General Sociology Exam 1

The technique created by Sigmund Freud for the treatment of emotional problems through long-term, intensive exploration of the subconscious mind is referred to as ________.

psychoanalysis

People from all walks of life, races, religions, and ethnic groups participate in the U.S. legislative process. In view of this, which term best describes American society?

America is a pluralistic society.

The first person to propose that the scientific method could be applied to the study of social life was ________.

Auguste Comte

All of the following statements are examples of countercultures, EXCEPT for which one?

Chicago Cubs fans

Professor Zale bases her self-concept as a professor on the interactions she has with students and the reactions she receives from them during class. In view of this, which process is Professor Zale utilizing?

Cooley's looking-glass self

The case study of Jack and Oskar provides support for which of the following explanations of behavior?

Environment has a significant influence on behavior, regardless of gene complement.

Why did a number of sociologists think Laud Humphreys' research on tearooms was unethical

He did not identify himself as a researcher.

Why did Mario Brajuha refuse to turn over his research notes to the authorities, even when subpoenaed?

He wanted to protect his respondents.

The term "survival of the fittest," which is a principle part of the concept of social Darwinism, was coined by ________.

Herbert Spencer

How does the mass media influence gender roles in contemporary American society?

It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one's

Because of her outstanding contributions to social reform, as demonstrated in her work as co-founder of Hull-House, ________ was a co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

Jane Addams

In developing his theory on moral development, when did Kohlberg claim most people reach the postconventional stage?

Most people do not reach this stage.

Which sociological perspectives are best to use in developing an accurate understanding of society?

No single perspective is best, so all three must be utilized.

Max Weber referred to the self-denying approach to life characterized by people living frugal lives and saving their money as the ________.

Protestant ethic

Why do many sociologists object to psychoanalysis as a valid explanation for human behavior?

Sociologists object to the view that inborn and subconscious motivations are the primary reasons for human behavior.

The first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University, who spent his lifetime studying race relations in America and was one of the founders of the NAACP, was ________.

W. E. B. Du Bois

Americans usually recognize hard work, education, and efficiency as desired qualities. Where one of these qualities is found, the other two also apply. This is an example of ________.

a value cluster

People and groups that influence our orientation to life - our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors - are called ________.

agents of socialization

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the stage in which the child has no sense of right or wrong and only personal needs to be satisfied is the ________ stage.

amoral

Karl Marx suggested that the force that drives human history and is at the core of human society is ________.

bourgeoisie; proletariat

Today we can type our symptoms into a computer search engine and often find out why we are sick, what condition we may have, and how we might treat it. But we still go to see a doctor. This is an example of ________.

cultural lag

In recent years, cultures have become more similar to each other as a result of travel and communication. Sociologists use the term "________" to describe this process.

cultural leveling

In his book, Sick Societies, anthropologist Robert Edgerton proposed that cultures should be evaluated on their "quality of life" and not just automatically accepted. This is contrary to which of the following sociological concepts?

cultural relativism

Language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, material objects, and technology that are passed from one generation to the next by members of society describe ________.

culture

The author's experience in Morocco, which included the absence of women from public positions, intense stares directed at him, pushing and shoving at the train station, and total disregard for sanitation by food vendors, left the author with a profound sense of ________.

culture shock

Sociologists use the concept of "norms" to describe ________.

expectations or rules of behavior that develop from values

What term is used to describe children who are assumed to have been raised by animals in the wilderness and isolated from other children, such as the "wild boy of Aveyron"?

feral

If Alice came to class wearing a soiled and torn blouse, she would be violating a ________. But if Alice came to class not wearing a blouse (or any other garment), she would be violating a ________.

folkway; more

Mark views society as a system of interrelated parts, while John views society as composed of groups competing for scarce resources. Mark would be considered a(n) ________ and John would be seen as a(n) ________.

functionalist; conflict theorist

The Smiths are going Christmas shopping for their two children, Dick and Jane. They plan to buy Dick a Tonka truck and Jane a Barbie doll. Their selection of toys for their children is an example of ________ by parents.

gender socialization

People all over the world, including college students, are breaking down national boundaries because of advances in communication, trade, and travel. This is referred to as ________.

globalization

Capitalism is becoming the world's dominant economic system. This is referred to as ________.

globalization of capitalism

Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children, what is the key variable in acquiring the basic "human" traits we take for granted?

intimate early social interaction

What did the Harlow experiment conclude as being the key to infant-mother bonding?

intimate social contact

Symbols can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought. This is referred to as ________.

language

Anthropologists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf concluded that ________.

language creates ways of thinking and perceiving

Functionalists and conflict theorists tend to focus on the ________, or large scale patterns of society, in conducting their analyses.

macro level

According to Robert Merton, ________ are the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions.

manifest functions

Jewelry, art, hairstyles, and clothing each represent examples of ________.

material culture

Receiving the Medal of Honor and making the Dean's List are both examples of ________.

positive sanctions

Jean Piaget's use of the term "operational" is most aligned with the concept of ________.

reasoning skills

Our image of how others see us is called the ________.

self

According to Piaget, the stage of development that is dominated by touching, listening, looking, and the inability to recognize cause and effect is the ________ stage.

sensorimotor

According to Mead's theory of development, individuals who have a profound influence on the lives of another person, such as parents or siblings, are referred to as ________

significant others

The notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and that social programs to help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order is a doctrine known as ________.

social Darwinism

The French sociologist Emile Durkheim is most identified with which of the following areas of study?

social integration

When sociologists' group people into categories based on their age, gender, educational level, job, and income, they are trying to determine____

social location

A young woman is contemplating a particular behavior, in this case, dropping out of college. She is also considering an awareness of the self in relationship to others to avoid feelings of shame and embarrassment. This is referred to as her ________.

social mirror

What concept do sociologists refer to when they say that "society makes us human"?

socialization

The sociological perspective emphasizes how the social context influences people's lives, particularly how people are influenced by ________.

society

When a group has a distinctive way of looking at life, but at the same time its values and norms reflect the dominant culture of its society, the group would be considered a(n) ________.

subculture

What was the social event that most influenced Auguste Comte to explore patterns within society and become interested in what holds society together?

the French Revolution

In Freud's theory, what part of the personality represents the pleasure-seeking aspect, demanding immediate fulfillment of basic needs such as attention, food, safety, and sex?

the id

In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to ________.

the social environment