General Psychology Final Exam

Lily and her classmates are asked to write an essay on what they want to be when they are older. Although Lily wants to be a florist, she does not write about it. Instead, she writes about wanting to be a doctor because most of her friends want to be doctors. In the context of social influence, Lily is best exhibiting _____.

A. conformity

manist developed a hierarchy of needs that begins with basic needs and progresses to higher level needs that could lead to "self-actualization."

ABRAHAM MANSLOW

Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She become a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do. Cici becomes a foster parent because of _________ motivation. A. extraB. extrinsicC. instinctD. intrinsic

D. intrinsicintrinsic (arising from internal factors)- autonomy (self-rule, self-government)- mastery- Purpose

Janet scolds her daughter, Kelley, each time Kelley pinches her little brother. After two weeks, Janet notices that Kelley has stopped pinching her little brother. In this scenario, scolding Kelley is an example of _____ in operant conditioning.

D. positive punishment

Why do scientist refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution?

It is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world.

Who founded the psychological consulting firm called Psychological Corporation?

James Cattell

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion? Selected Answer: getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion? Selected Answer: getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

Which of the following psychologists is most often known as the founding father of modern psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt

om believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence; however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________.

actor-observer bias

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of _______________.

equipotentiality hypothesis

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?

four

Cognitive therapy attempts to produce change by:

helping clients to eliminate self-defeating thoughts.

et lag can be best explained by

the effect of time shifts on circadian rhythm.

Alfred suffers from an extreme and irrational fear of spiders. His fear is exaggerated and disproportionate to the actual danger he might be in if he did encounter a spider. Alfred's fear of spiders is so intense that he would go to almost any length to avoid coming into contact with them. Alfred is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

A. Specific phobia

According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals are most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance by:

A. changing their attitudes to fit the behavior.

Which of the following is a characteristic of group therapy?

Altruism

Which of the following is a class of drugs administered on patients with anxiety disorders?

Benzodiazepines

Which of the following is an example of a secondary appraisal of a stressor?

Berkley believes she can end an argument with her wife by apologizing or buying her wife a gift. She decides apologizing is more effective.

Cathy is worried about her mental health. She visits Dr. Henderson, a psychiatrist, to seek treatment for her condition. When Dr. Henderson asks her questions about herself, Cathy reveals that she is unhappy and feels worthless most of the time. She doesn't eat or sleep well and has even contemplated suicide. Dr. Henderson also learns that Cathy has been experiencing these distressing symptoms for almost 3 weeks. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Henderson is likely to diagnose Cathy with _____.

C. major depressive disorder

Which of the following exemplifies the Hawthorne effect?

Cancer patients volunteer for an experimental treatment and report improved mood to the researchers during the first few days of the treatment.

Who described the collective unconscious?

Carl Jung

Which of the following statements is true of behavior therapies?

D. They strive to eliminate individuals' depressed symptoms or behaviors.

Which of the following statements is true of behavior therapies? A. They encourage self-awareness as the key to psychological health.B. They offer action-oriented strategies to help people change underlying thoughts or emotions.C. They lay emphasis on the person's self-healing capacities.D. They strive to eliminate individuals' depressed symptoms or behaviors.

D. They strive to eliminate individuals' depressed symptoms or behaviors.

Samuel walks up to Katie and asks if she would be willing to wear a ribbon to show support for his cause. Though the ribbon is unattractive, it is small, so Katie agrees to wear it. Once Katie has agreed to this request, Samuel asks her if she would be willing to make a donation of $15 to his cause. Katie cannot refuse because she feels that Samuel is relying on her. In the context of persuasion, this scenario best demonstrates the _____ technique.

D. foot-in-the-door

Which of the following is a reason that depression is associated with heart disease?

Depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease.

Boris uses classical conditioning to teach his goldfish to swim to the surface of its tank to eat whenever Boris turns on the aquarium light. He drops food into the tank and then turns on the light. After several such trials, the fish shows no more inclination to swim to the surface when the light is turned on than it did on the first trial. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following should Boris do to improve his training technique?

He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank

Which of the following statement's about Kurt Lewin is false?

He was president of the APA in 1917

What is amplitude?

Height of a wave

In psychoanalysis, the term transference refers to:

a client's way of relating to the analyst in order to relive his or her important relationships.

Research shows that receiving some sort of extrinsic reinforcement for engaging in behaviors that we enjoy leads to those behaviors _

no longer providing that same enjoyment

Stanley Milgram's experiment demonstrated the effect of _____.

obedience

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.

one 1

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.

posttraumatic stress

The diagnostic teams at the Centers for Disease Control exemplify a __________ team.

problem-resolution

Schizophrenia is considered a ________ disorder.

psychotic

Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?

reaction formation

Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm?

refractory period

Transformational leaders are not ________.

revolutionary

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ______

since birth

Dr. McCall found that student performance was poor when students worked in groups compared to when each student worked on an individual project. In the context of group influence, this difference in performance can be best explained with the concept of:

social loafing.

Which of the following is a way that the Kinsey research differed from the Masters and Johnson research?

A) Kinsey collected data with personal interviews; Masters and Johnson recorded measurements of physiological variables.

Which of the following is an example of actor-observer bias?

Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of _______________.

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

_____ refers to a disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships.

B. Dissociative identity disorder

Gary's mother tells him that he must complete his homework before he goes out to play. Gary does not like to disobey his mother but he really wants to go out and play. He convinces himself that his mother has been mean to him lately so he can disobey her just this one time without feeling guilty. Gary is trying to change his attitude to fit his behavior most likely to reduce the _____ he is experiencing.

B. cognitive dissonance

In John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's demonstration of the role of classical conditioning in the development of fears, little Albert learned to fear a white rat. In this study, the white rat was the

B. conditioned stimulus

Rachel's new roommate, Berta, has not done laundry for an entire week. Her clothes are lying all over their room. This leads Rachel to assume that Berta is an untidy and undisciplined person. What Rachel does not know is that Berta is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. In the context of social cognition, Rachel is primarily _____ to explain Berta's behavior.

B. making a fundamental attribution error

Which of the following is true about the nature-nurture controversy in psychology?

Both nature and nurture play significant roles in the psychology of a person.

_____ refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.

C. Groupthink

Jerry is filing for divorce. Lately, he is also having trouble at his job. Prior to these problems, he did not experience any sleep disorder but these days he finds it extremely hard to fall asleep. Which of the following disorders is he most likely suffering from?

C. Insomnia

Since the war eight months ago, Henry, a 35-year-old soldier, has been experiencing flashbacks that causes him to relive the grievous experiences that he went through during the war. Henry is terrified of these flashback episodes and tries to avoid all reminders of the war. He refuses to talk about his feelings and avoids looking at his uniform. This anxiety interferes with Henry's sleep and social functioning. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Henry is exhibiting the symptoms of _____.

C. post-traumatic stress disorder

Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine are

C. stimulants.

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress?

Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside.

_____ are psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real

D. Hallucinogens

Dr. Davenport, a psychiatrist, is in the process of diagnosing Kelly's psychological disorder. He asks Kelly a series of questions regarding her symptoms. Kelly reveals that she often experiences overwhelming fear all of a sudden which is accompanied by pains in the chest and a feeling of helplessness. During these instances, she finds it difficult to breathe, has severe palpitations, and feels like she's going to die of cardiac arrest. In the context of psychological disorders, Dr. Davenport is most likely to diagnose Kelly with _____.

D. panic disorder

A bicyclist claims that bicycle racing times would be faster if individuals raced in groups, because the knowledge of being in a group produces more energy to perform better. The bicyclist's claim is based on the concept of:

D. social facilitation.

According to your book, which group is NOT mentioned as as having trouble entering and influencing the field of Psychology?

Disabled Individuals

_____ refers to a disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships.

Dissociative identity disorder

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

In the study of personality, the __ model includes dimensions conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion

Five Factor

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

Gestalt

Laura is a corporate employee. As she is interested in art, Laura enrolls herself for oil painting classes. During weekends, she attends the lessons and derives huge satisfaction from painting portraits in oil. Which of the following is responsible for stimulating Laura to paint?

Intrinsic motivation

What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory?

Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material.

Which of the following is NOT a primary reinforcer?

Money

According to your book, what does Greek mythology have to do with Psychology?

Psyche was a beautiful woman. that became a goddess.

Alfred suffers from an extreme and irrational fear of spiders. His fear is exaggerated and disproportionate to the actual danger he might be in if he did encounter a spider. Alfred's fear of spiders is so intense that he would go to almost any length to avoid coming into contact with them. Alfred is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

Specific phobia

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In human factors psychology, the area of cognitive engineering includes the study of vigilance and monitoring, recognizing signals in noise, mental resources, and divided attention.

The phrase "cognitive engineering" should be changed to the word "attention."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Social exchange is people's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits.

The phrase "social exchange" should be replaced by the word "altruism."

Which of the following indicates the view of a behavioral therapist regarding the cause of psychological problems?

They occur as a result of maladaptive patterns and actions.

Which of the following is an example of the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

Tyrique almost falls out of the tree, but he grabs a branch, and now that the danger of falling has passed, he focuses his energy and attention on getting down from the tree safely.

What caused industrial psychologists to begin working with the military?

U.S. entry into WWI

Which of the following statements about the male and female experience of stress is true?

Women report experiencing more stress than men.

Which question was central to the marshmallow test?

Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

amygdala

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head

case study

Doug is an emergency room nurse in a large, underfunded, public hospital. Lately, he finds himself assuming that the patients he sees are just trying to get free drugs to feed an addiction. Just yesterday a little boy was brought in with a broken arm, and Doug found that he was completely indifferent to the boy's pain. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?

depersonalization

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

depression

Sharon visits Dr. Noel after being under several medications that have failed to have cured her condition. Dr. Noel tells her that many well-designed studies suggest that electroconvulsive therapy is effective in the treatment of:

depression.

A major advantage of case studies is

detailed information

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in _______psychology.

developmental

The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.

diathesis-stress

Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder

dissociative identity

Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder.

dissociative identity

People who reach the ________ level of stress feel burned out; they are fatigued, exhausted, and their performance begins to decline.

distress

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ______________.

divided intelligence into two components

________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves.

electroencephalography (EEG)

Oleksiy is an adjunct professor in the Department of Fine Arts. He applied for a full-time job recently, which he did not get. He tries to put this situation in a positive light, reminding himself that he will have more time to produce artwork if he is not working a full-time job. He also reminds himself that some of his friends from grad school can't find work related to art in any way. Which type of coping approach is Oleksiy using?

emotion focused

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________.

experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your _________ intelligence.

fluid

Transactional leaders do not ________________.

focus on worker input regarding assigned goals

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.

folds; grooves

Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.

generalized anxiety disorder

Based on the discussion in your text, which of the following strategies would effectively reduce prejudice between groups?

having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task

Research on __________ subjects must always involve ________________.

human; obtaining informed consent

As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment.

humanism

reaction formationWhich of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?

humanism

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?

hypothalamus

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

id

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to _______________ memory, also called non-declarative memory

implicit

The following sentence misuses the word accept: "I'll take all the cupcakes accept the one with the cream cheese icing." Which part of language involves knowing the proper use of the word accept?

lexicon

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

linguistic

Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________.

low self-efficacy

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to _________.

maintain balance and body posture

Cathy is worried about her mental health. She visits Dr. Henderson, a psychiatrist, to seek treatment for her condition. When Dr. Henderson asks her questions about herself, Cathy reveals that she is unhappy and feels worthless most of the time. She doesn't eat or sleep well and has even contemplated suicide. Dr. Henderson also learns that Cathy has been experiencing these distressing symptoms for almost 3 weeks. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Henderson is likely to diagnose Cathy with _____.

major depressive disorder

Rachel's new roommate, Berta, has not done laundry for an entire week. Her clothes are lying all over their room. This leads Rachel to assume that Berta is an untidy and undisciplined person. What Rachel does not know is that Berta is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. In the context of social cognition, Rachel is primarily _____ to explain Berta's behavior.

making a fundamental attribution error

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

melatonin

Jenna studies judiciously for three hours every day because she wants to ace her pre-final exams. The force that guides Jenna to engage in such behavior is called _____.

motivation

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against people

When Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay using?

moving away from people

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?

njury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

no sensation in his legs and feet

In the context of types of therapy, client-centered therapy follows a _____ approach.

nondirective

if you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

Telsa crafts imitation dream catchers in her spare time. Her father constantly encourages her to sell them on eBay. When she finally agrees to sell them, she notices that while she still enjoys making the dream catchers, she no longer does it for fun - she does it to make money. this is an example of the __________ effect.

over justification

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

patriotism

Since the war eight months ago, Henry, a 35-year-old soldier, has been experiencing flashbacks that causes him to relive the grievous experiences that he went through during the war. Henry is terrified of these flashback episodes and tries to avoid all reminders of the war. He refuses to talk about his feelings and avoids looking at his uniform. This anxiety interferes with Henry's sleep and social functioning. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Henry is exhibiting the symptoms of _____.

post-traumatic stress disorder

Which of the following is considered as an insight-oriented therapy?

psychoanalysis

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows - the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photo receptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rods

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

Humanistic therapies differ from psychodynamic therapies in that humanistic therapies emphasize:

self-fulfillment rather than illness

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of _____________ encoding.

semantic

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as _________ encoding.

semantic

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best?

semantic encoding

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

An organizational psychologist studies ________.

worker satisfaction, motivation, and commitment

In Hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was associated with choleric temperament?

yellow bile from the liver

When did the discipline of industrial-organizational psychology emerge?

20th century

Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path.

Which of the following is true of Ivan Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning?

A. The bell was a neutral stimulus before it was paired with the meat powder.

Robert's teacher, Martha, has complained about his behavior on several occasions. According to Martha, Robert cannot focus in class and is constantly distracted. She also mentioned that Robert is extremely active and very impulsive by nature. If Robert were to be taken by his teacher to Dr. Miller, a psychiatrist, he is likely to be diagnosed with:

A. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?

Anti smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokesperson advocating for reduction in cigarette use.

Caleb, a mercenary, was tortured for days in an underground cell. When he was rescued by Special Forces, a month later, Caleb could not remember the events of the previous month. To Caleb, it felt like he had just gone to war and, minutes later, was being pulled out of an underground cell. The doctors attributed Caleb's memory loss to the extensive psychological trauma that he experienced during his imprisonment. In the context of dissociative disorders, which of the following best describes Caleb's psychological disorder in this scenario?

Dissociative amnesia

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

Which researcher suggested that language determines thought?

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

Which of the following is a good example of a flashback?

Eugene was in a motorcycle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.

what can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift?

Expose yourself to bright light while working.

_____ refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony

Groupthink

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

What was the main idea behind Frederick Taylor's work on the scientific approach to management?

If one could redesign the workplace there would be an increase in both company output and worker wages.

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

Which of the following features distinguishes humanistic therapies from psychodynamic therapies?

Its emphasis on conscious thoughts

When conducting an experiment on time management, Jamie assigns everyone who arrives before noon to the experimental group and everyone who arrives after 12 noon to the control group. In the context of experimental research methods, what is wrong with Jamie's experiment

Jamie has not used true random assignment

Which of the following is a side-effect of administering electroconvulsive therapy?

Memory loss

What is a major problem with the original Milgram study?

Milgram lied to his respondents, making his study borderline unethical.

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the _________ illusion.

Muller-Lyer

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of paranoid personality disorder? Rafe is extremely suspicious of the people around him and mistrusts them for no identifiable reason.

Rafe is extremely suspicious of the people around him and mistrusts them for no identifiable reason.

Melora has a sick child at home. Her employer allows her to ________ for a week, so she can work from home, set her own hours, and complete most of her work while caring for her child.

Telecommute

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct?

The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most accurate?

There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

According to the psychoanalytic approach toward psychotherapy, which of the following is an essential part of the job of a psychotherapist?

To free the individual from conflict that resides in his or her unconscious mind

If a person says that actors make effective spokespeople for potato chips because they are above average in attractiveness, which approach is that person using to explain attitude change?

Yale attitude change

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?

being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics.

________encompasses the process associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.

cognitive dissonance

What are the human factors psychologists researching when they study when and how people decide to respond to engine failure during flight?

cognitive task analysis

Lily and her classmates are asked to write an essay on what they want to be when they are older. Although Lily wants to be a florist, she does not write about it. Instead, she writes about wanting to be a doctor because most of her friends want to be doctors. In the context of social influence, Lily is best exhibiting _____.

conformity

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called?

congenital analgesia

Britney is aware of the thoughts running through her mind and the emotions triggered by some of those thoughts. She is also aware of the sounds she hears, the things she sees in her room and outside the window, the smell of coffee brewing in the kitchen, and the smell of freshly cut grass coming through the window. She would be considered to be in a state of:

consciousness.

A unique feature of industrial psychology is that it ________.

considers issues of legality regarding discrimination in hiring

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.

dopamine

Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a _______

endocrine; hormone_

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb.

genotype; bb

Which statement about groupthink is correct?

group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus

Ted conducts a study regarding how walking on a treadmill instead of sitting at a desk impacts worker productivity. Ted's study is within the industrial-organizational specialty area of ________ psychology.

human factors

Schemata are a(an) ________.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Research shows that ____________: performance tends to suffer ______________.

moderate arousal is generally best; when arousal is very high or very low

Polygenetic means that most traits are controlled by ____________.

more than one gene

________ psychology is a discipline interested in how relationships among employees affect those employees and the performance of a business.

organizational

Researchers who studied people injured in the 9/11 attacks found that the injured later suffered from ________. These results demonstrate how stress is linked to the development and progression of a variety of physical illnesses and diseases.

significantly elevated rates of heart disease

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

How can we use conversion therapy to change someone's sexual orientation?

- There is no proven method to change someone's sexual orientation

Which of the following correlation coefficients is indicative of the strongest relationship between two variables?.

-0.87

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of_________?

.Gestalt psychology

Dr. Kate proposes that students find it difficult to return to their academic schedules after spring break. Specifically, she predicts that every year there will be more student absences on the Monday following spring break than on the Friday before spring break. The first statement describes the _____, while the second is the _____

.theory; hypothesis

Hyperpolarization means that the _________________.

A membrane potential becomes slightly more negative than the resting potential

Which of the following best defines an instinct?

An innate biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species

What did the researchers, who identified the Hawthorne effect, see as evidence that employee performance was influenced by something other than the physical work conditions?

Any change in a variable, such as lighting levels, led to an improvement in productivity; this was true even when the change was negative, such as a return to poor lighting.

Ashaela is Black, and she is attending a college with a predominately White population. She is the only Black student in several of her classes; last week in her psychology class, another student muttered a racist slur as she passed Ashaela's desk. Ashaela is attempting to cope by talking to her parents about her heritage and joining the Black Student Union on campus. This exemplifies the ________ strategy for coping with racism

Ashaela is Black, and she is attending a college with a predominately White population. She is the only Black student in several of her classes; last week in her psychology class, another student muttered a racist slur as she passed Ashaela's desk. Ashaela is attempting to cope by talking to her parents about her heritage and joining the Black Student Union on campus. This exemplifies the ________ strategy for coping with racism

Alex cannot control his impulse to wash his hands every five minutes. He washes his hands almost 100 times a day because he is terrified of being contaminated by germs. If Alex doesn't wash his hands, he experiences overwhelming anxiety. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Alex is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

B. obsessive-compulsive disorder

Caleb, a mercenary, was tortured for days in an underground cell. When he was rescued by Special Forces, a month later, Caleb could not remember the events of the previous month. To Caleb, it felt like he had just gone to war and, minutes later, was being pulled out of an underground cell. The doctors attributed Caleb's memory loss to the extensive psychological trauma that he experienced during his imprisonment. In the context of dissociative disorders, which of the following best describes Caleb's psychological disorder in this scenario?

D. Dissociative amnesia

Nate begins to feel very thirsty during an annual sports meet in his college. Since he forgot to carry a bottle of water, Nate decides to go to the cafeteria to get some soda. Which of the following is responsible for urging Nate to walk toward the cafeteria to quench his thirst?

Drive

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

According to your book, an undergraduate education in psychology provides a skill set that many employers find valuable. According to the top 10 rankings, which is listed as number 10 on the list of Top Occupations employing graduates with a B.A. in Psychology?

Finance

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

Freudian slip

Karen has been suffering from a disorder that is characterized by exaggerated and irrational worry that tends to interfere with her daily functioning. She can't sleep properly and often complains of stomach aches. In spite of being constantly nervous and restless, Karen, however, cannot seem to find the specific cause of her worry. These symptoms have lasted for almost six months now. Which of the following disorders is Karen most likely to be diagnosed with?

Generalized anxiety disorder

_____ refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.

Groupthink

According to the _____ approach to psychology, a person is in control of his or her life and has the capacity for positive growth.

HIUMANISTIC

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor?

Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat.

Nawaz and his boyfriend break up. Nawaz makes an internal attribution for this outcome. Complete the sentence to show an internal attribution that Nawaz could make. My boyfriend broke up with me because ________.

I am unlovable

This psychologist built off of the work of Ivan Pavlov to become the father of behaviorism.

John Watson

Which of the following is an example of the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

Latricia has been lost in the woods for days. After such a long period of anxiety and fear, Latricia collapses by a tree.

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of strengths-based management?

Managers neglect improving their weaknesses and overusing their strengths.

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

Apollonia was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why?

Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis.

When your son comes home late from a party. You decide to punish him by taking away his car privileges for a week. This is an example of

Negative Punishment

When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the _______ trait.

Openness

What is the main point of the quizmaster study?

People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.

How are the principles of reciprocal determinism present in observational learning?

Personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate.

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of paranoid personality disorder?

Rafe is extremely suspicious of the people around him and mistrusts them for no identifiable reason.

Which of the following is a part of the process of systematic desensitization?

Relaxation exercises

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Which of the following is a cognitive therapy technique whereby clients rate their emotions in order to gain a perspective of their situation?

Scaling

Which of the following is a part of the process of systematic desensitization?

Selected Answer: Relaxation exercises

According to the psychoanalytic approach toward psychotherapy, which of the following is an essential part of the job of a psychotherapist?

Selected Answer: To free the individual from conflict that resides in his or her unconscious mind

Halima is excellent at organizing events, but she is weak in delivering the opening address. She decides to focus on what she is good at and delegate the opening address to her immediate subordinate who excels in public speaking. Halima is practicing ________.

Selected Answer: strengths-based management

Dr. Billings is a therapist who is specialized in psychoanalysis. Hence, she lays emphasis on: Selected Answer:

Selected Answer: using techniques such as free association and dream analysis to deal with client issues.

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for an information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

Self-reference effect

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?

Sigmund Freud

Is anger suppression or anger expression a more effective approach for coping with racism?

Some research shows anger suppression is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective.

How can a study that involves exposing people to live viruses demonstrate a link between stress and impaired immune function?

Stress weakens the immune system, so people with high stress levels should be more likely to get sick

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?

Stroop effect

_____ is a small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark.

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

The advertising committee for a politician is going door-to-door and asking people to place a big, unattractive election sign on their lawns. Assuming that most people will refuse at first, the advertising committee is prepared to ask them to place a small sign on their lawns, which is the actual plan. Which strategy for successful persuasion is the advertising committee using in this scenario?

The door-in-the-face strategy

Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress?

The immune system is weakened.

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys.

The phrase "black bile from the kidneys" should be changed to the phrase "white phlegm from the lungs."

With which of the following psychological approaches is Sigmund Freud associated? .

The psychodynamic approach

Dr. Kingston, a psychologist, is examining how a student's reading speed is differently affected by two variables: being tutored by a teacher's assistant or being tutored by a computer-based reading program. In this experiment, which of the following is the dependent variable?

The student's reading speed

Which of the following is the most important determinant of the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

The therapeutic alliance

Participants in an experimental research study listen to a lecture either in a lecture hall filled with natural light or in a lecture hall with no windows and artificial light. Before leaving the lecture halls, the participants fill out a mood survey. What is the independent variable in this study?

The type of light in the rooms

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Asch conducted his prison experiment to demonstrate that social roles have a great deal of influence on individual behavior

The word "Asch" should be replaced by "Zimbardo."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Asch conducted his prison experiment to demonstrate that social roles have a great deal of influence on individual behavior.

The word "Asch" should be replaced by "Zimbardo."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality.

The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality."

hich statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most accurate?

There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist?

There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?

They can be scientifically tested.

What is one reason that more affluent individuals may experience better health?

They tend to believe they can personally control and manage their reaction to life's stressors.

Who argued that the notion of mental illness was invented by society (and the mental health establishment) to stigmatize and subjugate people whose behavior violates accepted social and legal norms?

Thomas Szasz

Which of the following is a primary goal of psychodynamic therapists?

To help clients resolve unconscious conflicts and gain insight

Which of the following is a primary goal of humanistic therapists?

To maximize the growth potential

Slot machines in casinos are a great example of which type of schedule?

Variable ratio

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the Internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a ddiscussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ______.

Weber's law

Which of the following best describes B. F. Skinner's beliefs about studying human behavior?

What people do is most important.

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola? is an example of ________________.

a subliminal message

Which of the following is true of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

a. They are weaker than lower needs.b. They arise later in life.c. They are less necessary than lower needs for actual survival.d. All of these are correct.

In the initial period of learning ___________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

Tom believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________.;

actor-observer bias

Tom believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence;however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________.

actor-observer bias

In Hans Selye's rat study, rats that were exposed to stressors over a long period of time showed signs of ________.

adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node shrinkage, and stomach ulceration

Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________.

an external locus of control

Nikita is an aspiring model. In order to fit into the standards of the fashion industry, she often starves herself. Even though she has a slim build, she never thinks she is thin enough. Nikita is mostly likely to be suffering from:

anorexia nervosa.

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ______________amnesia.

anterograde

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Kwaku's personality?

antisocial personality disorder

A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.

anxiety

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

are possible to test with animal studies

_________concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.

artificial

Robert's teacher, Martha, has complained about his behavior on several occasions. According to Martha, Robert cannot focus in class and is constantly distracted. She also mentioned that Robert is extremely active and very impulsive by nature. If Robert were to be taken by his teacher to Dr. Miller, a psychiatrist, he is likely to be diagnosed with: Selected Answer: . attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively.

become neurotic strategies

Adam is a teenager with a huge appetite. He has an uncontrollable urge to eat large portions of junk food within very short intervals of time. He is embarrassed by his eating disorder and hence, prefers eating alone. Adam is most likely suffering from:

binge eating disorder

Though her weight is normal, Ashley is terrified of gaining extra pounds. She knows she should stick to a healthy diet, but she often consumes huge servings of junk food—up to 5,000 calories in one sitting. Desperate to keep her weight under control, she then uses laxatives and diuretics to purge the calories. Ashley is suffering from:

binge eating disorder.2bulimia nervosa.

Apollonia was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why? Selected Answer: Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and

biological basis.

The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs to self-actualization.

biological; social

Abigail has noticed that Rose, her roommate, experiences extreme shifts in her moods and behavior. Although Rose doesn't sleep much, she is unusually energetic and optimistic. She is highly distractible and delusional. This period of euphoria has lasted more than a week and is in sharp contrast to the depression and fatigue Rose exhibited in the previous semester. Rose is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

bipolar disorder

Lithium is considered as an effective mood stabilizing drug to treat _____.

bipolar disorder generalized anxiety disorder

_ individuals experience emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals.

bisexual

Which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?

breathing

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Prader-Willi syndrome is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by repetitive behaviors and communication and social problems.

change the name "Prader-Willi syndrome" to "Autism Spectrum Disorder"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention

change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals are most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance by:

changing their attitudes to fit the behavior.

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

choleric

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she _______suffers from

chronic sleep deprivation_

Gary's mother tells him that he must complete his homework before he goes out to play. Gary does not like to disobey his mother but he really wants to go out and play. He convinces himself that his mother has been mean to him lately so he can disobey her just this one time without feeling guilty. Gary is trying to change his attitude to fit his behavior most likely to reduce the _____ he is experiencing.

cognitive dissonance

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light

cognitive map

Design teams for car manufacturers create new vehicle models. What type of team does this exemplify?

creative

A high-stress job, overcrowding, and long commutes to work are examples of the way some psychologists conceptualize stress as a ________.

demanding or threatening event or situation

Which of the following do not contribute to tension headaches?

depression

Which topic was not included in Hugo Munsterberg's Psychology and Industrial Efficiency?

employee termination

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on the quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ____________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task?

equipotentiality hypothesis

A (an) _____________schema is also known as a cognitive script.

event

he theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off by?

evolution by natural selection

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.

evolutionary psychologists

Anna is a school counselor. She hates going to work and wants to lock the door and cry whenever a student comes to her for help. She just doesn't feel like she has anything left to give. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?

exhaustion

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.

external; internal

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________.

fast; long lasting

Roger and Joan have passion in their relationship, and they agree they will support each other. But when it comes to sharing their thoughts, they lack intimacy. Their love is called ________.

fatuous

Which of the following is not an example of suicidal ideation?

fearing you will die

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Samuel walks up to Katie and asks if she would be willing to wear a ribbon to show support for his cause. Though the ribbon is unattractive, it is small, so Katie agrees to wear it. Once Katie has agreed to this request, Samuel asks her if she would be willing to make a donation of $15 to his cause. Katie cannot refuse because she feels that Samuel is relying on her. In the context of persuasion, this scenario best demonstrates the _____ technique.

foot-in-the-door

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________.

fundamental attribution error

________ dysphoria is a diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify with the cultural expectations associated with their biological sex.

gender

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

genetics

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

giving them unconditional love

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language.

grammar

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

here is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies _______________.

hindsight bias

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve

homeostasis

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve

homeostasis__

Rosetta is a master electrician. Often, he is the only woman at the construction site. Her male coworkers frequently make sexual comments about her appearance. She complains to the site manager, but he tells her to toughen up. What form of sexual harassment does this represent?

hostile environment

Industrial-organizational psychology is a branch of psychology that studies ________.

how human behavior and psychology affect work and how they are affected by work

What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

Remembering _______________ is a good example of procedural memory.

how to use the phone.

Ciara believes that working women are happier than women who do not work. She predicts that women who work for at least ten years are more likely to have good mental health after the age of 50 years than women who do not. She decides to test this prediction. In the context of psychology's scientific method, Ciara's prediction is the _____ for the study she will conduct

hypothesis

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about on third of the subjects did not notice it.

inattentional blindness

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the __ independent______ variable and word retention is the ___dependent _____ variable.

independent; dependent

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.

indirect

Diana is assessing applicants for a pilot job at a regional airfield. She wrote the description of the ideal candidate, and now she is reviewing the personality profiles of the applicants to screen those who do not fit the profile. Diana is working in the specialty area of industrial-organizational psychology called ________ psychology.

industrial

Scientist who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we _______, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.

integrate

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions?

integrity vs. despair

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Research suggests that there are two dimensions of our temperament that are important parts of our adult personality: interactivity and self-regulation.

interactivity and self-regulation.

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ______

introspection

A therapist who implements the cognitive restructuring technique believes that _____ are the causes of abnormal behavior.

irrational beliefs

People may not intend to distort the facts, but ____________.

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

Work overload, harassment, and bullying can all lead to ________________.

job stress

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between stimuli?

just noticeable

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ____________.

kinesthesia

In job specification, what does the acronym KSA stand for?

knowledge, skills, abilities

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ______________.

learning disability

The satiety hormone is called ________.

leptin

Angela transfers to a new high school for gifted children and has trouble making friends. She expected this and plans to change it by joining more after school clubs and sitting next to different people at lunch. She believes she has effective options for dealing with the stressor of having no friends; therefore, she experiences ________.

less stress than someone who has no effective options

Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________

low self-efficacy

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________.

mania

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________.

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze runningResearchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________.

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

mental set

Emily is an adult with a 4th grade skill level in reading, writing, and math Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

mild

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Research shows that ________; performance tends to suffer ________.

moderate arousal is generally best; when arousal is very high or very low

A ____ is the smallest unit of language that convey some type of meaning.

morpheme

Derrick wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. he stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ______ can affect perception.

motivation

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of _________ concept.

natural

n psychology, concepts can be divided into categories: ________ and ____________.

natural; artificial

Five minutes are deducted from Frankie's recess hour every time he misbehaves in class. In the context of operant conditioning, his teacher is using _____ to discipline Frankie.

negative punishment

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this

observational

Dymesia watches her older sister do headshots. Dymeshia falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

Alex cannot control his impulse to wash his hands every five minutes. He washes his hands almost 100 times a day because he is terrified of being contaminated by germs. If Alex doesn't wash his hands, he experiences overwhelming anxiety. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Alex is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes?

optic chiasm

When describing the process of natural selection, Charles Darwin claimed that:

organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring.

Dr. Davenport, a psychiatrist, is in the process of diagnosing Kelly's psychological disorder. He asks Kelly a series of questions regarding her symptoms. Kelly reveals that she often experiences overwhelming fear all of a sudden which is accompanied by pains in the chest and a feeling of helplessness. During these instances, she finds it difficult to breathe, has severe palpitations, and feels like she's going to die of cardiac arrest. In the context of psychological disorders, Dr. Davenport is most likely to diagnose Kelly with _____.

panic disorder

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of

parasomnias

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of___

parasomnias

leepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of

parasomnias_

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was ethically problematic because

participants were not allowed to seek available treatment

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ____

personality

Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person.

phlegmatic

Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.

phobia

The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.

pituitary

Dr. Klaus conducted research in psychology, which established that the number of hours of study before a test is directly proportional to performance in the test. In the context of correlational research, it can be said that _____ exists between the two variables.

positive correlation

What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat?

proprioception

Transference is useful in the therapeutic situation because it: A. provides an opportunity to recreate important relationships. B. redirects anxiety to the unconscious mind. C. suppresses the release of painful and powerful emotions. D. creates resistance.

provides an opportunity to recreate important relationships

Eva is a five-year-old girl who has been brought to Dr. Frost for therapy because she has suddenly stopped speaking; she answers no questions and communicates with no one. Dr. Frost uses techniques intended to uncover Eva's unconscious thoughts or experiences. He believes that the answer lies within her mind. In this scenario, Dr. Frost is following the _____ approach to psychology

psychodynamic

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on _________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer

recognition

Transference is useful in the therapeutic situation because it:

redirects anxiety to the unconscious mind.

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

regression

Layda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

representational bias

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study _____________.

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and are physically attracted to each other, but their love does not contain any expectations beyond that. Their love is called ________.

romantic

Professor Stenson is examining the effects of color on patients' anxiety levels. She randomly assigns patients to either a room painted white or a room painted black, and then records their blood pressure. In this case, the independent variable is the

room color

In California, undocumented migrants are often blamed for high unemployment in the state, although statistics show that high unemployment is not related to the number of illegal migrants. In this example, illegal migrants are victims of ________: the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal.

scapegoating

If you believe you will win the hot dog eating competition, then you have a sense of ________, and you are more likely to enter the hot dog eating competition.

self-efficacy

The group of drugs known as SSRIs work primarily by interfering with the reabsorption of _____ in the brain.

serotonin

Which theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change?

set-point theory

When compared to psychoanalysts from the past, contemporary psychoanalysts place less emphasis on:

sexual fantasies.

As a result of its interest in worker well-being and relationships, organizational psychology includes the study of ________.

sexual harassment

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________________.

short-term memory itself has different forms

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from all the other voices. This illustrates ___________ theory.

signal detection

A bicyclist claims that bicycle racing times would be faster if individuals raced in groups, because the knowledge of being in a group produces more energy to perform better. The bicyclist's claim is based on the concept of:

social facilitation

A bicyclist claims that bicycle racing times would be faster if individuals raced in groups, because the knowledge of being in a group produces more energy to perform better. The bicyclist's claim is based on the concept of:

social facilitation.

What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails. What kind of delusion is this?

somatic

Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails. What kind of delusion is this? :

somatic

Michael can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

spatial

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

stage 2

The space between two neurons is called the ________

synapse

A police or FBI SWAT team handling a hostage situation exemplifies a ________ team.

tactical

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

taste aversion

Which of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism?

teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism

Psychology is formally defined as:

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Joaquin has been assigned a research project in his psychology class. He must observe student behavior during a learning task and attempt to form a(n) _____, which is a broad idea that describes other ideas and how they may be related

theory

Due to his sense of ____________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire.

thermoception

Elaborative rehearsal involves ___________________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory.

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.

thoughts

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Hershel is a strict, goal-oriented manager. When his team achieves their daily productivity goals he rewards them with long lunches and bonus pay. When his team falls behind, he extends the work day by an hour and cuts lunch by fifteen minutes. What type of leader is Hershel?

transactional

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ______________.

transcution

n addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

umami and fat content

Dr. Billings is a therapist who is specialized in psychoanalysis. Hence, she lays emphasis on:

using techniques such as free association and dream analysis to deal with client issues.

What type of team is formed when groups of geographically disparate people come together using digital communications technology?

virtual

Which of the following is not one of the three aspects of job burnout?

wanting to quit