functional foods for health exam 2
Fat in "storage form" - what form are lipids in when we eat them? - what cycles do we burn them in ?
- most of the time when we eat they are in the form of triglycerides. -Body breaks down these and then we store them. -Burn them in glycolysis/citric acid cycle etc.
probiotics for diarrhea (this is dumb)
A meta-analysis including 34 clinical trials (Lancet Infect Dis. 2006, 6, 374-82) Among 34 clinical trials: 28 trials had protective effects with an overall reduction of 35% 19 antibiotic-associated diarrhea with18 having positive effects and an overall reduction of 52% 6 trials in travelers' diarrhea: 3 showed benefits and overall reduction of 8%
supermarket products with pro/prebiotic components (6 different examples)
*Dannon DanActive*® - *probiotic* dairy drink -contains Lactobacillus casei -To help support immune system *Breakstone's LiveActive* 2% milkfat lowfat cottage cheese -With *prebiotic fiber* for digestive health -*Yoplait yogurt* - *probiotics* With live and active cultures including Lactobacillus acidophilus -*Dannon Activia® Lowfat yogurt* (1.5% milkfat) With Bifidus regularis Helps regulate our digestive system *Lifeway Lowfat Kefir Cultured Milk Smoothie Probiotic* - *probiotics* 10 life and active Kefir cultures, Lifeway's Proboost™ -*Crystal Light LiveActive Nutrient Enhanced Drink Mix*
what is OmegaPure? - OMEGA 3 - what are some food examples (2) OmegaPure is incorporated into? - what is another name for omegaPure? - how is omegaPure nice to have?
*Highly refined*, long-chain omega-*3 fish oil* that is *purified.* Incorporated into: -Oatmeal walnut raisin cookies. -Organic milk. -*"unique-advanced hydration beverage"* - nice because omegaPure foods deliver functionally effective levels of EFAs void of any fishy flavors or odors.
DHA and EPA Health Claim for Flax(?) - which type of health claim is for DHA and EPA? - which type of health claim for ALA, EPA, and DHA? - which type of health claim for ALA?
*Qualified heart health claim* for EPA and DHA Also permits *excellent source claim* for nutrient content claim *for ALA, EPA, DHA* (nutrient content claim) *Structure/Function* claim for ALA -Varies for different flax-source products "*Supportive but not conclusive* research shows that consumption of *EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease*. One serving of [name of food] provides __ gram(s) of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids. [See nutrition information for total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol content
Required and Optional Composition of Yogurt Bacteria: 2 main yogurt bacteria required
*Required by FDA Standard of Identity for Yogurt:* 1)*Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus (ST!!!!)* -*Lactobacillus*delbrueckii ssp. *bulgaricus* (LB!!!!!) Optional: -Lactobacillus acidophilus -Lactobacillus casei -Lactobacillus helveticus -Lactobacillus jugurti -Lactobacillus lactis -Bifidobacterium longum -Bifidobacterium bifidum -Bifidobacterium infantis
more on the FD&C - are medical foods natural?
*What we have today.* --Not all foods fed to patients *with a disease*, including disease that require dietary management are medical foods. Instead, medical foods are foods that are specifically *formulated and processed* (*as opposed to being natural)* for a patient who requires use of the product as a major component of a disease or condition's specific dietary management, that has nutritional needs that cannot be met by the diet alone. FD&C - est. what a medical food was. "standard of identity" - if you call something ice cream... you must have the certain requirements. For example, "has to have not less than ____ pounds of blah blah" "not less than 10% milk fat, etc) See "frozen dairy desserts" in the local store. Or peanut spread.... These certain products do not meet the requirements.
Monounsaturated Fats (MUFAS) random intro facts: - how many bonds? - what % of consumers are aware of the benefits of these fats in reducing heart disease? - what % consumers agree most effective strategy to improve health is through moderation?
- 1 double bond!!! -2011 -MUFA mass market opportunity with Dietary Guidelines and American Heart Association -74% of consumers are aware of MUFA's role in reducing heart disease - >50% think most effective strategy to improve health is through moderate fat diet with good fats.
- so concerning the FDA and the previous claims listed in the last slide, can the FDA put on foods that meet the criteria or put on foods that are proven to have a correlation?
- The FDA cant modify or put on food that doesn't meet criteria but the claims that are proven to have a correlation with these health benefits, FDA can choose to put here. - has a fixed set of approved health claims "0.8 folic acids, (no more b/c birth defects) - what foods can have claims, the type of claim you can make, which foods can be in it, how FDA regulates this, what factors you can exercise to put claim on label = on FDA website.
Know the pathways of conversions to AA and EPA/DHA (slide 18) - what is special about delta6 desaturase, has a higher affinity for which FA?
- a limited step in the conversion of FAs is delta6 desaturase, because the parent compounds compete for it. - has a higher affinity for ALA (omega 3) but due to the higher intake of LA (omega 6) in the diet, travels down the n-6 pathway more, leading to ARA instead of DHA/EPA.
Solid fats (5) versus liquid fats *remember just because a fat is a liquid does NOT mean its healthy.
- animal fats (34%) -saturated fats (23%) - trans fats (17%) - hydrogenated fats (11%) - partially hydrogenated fats (8%) ^all bad for you, these hydrogenated oils are filled with trans fat from being hydrogenated, so it turns them into a solid form. don't let oil mislead you. liquid: - polyunsaturated fats (7%) - veggie oils monounsaturated oils (both 6%) -fish oils, omega 3/omega 6, tropical oils (all 3%). *FYI: TROPICAL OILS ARE BADLY SATURATED = AT ROOM TEMP. all other examples are okay.
functional foods in the USA: - do we have a definition for F.F? - which act allows certain health claims that are approved by FDA? (based on what) - claims must be supported by?
- we are the first country (USA) to enact law allowing health claims for *nutrients in foods and dietary supplements*, although functional foods are not defined under American law. -NLEA (1990) permits certain health claims approved by FDA. The claims can be based on the presence or absence of a nutrient that is *linked* to a disease or health related condition. -Claims must be supported by "significant scientific agreement" Should be a mean of *reduction or delaying* the risk of disease (or health-related condition). Scientific evidence - not just the gov't, but food scientists, labs, epidemiologic studies, etc.
what is a hydrogenated oil?
-(hydrogenated oil) taking the *double bonds and hydrogenating them* so adding hydrogen to make it more "saturatedly-fat" and making the double bonds lower. lower double bonds = worse. adding hydrogen = bad. -contain trans fat.
Solid Fats: list examples of (saturated/animal fats) and (vegetable saturated fats). - as far as the chart, which ones are most saturated (3)/least saturated (4)?
-*Animal*/saturated fats: butter, milk fat, beef fat, chicken fat, cream, pork fat; -*Vegetable*!!!!! saturated fats: *coconut oil*; hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated oils like stick margarine, shortening, palm/palm kernel oils. ^no such thing as a liquid saturated fat -#1) category TROPICAL oils: *coconut oil, palm kernel oil, butter,* = highest in saturated fat. -#2) category *omega 3 and omega 6*: tend to be more liquid, PUFAs fats: ex: *veggie oil, sunflower/safflower* *flaxseed oil* and *CANOLA oil* are the least saturated (they are rather *monounsaturated or polyunsaturated*)
Coronary Heart Disease: Clinical trials: -fish oil supplements decreased what? -what did not reproduce effects like the fish oil? - thus, what is the overall picture?
-*Fish oil supplementation decreased total plasma LDL cholesterol and beneficial effects on CHD mortality BUT* -*Flax oil = OIL NOT WHOLE FLAXSEED* did not reproduce effects of fish oil in changing plasma lipids, so did not decrease LDL* *Not enough reliable data to determine if flaxseed is effective for heart conditions in US!!!!!!!!!*
Lipids and Health: *qualified* health claims: ^ *and* with followed blank refers to health effect. -nuts and walnuts and ______ - omega 3 and ______ - monounsaturated FA from olive oil and _______. - unsaturated FA from canola/corn oil and ____ - Phosphatidylserine and _________ and _________.
-*Nuts/Walnuts and Heart Disease* -*Omega-3 Fatty Acids and CHD.* -^ know that omega 3 --> go with CHD. -monounsaturated FA from *olive oil* and CHD. -*Unsaturated Fatty* Acids from *Canola Oil/Corn Oil* and *Heart Disease* -Phosphatidylserine & *Cognitive Dysfunction* and Dementia
EVOO and Alzheimer's: - what phenolic compound has an association with Alzheimers? - what are beta-amyloid plaques?
-*Oleocanthal* in OO (essential oils) - also family with oleuropein (bitter taste in oil),decreases oxidation by decreasing LDL cholesterol -Decrease the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques (thought to be associated with disease) --> Protective effect on nerve cells -Helped to increase production of *two proteins and key enzymes* thought to be critical in removing beta-amyloid from the brain.
*Canola* Oil - what fraction of healthy cooking oils? - high in what lipids, moderate in what? -decreases total ______
-1/5 healthy cooking oils High in: 1) MUFAs 2) Omega 3/ALA 3) *Omega 9* (moderate in omega 6) Low in: 1) saturated fat -Decreases total and LDL cholesterol -Qualified Health Claim ability to reduce the risk of heart disease when used in place of saturated fat
Are functional foods medicine? - THIS SLIDE IS CONFUSING - basically, what is a drug? (recognized by whom?) (can drugs be a food?) - are biological products included in the definition? (similarities /differences)
-A drug is defined as: A substance recognized by an official pharmacopoeia or formulary. -A substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease. -supplement: A substance (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body. -drug: A substance intended for use as a component of a medicine but not a device or a component, part or accessory of a device. -supplement: *Biological products* are included within this definition and are generally covered by the *same laws and regulations*, but differences exist *regarding their manufacturing processes* (chemical process versus biological process.) -Drug vs food?
Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (LC-PUFAS): - what is the most prominent omega 3 FA in the diet/LC PUFAS? is converted to...? - what is the significant of LC PUFAs?
-ALA is ~~essential~~ Most prominent omega-3 FA in diet!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ALA converted to EPA and DHA -Amounts are not significant (<5%) *LC-PUFAs about 20% of brain's dry weight* -Critical for healthy brain development and function -Deficiency results in neurologic abnormalities and growth retardation. - lots of infant formula contains EPA and DHA. -ALA: *18 carbons or longer, 2 to 3 double bonds*
- why do the EFA's have to come from our diet/why cant we process them ourselves?
-Biosynthesis enzymes in humans can only insert a *double bond at the n-9 or higher position* -Therefore the essential FA (n-6 and n-3) are not synthesized de novo in the body and need to be consumed through the diet. Name Food sources
Authorized Health Claims:
-Calcium, Vitamin D and *osteoporosis* -Dietary *lipids* and cancer -Dietary saturated fat and cholesterol and CHD -Dietary non-cariogenic carbohydrate sweeteners and dental caries -*Fiber*-containing grain products, F&V and cancer -Folate and neural tube defects -F&V and *cancer* -F&V and grain products containing fiber, particularly *soluble fiber*, and CHD -Sodium and hypertension -Soluble fiber from certain foods and *CHD* -*Soy protein* and CHD -Plant sterol/stanol esters and CHD
health claims/also called authorized claims purpose and example: key word here?
-Confirms a relationship between substances (a food, food component or dietary ingredient) in the diet and risk of disease or health condition, as reviewed and approved by FDA, *and authorized based on significant scientific agreement (SSA).* *AGREEMENT = key word.* ex:"Diets high in calcium may reduce risk of osteoporosis."
olive oil and health benefits: - difference between green olives, black olives (color when ripe, when pickling) (what increases with ripening in black olives??( - where are olives majorly produced?
900 species of olives Green olives: -*Unripe*, remain green during pickling Black olives: -Dark blue when ripe, turn black during pickling -*Acidity and oil content* increase with ripening Major producers: -Spain, Italy, Greece - In USA - California
Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 as Amended (*FD&C*) - covers what? - this act is a principle food and drug law which defines what sort of things? Also, what is the Orphan Drug Act Amendment of 1988?
-Covers *more products*, including *cosmetics* -*Principal* food and drug law which DEFINES *foods, drugs, adulteration, labeling, standards of identity, many other purposes* *Stricter rules!!! -Orphan drug act amendment of 1988 - defines *medical food*, subject to follow general safety and labeling requirements of the rules of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act -Medical Food is defined as "a *food* which is formulated to be consumed or administered *enterally* (by mouth) under the *supervision of a physician* and which is *intended for the specific dietary management of a disease* or condition for which distinctive nutritional requirements, based on recognized scientific principles, are established by medical evaluation."
Probiotics in Foods and Dietary Supplements: -cultured milk products? - *soy beverages* - fermented foods? (5) - supplement forms? - the bacteria come from what two groups?
-Cultured milk products: yogurt, sour cream, some cheeses. -Soy beverages -Fermented foods: tempeh (soy), miso (soybean seasoning), natto (soybean food), kimchi (sauteed fermentable veggies), *sauerkraut* (cut cabbage) -Supplement Forms: Capsules, tablets, powders (not active in this form but eventually become active) The bacteria come from two groups, *Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium*
Dietary Guidance Claims purpose and examples
-Describe a *role of dietary patterns*, or of *broad/general categories of foods*. key words: BROAD/GENERAL. ROLE of dietary PATTERNS. Ex. Fruits and Vegetables Think MyPlate Dietary guidance claims: *recommended* you eat 90 grams of Vitamin C. Broad dietary patterns. Amount/serving of different types of food. Not really focusing on this.
Other Human Diseases associated with fermented milk helping these out
-Diabetes -Hypercholesterolemia -*Kidney and bladder* disorders -*Lactose intolerance* -*Liver and bile disorders* -Miscellaneous disorders -Obesity -*Skin* disorders -Tuberculosis -*Vaginitis and urinary tract infections* *more important you understand why*, not as much as understanding *what the therapeutic effects are*
lipid functions (12 main functions) - what is the primary role? - brain can only burn what? - cell membranes/transport of what kind of vitamins? - raw materials for _____, _____, and vitamin _____. - why americans love lipids: (3)
-Energy stores (PRIMARY ROLE) -Muscle fuel: brain can only burn glucose -Emergency reserve -Padding: cushioning in tissues -Insulation: in cold places -Cell membranes - phospholipids -Raw materials for hormones, bile, vitamin D3 -Transport of fat-soluble vitamins -Sensory attributes - tastes good -Appetite - helps control appetite -Satiety -Texture
Health Claims- Authoritative Statements - based on what? -authorized in the year ______ by Congress as part of the (what act)
-Expanded methods by which a health claim could be approved -Based on "authoritative statement" by a "scientific body" of the US gov't- authorized in *1997 by Congress as part of FDA Modernization Act* --NIH, CDC, National Academy of Sciences
FDA Final Ruling 2014: - what claims are the FDA effective as of 2016 not allowing for EPA/DHA? What claims are allowed? - what about ALA?
-FDA is prohibiting existing *nutrient content claims* for the two omega-3s found in *FISH OIL* *eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)* - *restricting nutrient* content claims for alpha-linolenic acid *(ALA)*, in *FLAXSEED, NUTS* and certain other plant foods. Effective January 1, 2016 ALA Reference Amount 1.6g -*Structure/function claims, comparative percentage claims, and truthful, factual statements about the amount of EPA and DHA present in a food* (e.g., "Contains x mg of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids per serving") are still allowed, as are *qualified health claims* about the relationship between EPA and DHA and reduced risk for coronary heart disease.
definitions: prebiotics - 3 examples?
-Fermented by probiotic bacteria in the gut to produce fermentation products like short chain fatty acids. -"Prebiotics" actually refers to non-digestible compounds that stimulate the growth and/or activity of probiotics in the gut. Positive impact on gut health. (Carbohydrates/Fiber): Examples: -Oligosaccharides (carbohydrate) -Inulin (polysachharide) -Polydextrose (fiber)
health related claims: - !!!FOODS!!! CANNOT cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent any disease. thus foods = not drugs. drug status of a food = illegal - however, what is the exception to this? (which act authorized FDA to allow what?)
-Food can't cure, mitigate, treat or prevent any disease Subject to regulation as a drug and all requirements therein Drug status for a food would make it illegal -Exception: Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) of 1990 authorizes FDA to allow certain disease-risk-*reduction* claims. - Such claims (disease risk reduction claims) are exempt from drug status if all applicable requirements are met.
Nut Mechanisms Summary
-Improve Serum Lipid Profiles, decrease LDL and cholesterol -High in arginine, precursor for nitric oxide (vasodilator) -Ellagic acid protects from oxidative stress and free radicals. -Fiber lower total and LDL cholesterol -Tocopherols protect from oxidative damage -Folic Acid, Copper and Magnesium CHD, red blood cells/platelets, heart function, blood pressure -Phytochemicals and CHD
nut mechanisms summary: -improve what by lowering what? - high in arginine, which is what?
-Improve Serum Lipid Profiles, decrease LDL and cholesterol -High in arginine, precursor for nitric oxide (vasodilator) -Ellagic acid protects from oxidative stress and free radicals. -Fiber lower total and LDL cholesterol -Tocopherols protect from oxidative damage -Folic Acid, Copper and Magnesium CHD, red blood cells/platelets, heart function, blood pressure. -Phytochemicals and CHD. ^ so basically healthy heart, lower blood pressure, decrease oxidative stress.
human studies versus animal studies in terms of ratio and actual amounts
-In animal studies, found you just want to change the ratio (how many mg of omega 3 versus how many omega 6) . However, in human trials it's the actual amount (just strictly looking at omega 3 or strictly looking at omega 6). in other words there are a couple ways to balance out omega 3 and 6's without changing the actual ratio.
Nutrient Content Claims purpose of nutrient content claims? and examples? - what do nutrient content claims have to have?
-Indicate the presence of a specific nutrient at a certain level. -Describes the level of a nutrient or dietary substance, that has an established daily value in the products ex: Free, High, Low, More, Reduced and Lite **No mention of disease!!!* Ex. "fat-free", "low-sodium" Nutrient - something you want more of or talking about something that you want less of... "excellent source of" "good source of" "low in fat/reduced fat" ^ HAS TO have an *established daily value* talking about a nutrient. Ex: puts a claim on a test, have to know which kind of claim it is.
General Description of Flax: - family of what? - what does flax look like? - where is flax usually grown?
-Linum usitatissimum of the family Linaceae -Blue flowered crop -Grown in Canada and US North and South Dakota, Minnesota and Montana
suggested mechanisms; how could you measure the effects of probiotcs? - lowering what? - adhering to what? - strengthening what? - releasing what? - binding/metabolism of what? - boosting what?
-Lower the intestinal pH by producing organic acids. -Adhere to the cellular surface of the mucosa, so competition for fermentable substrates or receptors. -Strengthen the barrier effect (tight junctions) of the intestinal mucosa so other things cannot get inside -Release *gut-protective metabolites* *(*arginine*, glutamine, short-chain fatty acids.* form *fatty acids through fermentation*, these epithelial cells love these fatty acids (primary energy) more short chain FA = healthier your gut barrier is. -Binding and metabolism of toxic metabolites (can either outcompete these or they themselves can bind up and metabolize) -Boost immune functions. -Tight junctions - baby's do not have. "leaky gut" -Toxic metabolites - they can either outcompete these or they themselves can bind up and metabolize.
what are some examples of omega 3 and omega 6?
-MUFAs (1 double bond) <-- good fats - saturated (no double bonds) <-- bad fats PUFAS (omega 3 and omega 6) OMEGA 3 AND OMEGA 6 ARE ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS (from diet) 1) omega 3: - ALA (alpha linoleic acid) -DHA/EPA 2) omega 6: - LA (linoleic acid) - ARA - GLA/CLA (gamma linoleic and conjugated linoleic) ^all of these are good fats. *what are the parent chains for omega 3 and omega 6? - omega 3: ALA - omega 6: LA
Olive Hydroxytyrosol: -special because it is a bioactive component of WHAT/only found in what? - impacts what? - being studied for ability to support what 4 functions?
-Main bioactive compound of *aqueous* olive extracts (only found in *olive oil*) -Impacts chronic inflammatory processes in endothelium or arthritis (potent inflammatory). -Being studied for ability to support healthy colon/brain/skin (absorb UV rays), and immune functions
Incentive for Using Probiotics
-Microorganisms (including bacteria) are everywhere (natural) - in our body 100 trillion microorganisms (est) representing >500 different species (Harvard University) Interactions between body and microorganisms, and among the microorganisms themselves crucial to health and well-being Friendly bacteria are vital -For proper development of the immune system -For protection against microorganisms that could cause disease -For digestion and absorption of food and nutrients DNA in bacteria > DNA in you. (crazy)
Functional foods have bioactive components: - what is the dose dependent on? - if the F.F is not GRAS or an approved food additive, then what happens?
-Natural vs added -Dose ...toxicity or beneficial ~~~Supplement intake plus RDI -IF not GRAS or approved food additive, then "bioactive component" considered a "new dietary ingredient" (must be on a supplement label basically b/c GRAS is only on foods, so not represented in a conventional food)
The Threshold Problem - no legal definition for what but legal definitions for what? - functional foods needs to avoid what type of status (obvious) - certain disease risk reduction claims can appear on label _____CFR_________.
-No legal definition for functional foods -Legal definition for dietary supplements, medical foods and drugs Functional foods -Need to avoid drug status -Drug: articles intended for use in the *diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention* of disease...; and articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body (FDC Act Section 201 (g)(1). Certain disease-risk-reduction claims (health claims) can appear on label (21 CFR 101.71) -Failure to comply -Compare to structure/function claims
probiotics
-Probiotics ("for life") -"Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host (human)" - World Health Organization -dietary ingredients -live microorganisms (in most cases, bacteria) ~~similar to beneficial microorganisms found in the human gut. ~~"friendly bacteria" or "good bacteria." HAVE TO be alive, if theyre dead = fiber. NOT probiotics if theyre dead.
laws related to functional foods and dietary supplements: who has authority to regulate the laws, under the Secretary of _______. - published in the ________________ (# CFR parts ______) - what act was amended (know year also) - what are all agencies under?
-Regulatory authority of FDA, under the *Secretary of Health and Human Services.* -Published in the *Code of Federal Regulations* (21 CFR parts 1-199). ---Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 as Amended (FD&C) or (FFDCA). FDA - agency. All agencies are under a cabinet position. *21 CFR section 1-9 know*
Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994 *(DSHEA)* - purpose of this act? how did it involve the FDA? - which requirements were exempted/freed from supplements? - so what act did not resolve issues with dietary supplements? - what is the chronological order of the 3 main acts? ~in 2006, which act came along?
-Response to *FDA's imposition on dietary supplements*; imposed limitations on FDA authority over supplements -Broadly defined dietary supplements, authorized *structure-fx claims*, -exempted/freed *dietary supplement products* from *food additive requirements* of FD&C; -impose burden on FDA to demonstrate lack of safety -NLEA did not resolve the issues with dietary supplements. So first came along the FD&C, then NLEA, then DSHEA. In 2006, the Dietary supplement and *Nonprescription drug consumer act*: established that we can alert the *FDA with adverse events*.
EPA and DHA - mostly marine sources and algae (fatty fish). - Why do we think these long chain fatty acids are found in cold water fish?
-So the fish can live under fluids under cold conditions. Cold water fishes genetically evolved to make these things that are very fluid at cold temperatures so its very useful to this body.
Hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein roles in olive oils
-Some phenols/antioxidants are better like... -hydroxytyrosol, and oleuropein than synthetic and other natural (Vitamin E/C) antioxidants. 1) *Due to inhibited oxidation of linoleic (omega 6) and DHA (omega 3) in LDL phospholipids.* 2) Can *inhibit blood platelet aggregation*. - oleuropein: bitter taste in olives - hydroxytyrosol: metal chelator so phenols like hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein (better than Vitamin E/C antioxidants) inhibit oxidation of omega 6 and omega 3 in *LDL phospholipids* and can also inhibit blood platelet aggregation.
probiotics: historic view - proteolytic bacteria role? what helps decrease these suckers?
-Used for centuries as natural components in health-promoting foods -Discovered by Russian scientist Nobel Laureate Eli Metchnikoff -suggested possible to modify the gut flora and to replace harmful microbes by useful microbes -Proteolytic bacteria produce toxic substances in the large bowel - Pasteur Institute -Fermented milk would populate the intestine with harmless lactic-acid bacteria and decrease the intestinal pH - suppress the growth of proteolytic bacteria. These bacteria will compete against each other (lactic acid lowers the pH, and the other bacteria cannot compete or survive this environment, so reduction of proteolytolics or toxic bacteria in gut) -In the 1960s the dairy industry began to promote fermented milk products containing Lactobacillus species We've known that these bacteria called Proteolytic bacteria (bacteria that break down proteins) exist in our gut such as clostridia, which are part of the normal gut flora, produce toxic substances including phenols, indols and ammonia from the digestion of proteins.
integration of information
-What are some biomarkers that may be helpful in evaluating efficacy of probiotics for immunity? -How feasible are foods/supplements for providing positive bacteria for inhabiting the gut? -Do all fermentation microorganisms (for yogurt, etc) provide healthful benefits to the host?
The Food and Drug Act of 1906 - governed the _______ of product labels? - labels required with what on them? - govt authority in this process?
-in 1906 -spurred by the Jungle by Upton Sinclair -Governed the *contents of product labels* -Prevent misleading consumers -Product labels that falsified ingredients were "adulterated" -Products required to be labeled with *"distinctive names"* that pertain *directly to their contents* -GAVE THE GOV'T POWER - Gov't empowered to inspect.
what are the most common type of microbes used? - converts what into what? - Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria: role of them being the most common microbes? - lowering the pH?
-lactic acid bacteria! Most common type of microbes/PROBIOTIC used!!!!! -Convert sugars (primarily lactose) and other carbohydrates into lactic acid -Provides the characteristic sour taste of fermented dairy foods such as yogurt -Lowering the pH may create fewer opportunities for spoilage organisms to grow- preventing gastrointestinal infections -Strains of the genera Lactobacillus (milk products) and Bifidobacterium are the most widely used probiotic bacteria -*They convert sugars/CHO (particularly dairy products like yogurt, etc.) to lactic acid*. In the gut, the lactic acid bacteria ferment CHO and lower the pH and thus outcompete more favorably, by excluding the bacteria we do not want.
Don't neglect the n-6 FA! - when are inflammation levels the lowest? - decrease in what certain things may be a mechanism for beneficial effects on chronic inflammatory diseases?
-n-6 FA *do not inhibit the anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 FA* ^ in other words, it doesnt mess around with omega 3's jobs with inflammation -Combination is associated with the lowest levels of inflammation -Decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines may be a possible mechanism for beneficial effects on chronic inflammatory-related diseases
oleocanthal in OO
-phenolic antioxidant removes beta-amyloid plaques which has an association with Alzheimers by increasing production of enzymes and proteins to removes beta-amyloid plaques -
EVOO oxidizes easily: - produces strong ______. - needs to be away from what factors to increase shelf-life?
-produces strong *flavor* - protection from heat/light/air(heat/light/oxygen) increases shelf-life.
Dietary Supplement and Nonprescription Drug Consumer Protection Act (2006)
-serious adverse event reporting system for dietary supplements and nonprescription drugs
*Probiotics* and the Host Immune System" - imbalance of microbes may lead to chronic inflammatory disease, so what are 2 factors that contribute to our GI tract? - what is *"central to the development and activation of the intestinal immune system?"* - what "*soluble factors"* from probiotics be released?
1) Bacterial translocation in the gastrointestinal tract : *reinforcement of the intestinal barrier* -Translocation of commensal bacteria is central to the development and activation of the intestinal immune system. controls microbiota growth. 2) Immunomodulatory compounds of probiotics: release *soluble factors* such as *cytokines*: -alter epithelial cell permeability and functions -*inhibit the inflammatory cascade*. Interaction of probiotics with immune system: - so overall, 1) maintenance of permeability 2) control microbiota growth
Dietary supplement with a new dietary ingredient is adulterated unless it meets *ONE OF THE TWO* REQUIREMENTS: (so if it doesn't meet both these 2 requirements, then it is adultered)
1) Dietary supplement contains only dietary ingredients which have been present in the food supply as an *article used for food in a form in which the food* *has not been chemically altered; (in its pure form)* ^ so new dietary ingredient in the form that has been used not chemically altered and was used in its pure form. 2) History of use or other evidence of safety establishing that dietary ingredient and > 75 days before being introduced or placed into interstate commerce, FDA is provided with safety information. ^ so FDA has to be provided with safety information/evidence of safety >75 days before being introduced/placed onto the market
Qualifications to Claims: Disqualifying Nutrient Levels (3 main things) 1) foods cannot contain a nutrient in the amount which.... 2) the product must meet ___________ and must not exceed _____ levels of what 4 things? 3) Claims can't be ______ or _________.
1) Food can't contain a nutrient in the amount which *increases* to person in general population the *risk of disease* or health-related condition which is *diet-related,* taking into account the significance of the food in the total diet. 2) The product must meet *detailed regulatory requirements* and must *not exceed disqualifying levels* of *total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium.* 3) Claim can't be false or misleading - including failure to reveal facts material to the claim
Potential Health Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: 1) lowered incidence of _____ found in Iceland. 2) how are omega 3's beneficial to various stages of life with moms? - lower prevalence of ______. - higher levels of _____ in what type of milk? how is this beneficial to infants? -may be associated with reduced risk of ______, ________ and ______.
1) Lowered incidence of depression. -Iceland (annual fish intake = 225 lb fish/person) has *lower seasonal affective disorder* compared to countries with lower (50-70 lbs) 2)Beneficial at various stages in lifecycle. -Lower prevalence of *postpartum depression* -Higher levels of *DHA in breast milk*. -^Additional DHA helps infant cognitive and visual development -May be associated with reduced risk of bone loss, certain cancers, neurologic disorders (Alzheimer's)
Other Potential Benefits OF PROBIOTICS: 4 main things
1) Prevention of *colon cancer*: anti-carcinogenic activity by binding heterocyclic *amines* in cooked meat, which are carcinogenic substances . 2) Cholesterol lowering activity by reducing *bile acids reabsorption*. 3) Lowering blood pressure by inhibiting angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE inhibitor-like peptides during fermentation) -- ACE act as vasoconstricting agents, causing blood vessels to narrow and blood pressure to increase. 4) Improving mineral absorption?
3 types of flax products - is flax a frying oil?
1) Whole flaxseed Shells are present to protect the contents 2) Flaxseed meal Milling or grounding of flaxseed 3) Flaxseed oil Pressed from flaxseeds - has ALA, but no lignans or fiber. -another way of incorportating into diet: *OMEGA 3 enriched products* - Not a frying oil. Not suitable for high temp frying
Health Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Knowing the benefits from previous slides, summing it up what are the 2 MAIN health benefits of omega 3s? - *moderate fish/fish oil intake raised blood ____ levels.* - *what do we want in terms of inflammation but also what do we not want?*
1) benefits for CVD (arrythmia). 2) has anti-inflammatory/anti-clotting properties. -Cardiovascular: anti-inflammatory, anti-clotting. -*Moderate fish/fish oil* intake *raised blood DHA levels*. -Slowed progression of abnormal thickening of artery walls due to fatty deposits (less atherosclerosis) -Lower incidence of *irregular heartbeats (arrhythmia)* -Helped lower *triglycerides and cholesterol levels in general* in diabetic and metabolic syndrome patients. -want the *short term* inflammation (fever/swelling) but we do not want *low* chronic inflammation (arthritis, etc)
Significant Amendments to the FD&C Act of 1938 - 2 main ones
1)*1958 Food Additives Amendment* -*Disclosure of color* and *additives* with certified studies attesting safety at a dosage. -An Act to protect the public health by amending the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to prohibit the use in food of additives which have not been adequately tested to establish their safety. 2) Nutrition Labeling and *Education* Act of 1990 (NLEA) Act of Congress to amend FD&C nutrition labeling; new regulations governing nutrition labeling, nutrient descriptors, disease prevention claims for food NLEA - affected labeling mostly. Key component - "education" in NLEA. *Purpose was to educate consumers between dietary patterns and chronic diseases through labeling.*
Jelly Bean Rule: - _____ CFR ______ (letter)(number) - foods low in (what?) cant claim to be healthy unless: - prior to fortification at least ___% of the RDI of what vitamins and minerals be consumed? - health claims are not allowed for products that dont contain these. - not required of __________. - *products exempted: 4 main ones*. big example?
212 CFR 101.14(c)(6) Foods low in fat, cholesterol and sodium can't claim to be healthy unless: Prior to fortification, at least 10% of the Reference Daily Intake of... -*Vitamin A/C, iron, calcium, protein, or fiber typically consumed* Health claims are NOT permitted for products that do not contain Not required of dietary supplements Products exempted: *F&V, enriched grains, breads, gum* Article: Coke sued for fraudulent claims on obesity-promoting "VitaminWater"
pecans
60% fat MUFA; 30% fat PUFA LDL cholesterol Reduces oxidized LDL cholesterol
Omega-3 FA and Health Benefits: what are the 3 big omega 3's???? -decreased risk of (4 main reductions)? - Potential benefits, improving what? (3 main benefits)
ALA, DHA,EPA. Growing evidence for decreased risk of: -lowered CHD -lowered certain cancers -lowered *neurological disorders* -lowered complications from *metabolic syndrome and diabetes* Potential benefits: -Improved *bone health* in older adults (reduced inflammation/arthritis) -Healthy *pregnancy* outcomes. -Good *visual acuity and cognitive development* in infants.
see slide 20
Indicate n=omega Limiting step since delta6 desaturase is competed for by the parent compounds Delta 6 desaturase actually has a higher affinity for ALA, but due to the high intake of LA in diet, travel down n-6 pathway more, leading to ARA instead of EPA and DHA
Food Science Time-out Can all oils be used to fry? Flash Point?
Above smoke point, flash point is the point at which the vapors from the oil can first ignite when mixed with air.
Omega-3 fatty acids in Flaxseed: - what is the big parent compound of n-3 family? - number of carbons/bonds? - precursor of what two things?
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) IN FLAXSEED. Parent compound of n-3 family 18:3 polyunsaturated fatty acid 3 double bonds present Precursor to EPA and DHA
Nuts and Health
Associated with improved cardiovascular functions. -Phytosterols: Cardiovascular Health - competes with cholesterol and reduces absorption (5x/week) -Ability to lower LDL cholesterol, -AHA check -Blood plaque and atherosclerosis May help with cognitive abilities Diabetics (>7 intakes/week) -Blood sugar -Improved insulin sensitivity ~Reduced visceral adiposity ~Survey Revealed inverse relationship to nut consumption and myocardial infarction or CHD
Kefir: what is it? - what does it look like? -popular where? - cultured with?
Kefir Alcoholic fermented *milk* Foamy, effervescent/fizzy Popular in Eastern Europe Cultured with kefir grains
Probiotics for Lactose Intolerance: - how many americans lactose intolerant in millions? - what certain food products containing probiotics/living bacteria can help this, and how? (what do the bacteria contain) - yogurt or supplements more effective?
Between 30 and 50 million Americans are lactose intolerant (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK; NIH) Lactose intolerance is caused due to insufficient activity of the lactose-cleaving enzyme ß-galactosidase (lactase) in the small intestine -*Fermented milk products* with living bacteria contain microbial ß-galactosidase to *support lactose hydrolysis thus reduce lactose malabsorption so increase lactose absorption* -Yogurt is usually more effective than dietary supplements
Essential Fatty Acids (what does it mean): - what are the 2 examples of essential FA (number of carbons/number of bonds) - how do these 2 EFA's serve as structural compounds?
Body can synthesize most fatty acids. However, essential FA cannot be synthesized - thus they come from dietary sources: -Linoleic (18:2) omega 6 -Linolenic (18:3) omega 3 (lenic - think of "lean" and 3 is smaller than 6) ^18 carbons versus bond # -Raw materials for synthesis of other important regulatory compounds Serve as structural compounds: -*Cell membranes* -*Brain and nerves* - Essential to *normal growth and vision*
cancers
Breast cancer Short term studies show flaxseed improved estrogen metabolism May have a protective effect May also reduce tumor growth Prostate cancer Decreased benign prostate tissue growth Reduced markers of cancer risk
composition of flaxseed? went over this a little bit already. -what are the biggest/smallest amounts? - what are the composition values based off of?
Brown flaxseed 37% fat 3.4% Saturated fat 30.8% Unsaturated fat 15% linoleic acid 57% ALA <0.05% trans fat 20% protein 26% total dietary fiber 8.0% moisture 3.6% ash These composition values due to geographical location of crops so basically goes 1) fat - mostly unsaturated (15% linoleic acid and 57% ALA) - versus saturated (trans fat) 2) total dietary fiber 3) protein 4) moisture 5) ash
Cannot Claim Nutrient without an RDI: - what is an example of an unauthorized nutrient claim and why? - when can the labeling statement be made? - cannot characterize what else?
Claim such as "*contains lycopene*", even if truthful and not misleading, is an unauthorized nutrient claim -Lycopene does *not have an RDI* -Labeling statement can be made regarding the amount of per serving on label statement. " 'x' mg of lycopene per serving" *Can't characterize the nutrient level - high or low* ^ has to be more specific (say mg per amount) if doesn't have an RDI. Petition FDA to issue regulation for new nutrient claim If approved, not exclusive to petitioning company
FDA Allowed Authorized Health Claims based on authoritative statements - based on what report for scientific evidence??
Claims concerning foods that are a good source of potassium and low in sodium and hypertension and stroke; Diets high in whole grains and CHD and certain cancers; Diets rich in whole grain and other plant foods that are low in total fat, sat. fat, and cholesterol and heart disease and certain cancers. -scientific evidence? Based on NAS (*national academy of sciences*) Report " Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease"
Omega-3
DHA and EPA Important for brain function and development Depression, ADD/ADHD, Alzheimer's Improved cognitive health later on in life + associated with gray matter volume and cognitive performance
Breast Cancer and Olive Oil: -diets high in what are related to increased incidence of cancer? - with the geographic variation of breast cancer, regions with high _____ and low _____ has less of an incidence. - *oleic acid may be protective when WHAT FA is low?!* - what cancer has a weak association with this trend?
Diet high in saturated fat may be related to increased incidence of cancer. Geographic variation in incidence of breast cancer. -Regions w/ high oleic intake, low sat fat intake has less incidence -*Oleic acid may be protective when linoleic intake (omega 6) is low!!!* **May be related to AOX in OO, too. **Inverse relationship b/n OO consumption and breast cancer -Other cancers: prostate cancer (weak assn)
adulteration: what act? - section 402(a(4) states that a food is adulterated if what?
Dietary supplement health and education act. -Due to Processing, Distribution, Storage. Section 402(a(4): A food is adulterated if it is prepared or held under conditions whereby it may be rendered injurious to health. Good Manufacturing Practices Foods! -21 CFR 110 generic -21 CFR 107 infant formula -21 CFR 113 thermally processed low acid foods -21 CFR 114 acidified foods Drugs: 21 CFR 210 Dietary Supplements: Where do they fall?
Do all Omega-3 Fatty Acids fall under this qualified health claim (from quizlet card 28) - What kinds of things must have EPA/DHA? know PP slide 29. - supplements cannot exceed how many grams? - total fat content with the weight of supplements? -implied qualified health claim for omega 3 and coronary heart disease
Don't have to memorize but answer question basically (on FDA website) . Concerning Omega 3 FA and Coronary Heart Disease: -*Conventional Foods/Supplements must have EPA and DHA*. -Supplements: Recommends not exceeding 2 grams of EPA/DHA. -Total Fat content: *supplements* weighing *more than 5 grams* cannot exceed *total fat content.* -Implied Statement/Claim: "supportive but not conclusive research shows consumption of EPA/DHA omega 3 MAY reduce *CHD*. One serving of [name of food] provides [ ] gram of EPA and DHA omega 3 FA.
*PRObiotics* for Health eases symptoms of lactose intolerance - what is lactose intolerance? how do probiotics help out with this? - try to offset side effects from what??
Ease symptoms of lactose intolerance -a condition in which the gut lacks the enzyme, *lactase*, needed to digest the major *sugar in milk*, and which also causes gastrointestinal symptoms -Use probiotics to try to offset side effects from *antibiotics* like gas, cramping, or diarrhea ^-Easier to digest because starter cultures contain the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose. -Use probiotics to prevent or reduce infectious diarrhea -Use probiotics to boost immune functions
benefits of yogurt (5 main benefits)
Eat your yogurt! Nutrition: 1) Lactose Digestion by lactase! 2) *Gut Flora Balance* (restoration of gut flora balance) 3) Immune Benefits (modulates immune system) 4) Detox of harmful products/reduction of harmful byproducts (carcinogenic) 5) *Foodborne pathogens supressed*
Nutrient Content Claims: what are they? - nutrient must have what established? - food must provide ____% or more of RDI?
Expressly or implicitly characterizes level of a nutrient "high in", "rich in", "excellent source of" Nutrient must have an FDA established DRV or RDI Food must provide 20% or more of RDI (Reference Daily Intake) Guidelines also for: "good source", "more", "light" claims Claims about calorie content, sodium content, and fat, fatty acid, and cholesterol content
Food Fortification with omega-3 FA: what does the FDA say about omega 3's and as far as food fortification goes? - increase food sources like what (9)? -Biodelivery approaches, addition of omega 3 to what 2 products? - bio*technolog*ical approaches (2): think of things that are not yet on the market yet.
FDA: omega-3 fish oils/algal oils OR DHA AND EPA are *GRAS.*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! -Increase food fortification!!!!!! (add to products where its not there.) Increase food sources: -Milk products/juices -table spreads/salad dressings, sauces -breakfast cereals/baked goods - infant formulas/baby foods Biodelivery approaches: -Addition to animal *feed* so tissues become *enriched* (bc once digested you need to add back) (Eggs, beef, pork.) and ALSO infant formulas -why animal feed? because animals have a *lipid profile that reflects their diet so more omega 3 in feed = more omega 3s in them!* another ex: Kroger with da omega-3 enriched eggs. Biotechnology approaches: - making *genetically modified organisms* that will make more alpha-linolenic acids = not yet available. -*Cultivating plants* to increase ALA or FA closer to EPA, DHA. ^Not in market place.
Nut Stats
Fastest growing food category through 2018 Nuts consumed in 85% of households (4th) Peanuts (73%), almonds (61%), cashews (54%), pecans (44%), walnuts (42%), and pistachios (40%)
Flax in Canada Health Claim: -what month/year is this when Canada announced their health claim... - *what did Canada link to their health claim with flax*
February 2014: -The Flax Council of Canada announced the acceptance by Health Canada of a health claim *linking ground whole flaxseed to cholesterol lowering*, a major risk factor for *heart disease.* -Health claims are an important way to inform consumers about the *nutritional value of a product* and let consumers know *how many servings of a particular food* they need to eat to obtain the maximum benefit. -The daily consumption of *five tablespoons (40g)* of ground flaxseed will help to *reduce cholesterol levels*.
Inflammatory Disease: - what are the big things with decreasing inflammatory cytokine production? - what is another thing that can decrease inflammatory markers? - what is one thing that is not as potent as decreasing inflammatory cytokine production?
Fish oil (EPA & DHA) can decrease inflammatory cytokine production Flaxseed has been shown to decrease inflammatory markers However ALA is 9x less potent as fish oil in decreasing the inflammatory cytokine production. SO !!!*ARA HAS A PRO-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT. AND EPA AND DHA HAVE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS*!!
Five types of health-related statements or claims are allowed on food and dietary supplements:
Five types of health-related statements or claims are allowed on food and dietary supplements: 1)Nutrient Content Claims 2)Dietary Guideline Claims 3)Structural and Functional Claims (only on supplements) 4)Health Claims (Qualified vs. Authorized) -Authorized = supported by strong scientific review
Flaxseed Description: - what shape is it, what texture, what flavor? - what is its color? - what are the brown seeds rich in? - two types of yellow seeds? 1) rich in what? 2) low in what?
Flat, oval with pointed tip Slightly larger than a sesame seed Crisp, chewy texture Nutty, earthy flavor Color ranges from reddish brown to golden yellow Brown seeds are rich in ALA *Two types of yellow seeds* 1) Omega (rich in ALA) 2) Solin (low in ALA)
Conclusion
Flaxseed Rich in ALA (n-3 FA) and lignans May have beneficial effect on cardiovascular disease, inflammatory diseases, breast and/or prostate cancers Research still on-going to find efficacious dosage Although not as effective as fish oils, may have additional benefits
temperatures: -flaxseed oil? - coconut oil refined versus unrefined? - typical temperature for frying? - stir frying?
Flaxseed Oil: -225F Coconut Oil can be used to fry: -Refined: 400F - less natural versus unrefined, more neutral in taste. -Unrefined: 320F (pure or virgin coconut oil more coconut taste) Typical Temp for Frying? -325-375F Stir Frying -284F
- what regulatory agencies oversea and are primarily involved in *health claims*? (2 main ones!) - who is primarily involved with *labeling*/safety issues? (got this wrong on last test) - who is primarily involved with advertising?
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) -*Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition* (CFSAN) -Regulates labeling and safety issues Federal Trade Commission (FTC) -Regulates advertising
*Probiotics* for Diarrhea by Age: - for children what happened with the trials? what about adults - also random: what are the top 10 foods containing prebiotics by weight?
For children: -all 12 trials with data on children showed *protective point estimates for reducing acute diarrhea*, seven trials attained statistical significance, overall reduction was *57%* For adults: -21 trials with data on adults, 15 showed a protective effects and 3 attained statistical significance, with an overall reduction of *26%* (Lancet Infect Dis. 2006, 6, 374-82) -what are the top 10 foods containing *prebiotics* by weight? *Raw chicory root* (65%), *raw jerusalem artichoke* (32%), *raw dandelion greens* (24%).
GRAS...for substances added to foods - definition of GRAS: substances for which use in food has a proven track record of safety based either on what 2 things?
Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) -Substances for which use in food has a *proven track record of safety* based either on *history of use before 1958* or on *published scientific evidence, and that need not be approved by FDA prior to being used.* 1958 Food Additives Amendment to FD&C Act -Concern for new additives -Not necessary to prove safety of foods that were generally regarded as safe by scientists due to longevity -Must document safety of any other ingredients added to foods May be GRAS for one use but not for others. -If new evidence indicates may not be safe, *then FDA can prohibit use or require further studies* -"Common use" includes outside of US *before 1958* -Substantial use defined
With Fats; what are the GOOD fats? (4) - what are the AIGHT/not all bad fats? (2) - what are the UGLY fats?
Good: 1) ω-3 fatty acids (omega 3) (this is a category of PUFAs) 2) MUFA's (1 double bond) 3) *γ-Linoleic acid (*GLA*, gamma linoleic) - omega 6)* 4) *Conjugated linoleic acid (omega 6)(*CLA)* so omega 3s (some PUFAs) MUFA, GLA, and CLA. (CLA/GLA are omega 6) Not all bad: 1)Saturated fatty acids 2) ω-6 fatty acids (omega 6) (this is a category of PUFAs) Ugly: 1) trans fats (hydrogenated oil/fatty fried/fast foods) ^ key is just moderation.
Coronary Heart Disease: Previous research demonstrated: Epidemiological studies/OBSERVATIONAL studies: - *demonstrated the correlation between what FA and decrease in CHD?* - *High ALA diets lead to increase in ALA and ______ but little increase in _______.*
High ALA diets led to significant increases in ALA and EPA but little increase in DHA in body Health Professional Follow-up Study and Nurses Health Study both found inverse associations with higher intake of ALA and risk factors of CHD NHLBI's Family Heart Study- higher intakes of ALA related to lower prevalence of coronary artery disease
Plant Nuts Composition
High Lipid Content Low sat fat (<16%); high unsat fat up to 50% Good fats - PUFA, MUFA, Plant Sterols, Omega-3 High Fiber High Protein (esp. Arginine) Antioxidants (Tocopherols, Phytosterols) Nearly 20 vitamins/minerals Macronutrients (Folate) Energy Dense Fiber
Mediterranean Diet - Link to heart health: - high in what? low in what? - MUFA may:
High in fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes. -Low in meat/saturated fat -High oleate, low saturated fat content MUFA may: - lower total blood cholesterol -Increase HDL -Link olive consumption and lower incidence of CHD Oleate/Oleic acid: comes from olives/olive oil. Low in animal fat: saturated fat.
Cardiovascular disease
Higher lignan intake linked to: less acute coronary events protective effect on atherosclerosis risk. Reduced plaque build up and blood pressure Effects of flaxseed may be more evident in post-menopausal women Pan et al. 2009. Meta-analysis of the effects of flaxseed interventions on blood lipids.
olive oil production: when is olive oil in its highest quality? - first expressed under __________. - less _______. - mixture of _______. - what does a mechanical cold press do? - what are essential oils? are they the same as fatty acids?
Highest quality = Virgin or extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). UNREFINED. -First expressed under light pressure - greener in color, more used for dipping breads rather than cooking. - low smoke point. burns at lower temps - tastier. -Less PUFA. less oleic compared to -Mixture of tocopherols for oxidative protection Mechanical cold press: presses it down to squeeze oil out --> first *purified unrefined oil form.* REFINED olive oil or just PLAIN olive oil: - process it, lose taste and color = olive oil. - less tasty, used for cooking, more yellow in color, cheaper. - MORE oleic compared to unrefined EVOO. Essential oils - not usually fatty acids. -Essential Oils: These are the flavor of aroma compounds from plants, not the same as fatty acids. They are used in perfumes, cosmetics, soaps and other products, for flavoring food and drink, and for adding scents to incense and household cleaning products.
Possible Therapeutic Value of Fermented Milks, Including Yogurt
Human Alimentary Tract Diseases: -Colitis (irritation of bowel) -Constipation -Deficient microflora -Diarrhea -Flatulence -Gastric acidity -Gastroenteritis -Indigestion -Intoxication -Starvation -Stomatitis, gingivitis ^so overall fermented milk can reduce gas, constipation, diarrhea, acidity, indigestion, starvation, stomatitis/gingivitis etc. in the human alimentary tract.
Kombucha -originated where? -made from what? - how is it exactly made? result contains what?
Kombucha originated in China and dates back 2,000 years. The refreshing beverage is made by *fermenting sweetened black tea.* Kombucha tea is a fermented drink made with tea, sugar, *bacteria and yeast*. Kombucha tea is made by adding the colony to sugar and tea, and allowing the mix to ferment. The resulting liquid contains *vinegar, B vitamins* and a number of other chemical compounds. so Kefir - fermented fizzy alcohol milk in EE. and Kombucha - fermented tea drink in China. also Activia is a product (just on powerpoint)
structure of lipids: lipids are _______ molecules. meaning they are soluble in ________. - how many k/cal per gram? - what are they composed of concerning molecules (elements)? - can an oil be a saturated fat? - what does degree of saturation mean and what does it affect? (saturated/monounsaturated, polyunsaturated FAs, all different concerning what properties)
Lipids are ORGANIC MOLECULES. SOLUBLE IN *ORGANIC SOLVENTS.* -Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen ~~Energy rich = 9 kcal/g Degree of saturation (amount of double bonds) = affects melting properties. -Saturated FA = no double bonds. Solid @ room temp/animal fats (lard, butter, beef, coconut oil) *Oil ^ - depending on what kind, can be considered a "saturated fat oil"* -Monounsaturated FA = 1 double bond -*Polyunsaturated FA = 2 or more double bonds* ^ *all different concerning the nutritional, melting and physical states*
*Resistance to Oxidation (contributors to cancer/diabetes/obesity/CVD)*: A Trait of the Mediterranean Diet. - MUFA decreases: (4 main things) - what is the main difference between MUFAs and PUFAs? - what are the 2 big groups that resist oxidation?
MUFA decrease -Total blood cholesterol -LDL cholesterol -*Apolipoprotein B* -Triglycerides PUFA (omega 3) may *lower blood lipids* but also *increase oxidative susceptibility of LDL* -MUFA and *saturated fats* do not have this effect^ Resistance to Oxidation: 1) Oleic acid (MUFAs) 2) Antioxidant fx? ~Poly*phenolic* compounds ~Toco*pherols* ~*Phospholipids* *omega 3 or PUFAs increases oxidative susceptibility, but does lower blood lipids. Oxidation can contribute to: cancer/diabetes/obesity/CVD. -MUFAS, omega 3s, and antioxidants - prominent reasons why this diet has preventative benefits to get rid of CVD.
Food Products that may carry the claim LISTED on the previous slide about olive oils: - claims may be used on (3 main things)? - when is the claim not eligible?
May be used on: 1) OO products 2)dressings for salads/vegetable spreads/shortenings that: -contain 6 g (or more) OO per reference amt customarily consumed (RACC. reference amount customarily consumed) -are low in cholesterol -do not contain more than 4 g saturated fat/50 g 3)OO-containing foods -Same conditions as dressing PLUS -Contain at least 10% of either Vitamin A, Vitamin C, iron, calcium, protein, or dietary fiber. -NOT eligible for claim: Meal products or main dish products
Metabolic Syndrome and Olive Oil - what is the broad definition of metabolic syndrome - what are some factors of metabolic syndrome? (3) - *what is a biomarker for metabolic syndrome?* - what things may be helpful to relieve clinical arthritis symptoms?
Metabolic Syndrome: *combination of conditions* that *predispose* individuals to a high risk of cardiovascular disease 1)Hypertension/insulin resistance 2)Abdominal obesity 3)*Increased fibrinogen/blood viscosity/uric acid levels -Biomarker for Metabolic Syndrome: *Serum C-reactive protein.*!!!!!!!! -*Fish oil and olive oil*: together may be helpful in relief of clinical arthritis symptoms
Regulatory Agencies Involved with health claims - what does the NLEA do?
NLEA!!! = disease risk reduction claims. *Not prevention.*
New Dietary Ingredient and Supplements: - not marketed in the U.S in dietary supplements before what date? - who is responsible for determining and documenting? - *a product containing the new dietary ingredient must be WHAT?*
Not marketed in the US in a dietary supplement before *10/15/1994* Manufacturers are responsible for determining and documenting Dietary Ingredient: -vitamin; mineral; herb or other botanical; -amino acid; dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet by increasing total dietary intake; -or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract or combination of any of the above dietary ingredients *Product containing the dietary ingredient must be a dietary supplement* -not represented as a conventional food
QUALIFIED Health Claim for Monounsaturated FA from Olive Oil and Coronary Heart Disease (2004): -"limited and not conclusive evidence suggests that eating about ______ daily may reduce ______ due to _______. - "....TO ACHIEVE this benefit, _____ is to replace a similar amount of ______ and not increase total amount of _________"
OLIVE OIL; THINK IMMEDIATELY *MUFA!!!!* Claim Statement: "Limited and not conclusive scientific evidence suggests that eating about *2 Tablespoons Olive Oil (OO)* daily may reduce risk of *CHD* due to *MUFA in OO*. -To achieve this possible benefit, *OO is to replace* a similar amt of *saturated fat* and *not increase the total number of calories* you eat in a day. One serving of this product contains [x] grams of OO." - so reduce saturated fat by replacing with OO. (reduce butter,lard)
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Observational Studies in Greenland Inuits (1970) - *low occurence of what disease due to what kind of diet?* - rich in _____ and _____. - similar to what other cultures, so the proof is based off what factors?
Observational studies (EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES) of Greenland Inuits (1970s): -Low occurrence of CHD (cardiovascular heart disease) -Diet of marine mammals and fish -Rich in EPA and DHA (both omega 3s) -Similar to Alaskan and Japanese cultures. ^proof is it based off the health benefit and not genetics.
more on January 6th 1993: FDA's final rules for what were issued?
On January 6, 1993 and amended several times, FDA's final rules (21 CFR101.14; 58 FR 44036; August 18, 1993, 59 FR 24232; May 10, 1994, 62 FR 15390;May 1, 1997) for *disease-specific/disease-prevention claims* were issued. Under these rules one may petition FDA to issue a regulation to *approve a 'health claim*, 'but *FDA will issue such a regulation only when it determines, based on the totality of publicly available scientific evidence*, including evidence from well-designed studies conducted in a manner that is consistent with generally recognized scientific procedures and principles, that there is significant scientific agreement, among experts qualified by scientific training and experience to evaluate such claims, that the claim is supported by such evidence, i.e. that there is a national health risk and that the ingredient has been shown scientifically to reduce that risk(21 CFR 101.14(b)). In addition to this very high standard of scientific proof that FDA will require to issue such a regulation, an approved health claim may be used in labeling for any product that meets the conditions set forth in the regulation, not just the petitioner's product.9, 10It should be noted that in 63 FR14349 (April 25, 1998), FDA revised the food labeling definition of healthy to permit processed fruits and vegetables and standardized enriched cereal grain products (to which iron, thiamin, niacin and riboflavin have been added, in the appropriate levels) that conform to bear this term
Vitamins A and B8 (folate)
Organ meats (liver), milk, eggs, carrots, sweet potato Beans, legumes, citrus foods Green leafy vegetables, cereals, fortified breads May contribute to healthy vision, immune function, bone health May reduce woman's risk of having a child with a brain or spine cord defect
suggested dietary intake of DHA and EPA for American Heart Association: - suggested intake of how many servings of fatty fish/week? - Equiv (mg/day) of EPA/DHA: what number in mg? - order of what organizations wants the least amount weekly?
Organization from Am. Heart Association: (AHA) - says suggested intake: 2 servings (*8 oz total per week, two 4 ounces servings*) of fatty fish/week -*trace amounts of mercury* -Equiv (mg/d) of *EPA/DHA*: 500-1000 mg. - 2) AHA: 500-1000 mg. - 1) British National Task Force: actually wants more then the American Heart Association (1000-1500 mg daily). *8 to 10 grams daily.* - 3) *World Health organization (WHO): 700 mg. around 200-1000 mg*. - 4) *Institutes of Medicine Dietary Reference intakes: 110-160 mg.*
what are some phenolic compounds (antioxidants) in olives? (5 examples)
Phenolic compounds in EVOO: 1) Hydroxytyrosol* --*Metal chelator* (binding to metal ions) 2) *Tyrosol* 3) Oleuropein* --*Bitter taste of olives* -- also family with oleocanthal 4) Vanillic acid/caffeic acid 5) *LignANS* (+)-1-acetoxy*pinores*inol (+)-*pinores*inol (+)-1-hydroxy*pinories*inol ^contain benzene rings with OH groups sticking off that are potent antioxidants found in olive oil.
Olive Oil, Inflammation, and Hypertension: - phenols with cytokines (what are cytokines) - hydroxytyrosol protects DNA (from oxidation) from interacting with what specific radical?
Phenolic compounds may mediate inflammation: - cytokines: increase inflammation -phenolic compounds *Reduce cytokines* (*regulatory proteins* of the cell for *immune response*), a biomarker of inflammation. -Reduction in *oxidative stress* biomarkers also observed. -Hydroxytyrosol protects against DNA damage by interacting with the *nitric oxide free radical* and *preventing peroxynitrite formation.*
antioxidants in olives: phenols - benefits of phenols in olive oils - how does it provide this benefit? - what are some good sources that are better than synthetic/natural antioxidants? why?
Phenols = GOOD ANTIOXIDANTS. -Increases *oxidative stability* of oil, prevents them from turning rancid and gross. -Fx by *donating hydrogen atoms* to *stabilize free radicals*, deactivating *metals* that induce oxidation -Fx by metal chelation^ -Some (*) are better (hydroxytyrosol, and oleuropein) than synthetic and other natural (Vitamin E/C) antioxidants. -Due to inhibited oxidation of linoleic (omega 6) and DHA (omega 3) in LDL phospholipids. -Can inhibit blood platelet aggregation. so phenols like hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein (better than Vitamin E/C antioxidants) inhibit oxidation of omega 6 and omega 3 in *LDL phospholipids* and can also inhibit blood platelet aggregation.
lignAn: what are lignans? - dominant lignan is found in what??!
Phytoestrogen Antioxidant Dominant lignan found in flaxseed Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) 0.7-1.5% 50-150mg SDG per Tbsp fresh ground flaxseed Recommend 50mg SDG/d -!!!!*Depending on seed source and methodology -Flax oil may not contain SDG!!!!!!*
Enterodiol & enterolactone
Phytoestrogen Help balance hormone levels Antioxidant Helps quench free radicals
Olive Oil, Inflammation, and Hypertension: - reduction in BP: what is more effective concerning oils (OO and VOO, high oleic sunflower oil, EVOO) . - gender specific possibility
Reduction in blood pressure: (both systolic and diastolic) -*OO (olive oil)* more effective than *high oleic sunflower oil* -Constituents other than FA. May be gender specific: - More effective in males than females. -EVOO (extra virgin olive oils) more effective than VOO or OO (virgin olive oil olive oils)
What makes flaxseed a functional food? - *what is flaxseed rich in?* (4)
Rich in: 1) Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) 2) Lignans **ex: Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) -Also present in wheat and other grains* -Potential ability to inhibit tumor development in animals* 3) Dietary fiber 4) Protein
SDG and Digestion
SDG (plant lignan) is metabolized by microflora in the human gut and absorbed - Because metabolism of the lignans is dependent not only on the nature of the lignan, but also on the health of bacteria in the human intestinal tract, some differences between people do exist. Metabolites are transported to the liver for further reactions before entering circulation as "mammalian lignans" -Enterodiol & enterolactone
Minerals: - Calcium - Potassium
Sardines, spinach, yogurt, low-fat dairy products Potatoes, whole grain breads, cereals, beans bio actions: May reduce the risk of osteoporosis May reduce the risk of high-blood pressure & stroke In combination with a low sodium diet
Coconut Oil: a type of tropical oil high in saturated fat but is actually GOOD FOR YOU. - high in what? - what acid is this rich in? short/long/medium? - what does coconut oil contain that can be *beneficial*? - what cholesterol does coconut oil interact with?
Saturated Fat >90% saturated FAs. -Rich in *medium chain FAs (60-63%)* (medium chain triacylglycerol/(MCT) -*Lauric Acid* (*antimicrobial*) (46-48%) **Some differences in content determined by location -DOES contain *PHENOLICS* (antioxidants) (protocatechuic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric) -*Medium chain triacylglycerol (MCT)* - may improve lipid profile. -Lower LDL cholesterol
more on *prebiotics*: compounds that we cannot digest or break down so they are indigestible: - 1) inulins are what? produced by/extracted from? belong to a class of dietary fibers known as? 2) oligosachharides are what? comprise of how many monosaccharides? 3) polydextrose is what? used as what?
Sigma Aldrich -Inulins are a group of naturally occurring *polysaccharides* produced by many types of plants, industrially most often extracted from *chicory.* The inulins belong to a class of *dietary fibers* known as *fructans*. -Oligosaccharide is a *carbohydrate polymers* comprise *three to ten monosaccharides*, or, *simple sugars*. -*Polydextrose* is a synthetic polymer of *glucose used as a soluble fiber*. Used as a *sugar replacer*. Compounds that our cells (we don't secrete the enzymes to digest them so they don't get broken down, like starch) won't digest. They won't break down.
Food Science Time-out Can all oils be used to fry? Smoke point: - what are examples of volatile compounds?
Smoke Point smoke point of an oil or fat is the temperature at which, under defined conditions, enough volatile (vaporous/changeable) compounds emerge from the oil that a bluish smoke becomes clearly visible. At this temperature, volatile compounds, such as water, free fatty acids, and short-chain degradation products of oxidation come up from the oil.
Other Flax Benefits
Soluble Fiber - May - Laxative Effect Flaxseed - Mixed - Hot Flashes Flaxseed - Mixed Observational - Cancers Research NCCAM Prevention/treatment atherosclerosis Breast cancer Ovarian cysts
Not all claims about health are health claims...
Structure-Function Claim: -Linking a nutrient to normal, healthy structure or function of human body "protein helps build strong and healthy muscles" *Does not require FDA clearance* - so does not intend to talk about someones health but rather just the function of the nutrient.
Suggested Intake of EPA/DHA from British Nutrition Fdtn Task Force on Unsaturated FA:
Suggested Intake: 8-10 grams DHA/EPA per week Equiv. (mg/d) of EPA/DHA: 1000-1500
Suggested Intake of Institutes of Medicine Dietary Reference Intakes:
Suggested Intake: not listed. Equiv. (mg/d) of EPA/DHA: 110-160
Suggested Intake of EPA/DHA from World Health organization:
Suggested intake: 200-1000 mg *DHA/EPA per week.* Equiv (mg/d) of EPA/DHA: *700 mg*
almonds
Versatile Nutritious, crunch, satiety 1.5 ounces of almonds (satiety) Meet Vitamin E RDI Naturally cholesterol free Healthy heart (protein, fiber, calcium, vitamin E, riboflavin, niacin Influenced 1st qualified health claim for nuts linking to a reduced risk of heart disease
walnuts
Walnuts provide antioxidants and ALA Protein, PUFA, vitamins, minerals, fiber Anti-inflammatory properties and protect brain cells from oxidative damages. May help counteract neurodegenerative diseases Improve hearth health Ellagic Acid - cardioprotective effects
Diet Incorporation: how could you add to diet? - whole seeds - milled flax - eggs - flax oil - gel capsule - omega 3 enriched
Whole Seeds: -Color and Crunch to Foods -Breads Milled Flax: -Sprinkle on Cereal, add to doughs, batters, casseroles Eggs: -Flax Feed Hens Flax Oil: -Fresh Salads -*ALA, but no fiber or lignan* Gel Capsule: -Dietary Supplement Omega - 3 *Enriched* Flax: -Flax oil in Dairy -Baked Goods
FDA sets rigorous standards for scientific evidence for health claims: - will allow qualified health claims but MUST have a disclaimer such as "__________________________" - must have what if you want to make a qualified health claim? - purpose of qualified health claims? - QUALIFIED HEALTH CLAIMS CAN GO ON CONVENTIONAL FOODS AND SUPPLEMENTS.
Will allow "qualified health claims" Disclaimer such as "*preliminary (preparatory) research suggests that X nutrient reduces the risk of Y disease"* Must be supported by the "credible evidence" Purpose: increase flow of science-based info to consumers regarding health benefits -conventional food -dietary supplements
Probiotics in Foods and Dietary Supplements con't: - is cultured dairy is OPTIMAL for delivery why?
Yogurt alone $50.9 billion worldwide Innovation in the yogurt category has allowed consumer to meet several needs with a single product Nutrition Digestion Flavor Variety ...and more *Cultured Dairy is optimal for delivery; increase chance of survival (bacteria?) during digestion*. -Yogurt drinks (containing fruit juice or cereal) are growing in popularity. -Room for innovation.
Number of carbons/bond for each: - ALA - EPA -DHA -linoleic acid (LA) -ARA (also AA)
all are essential FA. Omega 3: ALA, EPA/DHA - ALA = (18:3) - EPA = (20:5) - DHA = (22:6) Omega 6: linoleic acid, AA - linoleic acid (LA)= (18:2) - AA = (20:4)
what is the definition of oxidative stress? imbalance of what ratio? - antioxidants in olive oil have high amounts of what compounds? - antioxidants and these compounds reduce what?
an imbalance of the prooxidant: antioxidant ratio. Too few AOX are produced or ingested and too many oxidizing agents are produced. -for test* Be aware antioxidant components in olive oil that have high amounts of *oleic acids/antioxidants*. Know activities of antioxidants/oleic acids = together reduce *CVD.*
Until 1993, FDA prevented any food label from ______?
any food label from bearing a disease-specific/disease prevention or health-related claim. *If it did FDA considered it a drug. ALLOWS labeling claims that "characterize the *relationship of any substance* to a disease or health-related condition". GENERALLY, FDA has approved claims to the effect that inclusion of a substance in the diet on a regular basis "may help reduce the risk of"
tbt: difference between fortification (this is for omega 3) and enriched
fortification: means vitamins or minerals *have been added to a food that weren't in the food originally.* ex: next slide omega 3 fortification enriched: means nutrients were *added back* after being lost in the food during processing.
what are the steps for processing olives? - what percentage of EVOO is expressed?
harvest olives --> wash/grind olives --> mechanical cold press in absence of some light/oxygen --> EVOO (*90% expressed*). can go to 1)--> (by heat) *virgin and olive oil*. or 2) EVOO bottle: Dark, glass, oxygen free.
cytokines
increase inflammation. biomarker for inflammation.
Selected Nutrient Composition of Olives (1 lg olive) MACRONUTRIENTS OLIVES? (6) LIPIDS IN OLIVES? (5)
macronutrients: 1) 8Water: 3.5 g* 2) *Total lipid: 0.47g* 3) *CHO: 0.28g* 4) *Total dietary fiber:* 0.14g 5) *Ash:* 0.10g 6) *Protein:* 0.037g -*Energy: 5.1 Kcal* Lipids: 1) MAJOR lipid in olives: Oleic (18:1): 0.34g MUFA!!! 56%-84% of FA. 2) *Palmitic* (16:0): 0.05g 3) *Linoleic* (18:2): 0.04g: 3-21% of FA (omega 6) 4) *Stearic* (18:0): 0.01g 5) *Linolenic* (18:3): 0.003g (omega 3)
Sources of Omega-3 and Omega-6 FA: -ALA (4 examples) -EPA (6 examples) -DHA (3 examples) -LA (5 examples) -Gamma linoleic acid (3 examples) -AA (3 examples)
omega 3: ~*ALA* (18:3n-3): *walnuts*, *flaxseed oil*, *canola oil* *soybean* ~*EPA* (20:5n-3): fatty fish/fish oils -herring, salmon, mackerel, tuna (mostly fish) ~*DHA* (22:6n-3): fatty fish/oils, algal oils/kelp (more algae) ^both EPA/DHA have fatty fish/oils. omega 6: ~*LA* (18:2n-6): corn, safflower, sunflower, cottonseed, *soybean*. ~Gamma-linoleic acid (18:3n-6): evening primrose oil, borage oil, black current seed oil <-- don't get a lot from the diet ~*Arachidonic acid AA* (20:4n-6): *meat, poultry, eggs*
Structure and Function Claims purpose and examples - MUST HAVE WHAT LABELED ON IT?! - look at quiz example
purpose: -Describe the effect of dietary components on the *normal structure or function* in humans -Must be *accompanied by disclaimer* that 1)FDA has not reviewed claim and 2) that product is not intended to "diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease." ex: Ex. *"Calcium builds strong bones"; "Antioxidants maintain cell integrity"* Structure function claims - only referring to dietary supplements. "Normal health functions"
Qualified Health Claims purpose and example:
purpose: -Convey a developing relationship between substances (a food, a food component or dietary ingredient) in the diet and risk of disease, as reviewed by the FDA and *supported by the weight of the credible scientific evidence available* ex: "*some scientific evidence* suggests that consumption of antioxidant vitamins may reduce risk of certain forms of cancer. *However,* FDA has determined that this evidence is *limited* and *not conclusive."* bolded terms are key words. still says "*may reduce*" in authorized health claims so not necessarily correct.
are lipids soluble? in what form? - Lipid structure: long chains of _______ with ________. - ex: with a triglyceride, each FA is removed from _______ and ________ to obtain energy. the glycerol 3 carbon molecule is metabolized like _______. - what differentiates one FA from another?
soluble in a organic solvent. -*Long chains of acids, with hydrocarbon (nonpolar) tails*. - ex: with a triglyceride, each FA is removed from *glycerol* and *oxidized 2 carbons* at a time to obtain energy. the glycerol (triglyceride) 3 carbon molecule is metabolized like a *carbohydrate* for energy. -Just the number of carbons/number of bonds that differentiate one fatty acid from another.
Plant Sterols Free Sterols Sterol esters
sources: Corn, soy, wheat, wood oils and beverages fortified table spreads, dietary supplements. - may reduce risk of CVD
authorized health claims (aka these are authorized not qualified) class: -Dietary Fibers -B-glucan -Soluble fiber -Beans -Whole grains What are the sources and biological actions?
sources: Oat bran, oatmeal, barley. Psyllium seed husks, peas Cereal grains, brown rice. biological action: May reduce the risk of *coronary heart disease (CHD)* Some types of cancer, maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis
Fatty Acids MUFAs PUFAs (Omega-3) (DHA/EPA) what are the sources/biological actions?
sources: Tree nuts, olive oil, canola oil salmon, tuna, marine other fish oils bio actions: may reduce risk of CVD
soy proteins
sources: soybeans and soy based - may reduce risk of CVD
