General Psychology Final Exam (Ch 1-2)

The ____________________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system. a) adrenal b) pituitary c) testes d) thyroid

b) pituitary

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in _______________ psychology. a) cognitive b) developmental c) personality d) social

c) personality

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity. a) adrenal b) pancreas c) testes d) thyroid

a) adrenal

The __________ is involved in experiencing emotion and tying emotional meaning to memories. a) amygdala b) corpus callosum c) hypothalamus d) pons

a) amygdala

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ___________ include food, water, and shelter. a) basic survival needs b) comfort objects c) higher-level needs d) wants

a) basic survival needs

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ______________. a) biopsychologist b) developmental psychologist c) humanist d) social psychologist

a) biopsychologist

Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy? a) Abraham Maslow b) Carl Rogers c) Wilhelm Wundt d) William James

b) Carl Rogers

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way? a) caffeine b) insomnia c) narcolepsy d) sugar

a) caffeine

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ____________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head. a) case study b) experiment c) naturalistic observation d) survey

a) case study

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland? a) hypothalamus b) ovaries c) pineal gland d) thyroid

a) hypothalamus

The space between two neurons is called the ____________. a) soma b) synapse c) terminal button d) vesicle

b) synapse

What is Abraham Maslow best known for? a) classical conditioning b) dream analysis c) proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior d) studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior

c) proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________________________ and early childhood experiences. a) a person's consciousness b) a person's unconsciousness c) fetal development d) sexual identity

b) a person's unconsciousness

Critical thinking is ______________________________. a) applying a set of skills to find information about a controversial topic. b) applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information. c) applying information to understand and evaluate social phenomena. d) reviewing information on the internet to develop a critical opinion on it.

b) applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information.

What occurs during stage 1 sleep? a) both our respiration and heartbeat quicken b) both our respiration and heartbeat slow down c) our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down d) our respiration slows down while our heartbeat quickens

b) both our respiration and heartbeat slow down

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, an the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ___________. a) conscience b) consciousness c) REM sleep d) unconsciousness

b) consciousness

The ______________ group does not get the experimental treatment. a) alternate experimental b) control c) dependent d) independent

b) control

The _________________ variable measures effects of the independent variable. a) confounding b) dependent c) experimental d) independent

b) dependent

Alcohol is considered a ______________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. a) antipsychotic b) depressant c) hallucinogen d) stimulant

b) depressent

_______________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior. a) acetylcholine b) dopamine c) glutamate d) serotonin

b) dopamine

In a ____________________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. a) control b) double-blind c) pilot d) randomly assigned

b) double-blind

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts? a) common opinions b) empirical studies c) intuition d) lucky breaks

b) empirical studies

Sleep apnea is defined by ___________________. a) a sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape b) episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops c) uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep d) unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or expressions during sleep

b) episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

The theory of _________________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. a) behavioral genetics b) evolution by natural selection c) genetic mutation d) survivalism

b) evolution by natural selection

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) _______________. a) detailed literature search b) experiment c) study d) survey

b) experiment

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? a) correlational b) experimental c) quasi-experimental d) survey

b) experimental

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology? a) discovering the contributions of women to psychology b) favoring women over men c) questioning the practice of science itself when it is male biased d) studying psychological gender differences

b) favoring women over men

Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high? a) feelings of despair b) feelings of intense elation and pleasure c) intense tactile sensation d) time distortion

b) feelings of intense elation and pleasure

Mescaline is considered a ____________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. a) depressant b) hallucinogenic c) opioid d) stimulant

b) hallucinogenic

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as _________________. a) factors b) hormones c) neurotransmitters d) proteins

b) hormones

The sleep debt is the result of ______________________. a) high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior b) insufficient sleep on a chronic basis c) the circadian rhythm d) travel from one time zone to another

b) insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

___________________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers. a) attrition b) inter-rater reliability c) the control group d) validity

b) inter-rater reliability

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health? a) applying biological principles to the psychology of a healthy social life b) interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors c) primarily biology; individual psychology and social factors are sometimes relevant d) successful application of biopsychological principles to social life

b) interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

Which of the following is not a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep? a) improving mood b) less exposure to carcinogens c) lower stress levels d) maintaining healthy weight

b) less exposure to carcinogens

In a ________________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content. a) K-complex b) lucid c) REM d) theta wave

b) lucid

What hormone does the pineal gland release? a) insulin b) melatonin c) estrogen d)testosterone

b) melatonin

The empirical method of study is based on _______________. a) guesswork b) observation c) practice d) statistics

b) observation

NREM sleep is a period of sleep __________________. a) associated with lucid dreaming b) outside periods of REM sleep c) that always occurs immediately after REM sleep d) that overlaps REM sleep

b) outside periods of REM sleep

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of ___________________. a) lucid dreaming b) parasomnias c) protoconsciousness d) somnambulism

b) parasomnias

Trephination is the _____________. a) method that supposedly proved that the world is flat b) procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape c) technique that helps ensure the validity of the experimental results d) theory that mental illness is caused by demonic possession

b) procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape

________________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. a) generalizability b) reliability c) statistical significance d) validity

b) reliability

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines _____________________ as objectively as possible. a) another person's consciousness b) their own conscious experience c) their own subconscious experience d) the social construction of consciousness

b) their own conscious experience

____________________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables. a) cause-and-effect b) correlation c) reliability d) validity

b)correlation

Why is psychology considered a social science? a) because psychologists study groups and how groups interact b) because psychology is not considered a hard science c) behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others d) behavior is unpredictable, so scientists study it

c) behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and the _________. a) autonomic; somatic nervous system b) autonomic; sympathetic nervous system c) central; peripheral nervous system d) parasympathetic; sympathetic nervous system

c) central; peripheral nervous system

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? a) cognitive behavioral b) dependent c) evolutionary d) Freudian

c) evolutionary

A difference in __________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives. a) behavior b) evolution c) genetics d) nurture

c) genetics

_________________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. a) behaviorism b) gestalt c) humanism d) structuralism

c) humanism

The ______________ is controlled by the experimenter. a) confounding variable b) dependent variable c) independent variable d) variability

c) independent variable

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of _______________ psychology. a) biological b) Gestalt c) industrial-organizational d) social

c) industrial-organizational

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis? a) it can be tested using empirical methods b) it is an if-then statement c) it is complex d) it is falsifiable

c) it is complex

A group of preschool age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow the over time in order to asses behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ___________ design. a) cross sectional b) experimental c) longitudinal d) survey

c) longitudinal

Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid. a) coffee b) methadone c) methamphetamine d) nicotine

c) methamphetamine

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring _______________ balance. a) emotional b) GABA c) neurotransmitter d) serotonin

c) neurotransmitter

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why? a) the elderly are contracting more cognitive diseases b) people in developed nations revere the elderly c) populations of developed nations are living longer. d) populations of developing nations are dying sooner

c) populations of developed nations are living longer

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ___________________. a) Gestalt psychology b) personality c) psychoanalysis d) social psychology

c) psychoanalysis

Psychology refers to the ___________________________. a) empirical study of humanity b) experimental study of individuals c) scientific study of the mind d) systematic study of human interaction

c) scientific study of the mind

Sensory and motor neurons of the ____________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious of voluntary. a) autonomic b) parasympathetic c) somatic d) sympathetic

c) somatic

Which of the following defines hypothesis? a) idea that proves a theory b) means of explaining social phenomena c) tentative explanation d) way of looking at the world

c) tentative explanation

Considerable debate occurs regarding the use of anabolic steroid drugs like ___________ in professional athletes and bodybuilders. a) growth hormone b) insulin c) testosterone d) thyroxine

c) testosterone

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study __________________. a) only behavior b) only the mind c) the mind and behavior d) the soul, the mind, and behavior

c) the mind and behavior

Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States? a) European psychology is not as rigorous as American psychology b) the proponents were Nazis c) the rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology d) the theories were not based on measurable data

c) the rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few hits were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of __________________. a) physical dependence b) psychological dependence c) tolerance d) withdrawal

c) tolerance

_____________________________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail. a) archival research b) case studies c) surveys d) university experiments

c0 surveys

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes _____________________. a) experimenter bias b) observer bias c) participant bias d) Placebo effect

d) Placebo effect

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content? a) Carl Jung b) John Hobson c) Rosalind Cartwright d) Sigmund Freud

d) Sigmund Freud

Research on ____________ subjects must always involve ______________. a) animal; a full debriefing b) animal; obtaining informed consent c) human; a full debriefing d) human; obtaining informed consent

d) human; obtaining informed consent

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks late. In this example, learning strategy is the ______________ variable and word retention is the ______________ variable. a) control; experimental b) dependent; independent c) experimental; control d) independent; dependent

d) independent; dependent

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in? a) clinical psychology b) cognitive psychology c) organizational psychology d) social psychology

a) clinical psychology

A _________________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain. a) computerized tomography (CT) scan b) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) c) magnet resonance imaging (MRI) d) positron emission tomography (PET)

a) computerized tomography (CT) scan

Which of the following imaging techniques does not collect information about brain functioning? a) computerized tomography (CT) scan b) electroencephalography (EEG) c) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) d) positron emission tomography (PET)

a) computerized tomography (CT) scan

_________________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas of beliefs. a) confirmation bias b) experimenter bias c) illusory correlation d) sampling bias

a) conformation bias

Melatonin release is stimulated by __________________ and inhibited by _______________. a) darkness; light b) light: darkness c) pulsing light; steady light d) twilight; gloom

a) darkness; light

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for _______________. a) depression b) obsessive-compulsive disorder c) Parkinson's disease d) schizophrenia

a) depression

____________________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves. a) electroencephalography (EEG) b) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) c) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) d) positron emission tomography (PET)

a) electroencephalography (EEG)

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? a) homeostasis b) insomnia c) melatonin d) rhythm

a) homeostasis

________________________________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels. a) homeostasis b) resting potential c) reuptake d) synergy

a) homeostasis

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ____________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. a) circadian b) external c) melatonin d) rhythm

a) circadian

The ___________________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours. a) circadian b) homeostasis c) meta d) pineal

a) circadian

The __________________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills. a) cerebellum b) sensory cortex c) substantia nigra d) ventral tegmental area

a) cerebellum

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ____________, which are composed of long strands of_______________. a) chromosomes; DNA b) chromosomes; genes c) DNA; genes d) genes; DNA

a) chromosomes; DNA

______________________, an anthropologist, contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation. a) Jane Goodall b) Sigmund Freud c) Suzanne Fanger d) Tatiana Hogan

a) Jane Goodall

The brain contains _______________ of interconnected neurons and glia. a) billions b) tens of thousands c) thousands d) millions

a) billions

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident. which led to brain injury? a) frontal lobe injury causes people to be incapable of controlling their emotional impulses b) injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, but specific brain areas are not linked to specific behaviors c) injury to the frontal lobe does not affect behavior d) injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

d) injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Behaviorists study _______________________. a) a person's unconscious mind b) chemical and hormonal changes c) dreams d) learned behavior

d) learned behavior

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________________. a) a single gene b) different genes under different circumstances c) different parts of only a few different genes d) more than one gene

d) more than one gene

The _________________ connects the brain and the spinal cord. a) cerebellum b) corpus callosum c) medulla d) pons

d) pons

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of _________________ leg syndrome a) agitated b) nervous c) REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) d) restless

d) restless

_______________ are the most commonly used species for animal research. a) chimpanzees b) fruit flies c) pigs d) rodents

d) rodents

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ______________________. a) cheaper, so people can afford more of it b) easier to get, so people can take more at once c) frequently smoked in combination with pharmaceuticals d) smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

d) smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the _______________. a) brainstem b) internal organs c) peripheral nerves d) spinal cord

d) spinal cord

Cocaine is considered a _____________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. a) antipsychotic b) depressant c) hallucinogen d) stimulant

d) stimulant

Cocaine is considered a _______________ because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. a) antipsychotic b) depressant c) hallucinogen d) stimulant

d) stimulant

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ___________________. a) deductive reasoning b) inductive reasoning c) the experiment d) the scientific method

d) the scientific method

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through __________________. a) dream analysis b) examination of the first words that come to someone's mind c) seemingly innocent slips of the tongue d) the use of reinforcement and punishment

d) the use of reinforcement and punishment

A(n) ________________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. a) conclusion b) hypothesis c) operational definition d) theory

d) theory

What do industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology all have in common? a) job growth is greatest in these fields b) they all focus on groups instead of individuals c) they are all areas of psychology that developed in the 19th century d) they are all examples of applied psychology

d) they are all examples of applied psychology

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ___________. a) genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior b) sensation and the effect of culture on perception c) the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior d) thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

d) thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

__________________________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure. a) generalizability b) operational definition c) reliability d) validity

d) validity

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research? a) the abilities of non-human primates to use sign language b) the reaction time for participants c) whether a baby is crying because he is sad, hungry, or in pain d) whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

d) whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions