Fundamentals-Chapter:1

Benner's levels of proficiency

Novice, Advanced Beginner, Competent, Proficient, Expert.

QSEN competencies

Patient-Centered Care, Teamwork and Collaboration, Evidence-Based Practice, Quality Improvement, Safety, Informatics.

patient-centered care

Recognize the patient or designee as the source of control and full partner in providing compassionate and coordinated care based on respect for patient's preferences, values, and needs.

nurse practice acts

Regulate the scope of nursing practice and protect public health, safety, and welfare; includes shielding the public from unqualified and unsafe nurses.

the patient

The center of your practice is

nurse researcher

Investigates problems to improve nursing care and further define and expand the scope of nursing practice; often works in an academic setting, hospital, or independent professional or community service agency; preferred educational requirement is a doctoral degree, with at least a master's degree in nursing.

continuing education

Involves formal, organized educational programs offered by universities, hospitals, state nurses associations, professional nursing organizations, and educational and health care institutions.

teamwork and collaboration

Function effectively within nursing and interprofessional teams, fostering open communication, mutual respect, and shared decision making to achieve quality patient care.

evidence-based practice

Integrate best current evidence with clinical expertise and patient/family preferences and values for delivery of optimal health care.

a profession

* Requires a basic liberal foundation and an extended education of its members * Has a theoretical body of knowledge leading to defined skills, abilities, and norms * Provides a specific service * Members have autonomy in decision making and practice * As a whole has a code of ethics for practice

associate degree program

A 2-year program, usually offered by a university or community college; focuses on the basic sciences and theoretical and clinical courses related to the practice of nursing.

genomics

A newer term that describes the study of all the genes in a person and the interactions of these genes with one another and with that person's environment.

competent

A nurse who has been in the same clinical position for 2 to 3 years; understands the organization and specific care required by the type of patients; a competent practitioner who is able to anticipate nursing care and establish long-range goals; has usually had experience with all types of psychomotor skills required by this specific group of patients.

advanced beginner

A nurse who has had some level of experience with the situation; experience may only be observational in nature, but the nurse is able to identify meaningful aspects or principles of nursing care.

expert

A nurse with diverse experience who has an intuitive grasp of an existing or potential clinical problem; able to zero in on the problem and focus on multiple dimensions of the situation; skilled at identifying both patient-centered problems and problems related to the health care system or perhaps the needs of the novice nurse.

proficient

A nurse with more than 2 to 3 years experience in the same clinical position; perceives a patient's clinical situation as a whole, is able to assess an entire situation, and can readily transfer knowledge gained from multiple previous experiences to a situation; focuses on managing care as opposed to managing and performing skills.

Benner

According to _____, an expert nurse passes through five levels of proficiency when acquiring and developing generalist or specialized nursing skills; Novice, Advanced Beginner, Competent, Proficient, Expert.

Harriet Tubman

Active in the Underground Railroad movement and assisted in leading over 300 slaves to freedom.

National League for Nursing (NLN)

Advances excellence in nursing education to prepare nurses to meet the needs of a diverse population in a changing health care environment; sets standards of excellence and innovation in nursing education.

health care reform

Affects how health care is paid for and how it is delivered.

certified nurse-midwife

An APRN who is also educated in midwifery and is certified by the American College of Nurse-Midwives; practice involves providing independent care for women during normal pregnancy, labor, and delivery and care for the newborn and may include some gynecological services.

clinical nurse specialist

An APRN who is an expert clinician in a specialized area of practice; specialty may be identified by a population (geriatrics), a setting (critical care), a disease specialty (diabetes), a type of care (rehabilitation), or a type of problem (pain).

nurse practitioner

An APRN who provides health care to a group of patient's, usually in an outpatient, ambulatory care, or community-based setting; provide care for patients with complex problems and a more holistic approach than physicians.

certified registered nurse anesthetist

An APRN with advanced education in a nurse anesthesia accredited program; provide surgical anesthesia under the guidance and supervision of an anesthesiologist, who is a physician with advanced knowledge of surgical anesthesia.

autonomy

An essential element of professional nursing that involves the initiation of independent nursing interventions without medical orders.

compassion, care, respect

As a professional nurse you will learn to deliver care artfully with _____, _____, and _____ for each patient's dignity and personhood.

Dorothea Lynde Dix

As superintendent of the female nurses of the Union Army she organized hospitals, appointed nurses, and oversaw and regulated supplies to the troops.

novice

Beginning nursing student or any nurse entering a situation in which there is no previous level of experience; the learner learns via a specific set of rules or procedures, which are usually stepwise and linear.

manager

Coordinates the activities of members of the nursing staff in delivering nursing care and has personnel, policy, and budgetary responsibilities for a specific nursing unit or agency.

holistic

Current philosophies and definitions of nursing have a _____ focus, which addresses the needs of the whole person in all dimensions, in health and illness, and in interaction with the family and community.

external forces that affect nursing

Demographic changes of the population, human rights, increasing numbers of medically underserved, and the threat of bioterrorism.

ANA Standards of Professional Performance

Describe a competent level of behavior in the professional role; Ethics, Education, Evidence-Based Practice and Research, Quality of Practice, Communication, Leadership, Collaboration, Professional Practice Evaluation, Resources, Environmental Health.

ANA Standards of Nursing Practice

Describe a competent level of nursing care; Assessment, Diagnosis, Outcomes Identification, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation.

scope of practice

Doing only what you are trained to do.

critical thinking skills

Essential to nursing

Clara Barton

Founder of the American Red Cross; tended soldiers on the battlefield, cleansing their wounds, meeting their basic needs, and comforting them until death.

Isabel Hampton Robb

Helped found the Nurses' Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada in 1896, authored many nursing textbooks, and was one of the original founders of the American Journal of Nursing.

American Nurses Association (ANA)

Improve standards of health and the availability of health care, to foster high standards for nursing, and to promote the professional development and general and economic welfare of nurses; active in political, professional, and financial issues affecting health care and the nursing profession; part of the ICN.

in-service education

Instruction or training provided by a health care agency or institution; held in the institution and is designed to increase the knowledge, skills, and competencies of nurses and other health care professionals employed by the institution.

Mary Adelaide Nutting

Instrumental in the affiliation of nursing education with universities and became the first professor of nursing at Columbia University Teachers College in 1906.

nurse administrator

Manages patient care and delivery of specific nursing services within a health care agency; often have advanced degrees such as an MBA or a master's degree in hospital administration, public health, or health service administration.

safety

Minimize risk of harm to patients and providers through both system effectiveness and individual performance.

acute care; patient's home, community

Most nurses provide direct patient care in an _____ setting; as health care returns to the home care setting, there are increased opportunities to provide direct care in the _____ or _____.

American Nurses Association (ANA)

Nurses' Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada became this in 1911.

ICN (International Council of Nurses) definition

Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups,and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health; prevention of illness; and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles.

art, science

Nursing is an _____ and a _____.

ANA (American Nurses Association) definition

Nursing is protection, promotion,and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response; and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.

learning, career development

Nursing provides an opportunity for you to commit to lifelong _____ and _____ to provide patients the state-of-the-art care they need.

International Council of Nurses (ICN)

Objectives parallel those of the ANA; promoting national associations of nursing, improving standards of nursing practice, seeking a higher status for nurses, and providing an international power base for nurses.

Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster

Opened the Henry Street Settlement, in 1893, which focused on the health needs of poor people who lived in tenements in New York City; caused a significant increase in nursing in the community.

Mary Ann Ball (Mother Bickerdyke)

Organized ambulance services and walked abandoned battlefields at night, looking for wounded soldiers.

the ANA

Since 1960 has engaged in documenting the scope of nursing and developing standards of practice.

Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)

Sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to respond to reports about safety and quality patient care by the IOM; addresses the challenge to prepare nurses with the competencies needed to continuously improve the quality of care in their work environments; encompasses the competencies of patient-centered care, teamwork and collaboration, evidence-based practice, quality improvement, safety, and informatics.

Florence Nightingale

Studied and implemented methods to improve battlefield sanitation; set the stage for using evidence to direct practice; volunteered during the Crimean War in 1853 and traveled the battlefield hospitals at night carrying her lamp, thus she was known as the lady with the lamp.

Mary Mahoney

The first professionally trained African American nurse; concerned with relationships between cultures and races; brought froth an awareness of cultural diversity and respect for the individual, regardless of background, race, color, or religion.

advanced practice registered nurse

The most independently functioning nurse; has a master's degree in nursing; advanced education in pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment; and certification and expertise in a specialized area of practice.

caregiver

You help patient's maintain and regain health, manage disease and symptoms, and attain a maximal level of function and independence through the healing process; help the patient and family set goals and assist them with meeting these goals with minimal financial cost, time, and energy.

advocate

You protect your patient's human and legal rights and provide assistance in asserting these rights if the need arises; act on behalf of your patient to secure the patient's health care rights and stand up for them.

the individual, family, and/or community

The patient includes

code of ethics

The philosophical ideals of right and wrong that define the principles you will use to provide care to your patients.

communication

The quality is a critical factor in meeting the needs of individuals, families, and communities; effectiveness is central to the nurse-patient relationship; allows you know your patients, including their strengths and weaknesses, and their needs.

genetics

The study of inheritance, or the way traits are passed down from one generation to another.

health promotion, disease prevention, illness management

There will be greater emphasis on _____, _____, and _____ in the future.

quality improvement

Use data to monitor the outcomes of care processes and use important methods to design and test changes to continuously improve the quality and safety of health care systems.

informatics

Use information and technology to communicate, manage knowledge, mitigate error, and support decision-making.

baccalaureate degree program

Usually includes 4 years of study in a college or university; focuses on the basic sciences, theoretical and clinical courses, and courses in the social sciences, arts and humanities to support nursing theory.

knowledge, experience, and standards of care

When providing nursing care, you need to make clinical judgements and decisions about your patients' health care needs based on

nurse educator

Works primarily in schools of nursing, staff development departments of health care agencies, and patient education departments; needs experience in clinical practice to provide them with practical skills and theoretical knowledge.

accountability

You are responsible, professionally and legally, for the type and quality of nursing care provided.

educator

You explain concepts and facts about health, describe the reason for routine care activities, demonstrate procedures such as self-care activities, reinforce learning or patient behavior, and evaluate the patient's progress in learning.