General Psychology 2301 Ch 4&9
B
10. _____ manufacture(s) melatonin. A) The suprachiasmatic nucleus B) The pineal gland C) The optic nerves in both eyes D) The use of stimulant drugs, such as caffeine and nicotine
A
11. Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located? A) in the hypothalamus in the brain B) in the retina of each eye C) in the pineal gland D) in the primary visual cortex at the back of the brain
A
12. Where is the pineal gland located? A) in the brain B) just behind the retina of each eye C) in the center of the suprachiasmatic nucleus D) in each of the two optic nerves just past the point where they exit the retina
B
13. In response to bright morning light: A) the brain generates an increased number of K complexes. B) the suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to decrease production of melatonin. C) the pineal gland increases production of melatonin. D) brief but harmless instances of hypermnesia can occur.
B
14. Exposure to sunlight and other bright lights: A) increases the production of melatonin. B) suppresses the production of melatonin. C) increases the level of hypocretins in the brain. D) increases the incidence of sleep spindles.
D
15. How is melatonin involved in jet lag? A) The human body produces inadequate amounts of melatonin because the air is recycled in commercial airliners at high altitudes. B) Because sunlight is much more intense at the high altitudes flown by commercial aircraft, the body manufactures excessive melatonin. C) Because sunlight is much more intense at the high altitudes flown by commercial aircraft, melatonin levels are reduced. D) Switching time zones causes a person's melatonin circadian rhythm to be out of synch with environmental time cues.
B
16. REM is an acronym that stands for: A) rapid ear movements. B) rapid eye movements. C) restless eye movements. D) random eye motion.
D
17. Sleepwalking typically takes place during _____ sleep. A) REM B) stage 1 NREM C) stage 2 NREM D) stage 4 NREM
D
18. Dreaming usually takes place during _____ sleep and is typically accompanied by _____. A) NREM; voluntary muscle movements, including sleeptalking and sleepwalking B) deep; minimal brain activity C) REM; voluntary muscle movements, talking, and sleepwalking D) REM; physiological arousal and rapid movement of the eyes
D
19. According to the _____ different sleep patterns in different animals have developed as a way of conserving energy and preventing a particular species from interacting with the environment when doing so is most hazardous. A) neodissociation model B) activation-synthesis theory C) neurocognitive model D) evolutionary adaptation perspective
A
2. The famous American psychologist _____ described consciousness as being like a river or a stream. A) William James B) Ernest Hilgard C) J. Allan Hobson D) Sigmund Freud
C
20. Researchers at State University conducted some carefully controlled sleep restriction studies. Their results are likely to demonstrate that: A) research participants will easily adapt to the four-hour-per-night sleep schedule by the end of the first week and will show no cognitive or physical impairments over the course of the experiments. B) there will be some beneficial effects in terms of memory consolidation, reaction time, and immune system functioning in the majority of participants. C) immune system functioning, concentration, vigilance, reaction time, memory skills, and ability to gauge risk will be diminished in most participants. D) there is no evidence to support the notion that REM and NREM sleep deprivation result in REM and NREM rebound effects.
B
21. Which of the following statements best captures Sigmund Freud's view of dreaming? A) Dream imagery is an obvious reflection of the everyday concerns of the dreamer. B) Dream imagery is a symbolic expression of repressed urges, wishes, and desires. C) The illogical content of dreams is a direct reflection of mental disorders. D) The interpretation of dreams reveals more about the psychological makeup of the person doing the interpreting than it does about the dreamer.
A
22. According to Freud, the term manifest content refers to: A) the elements of a dream that the dreamer consciously experienced and remembered. B) the disguised psychological meanings of the dream that are concealed as symbols in the story of the dream. C) our subjective awareness of the brain's internally generated signals during sleep. D) dream images of sticks, swords, and other elongated objects that are usually repressed into the unconscious.
C
23. In psychoanalytic theory, the disguised, symbolic meaning of dreams is called the: A) manifest content. B) primal content. C) latent content. D) lucid content.
A
24. Sleep disorders involve: A) consistently occurring abnormal sleep patterns that cause subjective distress and interfere with a person's daytime functioning. B) regular sleep disruptions that do not cause subjective distress. C) symptoms that resemble stimulant-induced psychosis. D) a consistent need to sleep eight hours or more per night and an intense desire to have afternoon naps.
A
25. _____ is the most common sleep complaint among adults. A) Insomnia B) Obstructive sleep apnea C) Sonambulism D) Sleepsex
C
26. Obstructive sleep apnea: A) is twice as common in women as it is in men; among middle-aged adults 1 out of 25 women and 1 out of 50 men have obstructive sleep apnea. B) is caused by very low or nonexistent levels of neurotransmitters called hypocretins. C) is more common in men than in women. D) is the most common symptom of narcolepsy.
A
27. Which of the following characterizes obstructive sleep apnea? A) The sleeper repeatedly stops breathing during sleep. B) The dreamer is able to control and guide the dream's story. C) As the person is waking up but is not yet fully awake, he or she feels unable to move. D) The individual suddenly loses voluntary muscle control and strength, usually collapsing to the floor.
A
28. Narcolepsy is characterized by: A) overwhelming bouts of excessive daytime sleepiness and brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep, which are called microsleeps or sleep attacks. B) episodes of increased physiological arousal, intense fear, panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode in the morning. C) the sleeper verbally and physically responding to the dream story and acting accordingly. D) abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep.
D
29. Parasomnias are: A) a type of stimulant-induced psychosis common among cocaine users. B) sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep, that include insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. C) also called delirium tremens and include confusion, hallucinations, and severe tremors or seizures. D) sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions and include sleep terrors, sleepsex, sleepwalking, sleep-related eating disorder, and REM-sleep behavior disorder.
A
3. Which of the following statements best explains why consciousness has been viewed as a "stream" or "river"? A) Even though the contents of consciousness are constantly changing, we subjectively experience consciousness as being continuous and unbroken. B) Although we are aware of some of the contents of consciousness, we can only understand consciousness by looking below the "water line" at thought processes of which we are unaware. C) Consciousness can only be understood by looking at the environmental forces that shape our conscious thoughts. D) Consciousness can only be understood using introspection.
C
30. Matilda suffers from a sleep-related eating disorder. She would be classified as suffering from a class of sleep disorder called: A) a dyssomnia. B) dissociation. C) a parasomnia. D) delirium tremens.
B
31. Sleep terrors are the same as: A) nightmares. B) night terrors. C) somnambulism. D) hypnagogic hallucinations.
D
32. Sleepsex is a parasomnia that involves: A) a failure of the brain mechanisms that normally suppress voluntary actions during REM sleep. B) sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion. C) sleepwalking and eating compulsively during stage 3 or 4 NREM slow-wave sleep. D) abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep.
C
33. When they are hypnotized, people typically: A) lose all awareness of their surroundings. B) are in a deep trance, which is similar to stage 4 NREM sleep. C) remain aware of who they are and of their surroundings. D) can accurately recall memories of early childhood and infancy.
D
34. _____ is defined as a cooperative social interaction in which one person responds to another person's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior. A) Sleepwalking B) Lucid dreaming C) Meditation D) Hypnosis
A
35. Rona's physician tells her that she has become physically dependent upon the tranquilizers another doctor has prescribed for her. In this context, physically dependent means that: A) her body and brain chemistry have physically adapted to the drug. B) she no longer experiences the drug rebound effect. C) even taking the drug again will not alleviate her withdrawal symptoms. D) she will no longer experience the drug's psychological effects.
C
36. If people abstain from a drug after they have become physically addicted to it, they may experience _____, which include(s) craving for the drug and unpleasant physical reactions that are sometimes the opposite of the drug's original effects. A) psychoactive effects B) physical dependence C) withdrawal symptoms D) tolerance symptoms
C
37. The term _____ is used to describe the condition in which a person has adapted to a drug and must continue to take it regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms. A) dissociation B) drug rebound effect C) physical dependence D) drug abuse
B
38. Because Paul suffers from frequent headaches, he has begun taking a powerful pain reliever every day. Lately he has noticed that when he avoids taking the pain reliever for a few days, his headaches are more intense and more frequent than they were before he began taking the new medication. Paul is probably experiencing: A) drug tolerance. B) the drug rebound effect. C) psychological addiction. D) a drug side effect.
B
39. The chemical substances that people take to alter mood, thinking, sensation, or perception are called: A) psychosomatic substances. B) psychoactive drugs. C) hypermnesiac drugs. D) neurotransmitters.
B
4. Attention is: A) your immediate awareness of thoughts, sensations, memories, and the world around you. B) the capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli in your external environment or on your internal thoughts and sensations. C) a technique that involves mentally repeating a mantra. D) an altered state of consciousness defined by a heightened state of suggestibility.
B
40. When a person needs a gradual increase in the amount of a psychoactive drug to produce the desired effect, _____ has occurred. A) the drug rebound effect B) tolerance C) dissociation D) hypermnesia
D
5. At any given moment, we are faced with more information than we can effectively process, and consequently we focus our attention on the information that is most relevant to our immediate or long-term goals. This suggests that attention is: A) not necessary for multitasking. B) blind. C) similar to a hypnotic state. D) limited in capacity.
B
6. Yair failed to notice when his girlfriend Lena got her hair cut because he wasn't paying attention to her hair. Not noticing that Lena cut her hair is an example of: A) attention deficit. B) change blindness. C) the cocktail party effect. D) mindfulness.
A
7. Magicians exploit a phenomenon known as _____, which occurs when we fail to notice something in our clear field of view because our limited attentional resources are devoted to another task or object in the environment. A) inattentional blindness B) change blindness C) the cocktail party effect D) mindfulness
A
8. If you are like most people, you experience daily fluctuations in many bodily processes, such as blood pressure, the secretion of hormones, and so on. These daily variations in biological and psychological processes are called: A) circadian rhythms. B) delta brain wave activity. C) REM rebound effects. D) free running conditions.
A
9. The term circadian rhythm refers to the: A) influence of the 28-day lunar cycle on human and animal behavior. B) systematic daily fluctuations in many biological and psychological processes. C) fluctuations in biological and psychological processes that occur over the different seasons of the year. D) type of beat characteristic of most Latin music.
B
1. As you are taking this test right now, you are aware of your thoughts, sensations, memories, and different aspects of the surrounding environment. Collectively, this awareness is referred to as: A) dissociation. B) consciousness. C) hypnagogic perception. D) delta brain wave activity.