (FECA)

In 1971 it set up restrictions on the amount of advertising used by a candidate, created disclosure of contributions over $100, and limited the amount of personal contributions a candidate could make on his or her behalf. In 1974 it set up a Federal Election Commission and established a system of federal matching funds for presidential candidates.

Immigration act of 1986?

In 1986, Congress passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act, a comprehensive overhaul of immigration policy designed to nationalize all of the country's permanent inhabitants and prevent illegal entrance in the future. The bill granted temporary resident status to illegal aliens who had lived continuously in the United States since before January 1, 1982. With a basic understanding of English and American civics, these temporary residents could become permanent residents after 18 months. Illegal aliens who had lived in the United States for three years and worked at least 90 days each year in American agriculture could also claim temporary resident status and could become permanent residents three years after the bill's enactment if they worked in agriculture at least one more year. To discourage people from entering the country illegally, Congress authorized over $400 million per year for two years to the INS and strengthened penalties for knowingly hiring an illegal immigrant or smuggling illegal immigrants into the United States.

Immigration act of 1990?

In 1990, Congress passed the Immigration Act, approving a substantial increase in immigration. The United States would now admit 700,000 new immigrants annually, up from 500,000 before the bill's passage. The new system continued to favor people with family members already in the United States, but added 55,000 "diversity visas" for countries from which few were emigrating as well as 40,000 permanent job-related visas and 65,000 temporary worker visas. Additional provisions strengthened the U.S. Border Patrol and altered language regarding disease restrictions in a way that permitted the secretary of Health and Human Services to remove AIDS from the list of illnesses making a prospective immigrant ineligible to enter the country.

Guadalcanal

In August 1942, American forces gained a foothold on Guadalcanal Island, the Solomon Islands, in an attempt to protect the lifeline from America to Australia through the Southwest Pacific. After several desperate sea battles for naval control, the Japanese troops evacuated Guadalcanal in February 1943.

General Francisco Franco

In July, 1936, Gen. Fransisco Franco and other army leaders staged a coup and installed a right-wing fascist government, touching off a civil war between loyalist Republican forces (aided by Russia) and Franco's Fascist party (aided by Mussolini and Hitler).

Where did the pilgrims settle?

In Massachussetts, established Plymouth in 1620.

Human rights

In foreign policy, the view that our government should act to enhance the rights of people living in other countries. (Ch. 20)

civil liberties

In general, the rights to freedom of thought, expression, and action, and the protection of these rights from government interference or restriction. Civil liberties are the hallmark of liberal, democratic “free†societies. In the United States, the Bill of Rights guarantees a variety of civil liberties, most notably freedom of assembly, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech, expressed in the First Amendment. (See civil rights.)

franchise

In politics, the right to vote. The Constitution left the determination of the qualifications of voters to the states. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, states usually restricted the franchise to white men who owned specified amounts of property. Gradually, poll taxes were substituted for property requirements. Before the Civil War, the voting rights of blacks were severely restricted, but the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, declared ratified in 1870, prohibited states from abridging the right to vote on the basis of race. Nevertheless, southern states used a variety of legal ploys to restrict black voting until passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Women were not guaranteed the right to vote in federal elections until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. In 1971 the Twenty-sixth Amendment lowered the voting age from twenty-one to eighteen. (See suffrage and suffragette.)

Virginia Resolves

In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies. Known as the Virginia Resolves, these resolutions persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions.

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In the book Our Country, Strong argued that the American country and people were superior because they were Anglo-Saxon.

London Economic Conference

In the summer of 1933, 66 nations sent delegates to the London Economic Conference. The delegates hoped to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression. They sought to stabilize the values of various nations' currencies and the rates at which they could be exchanged. President Roosevelt, at first, agreed to send delegates to the conference, but had second thoughts after he realized that an international agreement to maintain the value of the dollar in terms of other currencies wouldn't allow him to inflate the value of the dollar. He declared that America wouldn't take place in the negotiations. Without support from the United States, the London Economic Conference fell apart. The collapse strengthened the global trend towards nationalism, while making international cooperation increasingly difficult.

XYZ Affair

Incident in which French officials demanded a bribe to speak to American diplomats. Published in newspapers (but French names were replaced with X, Y, and Z) and completely reversed American sentiment towards France.

Activists

Individuals, usually outside of government, who actively promote a political party, philosophy, or issue they care about. (Ch. 6)

Yellow journalism

Inflammatory, irresponsible reporting by newspapers to incite war. Used by William Randolph Hearst to incite the Spanish-American war.

Deists

Influenced by the spirit of rationalism, Desists believed that God, like a celestial clockmaker, had created a perfect universe and then had stepped back to let it operate according to natural laws.

Booker T. Washington

Influential black educator and leader. Said black could be social separated with whites, but together on other issues.

Deep background

Information gathered for news stories that must be completely unsourced

hearsay

Information heard by one person about another. Hearsay is generally inadmissible as evidence in a court of law because it is based on the reports of others rather than on the personal knowledge of a witness.

Insider stories

Information not usually made public that becomes public because someone with inside knowledge tells a reporter. The reporter may have worked hard to learn these facts, in which case it is called "investigative reporting," or some official may have wanted a story to get out, in which case it is called a "leak." (Ch. 10)

Newlands Reclamation Act

Insured that all natural resources would be managed by experts. Funding came from public-land sales and was used to build irrigation projects.

Discount rates

Interest levels established by the Federal Reserve that affect the ability of the consumer to borrow money. Raising and lowering rates is used as a tool to combat inflation.

Big stick diplomacy

International negotiations backed by the threat of force. From Theodore Roosevelt.

Intolerable Acts

Intolerable Acts, passed in 1774, were the combination of the four Coercive Acts, meant to punish the colonists after the 1773, Boston Tea Party and the unrelated Quebec Act. The Intolerable Acts were seen by American colonists as a blueprint for a British plan to deny the Americans representative government. They were the impetus for the convening of the First Continental Congress.

Mashall Plan

Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.

Lochner v. New York

Invalidated a New York law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers, was later repealed. (1905)

Cyrus McCormick

Invented mechanical reaper

Denis Kearney

Irish immigrant who settled in San Francisco and fought for workers rights. He led strikes in protest of the growing number of imported Chinese workers who worked for less than the Americans. Founded the Workingman's Party, which was later absorbed into the Granger movement.

Puerto Rico, Samoa, Guam

Islands (along with the Philippines) given to the US for $20 million from Spain after Treaty of Paris.

Specie Circular

Issued by Jackson - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required land speculation in speci; Provided that in payment for public lands, the government would accept only gold or silver

Japanese Strike?

It has the workers maximizing their output. They are nominally working as usual but the surplus can break the planning, especially in just-in-time systems.

Monopolies

It is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a product or service. Monopolies are characterized by a lack of economic competition for the good or service that they provide and a lack of viable substitute goods.

Judiciary Act of 1789

It organized the Supreme Court, originally with five justices and a chief justice along with several federal district and circuit courts. It also created the attorney general's office. This Act created the judiciary branch of the U.S. government and thus helped to shape the future of this country.

Great Compromise

It resolved between the small and large states that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate (2 senators each). All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems. (1787)

The Neutrality Act of 1939

It stated that the European democracies could buy American war materials as long as they would transport the munitions on their own ships after paying for them in cash. America thus avoided loans, war debts, and the torpedoing of American arms-carriers. Overseas demand for war goods brought a sharp upswing from the recession of 1937-1938 and ultimately solved the decade-long unemployment crisis.

That National Recovery Administration

It was designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. there were maximum hours of labor, minimum wages, and more rights for labor union members, including the right to choose their own representatives in bargaining.

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934

It was designed to lower the tariff, and it aimed at both relief and recovery. The president was empowered to lower existing rates by as much as 50% provided that the other country involved would do the same. During these years of trade agreements, U.S. foreign trade increased dramatically. The act paved the way for the American-led free-trade international economic system that took shape after WWII.

U.S. Steel Corporation

J.P. Morgan's steel empire, first billion-dollar corporation.

New Frontier

JFK's slogan to describe his goals and policies, in particular equality of opportunity for all.

Maysville Road Veto

Jackson withheld funds from localized roads and vetoed a bill for improving the Maysville Road (local road connected to interstate). This was a great setback for the internal improvements of the American society.

James Meredith

James tried to attend the University of Mississippi and encountered violent opposition so Kennedy sent in troops for him to graduate.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Jefferson and Madison's response to Alien and Sedition Acts. Promoted states' right to nullify federal laws considered unconstitutional (1799)

Fisk-Gould scandal

Jim Fisk and Jay Gould exploited US Treasury to benefit themselves. Exemplified corruption in America when proven guilty.

Founding Fathers

John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and George Washington.

Peter Zenger Case

John Peter Zenger, a newspaper printer, protested the royal governor in 1734-35. He was put on trial for this "act of treason." The jury went against the royal governor and ruled Zenger innocent. This set the standards for democracy and, most importantly, for the freedom of the press.

Slidell Mission

John Slidell was sent to Mexico City in 1845 to offer a $25 million maximum for California and other territory. Mexicans rejected.

War on poverty

Johnson's programs to help poor Americans, including job retraining and improvement of housing.

Article 3 of the US Constitution Cover?

Judicial Power

Dissenting opinion

Judicial written opinion that is contrary to the ruling of the full court.

The Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

Bay of Pigs

Kennedy approved and CIA sponsored invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles. Invasion failed, resulting in major humilation for Kennedy.

Robert McNamara

Kennedy's Defense Secretary who helped to come up with and push the "flexible response" strategy.

Judiciary committee

Key Senate committee that is responsible for recommending presidential judicial appointments to the full Senate for approval.

Keynote address

Key speech at the national nominating convention that outlines the themes of the campaign.

Cuban missile crisis

Khruschev put nuclear missiles in Cuba, Kennedy blockaded Cuba insisting they be removed, which they eventually were. Closest world came to direct confrontation of superpowers in Cold War

Seneca Falls Convention

Kicked off the equal-rights-for-women campaign led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (1848)

George III

King George the third was the king of England in the 1770's.Though he was a good man he was not a good ruler. He lost all of the 13 American colonies and caused America to start to gain its freedom.

Grand Old Party

Known as the GOP, another way of identifying the Republic Party.

Louis Sullivan

Known as the father of the skyscraper because he designed the first steel-skeleton skyscraper. Mentor of Frank Lloyd Wright.

Jimmy Hoffa

Labor leader who build the Teamsters Union. Considered corrupt and was likely killed.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Labor unions ruled not illegal conspiracies, that methods were honorable and peaceful

Anthracite Coal Strike

Large strike by coal miners led by Miner's Union president George F. Baer

Battle of Yorktown

Last battle of Revolutionary War. Cornwallis surrendered to Washington here.

The Wright Brothers

Launched the air age.

Hatch Act

Law enacted in 1939 to prohibit civil servants from taking activist roles in partisan campaigns. This act prohibited federal employees from making political contributions, working for a particular party, or compaigning for a particular candidate

GI Bill

Law granting educational and other benefits to vetrans.

Clear Air Act (1970)

Law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry.

Alien & Sedition Acts

Laws aimed at restricting the public activities of political radicals who sympathized with the French Revolution and criticized Adam's Federalist policies. They provoked the Virgina and Kentucky Resolutions by Madison and Jefferson asserting State's rights.

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Child labor laws

Laws passed forbidding employment of children except in specific circumstances. Later Supreme Court ruled these unconstitutional. Later still 1930s, Fair Labor Standards Act upheld by the Court, banning employment of children in manufacturing jobs.

blue laws

Laws that prohibit certain businesses from opening on Sunday or from selling certain items on that day. Blue laws often apply to bars and to alcohol sales. Originally enacted to allow observation of Sunday as a Sabbath, blue laws have come under attack as violating the separation of church and state. The courts, however, have upheld most blue laws, on the basis that their observance has become secular and promotes Sunday as a day of rest and relaxation.

Brigham Young

Leader of Mormons

Ngo Dinh Diem

Leader of the pro-Western government in South Vietnam.

Barry Goldwater

Leading spokesman for American conservatism. Lost to Johnson in 1964.

Sam Houston

Led Texans in their struggle for independence from Mexico. Later became govenor and removed when he opposed secession.

Federalists

Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation, and encouraged commerce and manufacturing. They were staunch supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a political force during the early years of the United States. The Federalist influence declined after the election of Republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappeared completely after the Hartford Convention.

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, they were characterized as the party of the "common man." They believed in a more limited role of the central government.

Nat Turner

Led first effective and sustained slave revolt in American history. His rebellion demonstrated that not all slaves accept their circumstances passively.

The Grange/Oliver Kelley

Led the National Grange of the Pattrons of Husbandry, first real organization of the populist movement.

William McKinley

Led the US during the Spanish-American war. US also annexed Philippines in his presidency. Republican president who believed in the gold standard. His presidency was a time of rising jingoism and imperialism. Was assassinated by an anarchist.

Campaign finance reform

Legislation aimed at placing limits on political candidates accepting money and gifts from individuals and special interest groups.

Article 1 of the US Constitution Cover?

Legislative Power

Authorization legislation

Legislative permission to begin or continue a government program or agency. An authorization bill may grant permission to spend a certain sum of money, but that money does not ordinarily become available unless it is also appropriated. Authorizations may be annual, multiyear, or permanent. See also Appropriation (Ch. 13)

Jeffersonian democracy

Less radical than Jacksonian democracy, called for leadership by those with greatest ability, not common man.

How often does congress override a president's veto?

Less than 5% of the time.

How often is the presidential veto overriden?

Less than 5% of the time.

U.S. v. Knight Co.

Let sugar refinery slip through loophole of Sherman Anti-Trust Act, thereby weakening it.

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

Let the government seize and operate industries threatened by or under strikes.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

Letters written by MLK encouraging non-violent protest against segregation.

War of 1812

Like second war of independence. Fought over alleged violations of American shipping rights. American soldiers attacked Canada unsuccessfully, and Britain burned the White House. Most famous battle was Battle of New Orleans led by Andrew Jackson (after peace had been signed, but army not informed).

Suspension of Habeas Corpus

Lincoln suspended this writ, which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them. Throughout the war, thousands were arrested for disloyal acts. Although the U.S. Supreme Court eventually helped the suspension edict to be unconstitutional, by the time the Court acted the Civil War was nearly over.

Charles Lindbergh

Lindbergh flew his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, across the Atlantic in the first transatlantic solo flight.

Mason-Dixon line

Line dividing Maryland and PA, considered the line between slaveholding vs. free states.

Erie Canal

Linked the Great Lakes region to New York (and European shipping routes), opened up new era of industry for farmers. (1825)

Kelo Vs. City of New London

Local gov may force the sale of private properst to make way for private economic development when officials decide it would benefit the public

Affiliates

Local television stations that carry the programming of a national network

Three Mile Island

Location of a nuclear power plant accident in 1979. Caused panic and intense criticism of nuclear power programs in general.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Lodge was against the League of Nations, so he packed the foreign relations committee with critics and was successful in convincing the Senate to reject the treaty.

William Douglas

Longest serving Supreme Court justice (1939-1975). Committed liberal.

Roanoke

Lost Colony. Founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1587 in current North Carolina, disappeared within three years.

George McGovern

Lost election to Nixon, was a liberal democrat opposed to involvement in Vietnam.

house of representatives

Lower house of US Congress, in which representation is allocated to states in direct proportion to their population. Has sole power to initiate appropriations legislation.

Truman-MacArthur controversy

MacArhur called for air strikes on China during Korean War. Truman said no, MacArthur disagreed publicly. Truman removed him for insubordination.

National Comsumers League

Made female comsumers push for laws safeguarding women and children in the work place.

Departments

Major administrative units with responsibility for a broad area of governmental operations. Departmental status usually indicates a permanent national interest in that particular governmental function, such as defense, commerce, or agriculture.

Battle of Chancellorsville

Major battle in Civil War. South won. Stonewall Jackson accidentally shot and killed by his own men after the battle.

Battle of Saratoga

Major battle in revolutionary war, lead to victory by Benedict Arnold (before he became traitor). Considered to be the turning point in the war, leading to France backing the Americans.

Bakke decision

Major decision in which the court upheld the general principle of Affirmative Action.

Harding scandals

Major incidents of corruption in government that occurred while Harding was president. Most notable, lease of federally owned oil reserve land to private interests in return for bribes.

Taft-Hartley Act

Major law concerning labor passed in 1947. Was reversal of pro-labor policies of FDR.

Gettysburg Address

Major speech delivered by Lincoln during the Civil War ('Fore score and seven years ago... government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the Earth."

Atlanta Compromise

Major speech on race-relations given by Booker T. Washington addressing black labor opportunities, and the peril of whites ignoring black injustice

Cherokees

Major tribe that lived in the Southeast. Were forcibly removed to reservations west of the Mississippi.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

March 6, 1933 - FDR ordered a bank holiday. Many banks were failing because they had too little capital, made too many planning errors, and had poor management. The Emergency Banking Relief Act provided for government inspection, which restored public confidence in the banks. It gave the president power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks.

The Hundred Days

March 9, 1933 - At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval. It actually lasted only 99 days.

Sherman's march to the sea

March by Union General in Georgia that sought to destroy anything the South could use for the war (railroads, factories, houses, livestock, etc.)

My Lai massacre

Massacre by US soldiers of innocent villagers during Vietnam. Became a symbol for those opposed to the war in Vietnam.

Feature stories

Media reports about public events knowable to any reporter who cares to inquire, but involving acts and statements not routinely covered by a group of reporters. Thus a reporter must take the initiative and select a particular event as newsworthy, decide to write about it, and persuade an editor to run it. (Ch. 10)

Nashville Convention

Meeting twice in 1850, its purpose was to protect the slave property in the South.

confirmation hearings

Meetings held by the Senate to gather information about candidates for federal office nominated by the president of the United States. Under the Constitution, the president has the right to appoint whomever he wants to various government offices, including members of the cabinet and federal judges, but each appointment must be approved by the Senate as part of the separation of powers.

Elector

Member of the electoral college chosen by methods determined in each state

Buffalo Soldiers

Members of one of the African American regiments within the U.S. Army after the Civil War, serving primarily in the Indian wars of the late 1860s.

Mercantilism

Mercantilism was the economic policy of Europe in the 1500s through 1700s. The government exercised control over industry and trade with the idea that national strength and economic security comes from exporting more than is imported. Possession of colonies provided countries both with sources of raw materials and markets for their manufactured goods. Great Britain exported goods and forced the colonies to buy them.

Second Continental Congress

Met just after first battles of war. Established Continental Army, printed money, created government offices, and chose George Washington to lead army.

Braceros

Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers.

Black Panthers

Militant black power organization of the 1960s founded by Huey Newton.

Minutemen

Militia during the Revolutionary war ready to fight at a moment's notice alongside regular troops.

Bernard Baruch

Millionaire, he headed the War Industries Board after 1918.

Al Capone

Mob leader in 1920s. Sent to prison for income tax evasion.

Direct tax

Money paid directly to the government in the form of income taxes.

Indirect tax

Money paid to the government as a result of purchased goods.

Internment of Japanese Americans

More than 100,000 people put in relocation camps during WWII.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Most critics regard "The Great Gatsby" as his finest work. Written in 1925, it tells of an idealist who is gradually destroyed by the influence of the wealthy, pleasure-seeking people around him.

Boss Tweed

Most famous political boss - HQed in NYC

Hank Aaron

Most home runs until Babe Ruth

Navajos

Most numerous Native American tribe in the U.S. Located in the Southwest. Forced to move in 1864.

Martin Luther King

Most prominent member of the Civil rights Movement. Letters from Birmingham Jail set tone for non-violent resistance. Helped organize march on Washington and gave I have a Dream speech. Received Nobel prize and was assissinated in 1968.

Social Gospel

Movement aimed at making churches more responseive to social problems, such as poverty. Said Christ's message was also about social reform.

Civil rights movement

Movement in 50s and 60s to eliminate segregation and gain equal rights. Major moments were when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus for a white person, MLK's 'I have a Dream Speech', the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and Fair Housing Act of 1968.

Social Gospel

Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

Farmer's Alliance

Movement which focused on cooperation between farmers. They all agreed to sell crops at the same high prices to eliminate competition. Not successful.

Reform movements

Movements supported by a group of people to change society for the better regarding moral, religious, and social issues.

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Name came from the cloth gas of possessions many of them used to travel South.

Square Deal

Name of TR's programs of reform. Focused on busting trusts, gov't regulation of big biz, fair chance for labor, and environmental conservation

Manhattan Project

Name of program to develop atomic weapons in WWII.

Star-Spangled Banner

National Anthem, written by Frances Scott Key during war of 1812.

Kent State

National Guard killed 4 students who were demonstrating against the Vietnam war. Served to turn moderates against the war.

Anti-Saloon League

National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.

Jim Thorpe

Native American olympic athelete in 1912 games.

Pueblos

Native American people in AZ and NM who lived in peublos.

Sacajawea

Native American woman who guided Lewis and Clark on their expedition

Apaches

Native Americans in SW

Sioux

Native Americans in the Dakotas. Massacred Custer at Battle of Little Bighorn. Many were later massacred at Wounded Knee in 1890.

Ku Klux Klan

Nativist hate group founded during the Reconstruction Era. The Klan terrorized African Americans throughout the South, especially those who attempted to assert their civil rights. The preaches hatred of Catholics and Jews.

Franco-American Alliance

Negotiated by Ben Franklin, brought French into war on Americans' side. Helped determine outcome of war.

Washington's Farewell Address

Never delivered. Warned of the dangers of divisive party politics and warned agaisnt US alliances with other countries.

New England Confederation

New England colonists formed the New England Confederation in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization.

Social Issues under Reagan

New Right's push for organized prayer public schools and ban on abortion ((RR) against) first female in SC, (RR) also opposed Equal Rights Movement

Hearst

Newspaper publisher who adopted a sensationalist style. His reporting was partly responsible for igniting the Spanish-American War. The most famous yellow journalist.

GI Joe

Nickname for US soldiers during WWII. GI short for government issue.

Rough Riders

Nickname of cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt in Spanish American war. Victorious charge in Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba.

Watergate

Nixon's staff broken into HQ of Democratic party to plant bugs. Later Nixon covered it up. To avoid impeachment, he resigned.

Does the president have "line item veto" power?

No. The Supreme Court upheld a lower court's ruling finding the line item veto to be unconstitutional, as the constitution lays out how the president may veto a bill, but is silent as to amending it. This leaves open the question if the constitution can be amended to allow for such a procedure.

Ho Chi Minh

North Vietnamese leader who had lead the resistance against the Japanese during WW II and at the end of the war had led the uprising against the French Colonial government. He had traveled in Europe, was an ardent Communist, and became President of the North Vietnamese government established after the French withdrawal. Often called the George Washington of North Vietnam.

Lee Harvey Oswald

November, 22, 1963 - Oswald shot Kennedy from a Dallas book depository building, and was later himself killed by Jack Ruby. Chief Justice Earl Warren ruled that they both acted alone.

Underwood Tariff Bill

October 13, 1913 - Lowered tariffs on hundreds of items that could be produced more cheaply in the U.S. than abroad.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929-The day that the stock market crashed.

Sputnik

October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.

Connecticut Compromise

Offered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, it was adopted by the delegates and created a bicameral legislature, where one house is represented by population, and the other house is represented by the states.

Civil Rights Acts

Officially made blacks citizens of the US

What states were part of the Northwest Territory?

Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana. They all became states in the early to mid 1800's.

The Hitler-Stalin Pact 1939

On August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression treaty with Hitler. The Hitler-Stalin pact meant that Germany could make war on Poland and the Western democracies without fear of retaliation from the Soviet Union.

Land Ordinance of 1787

Once a territory reached 60,000 citizens, it could become a state.

Stono Rebellion

One of the first and most successful slave rebellions in which twenty slaves met and killed many colonists before fleeing and being captured.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

One of the first settlements in New England. Established in 1629 and led under John Winthrop, it became a major Puritan colony.It was a major trading center, and absorbed the Plymouth community

Democratic-Republicans

One of the first two American political parties, together with the Federalist Party. Founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Those two and James Monroe were the only Democratic-Republican presidents. Party disbanded in the 1820s, splintering into two factions, the Democratic Party and the Whig Party. Members of the Democratic-Republican Party believed that a strong federal government would weaken and not respect the rights of the states and the people.

The Social Security Act of 1935

One of the most important features of the Second New Deal established a retirement for persons over 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer.

Captain John Smith

One of the original settlers of Jamestown. Captured by Native Americans, saved by Pocahontas.

Congressionalist

One who believes that Article II's provision that the president should ensure "faithful execution of the laws" should be read as an injunction against substituting presidential authority for legislative intent.

fellow traveler

One who supports the aims or philosophies of a political group without joining it. A “fellow traveler†is usually one who sympathizes with communist doctrines but is not a member of the Communist party. The term was used disparagingly in the 1950s to describe people accused of being communists.

Malcolm X

One-time pimp and street hustler, converted to a Black Muslim while in prison. At first urged Blacks to seize their freedom by any means necessary, but later changed position and advocated racial harmony. He was assassinated in February, 1965.

Tea Act

Only duty not repealed from Townshend Acts. Forced colonists to buy tea at high prices due to monopolies.

The United Nations

Only the Security Council could take action on substantive issues through investigation. The General Assembly met and talked. A secretariat, headed by a Secretary-General, was to perform the organization's administrative work.

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Opened Canada to greater trade

Anti-federalists

Opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of largely independent states. Antifederalists successfully marshaled public support for a federal bill of rights. After ratification, they formed a political party to support states' rights. See also Federalists (Ch. 2)

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Opposed the spread of slavery

Executive order

Order signed by the president that has the effect of law, even though it is not passed by Congress. An example of an executive order includes President Clinton's order legalizing the abortion bill, RU486. All executive orders must be published in the "Federal Register"

Baker Vs. Carr

Ordered state legislative districts to be as near to equal in population as possible. "one man one vote"

National Woman Suffrage Association

Organization founded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, fought for women's equality in courts and workplaces as well as the polls.

National Municipal League

Organization to improve city standards and reform the system.

Women's Trade Union League

Organized by female activists, helped give femal reformers an national stage for social investigation and advocacy.

SNCC

Organized in the fall of 1960 by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. as a student civil rights movement inspired by sit-ins, it challenged the status quo and walked the back roads of Mississippi and Georgia to encourage Blacks to resist segregation and to register to vote.

Triple Alliance

Original Allies in WWI: Britain, France, and Russia.

Triple Entente

Original Central Powers in WWI: Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy.

Annapolis Convention

Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation

Department of Labor and Commerce

Originally started in 1903 as the Department of Commerce and Labor, it was combined with the Bureau of Corporations in 1913 to create the Department of Labor. The Bureau of Corporations helped break the stronghold of monopolies.

Prohibition

Outlawing of alcohol in 1920-33, enforced by the Volstead Act. Later repealed by new constitutional amendment in 1933. Example of how more harm than good can come from enactment of laws sure to be widely disobeyed.

Bonnie and Clyde

Outlaws on a two year spree of murder and bank robbery in

Joseph Pulitzer

Owner of the "New York World," helped originate and title the practice of sensationalistic "yellow journalism."

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Pacificism â€" American Peace Society 1828

Seward Purchase of Alaska

Paid $7.2 million for "Seward's icebox," but later proved to be useful addition.

Infomercials

Paid political commercials usually lasting longer than the average 30- or 60- second paid political ad.

Common sense

Pamphlets written by Thomas Paine to rally support for the Revolutionary war.

The American Crisis

Pamphlets written by Thomas Paine to rally support for the Revolutionary war.

Amnesty Act

Pardoned many of the rebels and allowed them to reenter public acts. (1872)

Nisei

Parents Japanese, but born abroad. Were largely inturned during WWII.

The National Bank

Part of Hamilton's Plan, it would save the government's surplus money until it was needed.

French and Indian War

Part of the Seven Years’ War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The Algonquians, who feared British expansion into the Ohio Valley, allied with the French. The Mohawks also fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied with the British. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all the remaining French possessions in Canada, as well as India. Spain, which had allied with France, ceded Florida to Britain, but received Louisiana in return.

Internal Revenue Service

Part of the United States Department of the Treasury. The IRS is responsible for the collection of all federal taxes, except customs duties.

Crossover voting

Participation in the primary of a party with which the voter is not affiliated

Whig party

Party formed to oppose Jackson and the democrats. Supported protective tariffs, national banking and federal aid for infrastructure. Fell into disunity over slavery, and later Republican party emerged from it.

Caucus

Party regulars meeting in small groups asking questions, discussing qualifications regarding the candidate, and voting on whether to endorse a particular candidate. The Iowa caucus has taken on almost as much importance as the New Hampshire primary because of its timing.

Force Act

Passed after civil war - protected voting rights of blacks

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

Passed by Congress in 1965, it allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before.

Declaratory Act

Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more. Parliament, however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in and control the colonies.

Clean Water Act

Passed in 1987, this law established safe drinking standards and creates penalties for water polluters.

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Patriot militias constantly harassed small British detachments.

Jimmy Carter

Peanut farmer who became President. Helped negotiate peace between Egypt and Israel. Seen as too weak, especially after Iran hostage situation. Lost to Regan and became international peacemaker.

WIlliam Penn

Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

Initiatives

People have the right to propose a new law. Made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.

Era of Good Feelings?

Period from 1815-1821 that followed the War of 1812 where the last Federalist candidate was defeated and the issues of slavery were emerging as a result of the Missouri Compromise. James Monroe defeated the last Federalist candidate in 1816, and won unopposed in 1820.

Enlightenment Era

Period stretching from the late 17th century through the end of the 18th century. Sometimes called the Age of Reason. Science flourished during the this. As it did, many philosophers placed great faith in the powers of reason and human capability. With this increased faith came the belief that individuals were entitled to greater control over their own governments. Associated with writers Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu.

Critical or realigning periods

Periods during which a sharp, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties. The issues that separate the two parties change, and so the kinds of voters supporting each party change. (Ch. 7)

Perry/Japan

Perry pursuaded Japanese to sign treaty that opened up commerce and marked the beginning of a tumultuous relationship.

Constituent

Person living in the district of an elected official.

Earmarks

Pet projects added to appropriation bills by congressman, called "wasteful spending" and "pork barrel legislation" by critics.

John Dewey

Philosophical driver of progressive education in late 19th, early 20th century.

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Pierce’s diplomats failed in their attempt to purchase Cuba from Spain, leading to the drafting of the Ostend Manifesto."

William Randolph Hurst

Pioneer in the kind of sensational reporting often called Yellow Journalism. Helped whip up hostility toward Spain, which led to the Spanish American war.

Henry Clay's American System

Plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, and improve the country's transporation system

Barbary pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Entrepreneurial politics

Policies benefiting society as a whole or some large part that impose a substantial cost on some small identifiable segment of society. See also Policy entrepreneurs (Ch. 15)

Agenda setting

Policy goals typically set by political parties.

Open Door Notes

Policy that explained the importance of American commercial influence on foreign policies, but urged world powers to respect Chinese rights and ideal of fair competition.

interest group

Political group organized around a particular political goal or philosophy. Attempt to influence public poicy through political action and donations to sympathetic candidates.

Ideological interest groups

Political organizations that attract members by appealing to their political convictions with coherent sets of (usually) controversial principles. (Ch. 9)

Grassroots

Political participation at the local level.

American Party/Know-Nothings

Political party of the 1850s. The Know-Nothings (so named becaus of their secretiveness) pursued nativist goals, including severe limitations on immigration.

Democratic party

Political party that arose in 1820s. Jackson was the first Democratic president. Supported limited government and represented farmers, laborers and settlers. Since the New Deal, Democrats have emphasized the role of the federal government in promoting social, economic and political opportunities for all citizens.

Democratic Party

Political party that evolved from the original Democratic-Republican Party. It is one of the two major political parties.

Devolution

Political theory of returning power to the states.

Stephen Douglas

Political who debated Lincoln prior to 1860 election - advocated annexation of Mexico and strong supporter for Compromise of 1850

Issue-Oriented Politics

Politics that focuses on specific issues rather than on party, candidate, or other loyalties

James K. Polk

Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and he won the election. Polk favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a friend and follower of Andrew Jackson. He opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. He was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny.

Exit Polls

Polls conducted at selected polling places on Election Day

hawks and doves

Popularly, “hawks†are those who advocate an aggressive foreign policy based on strong military power. “Doves†try to resolve international conflicts without the threat of force.

Advise and consent

Power of the Senate regarding presidential appointments.

Concurrent power

Power shared by the state and federal government, such as the power to tax.

Congressional oversight

Power used by Congress to gather information useful for the formation of legislation, review the operations and budgets of executive departments and independent regulatory agencies, conduct investigations through committee hearings, and bring to the public's attention the need for public policy.

10th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

Powers of states and people. Anything not in the constitution is left to the states.

Acid rain

Precipitation in the form of rain, snow, or dust particles, the increased acidity of which is caused by environmental factors such as pollutants released into the atmosphere. (Ch. 21)

cooperative federalism

Preeminent form of US federalism. (Marble cake analogy) National and state governments share many powers.

Charles Darwin

Presented the theory of evolution, which proposed that creation was an ongoing process in which mutation and natural selection constantly give rise to new species. Sparked a long-running religious debate over the issue of creation.

James Garfield

President 1881. Assassinated by a man who had been angered by not having received a public job under the Spoils System. Gave momentum to abandon this system.

Grover Cleveland

President 1885 and 1893 (2 non-consecutive terms). Fought against corruption and tried to solve national financial problems.

Theodore Roosevelt

President 1901 to 1909. Lead the Rough Riders in Spanish-American war. Upheld many of the interests of the Progressive Movement. Was a Trust Buster. Said needed to 'walk softly but carry a big stick.' Received Nobel prize for negotiating peace in Russo-Japanese war. Began construction of the Panama Canal.

Woodrow Wilson

President 1912-21. Initially opposed involvement in WWI, but later drawn in so 'the world may be made safe for democracy.' Created his 14 points for peace, encouraged creation of the League of Nations. Senate refused entry. Won Nobel prize.

Warren Harding

President 1921-23. Opposed participation in the League of Nations. Many of his appointments were corrupt. He died before the full scope was revealed. Known as the Harding scandals.

Harry Truman

President 1945-1953 after FDR died in final months of WWII. Made decision to drop bomb on Japan. Enthusiastically supported the UN and put forward the Marshall Plan. Sent troops to support UN in Korean war.

John F. Kennedy (JFK)

President 1961-63. Brought US out of Cuban Missile Crisis, negotiated the NTBT of 1963. Responsible for the Bay of Pigs disaster. Domestic Agenda called New Frontier. Strongly supported space program and the civil rights movement. Shot by Lee Harvey Oswald.

Lyndon Johnson

President 1963-69. Became president when Kennedy assassinated. Guided Kennedy's New Frontier, including Voting Rights Act of 1965. His domestic program was the Great Society. Sharp buildup of forces in Vietnam.

Bill Clinton

President 1992-2000, reconciled conservative and liberal wings of democratic party. Impeached due to sexual misconduct. Booming economy.

Great Society

President Johnson called his 1`version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Great Society

President Lyndon B. Johnson's social/economic program, aimed at raising the standard of living for America's poorest residents. Among its programs are Medicare, Medicaid, Project Head Start, Job Corps, and Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA).

James Monroe

President after Madison. Issued the Monroe doctrine and the Missouri Compromise took place during his presidency.

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President following the death of William Henry Harrison

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President from 1933 to 1945, elected 4 times. Launched the New Deal, held fireside chats explaining them. Supported the Allies with his Four Freedoms speech. After Pearl Harbor entered the war snd started the Manhattan Project. Neogitated the Yalta Agreement. Died just before the end of the war.

Calvin Coolidge

President in 1923. Worked to restrain growth of government and especially to interfere with private enterprise.

George H.W. Bush

President in 88, broke campaign pledge to not raise taxes, presided over the first Gulf War, lost to Clinton due to recession.

A. Philip Randolph

President of the Brotherhood of Car Porters and a Black labor leader, in 1941 he arranged a march on Washington to end racial discrimination.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy

Fourteenth Amendment (1868)

Prevented the states from denying "due process of law" and "equal protection under the law" to citizens. The amendment was aimed specifically at protecting the rights of newly freed slaves. In the 20th century, the Supreme Court used teh amendment to strike down state laws that violate the bill of rights.

Stock "Watering"

Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back.

closed primary

Primary election in which voting is restricted to registered members of a political party.

Franking

Privilege enjoyed by members of Congress entitling them to free postage for any mailings made as part of their official duties.

extradition

Process by which governments return fugitives to the jurisdiction from which they have fled.

Article 5 of the US Constitution Cover?

Process of Ammendment

Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (10% Plan)

Proclaimed a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and emancipation, and then formally erected a state government.

D.W. Griffith

Produced the move "The Birth of Nations" in 1915 which glorified the KK of Reconstuction days and defamed both blacks and Northern carpetbaggers.

1893 Depression

Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Let to the Pullman strike.

New Deal

Program of FDR to get out of Great Depression. Included Social Security System, Tennessee Valley Authority and Works Progress Administration

Works Progress Administration

Program of the New Deal to perform public works to put people back to work.

Progressive (Bull Moose) Party

Progressive Party created by TR, advocated primary elections, women's suffrage, and prohibition of child labor.

Fifteenth Amendment (1870)

Prohibited states from denying votings rights to African Americans. Southern states circumvented the Fifteenth Amendment through literacy tests and poll taxes.

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act

Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children

The Volstead Act (18th Amendment)

Prohibition - 1919: the 18th Amendment outlawed the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors. Volstead Act - 1919: Defined what drinks constituted "intoxicating liquors" under the 18th Amendment, and set penalties for violations of prohibition.

8th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

Prohibition of excessive bail, as well as cruel or unusual punishment.

Free Exercise Clause

Prohibits US government from interfering with a citizen's right to practice his or her religion

Compromise Tariff

Promised to gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by 10% over a period of eight years.

The American System

Proposed after the War of 1812 by Clay. It included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank.

Richard Nixon

Prosecution of Alger Hiss. VP of Eisenhower. Lost to JFK. President in 1968. Restored relations with China. Withdrew from Vietnam. Watergate scandal led to his resignation.

Lecopmton Constitution

Proslavery Kansans drafted constitution, but voters had to vote for it "with slavery" or "with no slavery." Win-win situation for them, because constitution w/o slavery protected rights of slave-holding Kansans. Buchanan supported it, but Douglas made sure entire constitution went up for vote instead.

3rd Ammendment of the US Constitution?

Protection from quartering of troops.

4th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

Protection from unreasonable search and seizure.

9th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

Protection of rights not specifically enumerated in the Bill of Rights.

first amendment

Protects the rights of individuals against the government by guaranteeing the freedom of speech, the press, religion, and assembly.

Morrill Land Grant Act

Provided money for agricultural colleges.

Constitution

Provides the basic framework of government. It is the supreme law of the land.

Balanced budget

Public policy that advocates that the federal budget spends as much money as it receives. Attempt made to pass a constitutional amendment mandating this policy failed.

Is the bulk of the data assembled by the CIA public or covert?

Public.

cruel and unusual punishment

Punishment prohibited by the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution. Cruel and unusual punishment includes torture, deliberately degrading punishment, or punishment that is too severe for the crime committed. This concept helps guarantee due process even to convicted criminals. Many people have argued that capital punishment should be considered cruel and unusual punishment.

Roger Williams

Puritan leader, expelled from MA for being too religiously tolerant. Went on to found colony of Rhode Island as place of total tolerance.

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Pushed the ""Big Sister"" Policy and said we should open Latin American markets to Yankee traders."

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Pushed through congress over Johnson’s veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the south and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district. Law that threw out the southern state governments that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment

Valley Forge

Quarters of American army one winter in revolutionary war. Very cold, but Washington kept the morale of the troops up.

Queen Liliuokalani/Hawaii

Queen of Hawaii who disliked Americans and was overthrown when sugar prices dropped. Planters wanted the independent Republic of Hawaii and requested annexation from the US.

de facto discrimination

Racial discrimination that results from practice (such as housing patterns or other social factors) rather than the law

de jure discrimination

Racial segregation that is a direct result of law or official policy

New Left

Radical movement in 60s and 70s which opposed the military industrial complex and US involvement in Vietnam. Also urged public attention of blacks and poor.

Edward Murrow

Radio commentator during WWII, opposed McCarthyism, created TV shows going to homes of celebrities for interviews.

Stonewall Riot

Raid on gay club, where clients fought back. Led to the creation of the Gay Liberation Front and greater solidarity among homosexuals.

William Marcy Tweed

Ran a network of corrupt NYC officials called the Tweed ring. Tammany Hall. Name synonomous with municipal corruption. Boss Tweed.

Whiskey Rebellion

Rebellion against federal tax on alcohol. Was first important test of the power of the new federal government to enforce its laws after Constitution passed.

The Philippines

Recieved these islands after S-A War. Although he considered giving them up after insurrections, McKinley ultimately kept them.

Radical Reconstruction

Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war

Ty Cobb

Record for lifetime batting average.

Favorable balance of trade

Refers to a country exporting more than they import. The United States has had an unfavorable balance of trade since World War II.

Judicial Implementation

Refers to how and whether judicial decisions are translated into actual public policies affecting more than the immediate parties to a lawsuit

Cold war

Refers to the nonmilitary struggle between the United States (and its allies) and the former Soviet Union (and its allies) following World War II. (A cold war is distinguished from a hot or shooting war.) (Ch. 20)

Bipartisan

Refers to two political parties working together to reach a common policy goal.

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Reforms of insane asylums.

Rosa Parks

Refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white person. This incident was the first major confrontation in the Civil Rights movement.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Regulates air and water pollution, pesticides, radiation, solid waste, and toxic substances. It is the main environmental regulatory agency.

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Rejected the programs of the Whigs who had elected Harrison, which led them to turn against him

Cotton Mather

Religious leader behind the Salem Witch Trials.

Nonintercourse Act, Force Act, Macon's Bill #2

Replaced Embargo Act, if either Britian or France repealed their restrictions on US trade, US would embargo other.

Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Required Mexico to cede the American southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, and California, to the U.S. The U.S. gave Mexico $15 million in exchange, so that it would not look like conquest.

The Smith Act

Required fingerprinting and registering of all aliens in the U.S. and made it a crime to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government.

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Response by some violent Southern whites led to organization of the Ku Klux Klan."

Meat Inspection Act

Response to "The Jungle," created strict sanitary requirements for meat, began a quality rating system, and provisioned for a federal department to inspect meat.

Cross of Gold Speech

Responsible for gaining Bryan popularity. To supporters of gold: "You shall not crucify mankind upon this cross of gold."

Black Codes

Restrictions on the freedom of former slaves, passed by Southern governments.

Distributive policy

Results in the government giving benefits directly to people, groups, farmers, and businesses. Typical policies include subsidies, research and development funds for corporations, and direct government aid for highway construction and education.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

Reversed Muller v. Oregon, declared laws to protect women workers were unconstitutional. (1923)

2nd Ammendment of the US Constitution?

Right to keep and bear arms.

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

Watts riots

Riots in LA in 1965, 30 people died

Jeffersonianism vs. Hamiltonianism

Rival ideas of American Government. Jefferson preferred strong states and focus on agriculture. Hamilton said strong federal government and focus on industrial development.

Standard Oil

Rockefeller's oil monopoly, many held stocks in it. Exemplified "horizontal integration."

Paul Revere

Rode through MA warning people that the British were coming at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War.

Progressive Republican Party

Roosevelt ran under this party, it was a third party.

The "Bull Moose" Campaign

Roosvelt's campaing under the Progressive Party in the 1912 election. He ran as a Progressive against Republican Taft, beating him but losing to Democrat Woodrow Wilson. It was called "Bull Moose" because Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a bull moose.

Red Scare

Rounding up of immigrants of radical political views in 1919 and 1920 in wake of Russian Revolution.

Fairness Doctrine

Rule in effect from 1949-1985 requiring broadcasters to cover events adequately and to present contrasting views on important public issues

exclusionary rule

Rule that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence at trial. The Supreme Court has created several exceptions to the exclusionary rule, notably the objective of good faith rule and the inevitable discovery rule.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Ruled state has no right to control an agency of the federal government.

Brooks-Sumner incident

SC Congressman Brooks (pro-slavery) took a cane to MA Senator Sumner (abolitionist) after he insulted SC and slavery.

Iran-Contra affair

Sale of arms to Iran in exchange for release of American hostages in Lebannon. Proceeds from sales illegally transferred to Contras.

Samuel Adams

Samuel Adams played a key role in the defense of colonial rights. He had been a leader of the Sons of Liberty and suggested the formation of the Committees of Correspondence. Adams was crucial in spreading the principle of colonial rights throughout New England and is credited with provoking the Boston Tea Party..

Committees of Correspondence

Samuel Adams started the first committee in Boston in 1772 to spread propaganda and secret information by way of letters. They were used to sustain opposition to British policy. The committees were extremely effective and a few years later almost every colony had one.

Peggy Eaton affair

Scandal that involved Jackson's Secretary of War Eaton and his wife, Peggy, the daughter of a boardinghouse keeper.

Fulbright scholarships

Scholarships for the exchange of students between US and other nations.

Scopes trial

Scopes taught theory of evolution in violation of TN state law in 1925. Trial seen as sign of deep conflict between science and religion.

Horace Mann

Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education - created public school system in MASS - became model for nation

George Marshall

Secretary of State after WWII, oversaw Marshall Plan for Europe. Received Nobel prize.

Henry Kissinger

Secretary of State to Nixon, opened diplomatic relations with China. Helped negotiate end of Vietnam war. Won Nobel prize in 1973.

William Seward

Secretary of State under Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. Best known for purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1967 for seven million dollars.

A3, Section 1 Constitution

Section 1 establishes the Supreme Court, the highest court in the United States. It also sets the terms of judges, of both the Supreme Court and lower courts: that they serve as long as they are on "good behavior," which usually means for life (no Justice and only a few judges have ever been impeached). It also requires that judges shall be paid.

A1, Section 1 Constitution

Section 1 establishes the name of the Legislature to be The Congress, a bicameral, or two-part, body.

A2, Section 1 Constitution

Section 1 establishes the office of the President and the Vice-President, and sets their terms to be four years. Presidents are elected by the Electoral College, whereby each state has one vote for each member of Congress. Originally, the President was the person with the most votes and the Vice-President was the person with the second most, though this is later changed. Certain minimum requirements are established again, such as a 35-year minimum age. Presidents must also be a natural-born citizen of the United States. The President is to be paid a salary, which cannot change, up or down, as long as he in is office.

A4, Section 1 Constitution

Section 1 mandates that all states will honor the laws of all other states; this ensures, for example, that a couple married in Florida is also considered married by Arizona, or that someone convicted of a crime in Virginia is considered guilty by Wyoming.

A1, Section 10 Constitution

Section 10, finally, prohibits the states from several things. They cannot make their own money, or declare war, or do most of the other things prohibited Congress in Section 9. They cannot tax goods from other states, nor can they have navies.

A1, Section 2 Constitution

Section 2 defines the House of Representatives, known as the lower house of Congress. It establishes a few minimum requirements, like a 25-year-old age limit, and establishes that the people themselves will elect the members for two years each. The members of the House are divided among the states proportionally, or according to size, giving more populous states more representatives in the House. The leader of the House is the Speaker of the House, chosen by the members.

A2, Section 2 Constitution

Section 2 gives the President some important powers. He is commander-in-chief of the armed forces and of the militia (National Guard) of all the states; he has a Cabinet to aid him, and can pardon criminals. He makes treaties with other nations, and picks many of the judges and other members of the government (all with the approval of the Senate).

A4, Section 2 Constitution

Section 2 guarantees that citizens of one state be treated equally and fairly like all citizens of another. It also says that if a person accused of a crime in one state flees to another, they will be returned to the state they fled from. This section also has a clause dealing with fugitive slaves that no longer applies.

A3, Section 2 Constitution

Section 2 sets the kinds of cases that may be heard by the federal judiciary, which cases the Supreme Court may hear first (called original jurisdiction), and that all other cases heard by the Supreme Court are by appeal. It also guarantees trial by jury in criminal court.

A4, Section 3 Constitution

Section 3 concerns the admittance of new states and the control of federal lands.

A1, Section 3 Constitution

Section 3 defines the upper house of Congress, the Senate. Again, it establishes some minimum requirements, such as a 30-year-old age limit. Senators were originally appointed by the legislatures of the individual states, though this later changed. They serve for six years each. Each state has equal suffrage in the Senate, meaning that each state has the exact same number of Senators, two each, regardless of the population. This Section introduces the Vice-President, who is the leader of the Senate (called the President of the Senate); the Vice-President does not vote unless there is a tie.

A3, Section 3 Constitution

Section 3 defines, without any question, what the crime of treason is.

A2, Section 3 Constitution

Section 3 establishes the duties of the President: to give a state of the union address, to make suggestions to Congress, to act as head of state by receiving ambassadors and other heads of state, and to be sure the laws of the United States are carried out.

A2, Section 4 Constitution

Section 4 briefly discusses the removal of the President, called impeachment.

A4, Section 4 Constitution

Section 4 ensures a republican form of government (which, in this case, is synonymous with "representative democracy," and both of which are opposed to a monarchical or aristocratic scheme - the state derives its power from the people, not from a king or gentry) and guarantees that the federal government will protect the states against invasion and insurrection.

A1, Section 4 Constitution

Section 4 says that each state may establish its own methods for electing members of the Congress, and mandates, or requires, that Congress must meet at least once per year.

A1, Section 5 Constitution

Section 5 says that Congress must have a minimum number of members present in order to meet, and that it may set fines for members who do not show up. It says that members may be expelled, that each house must keep a journal to record proceedings and votes, and that neither house can adjourn without the permission of the other.

A1, Section 6 Constitution

Section 6 establishes that members of Congress will be paid, that they cannot be detained while traveling to and from Congress, that they cannot hold any other office in the government while in the Congress.

A1, Section 7 Constitution

Section 7 details how bills become law. First, any bill for raising money (such as by taxes or fees) must start out in the House. All bills must pass both houses of Congress in the exact same form. Bills that pass both houses are sent to the President. He can either sign the bill, in which case it becomes law, or he can veto it. In the case of a veto, the bill is sent back to Congress, and if both houses pass it by a two-thirds majority, the bill becomes law over the President's veto. This is known as overriding a veto. There are a couple more options for the President. First, if he neither vetoes a bill nor signs it, it becomes a law without his signature after 10 days. The second option is called a pocket veto. It occurs if Congress sends the bill to the President and they then adjourn. If the President does not sign the bill within 10 days, it does not become law.

A1, Section 8 Constitution

Section 8 lists specific powers of Congress, including the power to establish and maintain an army and navy, to establish post offices, to create courts, to regulate commerce between the states, to declare war, and to raise money. It also includes a clause known as the Elastic Clause which allows it to pass any law necessary for the carrying out of the previously listed powers.

A1, Section 9 Constitution

Section 9 places certain limits on Congress. Certain legal items, such as suspension of habeas corpus, bills of attainder, and ex post facto laws are prohibited. No law can give preference to one state over another; no money can be taken from the treasury except by duly passed law, and no title of nobility, such as Prince or Marquis, will ever be established by the government.

full faith and credit clause

Section of the Constitution that requires states to honor one another's licenses, marriages, and other acts of state courts.

Sweatt vs. Painter

Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment.

Militia movements of the 1990s

Self-sytled militias in western states who mix racism with anti-semitism and conspiracy theories and hostility towards any government.

Joseph McCarthy

Senator who led an effort to identify 'communists' who he said had infiltrated the federal government. Often used 'guilt by association.'

Reservationists

Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge

Irreconcilables

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations

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Sent Commodore Matthew Perry into Japan to open the country to diplomacy and commerce (Treaty of Kanagawa)

Nicholas Trist

Sent as a special envoy by President Polk to Mexico City in 1847 to negotiate an end to the Mexican War.

John Hay

September, 1899 - Hay sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market.

Sioux Wars

Series of clashes that insued as railroads intruded into Native American lands.

Fireside chats

Series of informal radio addresses given by FDR to explain New Deal.

Wilsonian Idealism

Set idealistic goals for peace

immigration act of 1924?

Set immigration quotas of 2 percent of the number of foreign-born persons from a given nation, based on the Census of 1890. Drastically cut immigration from south and east europe, as well as asia.

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Settled Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the United States and Britain

great compromise

Settlement reached at the Constitutional convention between large states and small states. Called for two legislative houses.

Davy Crockett

Settler and politician. Killed at the Alamo.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Severely limited British and American naval guard on Great Lakes. (1817)

Harriet Beecher Stowe

She wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It helped to crystallize the rift between the North and South. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring about the Civil War.

U.S.S. Maine

Ship that exploded in Havana harbor, blamed on Spanish, sparked war.

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Signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Treaty of San Lorenzo

Signed with Spain in 1795, the Treaty of San Lorenzo - also known as Pinckney's Treaty - gave the U.S. unrestricted access to the Mississippi River and established the border between the U.S. and Spanish Florida.

Crazy Horse

Sioux chief at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Sitting Bull

Sioux chief who took up arms against settlers in the Great Planes. Present at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Division of labor

Skilled workers each have a specialized function, resulting in increased productivity.

Clipper ships

Sleek ships that sacrificed cargo space for speed.

Settlement houses

Social and Cultural centers established in slum areas in the 1890s and early 1900s.

Jane Addams

Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English. Provided such services as English lessons, day care, child care classes, and playgrounds.

Buffalo Bill

Soldier against Native Americans, later founded the celebrated 'Wild West Show.'

draft dodger

Someone who illegally evades the draft, as opposed to a conscientious objector, who is granted official, legal exemption from military duty. In active protest against United States involvement in the Vietnam War, many Americans publicly burned draft registration cards, risking imprisonment; others fled to other countries, such as Canada.

Bleeding Kansas?

Sometimes referred to as Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a sequence of violent events involving abolitionists (anti-slavery) and pro-slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri between roughly 1854 and 1856. It led up to the civil war.

John Calhoun

Southern leader who championed slavery and States' rights. He led nullification movement, and his thinking helped point the way to the civil war

Nullification crisis

Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void, Jackson responded with Force bill and suggested compromising over tariff; John C Calhoun was a big advocate

Francisco Coronado

Spanish explorer of the 16th century. Travelled through the southwest, and 'discovered' the Grand Canyon.

Dewey/Manila

Spanish-American war was started when Dewey’s fleet seized or destroyed all ten Spanish ships anchored in Manila Bay (Philippines).

Expressed power

Specific power of the president as listed in Article I of the Constitution.

House Divided speech

Speech given by Lincoln early on saying that crisis was inevitable on issue of slavery.

The public be damned

Spoken by Vanderbilt (railroad executive). Used when business leaders are accused of shirking responsibility toward the public.

Nikita Khrushchev

Stalin's successor, wanted peaceful coexistence with the U.S. Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference with Khrushchev, France and Great Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 to discuss how peaceful coexistence could be achieved.

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Stanton was a suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Al Jolson

Starred in the first "talkie" movie with sounds called "The Jazz Singer."

Alger Hiss

State Department official convicted of being a secret agent for the Soviet Union, based largely on the accusation of a communist. Congressman Nixon became known nationwide due to his involvement with the investigation.

Jim Crow laws

State and local laws passed in the post-Reconstruction Era South to enforce racial segregation and otherwise restrict the rights of African Americans.

Jim Crow Laws

State laws which created a racial caste system in the South. They included the laws which prevented blacks from voting and those which created segregated facilities.

Cabinets of the executive branch.

State, Treasury, Defense, Attorney General, Interior, Agriculture, Commercie, Labor, Health and Human Services, HUD, Transportation, Energy, Education, Vetrans Affairs, Homeland Security

The only thing to fear is fear itself

Statement in FDR's first inaugural, at one of the worst points of the Great Depression.

War is hell

Statement of Union General Sherman during Civil War.

Monroe doctrine

Statement that the US would not tolerate intervention by European nations in the affairs of nations in the Americas.

Article 4 of the US Constitution Cover?

States Powers & Limits

Border States

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did no secede.

Republicans 1780-1801

States' rights, strict interpretation, encouraged agriculture and rural life, South and West, France, Civil liberties and trust in people

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States’ righter, Southerner, and strict constitutionalist

Fulton's steamboat

Steamboat faster than any other form of transportation at the time, revolutionized industry.

Jim Fisk / Jay Gould

Stock manipulators and brothers-in-law of President Grant, they made money selling gold.

Homestead Strike

Strike that turned violent at Carnegie's Homestead steel plant. (1892)

Gratz Vs. Bollinger

Stuck down use of bonus points for race in undergrad admissions at university of Michigan

John Maynard Keynes

Suggested deficit spending which was later embraced by FDR.

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Supported Manifest Destiny despite Northern concerns that it would lead to the spread of slavery.

Martin Van Buren

Supported by Jackson and became his successor, but did little as president and is often forgotten.

Federalists

Supporters of a stronger central government who advocated ratification of the Constitution. After ratification they founded a political party supporting a strong executive and Alexander Hamilton's economic policies. See also Antifederalists (Ch. 2)

Dwight Eisenhower

Supreme Commander of Allied forces in WWII. Later organized NATO, President 1952-60, negotiated end of Korean War. Cold War.

Worcester v Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

Felix Frankfurter

Supreme Court Justice 1939-1962, argued for judicial restraint (not legislate from the bench).

gideon v. wainwright

Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a defendant in a felony trial must be provided a lawyer free of charge if the defendant cannot afford one.

Eugene V. Debs

Supreme Court case that upheld state restrictions on the working hours of women

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled that the Constitution implicitly guarantees citizens' right to privacy

Cohens v. Virginia

Supreme Court has right to review the decisions of all state supreme courts.

Oliver Wendell Holmes

Supreme court justice 1902-1930. He viewed the law as a social instrument, rather than a set of abstract principles. Famous decision on preserving freedom of speech except when clear and present danger.

Louis Brandeis

Supreme court justice 1916-1939, argued that economic and social facts had to take precedence over legal theory.

Hugo Black

Supreme court justice 1937-1971, strong defender of civil liberties.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Suspension of chinese immigration for fear they were driving down wages for whites. By 1902, Chinese immigration banned completely. Became eligible for citizenship in 1943.

Pennsylvania Dutch

Swiss and German settlers of PA. Known for tidy farms. Many were Amish.

Crop Lien System

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

Democrats 1836-1850

TRADITION, opposed banks and corporations as state legislated economic privilege, anti state legistlaed reforms and preferred individual freedom of choice, TJ agrarians, expansion, progress thru external growth, SOUTH

Hold

Tactic by which a senator asks to be informed before a particular bill is brought to the floor. This stops the bill from coming to the floor until the hold is removed

Ballinger/Pinchot Affair

Taft lost popularity when he supported Ballinger, who bended the government's environmental policies.

The "island hopping" strategy

Take over one island after the other as American troops slowly moved closer to Japan.

Hawley-Smoot Act?

Tarriff act enacted in 1930, it imposed record tariffs to protect US companies. Some say it made the depression worse.

Excise taxes and tariffs

Taxes placed on manufactured products. The excise tax on whiskey helped raise revenue for Hamilton's program.

Focus group

Technique used by pollsters to determine how a cross section of voters feels about a particular topic.

Bull Moose Party

Teddy Roosevelt's party in the election of 1812

Imperial presidency

Term developed by historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr.; refers to presidents who dominate the political and legislative agenda.

Silent majority

Term used by Nixon to indicate his belief that the majority supported his policies, not the vocal protesters.

Texas enters Union

Texas officially entered Union as slave state in 1848 after Mexican American War with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Mexican Cession

Texas, California, all area in between.

general election campaign

That part of a political campaign aimed at winning a general election

Treaty of Paris (1763):

The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the parallel French and Indian War in North America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern United States east of the Mississippi.

Northwest Ordinance

The 1787 Northwest Ordinance defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. He ordinance forbade slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established. The Northwest Ordinance was the most lasting measure of the national government under the Articles of Confederation

Era of "Good Stealings"

The 1870’s-1890’s was a dark period in American politics filled with corruption, which rivaled today’s. Dubbed “The Era of Good Stealings,†the gilded age was arguably when politicians first recognized the seemingly deep pool of corporate money and also when many of them signed their souls over to the corporations.

What was the largest immigration decade in US history?

The 1910s. The 1980s were the second.

Palmer Raids?

The 1918's and 1921's Palmer Raids were a series of controversial raids on American citizens and resident and non-resident aliens in the United States, based on their assumed political beliefs. The raids are named for Alexander Mitchell Palmer, United States Attorney General under Woodrow Wilson. Palmer stated his belief that Communism was "eating its way into the homes of the American workman," and that Socialists were responsible for most of the country's social problems.

How did the AFL and CIO differ historically?

The AFL was a craft union, while the CIO was an industrial union.

Age Discrimination in Employment Act?

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, prohibits employment discrimination against persons 40 years of age or older. The law also sets standards for pensions and benefits provided by employers and requires that information about the needs of older workers be provided to the general public.

Temperance

The American Temperance Society was formed in Boston in 1826. It persuaded people to stop drinking or lesson their drinking.

Treaty of Paris (1782)

The British recognized the independence of the United States. It granted boundaries, which stretched from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland.

Five Civilized Tribes

The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes, all located in the southeast. They were considered civilized by whites because they followed many of their practices, such as slavery.

Chesapeake Affair

The Chesapeake was boarded by the British, who forced the crew to sail on British ships. This is one of the more famous cases of impressment, and led to the War of 1812.

Civil rights act of 1968?

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 was meant as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited discrimination in housing, there were no federal enforcement provisions. The 1968 expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, sex, (and as amended) handicap and family status. It also provided protection for civil rights workers. Title VIII of the Act is also known as the Fair Housing Act (of 1968) .

Civil rights act of 1991?

The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States statute that was passed in response to a series of United States Supreme Court decisions limiting the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination. The Act also represented the first effort since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to modify some of the basic procedural and substantive rights provided by federal law in employment discrimination cases: it provided for the right to trial by jury on discrimination claims and introduced the possibility of emotional distress damages, while limiting the amount that a jury could award.

Continental Army

The Continental Army was the unified command structure of the thirteen colonies fighting Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War. The Army was created by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775. Most of the Continental Army was disbanded on November 3, 1783, after the Treaty of Paris. A small residual force remained at West Point and some frontier outposts until Congress created the United States Army by their resolution of June 3, 1784.

Navigation Acts?

The English Navigation Acts were a series of laws which, beginning in 1651, restricted foreign shipping. Resentment against the Navigation Acts was a cause of the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the American Revolutionary War.

Export-Import Bank of the United States?

The Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank, Exim Bank or Eximbank) is the official export credit agency of the United States Government. It is an independent agency of the Executive Branch of The United States Governemnt established by the Congress of the United States in 1945 that finances or insures foreign purchases of U.S. goods for customers unable or unwilling to accept credit risk. For instance, in 2004 it insured the purchase by Iraq of fogging machines for insect abatement. There are many other banks around the world called Eximbank, some analogous to the U.S. Ex-Im Bank, and some private commercial banks.

FCC

The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 as the successor to the Federal Radio Commission and is charged with regulating all non-Federal Government use of the radio spectrum (including radio and television broadcasting), and all interstate telecommunications (wire, satellite and cable) as well as all international communications that originate or terminate in the United States. It is an important actor in US telecommunication policy. The FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Federal Trade Commission?

The Federal Trade Commission (or FTC) is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act. Its principal mission is the promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of anticompetitive business practices. The Federal Trade Commission Act was one of President Wilson's major acts against trusts. Trusts and trust-busting were significant political concerns during the Progressive Era. Since its inception the FTC has enforced the provisions of the Clayton Act, a contemporaneous antitrust statute. Over time, the FTC has been delegated the enforcement of additional business regulation statutes.

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The Federalist #10 â€" This essay from the Federalist Papers proposed setting up a republic to solve the problems of a large democracy (anarchy, rise of factions which disregard public good)."

What political party did Alexander Hamilton start?

The Federalist party in 1792, which advocated strong national government. It was opposed by Thomas Jefferson & James Madison's Republican party.

First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

Suffolk Resolves

The First Continental Congress endorsed Massachusetts's Suffolk Resolves, which declared that the colonies need not obey the 1773 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties.

First Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth.

Foreign Agricultural Service?

The Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) has primary responsibility for the U.S. Department of Agriculture's overseas programs -- market development, international trade agreements and negotiations, and the collection of statistics and market information. It also administers USDA's export credit guarantee and food aid programs and helps increase income and food availability in developing nations.

Free Soil Party?

The Free Soil Party was a short-lived political party in the United States organized in 1840 that faded out by about 1856. Its main purpose was opposing the extension of slavery into the territories, as well as advocating the abolition of slavery itself.

Undeclared naval war with France

The French were infuriated with the US after Jay's Treaty, so began to attack American ships at sea.

Are GAAPs regulated by law?

The GAAP is not written in law, although the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires that it be followed in financial reporting by publicly traded companies.

Gilded Age?

The Gilded Age (c.1876-1914) was a period of intense economic development and wealth transfer in the United States. Following the generation of the American Civil War and Reconstruction of the South, this period corresponded with the Second Industrial Revolution and the greatest economic, territorial, industrial, and population expansion in American history. The explosion of commerce and heavy industry, supported by mercantilist economic policies and federal railway subsidies, the innovation of new techniques in steel production and the use of electric power, and the continued development of the American West catalyzed dramatic social changes, created a number of immensely wealthy businessmen, the "Robber Barons", and also galvanized the American Labor Movement.

Government Accountability Office (GAO)?

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) is the non-partisan audit, evaluation, and investigative arm of Congress, and an agency in the Legislative Branch of the United States Government. The GAO was established by the Budget and Accounting Act, 1921. According to GAO's current mission statement, the agency exists to support the Congress in meeting its Constitutional responsibilities and to help improve the performance and ensure the accountability of the federal government for the American people. The GAO is headed by the Comptroller General of the United States, a unique non-partisan position in the U.S. Government. The Comptroller General is appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate for a 15-year, non-renewable term. The President selects a nominee from a list of at least three individuals recommended by an 8 member commission of congressional leaders. The Comptroller General may not be removed by the President, but only by Congress through impeachment or joint resolution for specific reasons. GAO examines the use of public funds, evaluates federal programs and activities, and provides analyses, options, recommendations, and other assistance to help Congress make effective oversight, policy, and funding decisions. In this context, GAO works to continuously improve the economy, efficiency, and effectiveness of the federal government through financial audits, program reviews and evaluations, analyses, legal opinions, investigations, and other services. The GAO's activities are designed to ensure the executive branch's accountability to the Congress under the Constitution and the government's accountability to the American people.

Ginnie Mae?

The Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) was created by the United States Federal Government through a 1968 partition of the Federal National Mortgage Association. The GNMA is a wholly owned corporation within the United States' Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Its main purpose is to provide financial assistance to low- to moderate-income homebuyers, by promoting mortgage credit. They also have the undesirable attribute of being callable every month, meaning that, unlike other bonds, all or part of a GNMA bond might suddenly "mature" next month, if all the homeowners decided to pay off or refinance their mortgages. This does not involve a risk of loss to the investor, but rather a premature payment of the principal, and now the investor has to go look for another investment for his money. This is called prepayment risk.

Great Awakening

The Great Awakening was a religious revival held in the 1730's and 1740's to modivate the colonial America. Modivational speakers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield helped to bring Americans together.

House of Burgesses

The House of Burgeses was the first representative assembly in the New World. The London Company authorized the settlers to summon an assembly, known as the House of Burgeses. A momentous precedent was thus feebly established, for this assemblage was the first of many miniature parliaments to sprout form the soil of America.

IWW?

The IWW was founded in Chicago in June 1905 at a convention of two hundred socialists, anarchists, and radical trade unionists from all over the United States (mainly the Western Federation of Miners) who were opposed to the policies of the American Federation of Labor. The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is a famous international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. It contends that all workers should be united within a single union as a class and the wage system abolished. At its peak in 1923 the organization claimed some 100,000 members in good standing, and could marshal the support of perhaps 300,000 workers. Its membership declined dramatically after a 1924 split brought on by internal conflict and government repression. Today it numbers about 2,000 members world-wide, but with a recent renewal of organizing activity membership appears to be rising again. IWW membership does not require that one works in a represented workplace, nor does it exclude membership in another labor union.

Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965?

The Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 (also known as the Hart-Celler Act or the INS Act of 1965) abolished the national-origin quotas that had been in place in the United States since the Immigration Act of 1924. An annual limitation of 170,000 visas was established for immigrants from Eastern Hemisphere countries with no more than 20,000 per country. By 1968, the annual limitation from the Western Hemisphere was set at 120,000 immigrants, with visas available on a first-come, first-served basis. The democratic controlled Congress (House of Representatives voted 326 to 69) in favor while the Senate passed the bill by a vote of (76 to 18). President Lyndon Johnson signed the legislation into law.

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC; 1887 - 1995) was a regulatory body in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland. The Commission's seven members were appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. This was the first independent agency or so-called "Fourth Branch" agency. The ICC's original purpose was to regulate railroads (and later trucking) to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers. The ICC was dissolved in 1995.

Jacksonian Democracy

The Jacksonian era (1829-1841) included many reforms: free public schools, more women's rights, better working conditions in factories, and the rise of the Abolition movement. In the election, Jackson was portrayed as a common man and his opponent, J.Q. Adams, was attacked for his aristocratic principles. Electors in the Electoral College were also chosen by popular vote. Common man, nationalism, National Nominating Conventions.

Landrum-Griffin Act?

The Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (or LMRDA), also known as the Landrum-Griffin Act, is a United States labor law statute that regulates labor unions' internal affairs and union officials' relationships with employers. Enacted in 1959 after revelations concerning corruption and undemocratic practices in the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, International Longshoremen's Association, United Mine Workers and other unions received wide public attention, the Act requires unions to hold secret elections for local union offices on a regular basis and provides for review by the United States Department of Labor of union members' claims of improper election activity.

NSC-68

The National Security Council Memorandum #68 said the that US should quadruple defense spending. This marked a major step in the militarization of America's foreign policy and reflected a sense of almost limitless possibility that pervaded postwar American society.

Panic of 1819?

The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States. It featured widespread foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing. It marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812. The worst of the crisis was over by 1824.

Panic of 1907?

The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. The severity of the downturn was such that it prompted the United States Congress to form the Federal Reserve System. It was the fourth Panic in 34 years. In March 1907, the stock market crashed because of over-expansion and poor speculation. Money became extremely tight. A second crash occurred in October 1907, and was precipitated when, using money borrowed from F. Augustus Heinze, Heinze's brothers failed in their attempts to corner United Copper. To bring relief to the situation, United States Secretary of the Treasury George B. Cortelyou ponied up $35 million of Federal money to quell the storm. Complete ruin of the national economy was averted when J.P. Morgan stepped in to meet the crisis. Morgan organized a team of bank and trust executives. The team redirected money between banks, secured further international lines of credit, and bought plummeting stocks of healthy corporations. Within a few weeks the panic passed, with only minimal effects on the country. By February 1908, confidence in the economy was restored.

Radical Whigs

The Radical Whigs were "a group of British political commentators" associated with the British Whig faction who were at the forefront of Radicalism. They played a significant role in the development of the American Revolution, as their republican writings were widely read by the American colonists, many of whom were convinced by their reading that they should be very watchful for any threats to their liberties. Subsequently, when the colonists were indignant about their perceived lack of democratic representation and taxes such as the Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Tea Act, the colonists broke away from the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United States.

Wendell Wilkie

The Republicans chose Wendell L. Willkie to run against President Roosevelt. Willkie's great appeal lay in his personality. The Republican platform condemned FDR's alleged dictatorship, as well as the New Deal. Willkie was opposed not so much to the New Deal as to its extravagances and inefficiencies.

Service Employees International Union (SEIU)?

The SEIU was founded in 1921 in Chicago, currently the fastest growing labor union in the United States, representing 1.8 million workers in about 100 occupations in the United States and Canada. The main divisions are Health Care (almost 50% of the union's membership, including hospital, home care and nursing home workers.), Public Services (government employees), and Property Services (including janitors and security officers). With over 300 local branches, SEIU is affiliated with the Change to Win Federation.

Huey Long

The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935 and his successor Gerald K. Smith lacked the ability to be a strong head of the society.

How many trust funds make up Social Security?

The Social Security System Comprises Four Trust Funds: Old-Age and Survivors Insurace, Disability Insurance, Hospital Insurance, Supplemental Medical Insurance

3/5 Compromise

The South wanted slaves to count of citizens in order to increase the population, and therefore increasing the number of Southerners in the House of Representatives. The North argued that slaves were property and couldn’t be counted. In the end, slaved came to be counted as 3/5 of a person.

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The Supreme Court is the final arbiter on Constitutional Questions"

Tories

The Tories were colonists who disagreed with the move for independence and did not support the Revolution.

The Washington Conference of 1921

The U.S. and nine other countries discussed limits on naval armaments. They felt that a naval arms race had contributed to the start of WW I. They created quotas for different classes of ships that could be built by each country based on its economic power and size of existing navies.

Taft-Katsura Agreement

The US and Japan pledged to maintain the Open Door principles in China, Japan recognized US control over the Philippines, and the USgranted a Japanese protectorate over Korea.

Council on Environmental Quality?

The United States Council On Environmental Quality (CEQ) is a division of the White House that coordinates federal environmental efforts and works closely with agencies and other White House offices in the development of environmental policies and initiatives. Congress established the CEQ within the Executive Office of the President as part of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). Additional responsibilities were provided by the Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970.

Articles of Confederation

The United States' first constitution. The government formed by the Aritcles of Confederation lasted from 1781 (the year before the end of the Revolutionary War) to 1789. The government under the Articles proved inadequate, because it did not have the power to collect taxes from the states, nor could it regulate foreign trade in order to generate revenue from import and export tariffs.

Virginia and New Jersey Plans

The Virginia Plan called for a two-house Congress with each state's representation based on state population. The New Jersey Plan called for a one-house Congress in which each state had equal representation.

Virginia Plan

The Virginia Plan was presented to the Constitutional Convention and proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in both houses proportional to population. The Virginia Plan favored the large states, which would have a much greater voice. In opposition, the small states proposed the New Jersey Plan. In the end, the two sides found common ground through the Connecticut Compromise.

Zoot suit riots?

The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of riots that erupted in Los Angeles, California during World War II, between sailors and soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican American youth gangs headed by pachucos, recognized because of the zoot suits they favored. The riots began in the racially charged atmosphere of Los Angeles, where the sailors, soldiers and marines returning from the war had already come into conflict with the local Mexican zoot suiters. On June 3, 1943, a group of servicemen on leave complained that they had been assaulted by a gang of pachucos. In response, they gathered and headed out to downtown and East Los Angeles, which was the center of the Mexican community. Once there, they attacked all the men they found wearing zoot suits, often ripping off the suits and burning them in the streets. In many instances, the police intervened by arresting beaten-up Mexican-American youth for disturbing the peace. African Americans and Filipino Americans suffered the same fate as Mexican Americans [1]. Several hundred pachucos and nine sailors were arrested as a result of the fighting that occurred over the next few days. Of the nine sailors that were arrested, eight were released with no charges, and one had to pay a small fine. The Mexican-Americans were not as fortunate. Many died in jail from their injuries because they were in dire need of medical attention. Many more were convicted of crimes that they did not commit. The government finally intervened on June 7, by declaring that Los Angeles would henceforth be off-limits to all military personnel. In response to the riots Eleanor Roosevelt wrote in her weekly column about the problems faced by the Mexican American community as a result of racism in the United States.

Committee clearance

The ability of a congressional committee to review and approve certain agency decisions in advance and without passing a law. Such approval is not legally binding on the agency, but few agency heads will ignore the expressed wishes of committees. (Ch. 13)

Administrative Discretion

The ability of bureaucrats to make choices concerning the best way to implement congressional intentions

Franking privilege

The ability of members of Congress to mail letters to their constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature (frank) for postage. (Ch. 11)

Bully pulpit

The ability to use the office of the presidency to promote a particular program and/or to influence Congress to accept legislative proposals.

double jeopardy

The act of trying an individual a second time after he has been acquitted on the same charges. Prohibited by the Constitution.

apportionment

The allocation of seats in a legislature or of taxes according to a plan. In the United States Congress, for example, the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives is based on the relative population of each state, whereas the apportionment in the Senate is based on equal representation for every state. (See also gerrymander.)

Bureaucrats

The appointed officials who operate government agencies from day to day. (Ch. 1)

John Wilkes Booth

The assassin of Lincoln, fanatically devoted to the Confederate cause.

guilt by association

The attribution of guilt to individuals because of the people or organizations with which they associate, rather than because of any crime that they have committed.

James Madison

The author of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, Madison was also the father of the Federalist party and the fourth President of the United States. He was President during the war of 1812 and was also Vice-President under Jefferson. He was a great statesman but was not a strong president.

Battles of Lexington and Concord

The battles of Lexington and Concord initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston

Criminal law

The body of rules defining offenses that, though they harm an individual (such as murder, rape, and robbery), are considered to be offenses against society as a whole and as a consequence warrant punishment by and in the name of society. See also Civil law (Ch. 14)

Civil law

The body of rules defining relationships among private citizens. It consists of both statutes and the accumulated customary law embodied in judicial decisions (the "common law"). See also Criminal law (Ch. 14)

executive branch

The branch of federal and state government that is broadly responsible for implementing, supporting, and enforcing the laws made by the legislative branch and interpreted by the judicial branch. At the state level, the executive includes governors and their staffs. At the federal level, the executive includes the president, the vice president, staffs of appointed advisers (including the cabinet), and a variety of departments and agencies, such as the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Postal Service (see postmaster general). The executive branch also proposes a great deal of legislation to Congress and appoints federal judges, including justices of the Supreme Court. Although the executive branch guides the nation’s domestic and foreign policies, the system of checks and balances works to limit its power.

Electronic Media

The broadcast media, including television, radio, computerized information services, and the Internet

Normalcy

The calm Harding wanted to return to after the idealism of Wilson.

Federal Reserve System.

The central bank of the United States; incorporates 12 Federal Reserve branch banks and all national banks and state-charted commercial banks and some trust companies. It was was created in 1913 by the Federal Reserve Act.

Corrupt Bargain

The charge make by Jacksonians in 1825 that Clay had supported John Quincy Adams in the House presidential vote in return for the office of Secretary of State. Clay knew he could not win, so he traded his votes for an office.

Bretton Woods and the IMF

The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.

Incumbency

The condition of already holding elected office

Freedom of expression

The constitutional rights of Americans to "freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances" as outlined in the First Amendment to the Constitution. (Ch. 18)

judicial branch

The court systems of local, state, and federal governments, responsible for interpreting the laws passed by the legislative branch and enforced by the executive branch. These courts try criminal cases (in which a law may have been violated) or civil cases (disputes between parties over rights or responsibilities). The courts attempt to resolve conflicts impartially in order to protect the individual rights guaranteed by the Constitution, within the bounds of justice, as defined by the entire body of U.S. law. Some courts try only original cases, whereas others act as courts of appeals. The ultimate court of appeals is the Supreme Court. On the federal level, the system of checks and balances empowers Congress to create federal courts, and all federal judges must be appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The courts may exercise the powers of judicial review and injunction.

Global interdependence

The degree of linkage among the community of nations.

contempt of court

The deliberate obstruction of a court’s proceedings by refusing to obey a court order or by interfering with court procedures. Contempt of court can be punished by fine, imprisonment, or both.

contempt of Congress

The deliberate obstruction of the workings of the federal legislative branch. For example, a witness under subpoena who refuses to testify before Congress can be cited for contempt of Congress.

Tammany Hall?

The democratic political machine controlling New York City politics from the 1854 to the 1934 by Boss Tweed.

branches of government

The division of government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches. In the case of the federal government, the three branches were established by the Constitution. The executive branch consists of the president, the cabinet, and the various departments and executive agencies. The legislative branch consists of the two houses of Congress, the Senate and the House of Representatives, and their staff. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court and the other federal courts.

Nullification

The doctrine that states can set aside federal laws championed by Calhoun. Foreshadowed Jefferson's draft of the Kentucky Resolutions

Eastern Establishment

The elite universities and financial institutions of major cities in the northeastern United States. These institutions, by virtue of their long-standing economic and social dominance, are often believed to exert an influence out of proportion to their size. In American politics, the Eastern Establishment often takes a liberal Republican stand. (See also Ivy League, Madison Avenue, power elite, and Wall Street.)

Culture of poverty

The establishment of an income level by government that references the point at which an individual is considered to be living in poverty.

Discretionary authority

The extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action and make policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws. (Ch. 13)

Incumbency factor

The fact that being in office helps a person stay in office because of a variety of benefits that go with the position

Balle of Bull Run

The first battle of the Civil War, which the North lost.

Battle of Bunker Hill

The first great battle of the Revolutionary War.

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The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West."

Pools

The first industrial pools in the 80's tried to fix the price of their goods (be it salt, whiskey, cattle, iron, oil ...) no matter the circumstances, to a level high enough to earn them a nice living, but not too high so as not to attract outside competitors.

National Labor Union?

The first national labor federation in the United States. Founded in 1866 and dissolving in 1872, it paved the way for other organizations, such as the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor.

Invisible Primary

The first phase of the presidential nomination process, where candidates attempt to gain front-runner status and raise the most money.

Relief, recovery, reform

The first step in FDR's relief program was to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps in April, 1933. The chief measure designed to promote recovery was the National Industrial Recovery Act. The New Deal acts most often classified as reform measures were those designed to guarantee the rights of labor and limit the powers of businesses.

Jamestown?

The first successful English colony, established in 1607 on a small river near Chesapeake Bay. It was headed by John Smith, who befriended Pocahontas. It was all male.

Force Acts

The four Force Acts passed by the Congress of the United States shortly after the American Civil War helped protect the voting rights of African-Americans.

Declaration of Indendence

The fundamental document establishing the US as a nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. Written largely by Jefferson. Declared principles upon which Revolutionary War was fought.

Constitutional Convention

The gathering that drafted the Constitution of the United States in 1787; all states were invited to send delegates. The convention, meeting in Philadelphia, designed a government with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It established Congress as a lawmaking body with two houses: each state is given two representatives in the Senate, whereas representation in the House of Representatives is based on population.

congressional district

The geographically defined group of people on whose behalf a representative acts in the House of Representatives. Reapportioned every 10 years according to new census data. All of equal size.

equal opportunity

The goal of giving all persons an equal chance to an education and employment, and to protect their civil rights, regardless of their race, religious beliefs, or gender. In the United States, various minority groups have been fighting for equal opportunity over the last 150 years. (See affirmative action, civil rights movement, equal protection of the laws, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Organization for Women, segregation, sexism, suffragist, and women’s movement.)

What sector are labor unions most influential in?

The government (public sector).

Competitive service

The government offices to which people are appointed on the grounds of merit as ascertained by a written examination or by having met certain selection criteria (such as training, educational attainments, or prior experience). (Ch. 13)

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The government would sell bonds to people. Then so many would be in circulation that they would loose value and the people would sell them back to the government for a profit to the government.

Deficit spending

The government's meeting budgetary expenses by borrowing more money than it can pay back.

appropriation

The grant of money by a legislature for some specific purpose. The authority to grant appropriations, popularly known as the power of the purse, gives legislatures a powerful check over executive branches and judicial branches, for no public money can be spent without legislative approval. Congress, for example, can approve or reject the annual budget requests of the executive branch for its agencies and programs, thereby influencing both domestic and foreign policy. (See also checks and balances and pork-barrel legislation.)

attorney general of the United States

The head of the United States Department of Justice and a member of the president’s cabinet. The attorney general is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government

Congressional Medal of Honor

The highest military decoration in the United States armed services, often called the Congressional Medal of Honor. It recognizes valor and bravery in action “above and beyond the call of duty.†There have been some 3,400 recipients of the medal, which was established by an act of Congress in 1862.

American Legion

The largest organization of American veterans, open to those who participated in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, and subsequent conflicts, such as America’s war on terrorism. The American Legion has established an influential political position, gaining support in Congress and the federal executive branch for veterans’ interests; its efforts contributed to the creation of the Veterans Administration, now the Department of Veterans Affairs, which provides medical services and other benefits to veterans and their families. Traditionally conservative, the American Legion promotes patriotism and a strong military defense. (See also Veterans of Foreign Wars.)

County

The largest territorial unit between a city and a town. (Ch. 3)

Congress

The legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Popularly elected, senators and representatives are responsible for advocating the interests of the constituents they represent. Numerous congressional committees are organized to study issues of public policy, recommend action, and, ultimately, pass laws. Congress plays an important role in the system of checks and balances; in fact, the two-house (bicameral) organization of Congress acts as an internal check, for each house must separately vote to pass a bill for it to become a law. In addition to lawmaking, Congress has a variety of functions, including appropriation of funds for executive and judicial activities; instituting taxes and regulating commerce; declaring war and raising and supporting a military; setting up federal courts and conducting impeachment proceedings; and approving presidential appointments.

Gerrymandering

The legislative process through which the majority party in each statehouse tries to assure that the maximum number of representatives from its political party can be elected to Congress through the redrawing of legislative districts

District courts

The lowest federal courts where federal cases begin. They are the only federal courts where trials are held. There are a total of ninety-four district courts in the United States and its territories. See also Courts of appeals; Constitutional court; Federal-question cases (Ch. 14)

Phony War

The months following the collapse of Poland were known as the "phony war."

gay rights

The movement for civil rights for homosexuals. It originated after a police raid on a gay bar in New York City in 1969, which triggered a riot and launched the grassroots reform movement seeking to end social and legal discrimination against gays. (See Stonewall Riot.)

Federalism

The overall division of power between the federal government and state governments; as defined in the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution. It specifically tells the states that they have reserved powers. Powers not delegated to the government by the Constitution are given to the respective states.

defendant

The party that is being sued in court. (Compare plaintiff.)

Recalls

The people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. Made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.

Reconstruction

The period after the Civil War during which the South was reintegrated. Southern governments often included carpetbaggers. Former officials in the Confederacy were banned from being in government. Once a State passed 13th and 14th amendment, it was readmitted to the Union. Ended in 1877 when troops left. Was viewed as more harsh on Southerners than Lincoln called for. Ill feeling then lead to formation of KKK and hatred among Southerners for the Republican Party.

Divided Government

The political condition in which different political parties control the White House and Congress

Interest group politics

The politics of policy-making in which one small group bears the costs of the policy and another small group receives the benefits. Each group has an incentive to organize and to press its interest. See also Majoritarian politics; Client politics (Ch. 15)

Client politics

The politics of policy-making in which some small group receives the benefits of the policy and the public at large bears the costs. Only those who benefit have an incentive to organize and press their case. (Ch. 15, 17)

judicial review

The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and executive actions unconstitutional.

eminent domain

The power of the government to take away property for public use as long as there is just compensation for property taken.

Spoils system

The practice of appointing applicants to public offices as a reward for their loyalty to the party in power. Replaced by the merit system after Garfield assassination.

The "Bloody Shirt"

The practice of reviving unpleasant memories from the past. Representative Ben F. Butler waved before the House a bloodstained nightshirt of a carpetbagger flogged by Klan members.

How is the vacancy of the office of the Vice President filled?

The president nominates a person, who then must be confirmed by a majoirty vote of both houses of Congress. This is embodied in the 25th Amendment.

Favorite son

The presidential candidate backed by the home state at the party's nominating convention.

due process of law

The principle that an individual cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards. The Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution guarantee that any person accused of a crime must be informed of the charges, be provided with legal counsel, be given a speedy and public trial, enjoy equal protection of the laws, and not be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment, unreasonable searches and seizures, double jeopardy, or self-incrimination.

Congressional Review

The process by which Congress can nullify an executive branch regulation by a resolution jointly passed in both houses within sixty days of announcement of the regulation and accepted by the president.

Implementation

The process by which a law or policy is put into operation by the bureaucracy

Foreign Service

The professional arm of the executive branch that supplies diplomats for the United States embassies and consulates around the world. Ambassadors, though officially members of the Foreign Service, are sometimes friends of the president of the United States appointed in gratitude for support given during elections.

Lynch law

The punishment of supposed criminals, especially by hanging, by agreement of a crowd. Used in the West as a way of maintaining minimum law and order before courts set up.

Who established the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

The puritans in 1629.

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

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The rich would also benefit because they could buy the cheap bonds to decrease the amount in circulation, increasing the demand, and increasing the value. The rich could then sell them to make a profit."

academic freedom

The right of teachers and students to express their ideas in the classroom or in writing, free from political, religious, or institutional restrictions, even if these ideas are unpopular.

freedom of religion

The right to choose a religion (or no religion) without interference by the government. Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution. (See separation of church and state.)

freedom of the press

The right to circulate opinions in print without censorship by the government. Americans enjoy freedom of the press under the First Amendment to the Constitution.

freedom of association

The right to form societies, clubs, and other groups of people, and to meet with people individually, without interference by the government.

freedom of speech

The right to speak without censorship or restraint by the government. Freedom of speech is protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution. (See clear and present danger.)

Authority

The right to use power. (Ch. 1)

commander in chief

The role of the United States president as highest ranking officer in the armed forces. The Constitution provides this power, but, through the system of checks and balances, gives Congress the authority to declare war. During periods of war, presidents such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, George H. W. Bush, William Jefferson Clinton, and George W. Bush have taken active roles as commander in chief.

Oregon trail

The route over which settlers traveled to Oregon in the 1840s and 1850s.

Equal Time Rule

The rule that requires broadcast stations to sell campaign air time equally to all candidates if they choose to sell to any

New Immigration

The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; betwen 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.

Department of Veterans Affairs

The second-largest cabinet department, the VA coordinates the distribution of benefits for veterans of the American armed forces and their dependents. The benefits include compensation for disabilities, the management of veterans’ hospitals, and various insurance programs.

elastic clause

The section of the Constitution that allows Congress to pass laws "necessary and proper" to the performance of its duties. Allows Congress to stretch its pwers beyond those that are specifically granted to it.

In the US, who needs to approve treaties, and with what percentage?

The senate, by a 2/3rds vote.

arbitration

The settling of disputes (especially labor disputes) between two parties by an impartial third party, whose decision the contending parties agree to accept. Arbitration is often used to resolve conflict diplomatically to prevent a more serious confrontation.

Mayflower

The ship that carried the pilgrims to America, landed near Plymouth Rock.

Articles of Impeachment

The specific charges brought against a president or federal judge by the House

Gold plating

The tendency of Pentagon officials to ask weapons contractors to meet excessively high requirements. (Ch. 20)

Coattail Effect

The tendency of lesser-known or weaker candidates lower on the ballot to profit in an election by the presence on the party's ticket of a more popular candidate

Coolies?

The term "coolie" refers to unskilled laborers from Asia in the 1800s to early 1900s who were sent to the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Peru, North Africa, Sri Lanka and the West Indies. The term usually referred to Chinese, Indian, Japanese and Korean laborers and was often used in a derogatory way. In India, "coolie" refers to porters who work at railway stations. In Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and other parts of the Caribbean, as well as Sri Lanka and South Africa, the word is considered an offensive racial slur on par with "******." In the British Empire, a "coolie" was an indentured labourer with conditions resembling slavery. Chinese coolies contributed to the building of the Transcontinental Railroad in the United States, as well as the Canadian Pacific Railway in Western Canada, but many of the Chinese laborers were not welcome to stay after its completion. California's Anti-Coolie Act of 1862 and Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 also contributed to the oppression of Chinese laborers in the United States.

Dualist Theory

The theory that there has always been an underlying binary party nature to US politics

Bubble standard

The total amount of air pollution that can come from a given factory. A company is free to decide which specific sources within that factory must be reduced and how to meet the bubble standard. (Ch. 21)

The Sussex Ultimatum and the Sussex Pledge

The ultimatum said that Germans must stop sinking ships or the US will break their neutrailty (and almost certainly neter the war). The Pledge was that the Germans promised to stop submarine warfare.

dollar diplomacy

The use of diplomatic influence, economic pressure, and military power to protect a nation’s economic and business interests abroad. The term was first used to describe the exploitative nature of United States involvement in Latin America.

Delegate model

The view that an elected representative should represent the opinions of his or her constituents. (Ch. 12)

Activist approach

The view that judges should discern the general principles underlying the Constitution and its often vague language and assess how best to apply them in contemporary circumstances, in some cases with the guidance of moral or economic philosophy. (Ch. 14)

Isolationism

The view that the United States should withdraw from world affairs, limit foreign aid, and avoid involvement in foreign wars. See also Containment (Ch. 20)

Starving time

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "starving time" to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

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Their aggressiveness in denouncing established institutions brought them trouble in both Britain and America.

New Nationalism

Theo Roosevelt's system in which the government would cordinate economic activity - government would regulate business

How is a president impeached?

There are two steps: First the House of Reps passes the articles of impeachment, which are the formal allegations, by a simple majority. Next, the Senate votes, by two-thirds majority to convict.

Townshend Acts

These acts put a light import duty on such things as glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts met slight protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its minute profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation. (1767)

Civil Service Laws

These acts removed the staffing of the bureaucracy from political parties and created a professional bureaucracy filled through competition

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They believed they could receive revelation directly from God and placed little importance on the Bible.

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They often went to battle against fellow Americans, and were called “Tories.â€

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They opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of Native Americans.

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They were generally conservatives.

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They were generally the younger generation, like Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry."

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They were less numerous in New England, where Presbyterianism and Congregationalism flourished."

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They were most numerous where the Anglican Church was strongest.

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They were pacifists and declined to show customary deference to their alleged social superiors.

John Marshall

Third Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (he served 1800-1835). A federalist who worked to increase the powers of the federal government over the states. He established the pricipal of judicial review.

Council of Economic Advisors

This council was created by the Employment Act and was made to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power.

Stock market crash of 1929

This crash began the Great Depression.

Merrill Tariff Act

This increased tariff rates by about 5 to 10%, but war soon drove these rates even higher.

Morrill Act

This increased tariff rates by about 5 to 10%, but war soon drove these rates even higher.

Buying stocks on margin

This is when you buy a stock with a small downpayment and say that you will pay the rest later because you don't have the money now. It's buying something with money you hope that you'll be getting in the future.

The Rights of Man

Thomas Paine wrote the Rights of Man in 1791, it is a work glorifying the French Revolution.

Discretionary Spending

Those appropriation items in the budget that are not mandatory. In the federal budget, discretionary spending consists of measures in the 13 appropriation bills that must be passed by Congress by October 1 in such categories as transportation, agriculture, and education.

Government

Those institutions that create public policy.

bread-and-butter issues

Those political issues specifically directed at the daily concerns of most working-class Americans, such as job security, tax rates, wages, and employee benefits.

Implied powers

Those powers in the Constitution that are not listed or delegated. An example of an implied power is the Elastic Clause, giving Congress the right to make laws that are "necessary and proper."

Funded mandates

Those regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to the states with federal funds to support them.

Robert Peary

Thought to be the first to reach the North Pole.

The XYZ Affair

Three French agents asked for over ten million dollars in tribute before they would begin diplomatic talks with America. When Americans heard the news, they were outraged. Adams decided to strengthen the Navy to show France that America was a force to be reckoned with

William Jennings Bryan

Three-time candidate for president for the Democratic Party, nominated because of support from the Populist Party. He never won, but was the most important Populist in American history. He later served as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State (1913-1915).

Salutary Neglect

Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the English government did not enforce those trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy. The purpose of salutary neglect was to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial and commercial threat in North America. The English ceased practicing salutary neglect following British victory in the French and Indian War.

Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972

Title VII of the 1964 civil rights act was extended to cover federal, state and local public employers and educational institutions by the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972.

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Townshend Acts formed a program of taxing items imported into the colonies, such as paper, lead, glass, and tea; it replaced the direct taxes of the Stamp Act.

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Townshend Acts led to boycotts by Boston merchants, a key contributor to the Boston Massacre"

The Jay Treaty

Treaty in which Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on the US western frontier (1794)

The Pinckney Treaty

Treaty with Spain which opened trade and redefined Florida boundary (1795)

6th Ammendment of the US Constitution?

Trial by jury, speedy trial, and other rights of the accused.

Salem witch trials

Trials and execution of 20 women for allegedly practicing witchcraft. Gives rise to saying 'witch hunt'.

Shawnees

Tribe of Native Americans from the Mid-West. Joined the British against the Americans in war of 1812.

Chief Joseph

Tried to lead his people to Canada to avoid forced resettlement, but captured at border and surrendered.

Containment

Truman policy to contain spread of Communism. Lead to the formation of NATO.

fiscal year

Twelve month period starting on October 1. Government budgets go into effect at the beginning of the fiscal year. Congress and the president agree on a budget resolution in April to guide government spending for the coming fiscal year.

Trent Affair

Two Confederate diplomats were dispatched to go to Europe on a mail steamer to try and gain support from Britain and France. The Union stopped this steamer and removed the two Confederate diplomats.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Two anarchists executed in early 1920s for two murders. Liberals and Anarchists around the world thought they were executed for their political views.

Emerson and Thoreau

Two transcendentalist authors. Emerson - Poet, philosopher, "The American Scholar." Thoreau - Poet, mystic, "Walden: Or Life in the Woods."

Central Intelligence Agency

U.S. espionage and information-gathering agency. The CIA operates overseas, monitoring the activities of U.S. enemies and potential enemies.

Ulysses S. Grant

U.S. president 1873-1877. Military hero of the Civil War, he led a corrupt administration, consisting of friends and relatives. Although Grant was personally a very honest and moral man, his administration was considered the most corrupt the U.S. had had at that time.

Doughboys

US infantry in WWI

Wild Bill Hickok

US marshall who pursued some of the worst outlaws of the old west.

Transcontinental railroad

Union Pacific: Began in Omaha in 1865 and went west. Central Pacific: Went east from Sacramento and met the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869, where the golden spike ceremony was held. Transcontinental railroad overcharged the federal government and used substandard materials.

Compromise of 1877

Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South.

Nothern Securities Co. v. U.S.

Upheld Roosevelt's antitrust suit, ordered the Northern Securities Co. to be dissolved. Jolted Wall Street, angered big business, increased Roosevelt's popularity.

Chief executive

Used to describe the President. Powers found in Article II of the Constitution.

Lawrence Vs. Texas

Using right of Privacy struck down texas ban on sodomy

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Utopian societies"

Benjamin Harrison' Party*

VP - Morton, SS - Blaine

Virtual Representation

Virtual representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. The colonies only had virtual representation in the British government.

dealignment

Voters act increasingly independent of a party affiliation. Split-ticket voting may be a consequence.

King William's War

War against French and Natiive Americans on Canadian Border (1689-97)

King George's War

War between British and Spaniards on American soil.

Civil War

War between Northern and Southern States. South wanted to secede to preserve economic model, including slavery, and autonomy. North won.

Russo-Japanese War

War between two foriegn powers that Roosevelt helped negiotate a peace treaty for, and recieved a Nobel Peacy Prize for his work

Revolutionary War

War for American independence from Britain. Started with the Battle of Lexington and ended with the Battle of Concord. Americans aided by French.

Burger Court

Warren Burger was appointed by Richard Nixon in 1969 as the 15th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The Court he presided over was more conservative than the Warren Court, handing over more power to the states through the Court's decisions.

Aaron Burr

Was VP for Jefferson. Later killed Hamilton in a duel. Later still involved in a conspiracy to sever the western states.

Eugene McCarthy

Was challenging Johnson and had a good chance of winning until Robert Kennedy decided to run.

Committee on Public Information

Was created to "sell" the war to those people who were against it and gain support for it. To do this, men devlievered speeches and gave out pamphlets. It was headed by George Creel

Medgar Evers

Was shot by a white man the night of Kennedy's television address.

George Dewey

Was the Commander of the US Asiatic Squadron in Hong Kong when he was ordered to go to the Phillipines in the event of a war. He was victorious over an attacking Spanish fleet but was unable to continue battle on land due to insufficient numbers and had to wait for backup to slowly assemble in America.

Neutrality Proclamation

Washington’s declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria, and Prussia. Washington’s Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.

German and Irish immigration

Wave of German/Irish immigration in 1840s-50s that was met with wave of resentment due to competition for jobs. Irish especially, for Catholicism.

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Webster was from the North and supported partial protection, but not the entire amount.

Revolution of 1800

What Jefferson considered his election to be because

Burr-Hamilton duel

When Hamilton lobbied for Jefferson when Jefferson and Burr were up for the presidency, Burr became so angered he challenged Hamilton to a duel. Hamilton accepted, and lost.

Gold in California

When gold was discovered in California, it led to a massive migration to the state. These miners pushed for statehood.

Redemption (redeemers)

When the south was returned to Conservative Democratic rule after the Radical Republicans of Reconstruction

Appomattox Court House

Where General Lee surrendered to General Grant ending the Civil War

Alamo

Where a group of Americans made a heroic stand against a much larger Mexican force. Their massacre became a rallying cry for eventual Texan independence.

Dual primary

Where presidential candidates are selected and a separate slate of delegates is also voted on. New Hampshire uses this type of primary.

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Whig President

Treaty of Paris (1783)

While there have been many Treaties of Paris throughout history. The most important in American History is the treaty signed in September 1783 and ratified by Congress in January 1784, which ended the Revolutionary War and granted the United States its independence. It further granted the U.S. all land east of the Mississippi River. While generally accepted, the Treaty of Paris opened the door to future legislative and economic disputes.

Council of Economic Advisors

White House staff agency created to give the president advice regarding economic and fiscal policy.

Freedom Riders

White and Black Northerners who rode busses into the South to challenge racial segregation. Regularly attacked, seldom protected.

White Flight

Whites migrating/moving to the suburbs by the millions

Flappers

Wild women (relatively speaking) of the 1920s.

The "triple wall of privilege"

Wilson called for a war against these three things, tariff, banks, and trusts.

Women's Rights/Seneca Falls

Woman's Right Convention, prominent feminists read Declaration of Sentiments: "all men and women are created equal"

Women's christin Temperance Union

Women's group encouraging abstinence from alcohol. Leading force for prohibition.

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Women’s Rights Movements â€" Seneca Falls 1848

The nomination of Theodore Roosevelt as the presidential candidate for the "Bull Moose" party led to the election of which of the following presidents?

Woodrow Wilson

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

I shall return

Words of MacArthur when he left Phillipines to invading Japanese. He returned in 1944.

We are here Lafayette

Words spoken by American army officer when US forces arrived in France in WWI. Refers to repaying debt to Lafayette's for helping Americans in Revolutionary war.

Interagency councils

Working groups created to facilitate coordination of policy making and implementation across a host of governmental agencies.

Horatio Alger

Writer of novels stressing rags to riches stories of boys

Thomas Paine

Wrote Common Sense and American Crisis, urging American independence.

Ida Tarbell

Wrote History of the Standard Oil Company in 1904 which exposed the monpolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company. Strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies. A muckraker novel.

Betty Friedan

Wrote The Feminine Mystique, a book that proved fundamental to the women's movement of the 1960s. Founder of National Organization for Women.

Charlotte Gilman

Wrote Women & Economics (1898), a plea for female economic independence. The vote alone is not enough. Her thinking inspired feminists, especially in 70s and 80s.

Does the bill of rights apply to the states?

Yes, thanks to the 14th ammendment and other court decisions ( in 1925 with Gitlow v. New York ).

The counter-culture

Young hippies rose as a self-conscious culture that was opposed to traditional American ways.

Edward (Ted) Kennedy

Younger brother of JFK. A leading liberal and Senator. Chappaquiddick undermined his chances at President.

conservatism

a belief that limited government ensures order, competitive markets, and personal opportunity

bureaucrat

a career government employee

horse race

a close contest; by extension, any contest in which the focus is on who is ahead and by how much rather than one substantive differences between the candidates

joint committee

a committee composed of members of both the House of Representatives and the Senate; such committees oversee

ideology

a consistent pattern of beliefs about political values and the role of gov

independent regulatory commission

a gov agency or commission with regulatory power who independence is protected by Congress

independent agency

a gov entity that is independent of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches

class action suit

a lawsuit filed on behalf of a group of people, and whose result affects that group as a whole, interest groups such as the NAACP often use these to assert their influence over policy decisions

Carry Nation

a leading proponent of prohibition.

Green Party

a minor party dedicated to the environment, social justice, nonviolence, and a foreign policy of nonintervention; Ralph Nader ran as the Green party's nominee in 2000

527 groups

a political group organized under section 527 of the IRS Code that may accept and spend unlimited amounts of money on election activites so long as they are not spent on broadcast ads run in the last 30 days before a primary or 60 days before a general election where a clearly identified candidate is referred to and a relevant electorate is targeted; these groups were important to the 2000 and 2004 elections

cloture

a procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate (if three fifths of the total number of the Senate [60 of 100] vote in favor of cloture, no senator may speak on the measure under consideration for more than one hour)

federal mandate

a requirement imposed by the federal gov as a condition for the receipt of federal funds

ethnicity

a social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race

adversary system

a system of law where the court is seen as a neutral area where disputants can argue the merits of their cases.

bundling

a tactic of political action committees whereby they collect contributions from like-minded individuals (limited to $2000 each) and present them to a candidate or political party as a "bundle" thus increasing their influence

Blue law

a type of law restricting activities or sales of goods on Sunday, which had its roots in accommodating Christian Sunday worship, although it persists to this day more as a matter of tradition. The term blue law may have been first used by Reverend Samuel Peters in his book General History of Connecticut, which was first published in 1781, to refer to various laws first enacted by Puritan colonies in the 17th century which prohibited the selling of certain types of merchandise and retail or business activity of any kind on certain days of the week (usually Sunday).

interstate compact

agreement among two or more states, Constitution requires that most such agreements be approved by Congress

environmentalism

an ideology that is dominated by concern for the environment but also promotes grassroots democracy, social justice, equal opportunity, nonviolence, respect for diversity, and feminism

John Locke

an important philosopher of the English Enlightenment. He believed that the rights to life, liberty, and ownership of property were given by God and could not be taken away by governments. His philosophy influenced the framers of the Constitution.

Consumer Product Safety Commission?

an independent agency of the U.S. federal government created in 1972 through the Consumer Safety Act to protect "against unreasonable risks of injuries associated with consumer products". The CSPC has the authority to regulate the sale and manufacture of most consumer products, with the exception of those regulated by other agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATFE).

free rider

an individula who does not join a group representing his or her interests yet receives the benefit of the influence the group achieves

delegate

an official who is expected to represent the views of his or her constituents even when personally holding different views; one interpretation of the role of the legislator

ethnocentrisim

belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group

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block grants

broad grants to states for prescribed activities (welfare, child care, edu, social services, preventive health care, health services), very flexible

Buckley Vs. Valeo

campaign spending--legislaters can limit contributions but one can spend their own money as much as they want (donation caps)

Campaign Finance Reform

cleaning up way they are financed, house campaign skyrocketed, (PAC pays half), 2 distortions = 1) predominance of politlcal influence disprotionate to real number 2) soft money (Money raised in unlimited amounts by political parties for party-building purposes. Now largely illegal except for limited contributions to state or local parties for voter registration and get-out-the-vote efforts.)

confederation

consitutional arrangement in which sovereign nations or states, by compact, create a central gov but carefully limit its power and do not give it direct authority over individuals

checks and balances

constitutional grant of powers that enables each of the three branches of government to check some acts of the others and therefore ensure that no branch can dominate

cash and carry

countries such as Britain and France would have to pay for American goods in cash and provide transportation for them. This would keep US ships out of the war zone and eliminate the need for war loans

civil court

court in which lawsuits are heard.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed the settlers to decide whether or not to have slavery within those territories

cross-cutting cleavages

divisions within society that cut across demographic categories to produce groups that are more heterogeneous or different

frustration and agony

emotions felt when typing up all of these freaking vocabulary words

Forty Acres and a mule

failed attempt to help freed blacks during reconstruction - had promised blacks forty acres of land and a mule to plow with

civil rights act of 1964

federal law that made segregation illegal in most public places, increased penalties and sentences for those convicted of discrimination in employment, and withheld federal aid from schools that discriminated on the basis of race or gender.

antitrust legislation

federal laws that try to prevent a monopoly from dominating an industry and restraining trade (examples: Sherman Act of 1890)

interested money

financial contributions by individuals or groups in hope of influencing the outcome of an election and subsequently influencing policy

democracy

gov by the people, either directly or indirectly, with free and frequent elections

constitutional democracy

gov that enforces recognized limits on those who govern and allows the voice of the people to be heard through free, fair, and relatively frequent elections

affirmative action

government-mandated programs that seek to create special employment opportunities for african americans, women, and other victims of past discrimination.

The Whiskey Rebellion

group of farmers refused to pay federal excise tax on whiskey, Washington responds decisively with troops (1794)

chief of staff

head of the White House staff

candidate appeal

how voters feel about a candidate's background, personality, leadership ability, and other personal qualities

Confederate Advantages

in the Civil War â€" Large land areas with long coasts, could afford to lose battles, and could export cotton for money. They were fighting a defensive war and only needed to keep the North out of their states to win. Also had the nation’s best military leaders, and most of the existing military equipment and supplies.

Union Advantages

in the Civil War â€" Larger number of troops, superior navy, better transportation, overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies, which eventually outstripped the South’s initial material advantage.

clear and present danger test

interpretation by justice Oliver Wendell Holmes regarding limits on free speech if it presents clear and present danger to the public or leads to illegal actions; for example, one cannot shout "Fire!" in a crowded theater.

Susan B. Anthony

leader of woman suffrage movement, who helped to define the movement's goals and beliefs and to lead its actions

Progressive Party*

led by Henry Wallace, wanted to expand New Deal and good relatiosn with USSR.

Farewell Address George washington

maintain national unity, obey principles and authority, create permanent allience but not embroil in European affairs

civil service system

method of hiring federal employees based on merit rather than on political beliefs or allegiances. replaced the spoils system in the US.

Social Changes during (GC)

more industrial nation, child labor soared

civil disobedience

nonviolent act requiring activists to protest peacefully against laws they believe unjust and to be qilling to accept arrest as a means of demonstrating the justice of their cause (popularized by Henry David Thoreau, practiced by Martin Luther King Jr)

Federal Register

official document, published every weekday, that lists the new and proposed regulations of executive departments and regulatory agencies

centralists

people who favor national action over action at the state and local levels

decentralists

people who favor state or local action rather than national action

honeymoon

period at the beginning of a new president's term during which the president enjoys generally positive relations with the press and Congress, usually lasting about six months

discharge petition

petition that, if signed by a majority of the members of the House, will pry a bill from committee and bring it to the floor for consideration

express powers

powers sepcifically granted to one of the branches of the national gov by the Constitution

impoundment

presidential refusal to allow an agency to spend funds authorized and appropriated by Congress

impeachment

process by which a president, judge, or other government official can be tried for high crimes and misdemeanors (does not remove from office)

Casework

process of solving constituents' problems dealing with the bureaucracy

initiative

process through which voters may propose new laws, one of several Progressive Era reforms that increased voters' power over government

Atlantic Charter

product of a secret by FDR and Churchill; discussed post war aims and goals; advocated self determination of peoples

Abbington Vs. Schempp

prohibited devotional bible reading in schools

Engel Vs. Vitale

prohibited state sponsered reciting of prayers in school

Gramm-Rudman-Holings Bill (1985)

set budget reduction targets to balance budget but failed to eliminate loopholes

constitutionalism

set of arrangements, including checks and balances, federalism, separation of powers, rule of law, due process, and a bill of rights, that requires leaders to listen, think, bargain, and explain before they act or make laws. We then hold them politically and legally accountable for how they exercise their powers.

entitlement programs

social insurance programs that allocate federal funds to all people who meet the conditions of the program, they are a form of mandatory spending so it is incredibly difficult to cut funds during the budgetary process (Social Security largest and most expensive one)

Gitlow Vs. New York

states can not deny freedom of speech - precident for federalizing bill of rights

Ashcroft Vs. ACLU

struck down a federal ban on virtual child pornography

competitive federalism

term defined by Thomas R Dye, all units of gov competing with each other over ways to put together the goods and services of gov

federalism

term describing a system under which the national government and local governments share powers (United States and others including Canada, Switzerland, and Australia)

Brown v. Board of Education

the 1954 case in which the Supreme Court overturned the "separate but equal" (Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896) standard as it applied to education

Governmental party

the Office holders and candidates who run under a political party's banner

independent expenditures

the Supreme Court has ruled that individuals, groups, and parties can spend unlimited amounts in campaigns for or against candidates as long as they operate independently from the candidates

Executive Office of the President

the cluster of presidential staff agencies that help the president carry out his responsibilities; currently the office includes the Office fo Management and Budget, the Council of Economic Advisers, and other units

devolution revolution

the effort to slow the growth of the federal government by returning many functions to the states

census

the process, mandated by the Constitution, by which the population of the U.S. is officially counted every 10 years, data is then used to help distribute federal money and to reapportion congressional districts

inherent powers

the pwers of the national gov in the field of foreign afairs that the Supreme Court has declared do not depend on constitutional grants but rather grow out of the very existence of the national government

Confederate States of America

the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861, Jefferson Davis, Montgomery, AL

American Dream

the widespread belief that the US is a land of opportunity and that individual initiative and hard work can bring economic success

Keynesian economics

theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that gov spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms

laissez faire economics

theory that opposes gov interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property

attentive public

those citizens who follow public affairs carefully

civil rights

those protections against discrimination by the government and individuals, intended to prevent discrimination based on race, religion, gender, ethnicity, physical handicap, or sexual orientation

issue advocacy

unlimited and undisclosed spending by an individual or group on communications that do not use words like "vote for" or "vote against" although much of this activity is actually about electing or defeating candidates

Gonzales Vs. Carhart

upheld partial birth abortion ban act o 2003

Bush Vs. Gore

use of 14th ammendment equal protection clause to stop the florida recount in 2000

department

usually the largest organization in government; also the highest rank in federal hierarchy

democratic consensus

widespread agreement on fundamental principles of democratic governance and the values that undergird them

18th Amendment

Banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol. It was ratified on January 16, 1919 and repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933. In the over 200 years of the U.S. Constitution, the 18th Amendment remains the only Amendment to ever have been repealed.

Albany Plan

Benjamin Franklin submitted the Albany Plan during the Fr. and Ind. War on 1754 gathering of colonial delegates in Albany, New York. The plan called for the colonies to unify in the face of French and Native American threats. The delegates approved the plan, but the colonies rejected it for fear of losing too much power. The Crown did not support the plan either, as it was wary of too much cooperation between the colonies.

12th Amendment

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.

Andrew Carnegie

Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL. Philantropist

Aroostook War

Maine lumberjacks camped along the Aroostook River in Maine in 1839 tried to oust Canadian rivals. Militia were called in from both sides until the Webster Ashburn Treaty was signed. Took place in disputed territory.

22nd Amendment

limits the number of terms a president may be elected to serve

Appomattox

(AL) 1864, , This was the last battle of the Civil War that ended in a Union victory.It ended the war. Grant defeats Lee

Antietam*

(AL), 1862, the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

21st Amendment

(FDR) , 1933, repeal of prohibition

20th Amendment

(FDR) , change of dates for start of presidential/congressional terms

Alliance for Progress

(JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military

Agricultural Adjustment Act

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

23rd Amendment

(JFK), gave residents of Washington DC the right to vote

1992 - what went wrong (GB1)

(GB1) American economy favored powerful not middle class, natioanal debt, employment fell, forced into low paying jobs, losing benefits of pensiosn and health, black and hispanic = hit hardest

Acquisition of Florida from Spain

(JMon) Jackson gets Spain, praised by Adams and Monroe, not by Senate or House

Anti Poverty Act

(LBJ) 1964, his act of war on poverty

27th Amendment*

(RN) , regulates pay raises for members of Congress

Aftermath of the Vietnam War

(RN), 1973, when Nixon replaced American forces in Vietnam with South Vietnam, withdrawal caused hostilities between North and South in which as a result, all of Vietnam became Socialist Republic of Vietnam. (1976)

Amtrak*

(RN), first major attempt to re establish adequate railroad passenger service

14th Amendment

1868 Due process / equal protection

15th Amendment

1870 Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Alice Paul

A suffragette who believed that giving women the right to vote would eliminate the corruption in politics.

Arab Israeli Peace Talks

(GB1) Israel and Arab Nations peace talks, in 1993 Oslo, Norway, PLO (arafat) promise peace with Israel (rabin), israel offer west bank on condition that Arafat commitment to losing side in Gulf war, extremists opposed peace, el-Sadat assassinated, Rabin killed

Aid To Somalia

(GB1) civil war, UN peacekeeping mission, US forces limited humanitarian, Bush Adminstration rejected disarm warrin factiosn and pressed for negotiations, later turned over control to UN, results, back to fighting

American Federation of Labor

(GC2) , Samuel Gompers, a union for skilled laborers that fought for worker rights in a non-violent way. It provided skilled laborers with a union that was unified, large, and strong.

Alaska National Interest Lands

(JEC) total area of national park doubled

Algeciras Conference

(TR) alliance (germany, austria, and italy),1906- settled the First Moroccan Crisis- started with Germany wanting an international conference on the Moroccan question of who gets what- Germany left with nothing and was further isolated- result of conference was that Britain, France, Russia, and the US began to see Germany as a potential threat that might seek to dominate all Europe- Germany began to see sinister plots to "encircle" Germany and prevent their development as a world power

Aftermanth of Persian War

(WJC) UN wanted to inspect Iraq for weapons, so imposed economic santions, France, China and Russia oppose (since they had contracts with Iraq), then eventually UK and US considered ending sanctions, and Saddam ordered UN out of Iraq

Adamson Act

(WW) , 1916; established an 8-hour work day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime

ABC Powers

(WW) 1914 Argentina,Brazil,Chile offered to negotiate dispute between US and Mexico

American Expeditionary Forces

(WW), The Us forces led by General John Pershing who fought with the allies in Europe during WW1

American System*

1824 (JMon), Henry Clay, response to Tariff of 1824, program proposed by Henry Clay and others to foster national economic growth and interdependence among the geographical sections. It included a protective tariff, a national bank, and internal improvements.

Andrew Jackson

1829-1837, (King Andrew, Old Hickory) Democrat, issue = 2nd Bank of America (Jackson and Clay), Whig Party emerged

Albany Congress/Plan of Union

A conference in the summer of 1754. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French. Held by the British Board of Trade to help cement the loyalty of the Iroquois League. After receiving presents, provisions and promises of Redress of grievances. 150 representatives if tribes withdrew without committing themselves to the British cause.

Adam's "midnight judges"

A group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms

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A leading Federalist, he supported industry and strong central government. He created the National Bank and managed to pay off the U.S.'s early debts through tariffs and the excise tax on whiskey.

Anti-Imperialist League

A league containing anti-imperialist groups; it was never strong due to differences on domestic issues. Isolationists. They fought against the McKinley administration's expansionist moves.

Annie Oakley

A performer in wild west shows around the turn of the century.

Alien Registration Act?

AKA - Smith Act of 1940 made it a criminal offense for anyone to conspire to overthrow the government. It also required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government. The Act is best known for its use against political organizations and figures, mostly on the left. A series of United States Supreme Court decisions in 1957 threw out numerous convictions under the Smith Act as unconstitutional.

Articles of Confederation

Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789

American Federation of Government Employees?

An American labor union representing over 600,000 employees of the federal government. (State and municipal employees are represented by other unions, most notably the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) and the Service Employees International Union (SEIU). It is a member of the AFL-CIO. Its current president is John Gage (labor leader).

Anne Hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson was a dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who caused a schism in the Puritan community. Eventually, Hutchinson's faction lost out in a power struggle for the governorship. She was expelled from the colony in 1673 and traveled southward with a number of her followers, establishing the settlement of Portsmouth, Rhode Island

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Created a race among the great powers (English, Germans, and Japanese) for unclaimed land."

Admiral Nimitz

Commander of US fleet during WWII.

17th Amendment

Direct election of US Senators

16th Amendment

Enacted income tax.

Amelia Earhart

First women piolot to cross tha Atlantic Ocean.

American Colonization Society

Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks to Africa.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Formed in 1844, a major abolitionist movement in the North.

American Railway Union

Founded by Eugene V. Debs.

American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) ?

Founded in 1932, is currently the second- or third-largest labor union in the United States and one of the fastest-growing, representing over 1.4 million employees, primarily in local government and in the health care industry. Employees at the federal level are represented by other unions, such as the American Federation of Government Employees, with which AFSCME was once affiliated.

Alexis de tocqueville

French historian whose book Democracy in Amerca was the first impartial study of institutions in the new nation.

Abraham Lincoln

Initially Senator from Illinois, rose to prominence through Lincoln Douglas Debates, led Union during Civil War, issued Emanciptation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address and Homestead Act. Killed after the war.

Andrew Jackson and Florida

Jackson took military control of Spanish Florida, which encouraged the treaty with Spain 1819.

Article X

Part of the Treaty of Versaille that created the League of Nations

Anti-Masonic Party

Party that spoke against the famous secret society of the Masons, but was also considered to be very anti-Jackson. Followers often sought moral and religious reform.

American Party

Political organization that was created after the election of 1852 by the Know-Nothings, was organized to oppose the great wave of immigrants who entered the United States after 1846

Alf Landon

Ran against FDR in the 1936 election. He was weak on the radio and weaker in personal compaigning, and while he criticized FDR's spending, he also favored enough of FDR's New Deal to be ridiculed by the Democrats as an unsure idiot.

Antebellum

Term used for objects originating before the Civil War

Abolitionism

The belief that slavery should be abolished immediately without compensation. Important factor leading to the Civil War

Adams-Onis Treaty

The negotiated sale of Spain's territories in eastern and western Florida to the U. S. for $5 million.

20th Amendment

Written by George Norris and also called the "Lame Duck Amendment," it changed the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year.

Adlai Stevenson

ran against Eisenhower, , The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower.