Geo Exam 11-20 #2
Alfisols
-"al" for aluminum, "f" for iron, 2 prominent elements in these soils -deciduous vegetation -warm, humid climate
55. What is the difference in direction that barchanoid and parabolic dunes point?
-Barchanoid:These dunes are crescent-shaped individual mounds. Barchanoid dunes are formed from the upwind slope, which is usually less than 15ƒ, is wind packed, and firm. Sizes of individual simple barchans range from a meter or so to perhaps a hundred meters from horn to horn. -Parabolic:These are U-shaped or V-shaped stack of well-sorted sand.Parabolic dunes extend downwind from blowouts in sand sheets only partly anchored by vegetation. Parabolic dunes can also originate from beach sands and extend inland into vegetated areas in coastal zones and on shores of large lakes.
Histosols
-Greek histos, "living tissues"; these soils contain mostly organic matter -soils characterized by plentiful partly decayed plant material
Spodosols
-Greek spodos, "wood ash"; ashy soils
Gelisols
-Latin gelatino, "freezing"; soils in areas of permafrost
Inceptisols
-Latin inceptum, "beginning"; young soils at the beginning of their "life"
Mollisols
-Latin mollis, "soft"; soft soils -highest rated soils for overall agricultural productivity
Ultisols
-Latin ultimus, "last"; soils that have had the last of their nutrient bases leached out -soils which are red with a surface layer containing much aluminum and iron
Vertisols
-Latin verto, "turn"; soils in which materials from O and A horizons fall through surface cracks and ends up below deeper horizons; the usual horizon order is inverted -soil order adapted to wet-dry cycles and having clayey surfaces
56. What is loess?
-a loamy deposit formed by wind, usually yellowish and calcareous, common in the Mississippi Valley and in Europe and Asia.
Andisols
-andesite, rock formed from type of magma in Andes Mountains volcanoes; soils high in volcanic ash
58. What is the difference between a tributary and a distributary?
-dis-tributaries are branches of a river while tributaries are small channels or rivers which combine to form the main river.
Calcification
-dominant pedogenic process in NA, Eurasia and subtropics -calcium salts are produced in this regime
Soil Taxonomy
-generic -system that is presently in use in the US
Entisols
-last 3 letters in "recent"; these are recent formed soils -soil order covering the greatest surface area on Earth
Aridisols
-latin aridus, "dry"; dry soils
Oxisols
-soils with large amounts of oxygen-containing compounds - most weathered and leached soils
Mesa
... is the spanish word for big table and is applied to flat topped landforms in the american west
In some places, Pleistocene glaciation depressed the Earth's crust as much as ________ meters.
1,200
Essay: Three types of glacial movement
1. Oozing- when a mass of ice attains a thickness of about 50 meters it begins to flow in response to the overlying weight. The entire mass does not move; rather there is an oozing outward from around the edge of an ice sheet or down-valley from the toe of an alpine glacier 2. Laminate flow- along interna planes which causes different portions of the glacier to move with different speeds 3. basal slip- occurs at the bottom of the glacier, in which the entire mass slides over its bed on a lubricating film of water
Essay: What are three conditions that are necessary in order for hydrothermal features to develop?
1. shallow magma pool providing a heat source 2. an abundance of water that can seep downward and become heated 3. a weak or broken ground surface that allows water to move and down easily
At its maximum extent, ice covered almost ___ of the Earth's land surface
1/3
At its maximum extent, ice covered almost ________ of the Earth's land surface.
1/3
The outer and inner cores together make up approximately ________ of the mass of the Earth.
1/3
Crustal plates are on the order of ________ kilometer(s) thick.
100
Oceans are being created and removed from the Earth on a cycling time of about ________.
100 million years
The deepest drill core into the Earth's crust is approximately ________ kilometers deep.
12
The oceanic tides rise and fall in a rhythmic cycle that takes place roughly once every ________ hours.
12
The approximate LAND surface of the Earth totals more than ________ square kilometers.
150 million
The Age of Dinosaurs persisted for some ________ years.
160 million
The current interest in continental drift was started with the notion of sea-floor spreading, which was propounded by Hess and Dietz in the ________.
1960s
In the system of stream orders, the smallest unit in the network is at the
1st order
In the system of stream orders, the smallest unit in the network is at the ________.
1st order
In the system of stream orders, the smallest unit in the network is the
1st order
In some places, the crust of the Earth is rising as much as ________ per decade because of crustal adjustment after the Pleistocene ice melted.`
2 centimeters
The Pleistocene Epoch began at least ________.
2.5 million years ago
Today, more than ________ percent of Earth's surface is affected by periglacial conditions.
20
The maximum world relief is CLOSEST to ________.
20 kilometers
How long ago did the Atlantic start to form as Pangaea started to rift apart?
200 million years
It has been deduced the mantle is composed of ________ concentric layers of various composition and density.
3
Approximately ... percent of the coterminous United States is covered by loess.
30
The longest recorded glacial advance in 24 hours was on the order of ________.
30 meters
About ________ percent of the world's land ice resides in places other than Greenland and Antarctica.
4
The approximate maximum thickness of contemporary glacial ice is ________ meters.
4,000
The Approximate maximum thickness of contemporary glacial ice is
4,000 meters
Approximately ________ different minerals are known.
4,400
Earth's age is ________ billion years old.
4.6
The present estimate of the Earth's age is about ________ years.
4.6 billion
Organic matter usually comprises about ________ percent of total soil volume
5
The sandy barrier islands, characteristic of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, are as long as ________ kilometers.
50
In square kilometers, which of the following is CLOSEST to the amount of land surface covered by Pleistocene ice?
50 million
Which of the following numbers is CLOSEST to the number of active volcanoes on Earth's land surface?
550
The world system of interconnected ocean bottom ridges comes to a total of about ________ kilometers.
60,000
The Rocky Mountains started to be uplifted ________ years ago.
65 million
It is estimated that ________ percent of all contemporary erosion is accomplished by glaciers.
7
On the richer scale, "very large" earthquakes are assigned a number of ________ or above.
7
Which pH reading is suitable for most plants and soil microorganisms
7
) Based on the pH scale soils are neutral at ________
7.0
Spray from breaking waves has been found to move at more than ________ miles an hour
70
Sedimentary rocks are the most common bedrock on the continents and comprise about ________ percent of the surface.
75
Antarctica's ice sheet encompasses about __ percent of the world's total land ice
85
The Earth has been deglaciating for the last ________ years.
9,000
The Earth has be deglaciating for the last
9,000 years
The Alaskan earthquake of 1964 was extraordinarily violent and has been assigned a moment magnitude of ________.
9.2
Antarctica's ice sheet encompasses about ________ percent of the world's total land ice.
90
Currently, the valley floor of Death Valley ________. A) is underlain by hundreds of meters of sediments B) is covered with a deep, saline lake C) shows the influence of tightly folded rocks D) gathers enough moisture to make a small, thick forest E) is rising rapidly
A
Rivers like the Nile or Colorado which rise in moist regions and then flow through arid landscapes are called ________ streams. A) exotic B) gibber C) playa D) barchan E) pediment
A
Which of the following landforms does not belong with the others? A) alluvial fan B) badlands C) butte D) natural bridge E) pillar
A
52. What is a tombolo?
A bar of sand or shingle joining an island to the mainland.
caprock
A bedrock surface resistant to erosion overlying a bed rock surface less resistant to erosion will help creat meas-and-scarp topography. The resistant bedrock surface is ________.
Essay: The landform feature in a glaciated mountains is the cirque- what is it
A cirque is a broad amphitheater hollowed out at the head of a glacial valley. It has very steep, often perpendicular, head and side walls and afloor that is either flat or gently sliping or else gouged enough to form a basin. A cirque marks the place where an alpine glacier originated- it is the first landform feature produced by alpine glaciation
are all in the western United States
A common characteristic of all the basins of interior drainage in the United States is that they _______.
desert vanish
A dark, shiny coat of iron and manganese oxides on pebble, stones, and larger outcrops is known as _______.
structure
A major determinant of a soil's water holding capacity is its _______.
vertical slopes
A prominent feature of loess is its...
blowout
A shallow depression from which an abundance of fine material has been delated is known as a deflation hollow or _______.
________ occurs first in the evolution of a single ocean wave.
A wave of oscillation
44. The oceanic tides rise and fall in a rhythmic cycle that takes place roughly once every ________ hours. A) 12 B) 18 C) 6 D) 24 E) 4
A) 12
In the system of stream orders, the smallest unit in the network is at the ________. A) 1st order B) 2nd order C) 3rd order D) 4th order E) a variable number
A) 1st order
Sedimentary rocks are the most common bedrock on the continents and comprise about ________ percent of the surface. A) 75 B) 55 C) 25 D) 5 E) 95
A) 75
Earth's inner core is thought to consist of _____. A) A rigid mass B) Hydrogen/helium gas C) Sulfur D) Magma E) Superheated water
A) A rigid mass
Which of the following landscapes is most closely associated with jointing? A) Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah B) the folded Appalachian Mountains C) the Front Range of the Rockies D) Hawaiian Volcanoes National Park E) Chief Mountain in Glacier National Park, Montana
A) Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah
The _____ is the thinnest layer. A) Crust B) Mantle C) Asthenosphere D) Outer core E) Inner core
A) Crust
Which of the following is LEAST important in the weathering processes? A) Earthquakes B) Faults C) Joints D) Lava vesicles E) Microscopic open spaces
A) Earthquakes
Niagara Falls tumbles over a massive bed of resistant limestone known as the Niagara ________. A) Escarpment B) Fault C) Anticline D) Syncline E) Basin
A) Escarpment
Which of the following is an advantage of the use of geothermal energy? A) It can be used in home applications. B) It is immune from seismic activity. C) EGS technology can be applied anywhere. D) Large amounts of useful carbon dioxide are released. E) Useful minerals can be "mined" along with hot water.
A) It can be used in home applications.
Which of the following DOES NOT describe a stream's capacity? A) It is always closely related to a stream's competence. B) It is the potential load a stream can transport. C) It is defined as a volume of sediment passing a given point during a given time. D) It varies tremendously from time to time. E) It depends mostly on fluctuations in the volume and velocity of flow.
A) It is always closely related to a stream's competence.
________ is a term which refers to solution landscapes and literally means "barren land"? A) Karst B) Speleothem C) Dolomite D) Fumarole E) Doline
A) Karst
________ is the term for solution topography in areas of limestone bedrock. A) Karst B) Dripstone C) Doline D) Hydrothermal E) Travertine
A) Karst
________ are formed from skeletal remains of coral and other lime-secreting sea animals. A) Limestones B) Schists C) Marbles D) Sandstones E) Shales
A) Limestones
________ does not generally determine the erosive effectiveness of a stream. A) Saltiness B) Volume of flow C) Gradient of the stream bed D) Speed of flow E) Turbulence of flow
A) Saltiness
________ have the most extensive occurrence at the surface of the continental United States? 59) A) Sedimentary rocks B) Metamorphic rocks C) Basaltic rocks D) Intrusive rocks E) Igneous rocks
A) Sedimentary rocks
________ often initiates mass wasting in subarctic and high latitudes. A) The heaving of frozen groundwater B) Short day lengths C) Heavy snow D) Cold temperatures E) Greater gravity nearer the poles
A) The heaving of frozen
Which of the following is NOT a property of minerals? A) They can be human-made. B) They all are composed of crystals. C) Each has a regular pattern of atoms. D) They are totally inorganic. E) Each always has the same chemical composition.
A) They can be human-made.
Which of the following is NOT a property of minerals? A) They can be human-made. B) They are totally inorganic. C) Each always has the same chemical composition. D) Each has a regular pattern of atoms. E) They all are composed of crystals.
A) They can be human-made.
Compared to Earth's crust as a whole, the sedimentary rocks beneath the ocean bottoms are _____. A) Very thin B) Not commonly found C) Laid down vertically instead of horizontally D) Much sandier E) Found almost as deep as is the Moho
A) Very thin
minerals and rocks of the crust? A) a quarter of them B) all of them C) none of them D) three quarters of them E) half of them
A) a quarter of them
Earth's inner core is thought to consist of ________. A) a rigid mass B) superheated water C) sulfur D) magma E) hydrogen/helium gas
A) a rigid mass
Water penetrating into soil promotes chemical weathering by acting as a weak ________. A) acid B) saline solution C) neutral agent D) base E) catalyst
A) acid
Karst landscapes ________. A) are formed by underground processes B) seldom have steep-sided terrain C) can be said to be the same as hydrothermal landscapes D) are somewhat less common in the U.S. than on Earth as a whole E) are formed in arid climates
A) are formed by underground processes
The elevation limit of a stream downcutting on a land mass is called ________. A) base level B) meandering C) ground zero D) a drainage anomaly E) talus
A) base level
Under most of the Earth's land surface, solid rock exists as a buried layer known as ________. A) bedrock B) soil C) an outcrop D) regolith E) sediments
A) bedrock
In rock, ________ is an end product of common solution reactions. A) bicarbonate B) chalk C) gypsum D) dolomite E) limestone
A) bicarbonate
A ________ stream has an interwoven network of small channels separated by much loose debris. A) braided B) meandering C) high-capacity D) thalweg-less E) competent
A) braided
Which material, accumulated from the remains of plants and animals, can produce limestone? A) calcium carbonate B) slate C) carbon dioxide D) clay E) carbon
A) calcium carbonate
The production of travertine first requires that ________ dissolves in hot water and makes an acid that dissolves great quantities of limestone. A) carbon dioxide B) argon C) xenon D) nitrogen E) oxygen
A) carbon dioxide
These rock-forming minerals are light-colored or colorless. They are common components of sedimentary rock and frequently combine with oxygen. A) carbonates B) native elements C) sulfates D) oxides E) halides
A) carbonates
A collapsed doline is the remains of a ________. A) cavern B) stalactite C) sinkhole D) mogote E) stalagmite
A) cavern
Which of the following is NOT descriptive of hill slope form as found in nature? A) concave B) planar C) irregular D) convex E) steep
A) concave
Calcium carbonate is most readily dissolved in ________. A) cool water B) caverns C) warm water D) the process of stalagtite formation E) water nearly saturated with bicarbonate
A) cool water
The lithosphere is sometimes defined as the ________. A) crust and upper mantle B) asthenosphere and mesosphere C) outer and inner core D) upper and lower mantle E) lower mantle and outer core
A) crust and upper mantle
All but one of the following would cause an increase in the erosive effectiveness of stream flow: ________. A) decrease of turbulence B) increase the flow speed C) decrease the resistance of the bedrock D) increase in channel roughness E) steepen the stream gradient
A) decrease of turbulence
Weathering and mass wasting can be classified as ________ processes. A) denudational B) tectonic C) mountain building D) quick E) constructive
A) denudational
Branching channels that cross a delta are known as ________. A) distributaries B) 3rd order streams C) graded streams D) youthful streams E) tributaries
A) distributaries
One of the common surface features of karst landscapes are sinkholes, also known as ________. A) dolines B) tufa C) geysers D) dripstone E) travertine
A) dolines
With the passage of time, all talus migrates ________. A) downslope B) upslope C) very quickly D) only when there are earthquakes E) out of the ravine
A) downslope
In percolating rainwater, dissolved gases and the decay products of local vegetation increases the water's capacity to ________. A) drive chemical reactions B) freeze C) undergo mechanical weathering D) condense E) evaporate
A) drive chemical reactions
Old Faithful is now less predictable because of ________. A) earthquakes in the 1980s B) human changes to the landscape around the geyser C) the natural damming of the Firehole River D) lessening rainfall because of climate change E) cooling of Yellowstone's underground magma chamber
A) earthquakes in the 1980s
The detachment and removal of fragmented rock material is known as ________. A) erosion B) leaching C) sedimentation D) diastrophism E) regolith stripping
A) erosion
When hot water is ejected from a geyser, that flow is called a(n) ________. A) eruption B) tufa C) fumarole D) travertine E) motu
A) eruption
Which of the following is NOT a component of karst landscapes? A) extensive stream channels B) steep slopes C) sinkholes common D) dry stream valleys E) swallow holes common
A) extensive stream channels
The most numerous stream type on the landscape is the ________. A) first-order stream B) second-order stream C) third-order stream D) fourth-order stream E) fifth-order stream
A) first-order stream
Which of the following is NOT associated with biological weathering? A) formation of rock joints B) disintegration of rock by burrowing animals C) expansion of rock cracks by tree roots D) flaking of rock particles because of lichens present E) leaching of nutrient minerals from rocks
A) formation of rock joints
The surface of Yellowstone National Park's geyser basins is covered by whitish silica sinter known as ________. A) geyserite B) talc C) mica D) kimberlite E) frodoite
A) geyserite
Like limestone, ________ is highly susceptible to subsurface erosion. A) gypsum B) shale C) sandstone D) granite E) basalt
A) gypsum
Any stream may lengthen its valley by ________ and delta formation. A) headward erosion B) alluvial deposition C) saltation D) siltation E) delta erosion
A) headward erosion
The presence of a hot spring on the surface means ________. A) heated rocks or magma are underneath B) a volcano will soon erupt C) underground water is virtually absent D) a volcano will erupt within 1,000 years E) the end of Earth is drawing near
A) heated rocks or magma are underneath
Mass movements are likely to happen after ________. A) heavy rains B) denudation C) material has been moved to the talus cone D) summer E) erosion is finished
A) heavy rains
The rotting of rock by the various types of chemical weathering takes place best in ________. A) humid regions B) limestone regions C) arid lands D) polar regions E) upland montane forests
A) humid regions
Which of the following can occur far below the surface in the tropics? A) hydrolysis B) soil formation C) oxidation D) differential weathering E) carbonation
A) hydrolysis
Rhyolite, andesite, basalt, and obsidian are all rocks that are classified as ________. A) igneous and extrusive B) metamorphic and unfoliated C) metamorphic and foliated D) igneous and intrusive E) sedimentary and clastic
A) igneous and extrusive
A stream valley lengthens at the expense of the ________. A) interfluve B) peneplain C) levee D) delta E) alluvial fan
A) interfluve
The most widespread oxides are those that combine oxygen and ________. A) iron B) calcite C) silver D) water E) native elements
A) iron
Soil creep is unimportant in arid regions since lack of water removes the primary ________. A) lubricant B) reason for landslides C) binder D) cement E) catalyst
A) lubricant
The single most important mechanism of transport for weathered overburden in the subarctic zones is ________. A) mass wasting B) frost wedging C) hydrolysis D) exfoliation E) oxidation
A) mass wasting
Which of the following processes is most closely associated with "rusting"? A) oxidation B) carbonation C) hydrolysis D) hydration E) nivation
A) oxidation
Which of the following processes is NOT associated with the biological weathering of he landscape? A) photosynthesis B) wedging by roots C) ion exchange by lichens D) the burrowing of animals E) wetting and drying of lichens
A) photosynthesis
Sandstone is usually metamorphosed into ________. A) quartzite B) magma C) slate D) limestone E) chalcedony
A) quartzite
A typical drainage pattern on conic volcanic mountains would be ________. A) radial B) centripetal C) dendritic D) trellis E) antecedent
A) radial
The altitudinal difference between the highest and lowest points in an area is known as ________. A) relief B) regolith C) the strata D) landscape E) topography
A) relief
A yazoo stream is a type which ________. A) runs parallel to a larger stream for a long distance B) is named for a county in Croatia C) doesn't have natural levees D) flows quickly E) is usually very straight
A) runs parallel to a larger stream for a long distance
In dry climates, ________ is a (are) prevalent process(es). A) salt wedging B) landslides C) carbonation D) hydrolysis E) frost wedging
A) salt wedging
Erosion, compaction, and sedimentation are most closely associated with ________ rocks. A) sedimentary B) basaltic C) intrusive D) metamorphic E) igneous
A) sedimentary
The map of rock distribution in the United States clearly shows ________ rocks are the most extensive type. A) sedimentary B) big C) igneous extrusive D) igneous intrusive E) metamorphic
A) sedimentary
Which of the following describes the vast majority of rock exposed on Earth's land surface? A) sedimentary B) granite C) metamorphic D) foliated E) igneous
A) sedimentary
Shale, sandstone, breccia, and limestone are all rocks that are classified as ________. A) sedimentary and clastic B) metamorphic and foliated C) metamorphic and unfoliated D) igneous and extrusive E) igneous and intrusive
A) sedimentary and clastic
The vast majority of all sedimentary rocks are sandstones, limestones and ________. A) shales B) diamonds C) magmas D) detritus E) schists
A) shales
First order streams are the ________ of all streams. A) shortest B) deepest C) longest D) widest E) fastest
A) shortest
A valley bottom might be differentiated from valley sides in that valley if ________. A) sides commonly have "lips" or "rims" B) sides tend to take more area than valley bottoms C) sides have lesser slopes than valley bottoms D) bottoms are the sites of interfluves E) bottoms tend to be at a higher altitude
A) sides commonly have "lips" or "rims"
In karst landscapes of slight relief, ________ is(are) the most common feature(s). A) sinkholes B) hot springs C) mogotes D) travertine E) caverns
A) sinkholes
In karst topography, ________ are said to be the fundamental unit of both erosion and weathering. A) sinkholes B) joints C) caverns D) rivers E) geysers
A) sinkholes
The mass-wasting type characterized by a crescent-shaped scarp face is the ________. A) slump B) solifluction C) rock glacier D) debris flow E) primary joint
A) slump
Carbonate rock is closely associated with ________. A) solution cavities B) exfoliation C) vesicles D) hydration E) granular disintegration
A) solution cavities
Uplift and rejuvenation are indicated by the presence of landforms known as ________. A) stream terraces B) peneplains C) floodplains D) meanders E) V-shaped valleys
A) stream terraces
"The angle of repose" is a term most closely associated with ________. A) talus B) exfoliation C) chemical weathering D) mudflows E) mechanical weathering
A) talus
Equilibrium theory has serious shortcomings in deserts and areas which are ________. A) tectonically stable B) at high altitudes C) at high latitudes D) within drainage basins E) mountainous
A) tectonically stable
The deepest part of a stream channel is known as the ________. A) thalweg B) valley bottom C) rill D) levee E) deepest part of the stream channel
A) thalweg
The following is found at the base of Earth's crust: A) the Moho B) the mesosophere C) the geosphere D) the outer core E) the inner core
A) the Moho
In the section "An Example of Scale," it is apparent that ________. A) the smallest scale is related to the view from farthest away B) ordinary human experience transcends all the scales C) landform scale has precise definitions in kilometers D) scale is meaningless in landform study E) the largest scale would consider the North American continent
A) the smallest scale is related to the view from farthest away
Movement of underground water promotes solution where ________. A) the water is not saturated with bicarbonate B) the water is flowing in a stream C) high pressures are found D) high temperatures are found E) differences in rock resistance make the rock "softer"
A) the water is not saturated with bicarbonate
The largest sinkholes are in ________ regions. A) tropical B) polar C) ocean D) middle latitude E) high altitude
A) tropical
The process of creep works ________. A) universally B) only in deserts C) only in the tundra D) only in the mountains E) only in the tropics
A) universally
Downcutting is usually most prominent along the ________ part of a stream valley. A) upper B) widest C) lower D) delta E) interfluve
A) upper
The term "decoration stage" of cave development is related to all but one of the following terms: A) uvala B) stalactite C) stalagmite D) speleothem E) carbon dioxide and calcite
A) uvala
complex of intersecting dolines is known as a(n) ________. A) uvala B) cavern C) sinkhole D) speleothem E) geyser basin
A) uvala
Most processes which shape topography are ________. A) very slow B) very rapid C) unknown D) quite abrupt E) no longer active
A) very slow
Compared to Earth's crust as a whole, the sedimentary rocks beneath the ocean bottoms are ________. A) very thin B) much sandier C) laid down vertically instead of horizontally D) not commonly found E) found almost as deep as is the Moho
A) very thin
Lava ________ develop when gas is unable to escape as the lava solidifies. A) vesicles B) holes C) tubes D) cavities E) joints
A) vesicles
Which process must take place FIRST during the denudation of a landscape? A) weathering B) mass wasting C) erosion D) They must occur simultaneously. E) None of them must necessarily occur first.
A) weathering
Surface indicators of turbulence in stream flows include eddies and ________. A) whirlpools B) dissolved load C) meandering D) braided streams E) fluvial processes
A) whirlpools
By Earth history standards, the Grand Canyon is ________. A) young B) as old as the Earth C) not important D) very old E) becoming a first-order landform
A) young
The classical definition of world zoogeographic regions is credited to the 19th century British naturalist?
A.R. Wallace
________ tends to smooth the surface over which a glacier moves.
Abrasion
Both steppe and tundra vegetation zones have what in common?
Absence of trees
57. What is an advantage and a disadvantage of building a dam on a river?
Advantage: -Clean Energy Hydroelectricity harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water to move turbines, which in turn generate electricity. Hydropower is renewable and reduces dependence on fossil fuels. -Regulates Water Supply When a river is dammed, the water pools and forms a reservoir. This allows population centers to collect fresh water during periods of heavy rainfall to be used during droughts and dry spells. Dams can also be used to control flood water and supply a regulated amount of water to surrounding areas for irrigation. Consequently, dams provide a buffer to extreme or irregular weather. Disadvantage: -Floods Surrounding Areas When a river is dammed, water is displaced and surrounding dry areas are flooded. Often this results in the displacement local populations and the inability to use land previously accessible. This can disrupt local activities like agriculture. Moreover, when vegetation is engulfed in water, the dead vegetation releases methane into the atmosphere, increasing the production of greenhouse gases. Additionally, the loss of forestland slows the uptake of carbon dioxide, another greenhouse gas. - Disrupts Ecosystems The flooding of surrounding areas displaces existing wildlife and can disrupt whole ecosystems. Furthermore, marine life that relies on the unobstructed flow of the river (e.g. migratory fish) can be adversely affected
The Great Rift Valley is on the continent of ________.
Africa
Which region had the LEAST coverage (square kilometers) of glacial ice during the Pleistocene?
Africa
Of the states below, which has the greatest number of volcanoes (active or inactive)?
Alaska
The Bering Glacier is in the United States. It is located in the state of ________.
Alaska
The largest contemporary U.S. glacier is in ________.
Alaska
________ is the part of the United States where one could see terranes.
Alaska
FIB The ___ is a depositional feature that accumulates at the mouths of desert canyons
Alluvial fan
bajada
Alluvial fans which have expanded and joined over time form a landscape feature known as a _______.
The vertical distance from the still water level to the crest of a wave is called the ________.
Amplitude
________ is composed of stratified (layered) drift.
An esker
Essay: What is an exotic river
An exotic stream is a stream that flows from a humid region through the desert to reach the ocean. Examples: Nile River, Colorade River
What is an exotic river - define and provide an example of one?
An exotic stream is a stream that flows from a humid region through the desert to reach the ocean. Examples: Nile River; Colorado River.
The Linnaean classification system is based mainly on ?
Anatomical similarities
Along with a few conifer species, this type of plant has dominated Earth for the last 50 or 60 million years?
Angiosperms
These plants perish during times of climatic stress?
Annuals
The world's largest contemporary ice sheet is in
Antarctica
The world's largest contemporary ice sheet is in ________.
Antarctica
Which of the following does NOT have a major concentration of contemporary mountain glaciers?
Appalachian Mountains
Which of the following are not vertebrates?
Arthropods
eluviation
As water percolates into soil, it picks up fine particles of mineral matter from the upper layers and carries them downward
A(n) ________ is a landform which almost always assumes a circular shape.
Atoll
The Great Barrier Reef is associated with ________.
Australia
Trees of the genus Eucalyptus dominate the vegetation of?
Australia
________ was(were) NOT partially covered with substantial by glacial ice during the Pleistocene epoch.
Australia
________ was(were) NOT partially covered with substantial by glacial ice during the Pleistocene epoch.
Australia
Most alluvial fans are ________. A) in mountain canyons B) composed of poorly sorted debris C) composed of bedrock D) aeolian deposits E) in the centers of basins
B
The barren surface composed of consolidated material, usually of exposed bedrock, is ________. A) an erg B) a hamada C) desert armor D) a reg E) none of the above
B
The main dune form in most deserts is crescent shaped and is migrating across a non-sand surface; it is called a(n) ________. A) seif B) barchan C) alluvial D) bajada E) transverse
B
The most common landscape forms in the dry western U.S. are the basin and range and the ________. A) bajada B) mesa and scarp C) hamada D) claypan E) playa
B
The wind rolling pebbles across the desert surface is an example of ________. A) scree B) traction C) abrasion D) creep E) deposition
B
Which of the following features is SMALLEST in area? A) butte B) pillar C) stripped plain D) mesa E) plateau
B
Which of the following is associated with weathering in arid environments as opposed to humid environments? A) greater amounts of chemical weathering B) more angular products of weathering C) faster chemical weathering D) none of the above E) faster mechanical weathering
B
31. At its maximum extent, ice covered almost ________ of the Earth's land surface. A) 4/5 B) 1/3 C) 3/4 D) 1/2 E) 1/10
B) 1/3
Soluble carbonate rocks are at or near approximately ________ percent of Earth's land surface. A) 100 B) 10 C) 1 D) 50 E) 5
B) 10
The deepest drill core into the Earth's crust is approximately _____ kilometers deep. A) 0.5 B) 12 C) 31 D) 360 E) 6,702
B) 12
The deepest drill core into the Earth's crust is approximately ________ kilometers deep. A) 6,702 B) 12 C) 360 D) 0.5 E) 31
B) 12
The approximate LAND surface of the Earth totals more than ________ square kilometers. A) 15 thousand B) 150 million C) 1.5 billion D) 15 trillion E) 1.5 thousand
B) 150 million
________ is a dark, fine-grained extrusive rock. A) Granite B) Basalt C) Tufa D) Shale E) Conglomerate
B) Basalt
________ is the end product of the solution of limestone in water. A) Dolomite B) Calcium bicarbonate C) Carbon dioxide D) Nitric acid E) Gypsum
B) Calcium bicarbonate
________ is a facilitator of mass wasting. A) Talus B) Clay C) Gravel D) Friction E) Calcium carbonate
B) Clay
________ is an "internal" process. A) Weathering B) Diastrophism C) Aeolian D) Fluvial E) Mass wasting
B) Diastrophism
________ might happen directly as the result of the removal of an overlying weight from the landscape. A) Hydrolysis B) Exfoliation C) A slump D) Soil creep E) Mass wasting
B) Exfoliation
Which of the following associations is generally TRUE? A) Internal processes: wearing-down and destructive B) External processes: decrease local relief C) External processes: creative and uplifting D) Internal processes: well understood E) External processes: poorly understood
B) External processes: decrease local relief
________ is the counterpart of "scouring." A) Erosion B) Filling C) Turbulence D) Corrosion E) Degradation
B) Filling
Yellowstone National Park is the world's classic location for hydrothermal activity and the ________ River drainage basin contains most of the hydrothermal activity. So, this river basin is the world's best spot to observe hydrothermal activity. A) Bear B) Firehole C) Snake D) Wind E) Teton
B) Firehole
________ is(are) the most obvious result of weathering. A) Slumps B) Fragmentation of bedrock C) Earthquakes D) Joints E) Landslides
B) Fragmentation of bedrock
________ is an example of a native element. A) Lead B) Gold C) Calcite D) Halite E) Iron
B) Gold
The theory of continental drift was revived, expanded, and put into its present form _____. A) Last year B) In the 1960s C) In the 1910s D) In the 1800s E) In the 1700s
B) In the 1960s
Which of the following does NOT fit the requirement to be a mineral? A) It must be made up of inorganic substances. B) It must have economic value. C) It must have the same chemical composition wherever found. D) It must form a regular pattern of crystals. E) It must be found in nature.
B) It must have economic value.
________ move downslope as much as 160 kilometers per hour. A) Solifluction lobes B) Landslides C) Slump blocks D) Rock glaciers E) Debris flows
B) Landslides
The thickest of Earth's interior layers is the _____. A) Crust B) Mantle C) Outer core D) Inner core E) Moho
B) Mantle
________ are karst features also known as "haystack hills." A) Speleothems B) Mogotes C) Sinkholes D) Fumaroles E) Dolines
B) Mogotes
The inferential knowledge concerning the nature of the interior of the Earth has been accumulated by _____. A) Computer modeling B) Seismic wave analysis C) Gravity studies D) Lunar cycles E) Astronomy
B) Seismic wave analysis
________ is a sedimentary rock formed mechanically from fine silt and clay particles. A) Sandstone B) Shale C) Basalt D) Limestone E) Granite
B) Shale
________ are typically found at the intersections of joints. A) Uvala B) Sinkholes C) Rivers D) Tower karst E) Magma chambers
B) Sinkholes
Which of the following is NOT closely associated with large landslides? A) Earthquakes B) Solifluction C) Fault zones D) Heavy rains E) Large joints
B) Solifluction
Tower karst forms spectacular scenery in which part of the world? A) Yellowstone National Park B) Southeastern China C) Most of Alaska D) The Alps of Europe E) The Rocky Mountains near Denver
B) Southeastern China
Crustal movements of various kinds in the Earth's crust is collectively called _____ activity. A) 1st order B) Tectonic C) Detrital D) Clastic E) Metamorphic
B) Tectonic
Rivers downcutting into a land surface, in the absence of other forces, usually tend to erode a ________-shaped form. A) U B) V C) groove D) flat bottomed E) delta
B) V
Among all the hydrothermal areas in the world, the greatest concentration of activity is along the Firehole River in ________. A) California B) Wyoming C) Spain D) South Africa E) Iceland
B) Wyoming
Which of the following would be most likely to develop a radial drainage pattern? A) flat-lying, sedimentary rocks B) a cone-shaped volcano C) a delta D) mountain ridges caused by faulting E) folded, ridge-and-valley topography
B) a cone-shaped volcano
Niagara Falls is a large waterfall on a river, so it can be considered as an example of ________. A) stream capture B) a knickpoint C) a rill D) a water gap E) lateral erosion
B) a knickpoint
The final result of the classical theory of the geomorphic cycle concept is ________. A) maturity B) a peneplain C) an initial surface D) old age E) youth
B) a peneplain
When a first-order stream joins a second-order stream, the result is always ________. A) a first-order stream B) a second-order stream C) a third-order stream D) a fourth-order stream E) a variable-order stream
B) a second-order stream
Creep associated with animals and resembling a faint network of trails is called ________. A) oxidation B) a terracette C) a seiche D) hydrolysis E) solifluction
B) a terracette
Clay is a facilitator for mass wasting because clay ________. A) dissolves when wet B) absorbs water C) particles are larger than sand D) has solution cavities E) particles are so small
B) absorbs water
Life appeared on Earth ________. A) the day before yesterday B) as one-celled organisms and remained so over most of Earth's history C) after most of Earth's history was already over D) within the last one million years E) very early in Earth's history
B) as one-celled organisms and remained so over most of Earth's history
In the original language, "karst" means "________". A) cavern B) barren land C) solution D) flat E) limestone
B) barren land
Limestone caverns are closely associated with ________. A) granite bedrock B) bedding and jointing planes C) bicarbonate acting as an acid to dissolve rocks D) hot springs and geysers E) dissolution of minerals as they enter the caverns
B) bedding and jointing planes
Of the following fluvial terms, which is most closely associated with stream capture? A) braided B) beheaded C) meander D) interfluve E) thalweg
B) beheaded
The rapid appearance of new sinkholes in Florida can be explained by which of the following? A) the rise of the water table B) buildings built on top of bedrock cavities C) several years of above-normal rainfall D) sandstone E) climate change
B) buildings built on top of bedrock cavities
Underground water is a weak ________ acid. A) sulfuric B) carbonic C) nitric D) tannic E) citric
B) carbonic
One sub-surface material which intensifies the process of earthquakes and mass movement is ________. A) batholiths B) clay C) calcium carbonate D) boulders E) scree
B) clay
The major end product of chemical weathering is(are) ________. A) sands B) clays C) airborne dust D) talus E) silts
B) clays
The cation exchange capacity is most closely associated with ________
B) colloids
In the text, West Virginia is offered as a superb example of ________. A) annular and radial patterns B) contrasts between dendritic and trellis drainage C) drainage basins D) antecedent streams E) superimposed streams
B) contrasts between dendritic and trellis drainage
The slowest and least perceptible form of mass wasting is ________. A) exfoliation B) creep C) solifluction D) landslide E) mudflow
B) creep
A mudflow including numerous larger blocks of material is a(n) ________. A) slump B) debris flow C) earth slide D) earth flow E) rock glacier
B) debris flow
The solubility of carbon dioxide ________ as water temperature ________. A) stays the same, decreases B) decreases, increases C) increases, increases D) decreases, stays the same E) decreases, decreases
B) decreases, increases
This drainage pattern looks like the veins on the underside of a leaf: A) radial B) dendritic C) centripetal D) annular E) trellis
B) dendritic
Which is the most common type of drainage pattern? A) trellis B) dendritic C) centripetal D) annular E) radial
B) dendritic
Which of the following is the major concept which all the others are part of? A) drainage divide B) drainage basin C) valley bottom D) valley side E) interfluve
B) drainage basin
Frost wedging is NOT a significant agent in producing ________. A) sand B) dust C) mechanical weathering effects D) clay E) large boulders
B) dust
A(n) ________ forms when a stream has been beheaded by stream capture. 82) A) waterfall B) elbow C) floodplain D) trellis drainage pattern E) knickpoint
B) elbow
If a stream carries water only during and immediately after a rain, it is classified as ________. A) dendritic B) ephemeral C) perennial D) intermittent E) exotic
B) ephemeral
Water is a major agent of weathering because of its property that, when it freezes, it decreases in density and ________. A) evaporates B) expands in volume C) turns acidic D) turns white E) stays in liquid form below 0°Celsius
B) expands in volume
Igneous rocks deposited on the surface and then cooled are known as ________. A) intrusive B) extrusive C) detrital D) clastic E) core
B) extrusive
Jointing is most regularly patterned in ________. A) soil B) fine-grained rocks C) coarse-grained rocks D) exfoliated rocks E) faulted rocks
B) fine-grained rocks
Which of the following mass movements involves the greatest amount of water? A) slump B) flow C) slide D) solifluction E) rockfall
B) flow
The banding characteristic of metamorphic rocks is ________. A) relief B) foliation C) stratification D) uniformitarianism E) magma
B) foliation
A ________ is similar to a geyser except that it erupts no liquid water; it sends out only steam. A) travertine B) fumarole C) geyser D) sinter E) hot spring
B) fumarole
Where the land is flat, ________ exerts a minimal influence on topographic development. A) biological weathering B) gravity C) mechanical weathering D) water E) chemical weathering
B) gravity
Mass wasting is most likely during ________. A) the perihelion of Earth to the Sun B) heavy rain C) joint formation D) freezing temperatures E) daytime
B) heavy rain
Density ________ depth in the Earth's crust. A) remains largely the same with B) increases with C) is insignificant with D) decreases with E) is not described by any of the above with respect to
B) increases with
The land separating adjoining valleys is known as a(n) ________. A) rill B) interfluve C) gulley D) levee E) valley side
B) interfluve
Which of the following is LEAST affected by the action of channelized water? A) valley bottoms B) interfluves C) valley sides D) stream channels E) floodplains
B) interfluves
The geographer's concern with the Earth's interior ________. A) makes up most of the content of physical geography B) is restricted to its influence on Earth surface features C) is not important D) is mainly concerned with the drilling for natural gas and oil E) created the science of geology
B) is restricted to its influence on Earth surface features
Within the Earth is molten mineral matter called ________. A) extrusive material B) magma C) bedrock D) rock E) soil
B) magma
The ________ is NOT a portion of Earth's interior. A) asthenosphere B) magnetosphere C) lithosphere D) Moho E) outer core
B) magnetosphere
A fumarole has ________. A) sandstone, usually, as its bedrock B) many of the characteristics of a hot spring C) a direct connection to a cave D) liquid water as its principal product E) a large amount of water involved in its functions
B) many of the characteristics of a hot spring
Large ________ extend for considerable distances and depths through rock. Below the surface, there is minimal separation between the blocks on either side. A) faults B) master joints C) solution cavities D) glory holes E) vesicles
B) master joints
A flat alluvium-floored valley with fairly steep walls and a stream beginning to meander would be in the ________ stage of the erosion cycle. A) old age B) mature C) bajada D) peneplain E) youth
B) mature
Where is the daily temperature change the most significant in rock weathering? A) the humid tropics B) mountain summits C) the Arctic region D) the subtropical deserts E) midlatitude valleys
B) mountain summits
Flow in a stream usually is fastest ________. A) near the mouth B) near the center and slightly below the surface C) near the sides D) during low-flow conditions E) near the bottom
B) near the center and slightly below the surface
On a meandering stream, maximum erosion takes place along the ________. A) inner edge of the meanders B) outer edge of the meanders C) bottom D) places with the slowest flow E) islands
B) outer edge of the meanders
When a stalactite meets a stalagmite the result is a ________. A) doline B) pillar C) tombolo D) dripstone E) hydrothermal
B) pillar
Yellowstone National Park has the three necessary ingredients for hydrothermal activity: molten material close to the surface, broken rock material close to the surface, and ________. A) acidic groundwater B) plentiful precipitation C) relatively high altitude D) steep slopes E) much limestone
B) plentiful precipitation
In a cavernas compared with its bedrock surroundingslime readily precipitates from solution because ________. A) the water is purer B) pressure is lowered and evaporation is possible C) pressures are greater D) the water can run in streams E) temperatures are greater
B) pressure is lowered and evaporation is possible
An oxbow lake was formerly a ________. A) knickpoint B) river meander C) natural levee D) marsh E) stream terrace
B) river meander
The process in which small particles are moved along by streamflow or wind in a series of jumps or bounces is ________. A) traction B) saltation C) base level D) meandering E) turbulence
B) saltation
A strongly metamorphosed rock with narrow foliation is ________. A) basalt B) schist C) gneiss D) limestone E) tufa
B) schist
Which of the following represents the largest and most important group of rock-forming minerals? The bulk of the crust of the Earth is composed of these minerals. A) oxides B) silicates C) native elements D) sulfates E) carbonates
B) silicates
The slopes of these features have angles of repose of 20° to 30°. A) cavern walls B) sinkholes C) stalagmites D) geyser basins E) pillars
B) sinkholes
Shale is usually metamorphosed into ________. A) gneiss B) slate C) tufa D) marble E) basalt
B) slate
When magma cools rapidly, it results in ________. A) large crystals B) small crystals C) detritus D) foliation E) earthquakes
B) small crystals
Which of the following is not very resistant to solution in water? A) iron B) sodium C) diamond D) aluminum E) silicon
B) sodium
Which of the following terms does NOT belong with the others? A) hydrothermal activity B) speleothem C) hot spring D) geyser E) fumarole
B) speleothem
The direct collision of a raindrop with the ground, laterally shifting fine particles a few millimeters, is ________. A) valley cutting B) splash erosion C) plucking D) rill formation E) peds pushing
B) splash erosion
Sedimentary deposits built into relatively regular layers are known as ________. A) intrusive exfoliation B) strata C) granite D) detrital striations E) clastic inclusions
B) strata
A joint can be distinguished from a fault in that ________. A) joints are a feature of cold climates exclusively B) there is no movement along joints C) there is wider separation between two sides D) joints are not found in metamorphic rocks E) there is no difference between joints and faults
B) there is no movement along joints
A(n) ________ pattern of drainage usually develops on alternating bands of hard and soft strata. A) dendritic B) trellis C) centripetal D) annular E) radial
B) trellis
In rock, ________ is another term for pressure release. A) rusting B) unloading C) slumping D) creep E) oxidation
B) unloading
Foliation refers to this characteristic of rocks: A) small crystals B) wavy, banded lines C) large crystals D) hollow cores E) numerous joints
B) wavy, banded lines
A steep walled defile with a V-shaped profile and narrow valley floor would, according to the geomorphic cycle, be in the ________ stage. A) peneplain B) youthful C) old age D) mature E) equilibrium
B) youthful
Which of the following is NOT a property of soil clay? 45) A) occurs as thin laminar sheets B) made primarily of silt C) colloidal in size D) It is able to hold water to itself. E) Many chemical reactions occur on its surfaces.
B- MADE PRIMARILY OF SILT
The soil-forming factor which is said to make soil more than "just dirt" is the ________ factor.
BIOLOGICAL
________ is a dark, fine-grained extrusive rock.
Basalt
7.0
Based on the pH scale soils are neutral at _____.
Which of the following is a zone of active deposition of materials by waves?
Berm
An interfluve can be found ________.
Between Valleys
The geographic study of living organisms is?
Biogeography
What is the total complex of plant and animal life in an area?
Biota
Which country has the largest expanse of tropical rainforest?
Brazil
Badlands are closely associated with Badlands National Park in South Dakota and ...
Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah
Because of short steep canyons on the east side of Death Valley no ________ are found there. A) horsts B) mesas C) bajadas D) pedestal rocks E) salt pans
C
One of the primary special characteristics of deserts is their ________. A) lack of trees other than palms B) prevalence of soil creep C) basins of internal drainage D) complete absence of precipitation E) complete absence of vegetation
C
Sand dunes are composed mainly of individual grains of ________. A) sodium B) lime C) quartz D) calcium carbonate E) loess
C
Sapping is an erosional process closely associated with ________. A) playas B) sand dunes C) rock joints D) metamorphism in arid lands E) volcanoes in arid lands
C
The ________ is a type of very long dune which might form as an adjustment to two seasonal wind systems. A) crescent B) transverse C) seif D) blowout E) barchan
C
The ________ zone at the base of desert mountain ranges is one of the most prominent areas of active fluvial deposition. A) deflation B) gibber C) piedmont D) wadi E) none of the above
C
The unconsolidated parent materials beneath the level of roots is called the ________ horizon of soil.
C ---------- (LITERALLY THE LETTER)
It has been deduced the mantle is composed of ________ concentric layers of various composition and density. A) 9 B) 51 C) 3 D) 153 E) 27
C) 3
Within 5%, the typical angle of repose is ________. A) 15% B) 90% C) 35% D) 55% E) 5%
C) 35%
The Rocky Mountains started to be uplifted ________ years ago. A) 6.5 billion B) 0.65 million C) 65 million D) 650 million E) 6.5 million
C) 65 million
________ is a calcium magnesium carbonate rock which dissolves almost as easily as limestone. A) Shale B) Gneiss C) Dolomite D) Granite E) Basalt
C) Dolomite
________ is NOT a direct cause of sedimentary deposits forming into rock. A) Chemical cementation B) Pressure C) Erosion D) Weight of the overburden E) Precipitation of materials from water
C) Erosion
With respect to minerals, which of the following is TRUE? A) "Mineral" is a synonym for "rock" B) All minerals have probably been discovered C) Fewer than 20 minerals make up 95% of the crust D) Over 500,000 minerals exist E) All minerals crystals are too small to be seen
C) Fewer than 20 minerals make up 95% of the crust
From the text's description it is clear that sinkholes conflict with urban land uses in ________. A) Los Angeles B) New York city C) Florida D) Iowa E) Chicago
C) Florida
Which is a fundamental question at the heart of any geographic inquiry? A) How often? B) What? C) If so? D) Why? E) So what?
C) If so?
Density _____ depth in the Earth's crust. A) decreases with B) Remains largely the same with C) Increases with D) Is insignificant with E) Is not described by any of the above with respect to
C) Increases with
Which of the following rivers has the largest delta in the world? A) Amazon B) Thames C) Indus D) Mississippi E) Ob
C) Indus
Which of the following does NOT fit the requirement to be a mineral? A) It must be found in nature. B) It must be made up of inorganic substances. C) It must have economic value. D) It must have the same chemical composition wherever found. E) It must form a regular pattern of crystals.
C) It must have economic value.
________ are the most common structural features of rocks. A) Solution cavities B) Lava vesicles C) Joints D) Fractures E) Faults
C) Joints
The "plates" in plate tectonics are in the _____. A) Crust B) Asthenosphere C) Lithosphere D) Outer core E) Inner core
C) Lithosphere
________ is the basic characteristic that occurs in overland flow and not in stream flow. A) Sediment transport B) Gravitational influence C) Non-channelized-channelized flow D) Erosion E) Traction
C) Non-channelized-channelized flow
The earliest era in the geologic time scale is ________. A) Archaeozoic B) Mesozoic C) Precambrian D) Cenozoic E) Paleozoic
C) Precambrian
The largest and most important mineral family consists of the _____. A) Sulfides B) Oxides C) Silicates D) Bromides E) Halides
C) Silicates
The term "karst" is derived from the language in a section of ________. A) Brazil B) Australia C) Slovenia D) New York City E) the former Soviet Union
C) Slovenia
________ refers to the analytical element of landscape study concerned with the nature, arrangement, and orientation of the materials comprising the observed feature(s). A) Isostasy B) Drainage C) Structure D) Slope E) Process
C) Structure
Over time, which of the following has happened to Niagara Falls? A) They have migrated several kilometers downstream. B) They have become rapids. C) They have migrated several kilometers upstream. D) They have drained away most of Lake Ontario's water. E) They have evolved into the world's most famous example of stream capture.
C) They have migrated several kilometers upstream.
Which of the following is a landscape feature that would be LAST to form on a karst landscape? A) Cavern B) Sinkholes C) Tower karst D) Collapsed doline E) Disappearing stream
C) Tower karst
40. Glaciers carve ________-shaped valleys. A) V B) T C) U D) Q E) S
C) U
"The present is the key to the past" is the summarization of the doctrine of ________. A) Fundamentalism B) Earth history C) Uniformitarianism D) Precambrian time E) Analogy
C) Uniformitarianism
14. Rivers down cutting into a land surface, in the absence of other forces, usually tend to erode a ________-shaped form. A) U B) delta C) V D) groove E) flat bottomed
C) V
By far, the world's largest concentration of hydrothermal features occurs in ________. A) Florida B) Chile C) Wyoming D) Siberia E) Switzerland
C) Wyoming
Which of the following is a feature associated with a yazoo stream? A) a V-shaped valley B) lack of a floodplain C) a flow parallel to a large stream D) mountainous terrain E) an escarpment
C) a flow parallel to a large stream
Which of the following enhances the rate of solution of bedrock? A) rock including great amounts of aluminum B) stagnation of underground water C) a profusion of joints and bedding planes D) an arid climate E) a cold climate
C) a profusion of joints and bedding planes
The eventual result of ________ is to reduce almost all stream-carried debris to very small silt particles. A) sheet erosion B) rill erosion C) abrasion D) splash erosion E) precipitation
C) abrasion
Niagara Falls were formed ________. A) during Precambrian time approximately a billion years ago B) after a series of spectacular earthquakes which are still helping the falls evolve C) after the retreat of the Pleistocene ice sheets a few thousand years ago D) by humans as a result of the damming of the St. Lawrence River E) so long ago that the river's knickpoint is now gone
C) after the retreat of the Pleistocene ice sheets a few thousand years ago
A(n) ________ stream flows over a landscape that has been lifted so slowly so that the stream is able to maintain its course (even through mountains). A) consequent B) subsequent C) antecedent D) channelized E) superimposed
C) antecedent
Which of the following DECREASES with increasing stream order number? A) average watershed area B) average stream capacity C) average stream gradient D) average stream length E) average stream discharge
C) average stream gradient
A slump is a downslope movement with a ________. A) sag pond B) lava vesicle C) backwards rotation D) tsunami E) plateau formation
C) backwards rotation
Which of the following is NOT a type of opening along which weathering agents attack bedrock? A) joints B) solution cavities C) batholiths D) lava vesicles E) faults
C) batholiths
Limestone is composed primarily of ________. A) cations B) igneous material C) calcite D) tufa E) silt
C) calcite
The chemical binder for many sedimentary rocks, such as limestone, is ________. A) phosphorous B) boron C) calcium carbonate D) basalt E) nitrogen
C) calcium carbonate
Travertine and tufa are both composed of ________. A) granite B) igneous rock C) calcium carbonate D) non-soluble minerals E) heat-resistant algae
C) calcium carbonate
Salt wedging is most closely associated with ________. A) chemical weathering B) plant roots C) capillary action D) freeze/thaw cycles E) humid climates
C) capillary action
Which of the following is NOT closely associated with hydrothermal activity? A) hot springs B) Yellowstone National Park C) caverns D) geysers E) fumaroles
C) caverns
Some sedimentary rocks are formed chemically and known as ________. A) magma B) igneous intrusive rocks C) chemical sedimentary rocks D) granites E) basalts
C) chemical sedimentary rocks
Solution and hydrolysis combine to create ________ in streams. A) abrasion B) saltation C) corrosion D) stream load E) hydraulic head
C) corrosion
The chemical erosion of stream channels is known as ________. A) turbulence B) erosion C) corrosion D) competence E) abrasion
C) corrosion
The ________ is the thinnest layer. A) mantle B) inner core C) crust D) asthenosphere E) outer core
C) crust
Which of the following is NOT an external geomorphic process? A) deposition B) weathering C) diastrophism D) mass wasting E) erosion D) mass wasting E) erosion
C) diastrophism
Which of the following is the SHORTEST amount of time? A) period B) Earth history C) epoch D) the Precambrian E) era
C) epoch
Which of the following is NOT associated with sedimentary rocks? A) fragmented parts of preexisting rocks B) cementation C) extrusion of magma D) skeletal remains of coral E) stratification
C) extrusion of magma
Rapid cooling in molten, extrusive materials makes the resulting materials ________. A) dense B) hard C) fine-grained D) large-grained E) soft
C) fine-grained
The most prominent of all depositional landscapes is the ________. A) oxbow lake B) backswamps C) floodplain D) cut-off E) meander scar
C) floodplain
Frost wedging is associated with ________ in coarse-grained rocks. A) hydrolysis B) slumping C) granular disintegration D) solution cavities E) faults
C) granular disintegration
Which type of erosion involves the most sediment per square meter in the places where it occurs? A) splash erosion B) sheet erosion C) gully erosion D) erosion by raindrops E) rill erosion
C) gully erosion
In hydrothermal situations, superheating of water is possible because of the presence of ________. A) bedding planes B) joints C) high pressure D) lava E) sodium bicarbonate
C) high pressure
The most rapid landscape solution occurs in ________ areas. A) dry B) middle latitude C) humid D) cold E) granite
C) humid
Exfoliation is probably the result of unloading and ________. A) jointing B) glaciation C) hydration D) salt wedging E) mechanical weathering
C) hydration
Gravity is the main force impelling movement in all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) slide B) creep C) hydrolysis D) solifluction E) fall
C) hydrolysis
The chemical union of water with another substance is called ________. A) oxidation B) talus C) hydrolysis D) solifluction E) magma
C) hydrolysis
Granite, diorite, gabbro, and peridotite are ________ rocks. A) metamorphic foliated B) igneous extrusive C) igneous intrusive D) sedimentary clastic E) sedimentary chemical and organic
C) igneous intrusive
Where is one unlikely find much alluvium deposited in a stream valley? A) at the bottom of the thalweg B) in overflow areas C) in places where velocity increases D) in the center of the stream E) along the stream sides
C) in places where velocity increases
The concept of plate tectonics ________. A) shows the astenosphere is floating on top of plates B) is a theory with few proofs C) is related to faulting and volcanic activity D) would definitely be true if the Earth were far older E) was proven hundreds of years ago
C) is related to faulting and volcanic activity
An earthflow is most conspicuous in ________ where a bulging lobe of material pushes out onto a valley floor. A) its center B) landslide zones C) its lower reaches D) its upper reaches E) rock glacier zones
C) its lower reaches
Marble is metamorphosed ________. A) shale B) gneiss C) limestone D) slate E) schist
C) limestone
The process of solifluction works ________. A) universally B) mainly in the tropical rainforest C) mainly in the tundra D) underwater E) mainly in the midlatitudes
C) mainly in the tundra
Slate, schist, and gneiss are all rocks which are classified as ________. A) metamorphic and unfoliated B) igneous and intrusive C) metamorphic and foliated D) sedimentary and clastic E) igneous and extrusive
C) metamorphic and foliated
If no water is involved, rocks can mechanically weather if they undergo ________ temperature change cycles. A) a dozen B) two C) millions of D) hundreds of E) thousands of
C) millions of
All major geyser basins are similar in that they are covered with ________. A) a gravel layer B) tufa layers C) mineral deposits D) a salt glaze E) a thick sulfur layer
C) mineral deposits
Which of the following form of mass wasting is relatively fast and wet compared to the others? A) solifluction B) slump C) mudflow D) rock glacier E) creep
C) mudflow
The basic elements for an analytical approach to landform development do NOT include which of the following? A) structure B) slope C) normality D) drainage E) process
C) normality
A peneplain is the ________ of the classical geomorphic cycle of erosion. A) youthful stage B) end product C) old age stage D) beginning E) mature stage
C) old age stage
Which stream channels tend to be most turbulent? A) ones with smooth channel bottoms B) wide ones C) ones with high speeds of flow D) deep ones E) the ones having the slowest flow
C) ones with high speeds of flow
The basic classification of rock types is based on their ________. A) color B) crystal structure C) origin D) petrology E) pH
C) origin
Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are those formed from ________. A) granite B) oxygen C) pieces of other rocks D) silt E) magma
C) pieces of other rocks
Which material is most resistant to chemical weathering? A) limestone B) gypsum C) quartz D) dolomite E) iron-bearing rocks
C) quartz
Clays which change to a near-liquid state as a result of sudden disturbance are ________ clays. A) sandy B) scree C) quick D) talus E) mudflow
C) quick
Jointing systems cause many caverns to have a(n) ________ pattern. A) circular B) inconspicuous C) rectangular D) linear E) random
C) rectangular
Oxidation of aluminum causes which of the following colors on the surfaces of rocks? A) light purple B) grayish-blue C) reddish brown D) black E) lime green
C) reddish brown
A considerable body of knowledge concerning Earth's interior has been amassed through all these methods EXCEPT ________. A) digging mines B) studying seismic waves C) sampling rocks from Earth's core D) studying Earth's magnetism E) drilling wells
C) sampling rocks from Earth's core
In a section of the chapter "Introduction to Landform Study," the authors write about Horseshoe Park in the Colorado Rockies and about looking back at North America from a spacecraft. The point of this is to understand more about ________ and the landscape. A) local relief B) folding C) scale D) volcanoes E) rocks
C) scale
The most widely distributed type of metamorphic rock is ________. A) quartz B) granite C) schist D) opal E) sandstone
C) schist
The best example of a product of mass wasting is ________. A) limestone B) faults C) scree D) exfoliation domes E) sandstone monoliths
C) scree
The inferential knowledge concerning the nature of the interior of the Earth has been accumulated by ________. A) gravity studies B) lunar cycles C) seismic wave analysis D) computer modeling E) astronomy
C) seismic wave analysis
The most common sedimentary rock is ________. A) marble B) limestone C) shale D) basalt E) sandstone
C) shale
Which feature is created by solution? A) stalagmites B) stalactites C) sinkholes D) pillars E) speleothems
C) sinkholes
The rock type which results from metamorphosed shale is ________. A) quartz B) marble C) slate D) gneiss E) limestone
C) slate
In the formation of igneous rocks, large crystal size is closely related to ________. A) absence of light B) percentage of silica C) slow cooling D) fast cooling E) percentage of oxygen
C) slow cooling
Caverns are most closely associated with ________. A) joints B) lava vesicles C) solution cavities D) microscopic open spaces E) faults
C) solution cavities
Which of the following is uncommon along streams? A) alluvium B) floodplains C) straight channels D) natural levees E) thalwegs
C) straight channels
The degree of turbulence in stream flow is determined by the velocity and the ________. A) tidal bore B) solar incidence C) stream channel roughness D) bedrock chemistry E) water density
C) stream channel roughness
Lechuguilla Cave in New Mexico is special because a significant amount of the dissolution of its carbonate rocks was accomplished by ________. A) jointing B) carbonic acid C) sulfuric acid D) earthquakes E) sinter corrosion
C) sulfuric acid
Invariably, hydrolysis makes a mineral ________. A) redder B) denser C) take up more volume D) more acidic E) more beautiful
C) take up more volume
The relief we see today is best thought of as ________. 88) A) not very diverse B) everlasting in terms of Earth history C) temporary D) unexplainable E) a product of internal, rather than external, processes
C) temporary
Which of the following illustrates the concept of "relief"? A) uplift of sediments after erosion of overlying sediments B) the substitution of one subaerial process for another C) the vertical distance between lowest and highest points in an area D) altitude E) the cessation of volcanic activity
C) the vertical distance between lowest and highest points in an area
The viewpoint that past processes are the same as the present ones which created our present land surface is known as ________. A) foliation B) diastrophism C) uniformitarianism D) plate tectonics E) volcanism
C) uniformitarianism
Which three substances are required to interact to form calcium bicarbonate? A) plants, magnesium, dolomite B) carbon dioxide, sunlight, and plants C) water, carbon dioxide, and lime D) water, carbon dioxide, and dolomite E) oxygen, water, magnesium bicarbonate
C) water, carbon dioxide, and lime
Which is NOT a main soil-forming factors? A) geologic B) climatic C) human activity D) chronological E) topographic
C. HUMAN ACTIVITY
Which location does NOT possess a fjorded coastline?
California
________ is the location of the highest tides in the world. 33)
Canada
The present binomial system of biological classification was devised by?
Carolus Linnaeus
The most recent Era on the Earth is ________.
Cenozoic
A large component of the world's selva is located in?
Central Africa
Essay: Briefly discuss what would cause a landscape and its streams to be rejuvenated.
Changes in the base level of a stream can occur as a result of either tectonic process or climatic change. Landmasses may rise in response to faulting or other tectonic uplift. Perhaps sea level may drop in response to the growth of glaciers. As a result of either of these streams would be rejuvneated and begin to cut down to reach base level
Which of the following is NOT associated with beaches?
Clay
What is most associated with environmental equilibrium in a vegetation community?
Climax vegetation
33. According to the map in the textbook, the southernmost extent of contemporary glaciers in the United States is in California and ________. A) Maine B) Florida C) Minnesota D) Colorado E) Wyoming
Colorado
According to the map in the textbook, the southernmost extent of contemporary glaciers in the United States is in California and ________.
Colorado
Flood basalts cover much of the ocean floor, India, and in North America, the ________.
Columbia Plateau
________ is least available to plants because it is held in chemical combination with the minerals in the soil
Combined water
20. ________ is a measure of the particle size a stream can transport. A) Gradient B) Force C) Equilibrium D) Capacity E) Competence
Competence
Essay: What is the difference between competence and stream capacity
Competence is a measure of the particle size a stream can transport, expressed by the diameter of the largest particles that can be moved. Capacity is a measure of the amount of solid material a stream has the potential to transport normally expressed as the volume of material passing a given point in the stream channel during a given time interval.
The chemical erosion of stream channels is known as ________.
Corrosion
Which of the following is NOT a landscape caused by faulting?
Crater Lake, Oregon
Bornhardts are ________. A) also known as alluvial fans B) a type of steep-walled gulley C) formed by depositional processes D) a type of inselberg E) formed by aeolian processes
D
High salt concentrations give a striking whitish surface to ________. A) wadis B) alcove arches C) pedestals D) salinas E) mesas
D
If a salty playa lake evaporates, a ________ might be left behind. A) scarp B) gulley C) wadi D) salina E) pediment
D
In the creation of rock escarpments in dry lands, much of the undermining is accomplished by a process called ________. A) erosion B) evapotranspiration C) sandblasting D) sapping E) particulate sorting
D
Which of the following is NOT an area thickly covered with loess? A) portions of eastern China B) portions of Russia C) portions of the central United States D) portions of Antarctica E) portions of Argentina
D
________ is the primary agent that anchors sand dunes to prevent their migration. A) Liquid water B) Soil C) Wind D) Vegetation E) Ice
D
________ represents the largest region with continuing desertification. A) The North American Great Plains B) The Amazon rainforest C) The basin-and-range D) The Sahel E) The Sahara
D
The outer and inner cores together make up approximately ________ of the mass of the Earth. A) 1/3,000 B) 1/30,000 C) 1/300 D) 1/3 E) 1/30 E) 1/30
D) 1/3
________ is an expression of the total load a stream can transport. A) Competence B) Corrosion C) Volume D) Capacity E) Bedload
D) Capacity
________ is a measure of the particle size a stream can transport. A) Capacity B) Gradient C) Force D) Competence E) Equilibrium
D) Competence
The geographer's concern with Earth's interior is restricted primarily to its influence on ________. A) magnet fields B) oxidation C) foliation D) Earth surface features E) magma intrusions
D) Earth surface features
_____ and nickel are thought to comprise significant portions of Earth's inner and outer cores. A) Aluminum B) Quartz C) Basalt D) Iron E) Titanium
D) Iron
________ and nickel are thought to comprise significant portions of Earth's inner and outer cores. A) Titanium B) Basalt C) Quartz D) Iron E) Aluminum
D) Iron
The concept of plate tectonics _____. A) Shows the asthenosphere is floating on top of plates B) Is a theory with few proofs C) Was proven hundreds of years ago D) Is related to faulting and volcanic activity E) Would definitely be true if the Earth were far older
D) Is related to faulting and volcanic activity
Which of the following is out of order if we are considering the Earth from the atmosphere to the center? A) mantle B) inner core C) outer core D) Moho E) cust
D) Moho
100) Which of the following scientists is closely associated with the theory of crustal change and development? A) Wegener B) Richter C) Davis D) Penck E) Bacon
D) Penck
________ is the detailed knowledge of characteristics of different kinds of rock. A) Tectonics B) Geology C) Seismology D) Petrology E) Metamorphism
D) Petrology
The Pleistocene is a part of the ________ period. A) Cambrian B) Silurian C) Tertiary D) Quaternary E) Permian
D) Quaternary
________ and amount of moisture present can be used to classify types of mass wasting. A) Amount of mechanical weathering B) Gravity C) Temperature D) Speed of movement E) Amount of chemical weathering
D) Speed of movement
________ are cave decoration features growing upward from a cavern floor A) "Zombies" B) Stalactites C) Theodolites D) Stalagmites E) Mogotes
D) Stalagmites
________ are residual karst features having very steep sides riddled with caves. A) Travertine terraces B) Sinkholes C) Sinter cones D) Tower karst E) Calderas
D) Tower karst
The term "exfoliation dome" is best applied to ________. A) Bryce National Park, Utah B) unweathered parent material C) subarctic hillslopes D) Yosemite National Park E) Bunker Hill, Massachusetts
D) Yosemite National Park
Undercutting of a bank by its stream may trigger ________. A) solifluction B) movement of a rock glacier C) soil creep D) a landslide E) an earthquake
D) a landslide
In ________ there is a rough sorting of particles, with larger pieces farther downslope. A) faulting B) a flow C) a mudslide D) a rockfall E) soil creep
D) a rockfall
Clays are sometimes instrumental in mass movements because of their ability to ________. A) move uphill B) capture sunlight C) become translucent D) absorb water E) become smaller over time
D) absorb water
During low water cycles, any channel bottom change is likely to undergo ________. A) nivation B) degradation C) saltation D) aggradation E) privation
D) aggradation
Which of the following Earth materials is MOST resistant to solution? A) limestone B) sodium C) magnesium D) aluminum E) calcium
D) aluminum
When fragments deposited by mass movement are at the ________, they are in a fine balance between the pull of gravity and the cohesion and friction of the rock material. A) size of clay B) bottom of the talus slope C) terminal velocity D) angle of repose E) top of the hill
D) angle of repose
In earthquakes, P waves________.
D) are faster than S waves
An imaginary surface extending beneath the continents which limits how deep streams may cut is ________. A) a knickpoint B) a trellis C) grade D) base level E) traction
D) base level
In freeze/thaw or wet/dry conditions in soil creep, an individual soil particle tends to ________. A) slide downhill and then be lifted vertically B) be lifted vertically C) be lifted vertically and placed at the same spot D) be lifted vertically from the ground surface and placed slightly downhill E) slide downhill
D) be lifted vertically from the ground surface and placed slightly downhill
An interfluve can be found ________. A) in valley bottoms B) on valley sides C) in a delta D) between valleys E) in valleys
D) between valleys
Marking the outer edge of floodplains are landforms called ________. A) mesas B) meanders C) levees D) bluffs E) ox bow lakes
D) bluffs
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others? A) tufa B) sinter C) travertine D) caverns E) hot springs
D) caverns
Which of the following drainage patterns results when streams from all directions converge into a basin? A) trellis B) dendritic C) radial D) centripetal E) annular
D) centripetal
The primary way in which underground water shapes topography is through ________. A) mechanical erosion B) abrasion C) hydraulic pounding D) chemical action E) dilution
D) chemical action
Isostasy refers to the recognition that the ________ floats on the denser mantle. A) atmosphere B) inner core C) aluminum D) crust E) outer core
D) crust
Speleothems are associated with the ________ stage of cavern formation. A) dead B) room C) solution D) decoration E) initial excavation
D) decoration
The main types of erosion processes do NOT include ________. A) solution B) glacial C) aeolian D) diastrophism E) fluvial
D) diastrophism
A stream's ________ is (are) chemically altered and transported. A) saltation materials B) bedload C) traction materials D) dissolved load E) suspended load
D) dissolved load
The brilliant colors around hot springs and geysers are ________. A) largely unexplained B) due to high pressure C) best seen in the winter D) due to algae E) very short-lived
D) due to algae
When a meandering stream is incised into a gradually rising crust or bedrock, the result is a(n) ________. A) delayed tributary junction B) cut off C) peneplain D) entrenched meander E) stream terrace
D) entrenched meander
A weathering type associated with curved and concentric sets of joints break away in successive layers is called ________. A) hydrolysis B) solifluction C) creep D) exfoliation E) landslide
D) exfoliation
The most important type of mechanical weathering process is ________. A) salt wedging B) oxidation C) hydrolysis D) frost shattering E) uniformitarianism
D) frost shattering
Davis's theory is usually referred to as the ________. A) stream development theorem B) rejuvenation theory C) equilibrium theory D) geomorphic cycle E) idea of concave slopes
D) geomorphic cycle
The cycle of erosion is also know as ________. A) theory of crustal change and slope development B) floodplain theory C) equilibrium theory D) geomorphic cycle E) isostasy
D) geomorphic cycle
As they are created, sedimentary rock strata align ________. A) vertically B) along folds C) along faults D) horizontally E) with Earth's magnetic field
D) horizontally
Weathering may reach as far as ________ below Earth's surface. A) a few meters B) the outer core C) the bottom of the crust D) hundreds of meters E) a few centimeters
D) hundreds of meters
The theory of continental drift was revived, expanded, and put into its present form ________. A) last year B) in the 1700s C) in the 1800s D) in the 1960s E) in the 1910s
D) in the 1960s
Weathering is deepest ________. A) at high latitudes B) on ocean floors C) in the middle latitudes D) in the humid tropics E) at high altitudes
D) in the humid tropics
If a stream's velocity is doubled, its competence ________. A) doubles B) increases by half C) remains the same D) increases sixty-four times E) drops by half
D) increases sixty-four times
Calcium bicarbonate produced in the chemical weathering process of carbonation ________. A) is rare B) eventually transforms into diamonds C) is difficult to remove from the spot where it was formed D) is very soluble E) is very resistant to erosion
D) is very soluble
Landslides are often responsible for the formation of ________. A) hydrolysis B) reverse faults C) basins D) lakes E) jointing
D) lakes
A massive pile of highly irregular debris in the form of a low-lying ridge or cone on a valley bottom is a topographic result of a ________. A) rock glacier B) fault C) joint D) landslide E) rock fall
D) landslide
Caves are found in most parts of the world where there are thick ________ deposits under the surface. A) till B) tufa C) dripstone D) limestone E) sandstone
D) limestone
The "plates" in plate tectonics are in the ________. A) outer core B) inner core C) crust D) lithosphere E) asthenosphere
D) lithosphere
Just beneath the surface of Yellowstone National Park is a large ________. A) karst cavern B) aquifer C) area of tower karst D) magma chamber E) volcano
D) magma chamber
An inner segment of the Earth which is rigid, dense, and solid and lies directly beneath the Moho is called the ________. A) inner core B) outer core C) magma D) mantle E) crust
D) mantle
The Moho is the boundary between the crust and the ________. A) outer core B) inner core C) ocean basins D) mantle E) continents
D) mantle
The thickest of Earth's interior layers is the ________. A) inner core B) crust C) Moho D) mantle E) outer core
D) mantle
Niagara Falls is the most famous set of falls in North America because they ________. A) are the tallest falls in the world B) flow "backwards" from what would be expected C) are the widest falls in the word D) pass an enormous volume of water over them E) date from almost the beginning of Earth history
D) pass an enormous volume of water over them
Most limestone is ________ mechanical surface weathering. A) neutral to the effects of B) the cause of C) compatible with D) resistant to E) prone to
D) resistant to
In mountain areas, when large amounts of rock fragments move downslope of their own weight, they are called ________. A) veins B) laccolith C) slumps D) rock glaciers E) dikes
D) rock glaciers
A swallow hole is most closely associated with ________. A) tower karst B) a magma chamber C) fumaroles D) sinkholes E) geysers
D) sinkholes
During sedimentation, materials are often sorted by ________. A) shape B) color C) porosity D) size E) atomic weight
D) size
Cavern openings to the surface are usually ________. A) triangular in shape B) the largest part of the cavern C) warm D) small E) the site of hot springs
D) small
The slight displacement of human-built structures such as fence posts and telephone poles is subtle evidence that ________ has(have) occurred. A) rock glaciers B) landslides C) rockfalls D) soil creep E) mudflows
D) soil creep
The main downslope movement of subarctic and arctic landscapes is ________. A) mud slide B) permafrost C) rock glacier D) solifluction E) mass wasting
D) solifluction
Which of the following is the slowest of all types of mass movement? A) landslide B) slump C) rockfall D) solifluction E) earthflow
D) solifluction
Which openings in rocks are associated with calcareous rocks? A) joints B) faults C) microscopic openings D) solution cavities E) lava vesicles
D) solution cavities
Karst landscapes are noteworthy because ________ are absent. A) chemical weathering processes B) limestone and dolomite C) hills of any size D) surface streams E) caverns
D) surface streams
The greatest amount of material transported by a stream is carried in its ________. A) traction B) dissolved load C) saltation D) suspended load E) bed load
D) suspended load
Water flowing into sinkholes frequently disappears into ________. A) geysers B) joints C) karst D) swallow holes E) bedding planes
D) swallow holes
Crustal movements of various kinds in the Earth's crust is collectively called ________ activity. A) detrital B) clastic C) metamorphic D) tectonic E) 1st order
D) tectonic
The term "landforms" is synonymous with ________. A) relief B) physical geography C) local relief D) topography E) geology
D) topography
A lava ________ is a small hole which develops in cooling lava when gas is unable to escape as the lava solidifies. A) cavity B) chamber C) pore space D) vesicle E) cavern
D) vesicle
Which of the following is NOT closely related to jointing? A) contraction of sediments after they dry out B) ease of percolation of water into rock C) horizontal and vertical orientation D) vesicles E) Zion Canyon National Park, Utah
D) vesicles
In frost wedging, the principal force is exerted against the ________ of the confining rock. A) microscopic openings B) bottom C) outside D) walls E) top
D) walls
The main chemical weathering processes all take place more or less simultaneously because they all require the presence of ________. A) plants B) air C) hydrogen D) water E) salt crystal growth
D) water
The single most important weathering agent is ________. A) nitrogen B) water vapor C) oxygen D) water E) carbon dioxide
D) water
Which of the following is NOT closely associated with the former position of a river channel? A) cutoff meanders B) oxbow lakes C) meander scars D) yazoo stream E) oxbow swamps
D) yazoo stream
-282
Death Valley floor elevation is ______ [feet].
Which is the most common type of drainage pattern?
Dendritic
Xerophytes are plants of which region?
Desert
FIB ___ is a shiny coating that forms on the outside of rocks and pebbles
Desert Varnish
________ is a shiny coating that forms on the outside of rocks and pebbles.
Desert varnish
A stream's ________ is (are) chemically altered and transported.
Dessolved Load
________ is an "internal" process.
Diastrophism
Which of the following doesn't belong with the others?
Dike
flat narrow bottom with near vertical sides
Drainage channels in the desert usually have a _______ profile.
In southwestern Wisconsin and parts of surrounding states is a non-glaciated area referred to as the ________ Area.
Driftless
salinas
Dry lake beds with espcailly heavy salt concentrations are ______.
In the tropical deciduous forest, trees shed their leaves because of a short but pronounced?
Dry season
Essay: Sand dunes are classified as active or stablized- what generally causes a sand dune to become stabilized
Dunes are normally fixed or stabilized by vegetation
Sand dunes are classified as active (live) or stabilized (fixed) - what generally causes a sand dune to be stabilized (anchored)?
Dunes are normally fixed or stabilized by vegetation.
A dark, shiny coat of iron and manganese oxides on pebbles, stones, and larger outcrops is known as ________. A) a hamada B) an erg C) a reg D) pediment E) desert varnish
E
Another term for "wadi" is ________. A) bajada B) butte C) loess D) mesa E) arroyo
E
As loess erodes, it ________. A) weathers to a darker color B) can be deposited to make sand dunes C) weathers to gravel size D) forms floodplains E) forms bluffs
E
It is now clear that desertification is A) human-caused. B) natural. C) related to the enhanced greenhouse effect. D) intensified by the planting of shrubs and trees. E) caused by a mix of natural and human circumstances.
E
Of the following, which is the LEAST important in creating most desert landforms? A) impermeable surfaces B) lack of vegetation C) prominence of mechanical weathering D) intense precipitation E) wind
E
The Great Salt Lake is a remnant of ________. A) Salton Sea B) Mono Lake C) Tulare Lake D) Lake Mead E) Lake Bonneville
E
The single most important agent of landscape formation in deserts is ________. A) solution B) creep C) geologic uplift D) wind E) water
E
The outer and inner cores together make up approximately _____ of the mass of the Earth. A) 1/30,000 B) 1/3,000 C) 1/300 D) 1/30 E) 1/3
E) 1/3
As water freezes it expands almost ________ percent and is able to mechanically weather rock. A) 1 B) 75 C) 100 D) 50 E) 10
E) 10
The Age of Dinosaurs persisted for some ________ years. A) 1.60 billion B) 160 thousand C) 160 D) 160 billion E) 160 million
E) 160 million
The maximum world relief is CLOSEST to ________. A) 1 meter B) 50 kilometers C) 40,000 kilometers D) 1 kilometer E) 20 kilometers
E) 20 kilometers
Approximately ________ different minerals are known. A) 440,000 B) 440 C) 4,400,000 D) 44 E) 4,400
E) 4,400
Earth's age is ________ billion years old. A) .046 B) .46 C) 46 D) 460 E) 4.6
E) 4.6
The present estimate of the Earth's age is about ________ years. A) 2.8 trillion B) 500 million C) 50 million D) 2.8 billion E) 4.6 billion
E) 4.6 billion
Yellowstone National Park is known for its hydrothermal features. Yellowstone contains about ________ all the world's hydrothermal features. A) 75% B) 10% C) 1% D) virtually 100% (99.999%) E) 50%
E) 50%
The largest river in the world without a delta is the ________ River. A) Hwang Ho B) Nile C) Indus D) Mississippi E) Amazon
E) Amazon
The most recent Era on the Earth is ________. A) Miocene B) Eocene C) Permian D) Precambrian E) Cenozoic
E) Cenozoic
According to the text, tower karst exists in ________. A) the former U.S.S.R. and Iran B) Hawaii and Alaska C) the U.S. and Canada D) Japan and India E) China and Vietnam
E) China and Vietnam
The geographer's concern with Earth's interior is restricted primarily to its influence on _____. A) Magnet fields B) Magma intrusions C) Foliation D) Oxidation E) Earth surface features
E) Earth surface features
With respect to minerals, which of the following is TRUE? A) All minerals have probably been discovered B) Over 500,000 minerals exist C) "Mineral" is a synonym for "rock" D) All minerals crystals are too small to be seen E) Fewer than 20 minerals make up 95% of the crust
E) Fewer than 20 minerals make up 95% of the crust
The _____ is NOT a portion of Earth's interior. A) Outer core B) Asthenosphere C) Moho D) Lithosphere E) Magnetosphere
E) Magnetosphere
An outstanding example of stream capture on a grand scale can be found along the ________. A) Red River in Oklahoma B) Yukon River in Alaska C) Amazon River in Brazil D) Mississippi River in Arkansas E) Niger River in Africa
E) Niger River in Africa
Which of the following is the specific name given to the study of the characteristics of rocks? A) Limnology B) Radiology C) Opthamology D) Epistomology E) Petrology
E) Petrology
________ makes lime precipitate out of a water solution. A) Water squeezed into rock joints B) Sublimation of liquid water C) Rain falling out of clouds D) Photosynthesis in heat-loving algae E) Reduction of temperature and pressure
E) Reduction of temperature and pressure
A considerable body of knowledge concerning Earth's interior has been amassed through all these methods EXCEPT _____. A) Drilling wells B) Digging mines C) Studying seismic waves D) Studying Earth's magnetism E) Sampling rocks from Earth's core
E) Sampling rocks from Earth's core
________ transport(s) materials directly after they are loosened by splash erosion. A) Earthquake slumps B) Stream flow C) Rill erosion D) Gully erosion E) Sheet erosion
E) Sheet erosion
________ are the karst analogs of river valleys in that they are the fundamental unit in both erosion and weathering. A) Caverns B) Haystack hills C) Disappearing streams D) Mogotes E) Sinkholes
E) Sinkholes
________ is a deposit of hydrothermal materials. A) Limestone B) Stalagmite C) Stalactite D) Karst E) Travertine
E) Travertine
Which of the following is an example of a speleothem? A) a sinkhole B) a doline C) a cavern D) a mogote E) a stalactite
E) a stalactite
A result of soil creep might be ________. A) an earthquake along a fault B) a house engulfed in mud C) a landslide D) a sinking land surface E) a tilted fence post
E) a tilted fence post
Mass wasting is associated with which speed of movement? A) imperceptibly slow B) a few centimeters per day C) 100 kilometers per hour D) a few meters per year E) a wide variety of speeds
E) a wide variety of speeds
The general term applied to stream-deposited debris is ________. A) bedload B) discharge C) refuse D) capacity E) alluvium
E) alluvium
Which of the following is NOT a component of stream load? A) dissolved load B) bedload C) sediments undergoing saltation D) suspended load E) alluvium
E) alluvium
The proof for the long-doubted idea of drifting continents came in the form of ________. A) animal distributions B) glacial ice C) understanding of mountains D) observation of coastlines E) analysis of magnetic and seismic patterns
E) analysis of magnetic and seismic patterns
Residual rock that has not experienced erosion is termed ________. A) talus B) basalt C) block D) dome E) bedrock
E) bedrock
In terms of Earth history, life appeared ________. A) before the first true "landscapes" B) after 99% of the time had elapsed C) after the continents started to drift D) almost directly after the beginning E) before the Grand Canyon began
E) before the Grand Canyon began
From a chemical standpoint, the three reacting agents of greatest importance to weathering are ________. A) hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen B) oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide C) argon, aluminum, and calcium D) water vapor, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide E) carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water
E) carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water
Typically, solifluction lobes move a few ________ per year. A) kilometers (miles) B) meters (feet) C) tens of meters (tens of feet) D) tens of kilometers (tens of miles) E) centimeters (inches)
E) centimeters (inches)
The La Conchita landslides are most closely associated with ________. A) problems in Mexico B) an earthquake C) causes that are no longer active D) an unsafe dam E) cracks underneath cliff houses
E) cracks underneath cliff houses
No matter where you go, which of the following is almost certainly acting on the landscape around you? A) mudflow B) rock glaciers C) solifluction D) landslides E) creep
E) creep
The existence of a stream terrace is sure evidence of ________. A) rejuvenation B) volcanic activity C) knickpoint D) entrenched meanders E) delayed tributary junction
E) delayed tributary junction
The general term signifying the overall lowering of the rock material on the Earth's crust is ________. A) weathering B) jointing C) slumping D) mass wasting E) denudation
E) denudation
As a stream-related measure, competence is expressed as a ________. A) velocity (meters per second) B) time (seconds) C) discharge (cubic meters per second) D) gradient (meters per kilometer) E) diameter (millimeters)
E) diameter (millimeters)
The idealized sequence of slope retreat, according to Davis, would result in ________. A) plate tectonics B) parallel retreat of slopes C) stream piracy D) parallel valleys E) diminishing slope angles
E) diminishing slope angles
15. The total volume of flow in streams is termed ________. A) the delta coefficient B) turbulence C) overland flow D) the interfluve E) discharge
E) discharge
The total volume of flow in streams is termed ________. A) overland flow B) turbulence C) the interfluve D) the delta coefficient E) discharge
E) discharge
Commonly, materials flowing out of hot springs build a ________. A) cavern B) doline C) sinkhole D) geyser E) dome
E) dome
In arid climates, most small streams are ________. A) without channels B) intermittent C) nonexistent D) perennial E) ephemeral
E) ephemeral
Geysers are best described as ________. A) an integral part of karst landscapes B) rarely disturbed by earthquakes C) common over most of Earth's land surface D) usually faithful in the timing of their eruptions E) eruptions of steam and water
E) eruptions of steam and water
The peeling of thin layers of stone off a large rock is ________. A) explosion B) carbonation C) hydrolysis D) scree E) exfoliation
E) exfoliation
Running water is referred to as a(an) ________ process in terms of being a landform creator. A) aeolian B) localized C) insignificant D) weak E) fluvial
E) fluvial
Which of the following is most effective in weathering rock? A) salt wedging B) daily heating and cooling C) fire D) plant roots E) freeze/thaw cycles
E) freeze/thaw cycles
Granular disintegration is most closely associated with ________. A) biological weathering B) mass wasting C) landslides D) hydrolysis E) frost wedging
E) frost wedging
This word is from the Icelandic for "gush" or "rage." A) mogote B) superheated C) tufa D) sinter E) geyser
E) geyser
Part of Kentucky has karst topography. Knowing this, it would NOT be logical to find ________ there. A) dry streambeds B) stalactites C) sinkholes D) soluble bedrock E) geysers
E) geysers
Chemical weathering is speeded because mechanical weathering tends to ________. A) make coarse-grained materials decompose more rapidly than fine-grained materials B) stop when chemical weathering starts C) deliver rocks to where chemical processes are dominant D) prevent moisture from washing away the chemicals E) greatly increase the surface area to be weathered
E) greatly increase the surface area to be weathered
Salt wedging is of slight consequence in ________. A) arid regions B) volcanic regions C) regions above the treeline D) marshes E) humid regions
E) humid regions
Which sort of rocks are most susceptible to hydrolysis? A) metamorphic B) sedimentary C) plutonic D) unjointed E) igneous
E) igneous
Streams which flow for only a part of the year are ________. A) superimposed B) consequent C) antecedent D) dry E) intermittent
E) intermittent
Denudation is NOT closely related to ________. A) erosion B) biologic weathering C) atmospheric weathering D) mass wasting E) internal processes
E) internal processes
The eruptions of Yellowstone's geysers as well as most of the others on Earth can be characterized as ________. A) containing only steam B) becoming much more frequent over time C) regular D) mysterious as to how they come to be E) irregular
E) irregular
Like faults, a ________ is a separation in a rock body. A) graben B) slump C) dike D) sill E) joint
E) joint
________ develops along a streambed containing bedrock of differential resistance. A) scree B) fault C) distributary D) water gap E) knickpoint
E) knickpoint
The point of confluence of a tributary with a higher order stream is a(n) ________. A) knickpoint B) delta C) ultimate base level D) joint E) local base level
E) local base level
Death Valley is below sea level. Therefore, in Death Valley, base level is ________ ultimate base level. A) not related to B) unchanging with respect to C) equal to D) higher than E) lower than
E) lower than
The initial formation of Earth involved the solidification and cooling of ________. A) strata B) sediments C) metamorphic rocks D) ice E) magma
E) magma
When subjected to metamorphism, limestone usually becomes ________. A) basalt B) sandstone C) schist D) gneiss E) marble
E) marble
The location of features, such as cliffs and valleys might be strongly influenced by the position of ________. A) talus slopes B) rocks which can be exfoliated C) systems of microspaces D) scree E) master joints
E) master joints
Three-quarters of the soil's metabolic activity is generated by ________
E) microorganisms
A large, steep-sided, circular hill of residual limestone bedrock is known as a ________. A) stalagtite B) doline C) sinkhole D) cavern E) mogote
E) mogote
"Fracking" is associated with all but the ________. A) making of small earthquakes B) pollution of groundwater C) roc k formations known as plays D) fracturing of rocks E) most oil production from Saudi Arabia
E) most oil production from Saudi Arabia
"Fracking" is most closely associated with ________. A) conventional extraction B) an environmentally safe extraction method C) fossil fuels in sandstones D) oil E) natural gas
E) natural gas
Splash erosion does all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) moves eroded particles downhill B) is sometimes minimal because of vegetation C) moves eroded particles uphill D) blasts fine soil particles upward and outward E) occurring in channelized flow
E) occurring in channelized flow
Which of the following is thought to be liquid? A) mantle B) crust C) inner core D) asthenosphere E) outer core
E) outer core
Fluvial process includes both the stream flow within valleys as well as ________. A) underground solution B) groundwater C) rock glaciers D) hydrolysis E) overland flow
E) overland flow
Which of the following is NOT one of the principal categories of rock-forming minerals? A) halides B) sulfides C) oxides D) native elements E) peptides
E) peptides
In terms of erosion, a gulley is a larger example of a feature called a(n) ________. A) interfluve B) radial C) dendritic pattern D) alluvial fan E) rill
E) rill
A "birds foot" pattern is indicative of a ________. A) knickpoint B) downcutting stream C) peneplain D) captured stream E) river delta
E) river delta
Which of the following is thought to transfer materials WITHOUT the lubricating effect of water? A) mudflow B) landslides C) solifluction D) debris flows E) rock glaciers
E) rock glaciers
The most common oxidation effect in the lithosphere is ________. A) talus B) hydrolysis C) scree D) exfoliation E) rusting
E) rusting
The most commonly occurring type of metamorphic rocks are gneiss and ________. A) shale B) coal C) limestone D) magma E) schist
E) schist
Geyser deposits tend to form ________. A) mesas B) fumaroles C) terraces D) volcanic cinder cones E) sheets of precipitated matter
E) sheets of precipitated matter
Which of the following is NOT associated with streams over time? A) deposition of sediments B) erosion of sediments C) widening of valleys D) lengthening of valleys E) shortening of valleys
E) shortening of valleys
The largest and most important mineral family consists of the ________. A) bromides B) sulfides C) halides D) oxides E) silicates
E) silicates
A slope collapse with a backward rotation is a ________. A) debris flow B) rock slide C) rock glacier D) talus slope E) slump
E) slump
The new substances made through oxidation of existing minerals are ________ than the original minerals. A) less oxygen rich B) less voluminous C) less easily eroded D) more organic E) softer
E) softer
In terms of underground water, ________ is the most effective shaper of landforms. A) mechanical erosion B) corrosion C) hydraulic power D) channelized flow E) solution
E) solution
A(n) ________ stream has developed a channel along a zone of structural weakness. A) channelized B) superimposed C) consequent D) antecedent E) subsequent
E) subsequent
The "internal plumbing system" of hydrothermal landscapes is capable of heating water to temperatures above 100°C while the water remains in liquid form; this water is referred to as ________. A) crystallized B) vaporized C) soil moisture D) mineralized E) superheated
E) superheated
The rock debris which accumulates at the base of steep slopes by gravitational action is called ________. A) exfoliation B) creep C) vesicles D) slump E) talus
E) talus
A prime example of the application of equilibrium theory can be seen in any hilly area where ________. A) terraces are found on hillsides B) floodplains dominate the valley bottoms C) tectonic plate boundaries are close by D) peneplains exist E) tectonic uplift and fluvial erosion are simultaneous
E) tectonic uplift and fluvial erosion are simultaneous
Which of the following is a MASSIVE accumulation of calcium carbonate? A) tufa B) carbonic acid C) sinter D) granite E) travertine
E) travertine
The drainage pattern common in ridge and valley landscapes is ________. A) centripetal B) disorganized C) dendritic D) annular E) trellis
E) trellis
Deposition of dissolved minerals in caverns leaves deposits such as the icicle-like ________. A) sinkholes B) stalactites C) stalagmites D) dolines E) tufa
E) tufa
The portion of the terrain in which a drainage system is most clearly established is known as a(n) ________. A) interfluve B) valley side C) drainage divide D) valley bottom E) valley
E) valley
Frost shattering is also called frost ________. A) weathering B) exfoliation C) creep D) slump E) wedging
E) wedging
Earthworms ________.
EXCRETE CASTS
The geographer's concern with Earth's interior is restricted primarily to its influence on ________.
Earth surface features
Concerning the biosphere, the geographic viewpoint is most often concerned with?
Ecosystems
The boundary between middle latitude forest and middle latitude grassland is most closely related to the concept of the?
Ecotone
Plants that live above ground and out of contact with the soil, usually growing on trees or shrubs are?
Epiphytes
________ is NOT a direct cause of sedimentary deposits forming into rock.
Erosion
________are most closely associated with a change in the volume of ocean water?
Eustatic forces
Plants introduced into new habitats in which they were not originally raised are?
Exotic
Rivers like the Nile or Colorado which rise in moist regions and then flow through arid landscapes are called ________ streams.
Exotic
Which of the following associations is generally TRUE?
External processes: decrease local relief
A common maximum speed for landslides is about 500 kilometers per hour.
F
A fault is any break in the Earth's surface or crust.
F
A mudflow is a slope collapse with a backward rotation.
F
Earth is probably 14.6 billion years old.
F
Internal forces of the Earth tend to be better understood and more predictable than the external forces of the Earth.
F
Mechanical weathering is more effective than chemical weathering in the breakdown of the individual grains of a large rock.
F
Metamorphic rocks must be exposed to sunlight for cementation.
F
Prior to Mt. St. Helens in 1980 there had never been an active volcano in the United States.
F
Rock glaciers form on flat surfaces.
F
Salt wedging is a form of physical weathering especially prevalent in the humid tropics.
F
Several organic minerals are found in nature.
F
The angle of repose is the same for all materials.
F
Uniformitarianism is the study of the interior of the Earth.
F
Usually, the number of faults in an area is a much greater number than the number of joints.
F
A batholith is an igneous extrusive landform.
False
A braided stream is one which has become adjusted so that its flow is just able to carry its sediment load True/False
False
A common maximum speed for landslides is about 500 kilometers per hour. True/False
False
A crescent-shaped scarp on a high slope often appears above a rock glacier. True/False
False
A fault is a break in the Earth's surface or crust without horizontal or vertical displacement.
False
A mudflow is a slope collapse with a backward rotation. True/False
False
A normal fault results from compressional forces.
False
A pediment is the same thing as a piedmont slope.Death Valley contains few alluvial fans.
False
A rock is defined as a mixture of elements
False
A rock is defined as a mixture of elements True/False
False
A salina is the same thing as a wash
False
A sand surface is the main criterion for identifying a region as a desert.
False
According to our best estimates, humans (Homo sapiens) have been on Earth for about half of Earth's history.
False
According to our best estimates, humans (Homo sapiens) have been on Earth for about half of Earth's history. True/False
False
Aeolian processes are a subdivision of the internal geomorphic processes.
False
Aeolian processes are a subdivision of the internal geomorphic processes. True/False
False
Aggradation occurs on geologically uplifted parts of Earth's crust. True/False
False
All natural deltas are in a triangular shape True/False
False
All surface expressions of faults are on a north-south axis.
False
An example of a large syncline is the Sierra Nevada.
False
Basalt is an example of a rock type with very large crystals.
False
Basalt is an example of a rock type with very large crystals. True/False
False
Cavern development is facilitated by the presence of sandstone. True/False
False
Chemical weathering is at its peak in high northern latitudes. True/False
False
Compared to other causes, wind is a minor generator of wave action along coasts.
False
Continental crust is recycled "quickly" while oceanic crust tends to be conserved for much greater times.
False
Coral flourishes best in cool water.
False
Coral is usually localized in areas having relatively cool ocean currents in Tropical Latitudes.
False
Death Valley contains few alluvial fans.
False
Deltas are built as sediments erode from near the mouth of a stream. True/False
False
Earth is probably 14.6 billion years old.
False
Earth is probably 14.6 billion years old. True/False
False
Exfoliation is a type of weathering which is produced by hydrolysis. True/False
False
Fault lines tend to block magma from reaching the surface.
False
Foliation occurs when rock composed of a single material is subjected to heat and pressure.
False
Foliation occurs when rock composed of a single material is subjected to heat and pressure. True/False
False
Friction has little impact on the energy of water moving down a channel. True/False
False
Generally, joints do not exist below one meter from Earth's surface. True/False
False
Geysers are associated with karst topography and sandstone bedrock. True/False
False
Hot springs are common features on Earth's landscapes. True/False
False
Hutton was the scientist who discovered catastrophism.
False
Hutton was the scientist who discovered catastrophism. True/False
False
In extreme cases, soil creep can carry materials as much as a kilometer downhill in a single year. True/False
False
In recent Earth history, submergence has been rare over most of the world's coasts.
False
In the "peneplain" stage of the geomorphic cycle, there are no hills on the landscape. True/False
False
Internal forces of the Earth tend to be better understood and more predictable than the external forces of the Earth.
False
Internal forces of the Earth tend to be better understood and more predictable than the external forces of the Earth. True/False
False
It appears that the numbers of large dams will increase into the future. True/False
False
It is clear that some rocks will never weather, waste, or erode. True/False
False
Joints and solution cavities are different names for the same feature. True/False
False
Landslides are the most common form of mass wasting. True/False
False
Like a mesa in its shape, but smaller in its extent, is the bajada.
False
Like climate and vegetation, landforms have "predictable" worldwide distributions.
False
Like climate and vegetation, landforms have "predictable" worldwide distributions. True/False
False
Limestone is so soluble that it usually produces a very subdued topographyvirtually flat surfaces. True/False
False
Mass wasting and denudation are synonymous terms. True/False
False
Mass wasting and weathering are synonymous terms. True/False
False
Mechanical weathering is more effective than chemical weathering in the breakdown of the individual grains of a large rock. True/False
False
Metamorphic rocks are probably the most common rock type found in the Earth's crust.
False
Metamorphic rocks are probably the most common rock type found in the Earth's crust. True/False
False
Metamorphic rocks must be exposed to sunlight for cementation.
False
Metamorphic rocks must be exposed to sunlight for cementation. True/False
False
Mid-oceanic ridges contain the oldest rocks in the ocean basins.
False
Most geyser deposits take the form of miniature speleothems. True/False
False
Most of a stream's transported material is classified as bedload. True/False
False
Most waves approach the coast parallel to the coast.
False
Old Faithful, in Yellowstone Park, is an example of a fumarole. True/False
False
On the Richter scale, an earthquake number of 8 releases twice as much energy as an earthquake number of 4.
False
Our understanding of the Earth's crust and upper mantle has remained virtually the same for a very long time (a couple of centuries)
False
Our understanding of the Earth's crust and upper mantle has remained virtually the same for a very long time (a couple of centuries) .True/False
False
Oxbow lakes are an erosional feature characteristic of all stages of the geomorphic cycle. True/False
False
Perennial streams are closely identified with desert landscapes. True/False
False
Prior to Mt. St. Helens in 1980 there had never been an active volcano in the United States.
False
Pure water is an excellent solvent. True/False
False
Rock glaciers form on flat surfaces. True/False
False
Salt wedging is a form of physical weathering especially prevalent in the humid tropics. True/False
False
Sandstone is the most common metamorphic rock.
False
Sandstone is the most common metamorphic rock. True/False
False
Sedimentary rocks are the most common rock type found within the Earth's entire crust.
False
Sedimentary rocks are the most common rock type found within the Earth's entire crust. True/False
False
Several organic minerals are found in nature.
False
Several organic minerals are found in nature. True/False
False
Shield volcanoes tend to be the most explosive of all volcanoes.
False
Sinkholes are associated with igneous rock formations. True/False
False
Sodium is a rock-forming mineral which is very resistant to erosion. True/False
False
Soil creep, because it is so common, produces a rich array of landforms. True/False
False
Streams flowing into a structural basin form radial drainage patterns. True/False
False
T/F A salina is the same thing as a wash
False
T/F A sand surface is the main criterion for identifying a region as a desert
False
T/F Aggradation occurs on geologically uplifted parts of Earth's crust
False
T/F Alaska was completely covered by a pleistocene ice sheet
False
T/F Cavern development is facilitated by the presence of sandstone
False
T/F Death Valley contains few alluvial fans
False
T/F Fjords are glacial features found only in the southern hemisphere
False
T/F Friction has little impact on the energy of water moving down a channel
False
T/F Glacial erosion invariably produces smooth valley slopes
False
T/F Glaciation smooths out the landscapes so that lakes are rare on the postglacial landscape
False
T/F Like a mesa in its shape, but smaller in its extent is the bajada
False
T/F Most of a stream transported material is classified as bedload
False
T/F Old Faithful, in Yellowstone Park, is an example of a fumarole
False
T/F Sinkholes are associated with igneous rock formations
False
T/F Streams flowing into a structural basin form radial drainage patterns
False
T/F The great lakes of U.S/Canadian border are classic examples of paternoster lakes
False
T/F The great lakes of us/canadian border are classic examples of paternoster lakes
False
T/F The seif is the most common type of sand dune in North American deserts
False
T/F The valley train is the same thing as an outwash plain
False
T/F The world's largest streams are intermittent
False
T/F Underground water has little importance in the shaping of landforms
False
T/F Usually 4th order streams are more numerous than 1st order streams
False
T/F Usually 4th order streams are more numerous that 1st order streams
False
T/F Weathering is faster in deserts than in other environments
False
T/F a pediment is the same thing as a piedmont slope
False
Terraces are usually closer to the coastline than are wave-cut benches.
False
The "active layer" of permafrost must melt for solifluction to occur. True/False
False
The "signature" of an actively downcutting stream is a V-shaped valley. True/False
False
The Black Hills of South Dakota provide an example of a structure formed by a dike.
False
The Earth's crust is a layer of the lithosphere about 1,000 kilometers thick.
False
The Earth's crust is a layer of the lithosphere about 1,000 kilometers thick. True/False
False
The Great Barrier Reef is a huge, continuous mass of coral.
False
The Haiti earthquake of 2010 was "surprising" because there were no major faults in the vicinity.
False
The Lewis Overthrust is a well known feature in the Appalachian Mountains.
False
The Niger River in Africa has built the largest delta in the world. True/False
False
The U.S. Government is developing an Earthquake Early Warning System (EEW)
False
The amount of friction per cubic area in streamflow is maximized in wide, deep, smooth-bottomed rivers. True/False
False
The angle of repose is the same for all materials. True/False
False
The geographerWilliam M. Davis was the principal researcher who developed what we now know to be equilibrium theory. True/False
False
The internal processes working on Earth's landscapes are energized by heat inside the Earth; they work without any regard to atmospheric influences.
False
The internal processes working on Earth's landscapes are energized by heat inside the Earth; they work without any regard to atmospheric influences. True/False
False
The lower course of a stream is dominated by landforms created by erosion. True/False
False
The use of hydropower seems to have impacts that are not "green." True/False
False
The world's largest streams are intermittent. True/False
False
Tides and currents carry a very small amount of debris.
False
Topography is a synonym for geomorphology.
False
Topography is a synonym for geomorphology. True/False
False
Travertine deposits are relatively porous compared to sinter, which is relatively dense True/False
False
Underground water has little importance in the shaping of landforms. True/False
False
Uniformitarianism is another term for the theory of massive crustal deformation.
False
Uniformitarianism is another term for the theory of massive crustal deformation. True/False
False
Uniformitarianism is the study of the interior of the Earth
False
Uniformitarianism is the study of the interior of the Earth True/False
False
Using the idea of "mantle plumes," it is obvious that the crust associated with the Hawaiian islands is moving from southwest to northeast.
False
Usually 4th order streams are more numerous than 1st order streams. True/False
False
Usually, the number of faults in an area is a much greater number than the number of joints. True/False
False
Valley bluffs are remnants of previous knickpoints in a drainage basin. True/False
False
Water is the energizing force in mass wasting. True/False
False
Wave action on coastlines is entirely a mechanical weathering process.
False
Wave height" and "fetch" are synonymous.
False
Waves of translation become waves of oscillation.
False
Your textbook notes that earthquake prediction is soon to be a reality.
False
T/F Geysers are associated with karst topography and sandstone bedrock
Fasle
FIB The lowest area in North America is in Death Valley which was created by
Faulting
With respect to minerals, which of the following is TRUE?
Fewer than 20 minerals make up 95% of the crust
Yellowstone National Park is the world's classic location for hydrothermal activity and the drainage basin contains most of the hydrothermal activity.
Firehole
From the texts description it is clear that sinkholes conflict with urban land uses in
Flordia
The world's longest expanse of coastal dunes is located in
France
The force of ________, in conjunction with the wind, is the cause of most waves.
Friction
Which of the following is a term associated with coral reefs adjacent to shorelines?
Fringing
Globally, the influence of this soil-forming factor fades with time.
GEOLOGIC
Parent material is closely associated with which soil-forming factor
GEOLOGIC
Which of the following is FALSE?
Glacial debris is rarely larger than one meter across.
________ is an example of a native element.
Gold
The Indian subcontinent was originally attached to ________.
Gondwanaland
Of the below, the best example of the remnant of a Pleistocene lake in the western United States is ...
Great Salt Lake
Of the below, the best example of the remnant of a Pleistocene lake in the western United States is ________.
Great Salt Lake
The best example of the remnant of a Pleistocene lake in the United States is ________.
Great Salt Lake
The best example of the remnant of pleistocene lake in the united states is
Great Salt Lake
Which of the following has a contemporary ice sheet?
Greenland
Which type of erosion involves the most sediment per square meter in the places where it occurs?
Gully Erosion
The plant type that carries its seeds in cones is the?
Gymnosperm
_______ are the most prominent erosional features created by waves.
Headlands
________ are the most prominent erosional features created by waves.
Headlands
Compared to today, sea level 125,0000 years ago (in an interglacial part of the Pleistocene) was ________.
Higher
The time since 10,000 B.P. is most properly known as the ________ epoch.
Holocene
Ungulates are?
Hoofed animals
The most rapid landscape solution occurs in ________ areas.
Humid
Which of the following is a plant that is exotic to Florida and has had disastrous environmental consequences?
Hydrilla
Plants adapted to environments with surplus moisture are called?
Hygrophytic
Earthworms ________.
INCREASE SOIL POROSITY
What is not one of the world's biomes?
Ice Field
Which is a fundamental question at the heart of any geographic inquiry?
If so?
Rhyolite, andesite, basalt, and obsidian are all rocks that are classified as ________.
Igneous and extrusive
badlands
In arid lands, intricately rifled and barren terrain is called _______.
playa
In basin and range topography, the lowest areas are frequently occupied by a ________.
The theory of continental drift was revived, expanded, and put into its present form ________.
In the 1960s
shale
In the desert climate ______ is an easily eroded.
Limestone and shale
In the desert climate _________ is a more resistant rock.
In terms of plate tectonics, Indian is a part of the ________ plate.
Indo-Australian
________ and nickel are thought to comprise significant portions of Earth's inner and outer cores.
Iron
Mount Saint Helens exploded in 1980. Which of the following is NOT true?
It is quite unlike the other mountains near it.
Which of the following does NOT fit the requirement to be a mineral?
It must have economic value.
The Unzen volcanic complex is a composite of overlapping composite volcanoes and has had recent pyroclastic flows, lazars, and loss of life. This complex is in the country of ________.
Japan
The island of Krakatau disappeared in a volcanic explosion. Krakatau was located in the ________.
Java Sea
FIB ___ are relatively steep-sided mounds or conical hills of stratified drift made from meltwater deposition in a region of stagnant ice
Kames
__ is the term for solution topography in areas of limestone bedrock
Karst
A wave-cut platform closely resembles the letter ________.
L
Soils are considered part of the...
LITHOSPHERE
The Great Salt Lake is a remnant of ...
Lake Bonneville
The great salt lake is a remnant of
Lake Bonneville
The best example of the remnant of a Pleistocene lake in the United States is
Lake Huron
during recent geologic time, Death Valley was occupied by a large lake called
Lake Manly
Concerning lake shores, which of the following is FALSE?
Lakeshore landforms are less conspicuous than ocean shore landforms.
Which of the following is NOT associated with tides? 32)
Large amounts of erosion on most coasts
________ are the largest landforms produced by mountain glaciation.
Lateral moraines
According to the concept of vertical zonation, what is the counterpart of changes in altitude?
Latitude
During the Pleistocene, the ________ ice was the most extensive continental ice sheet in the world.
Laurentide
In a roche moutonnee, the ________ side faces the direction to which the ice is traveling.
Lee
________ are formed from skeletal remains of coral and other lime-secreting sea animals.
Limestones
________ is a soil texture in which none of the three main soil separates dominates the other two
Loam
Pleistocene
Many of today's loess deposits date from the time of the ________ glaciation.
What is a biome adapted to summer fires and rapid vegetative recovery?
Mediterranean Woodland
__ is the spanish word for "table" and applied to flat topped landforms in the Americas
Mesa
________ is the Spanish world for "table" and is applied to flat topped landforms in the American West.
Mesa
________ is the spanish word for table and is applied to the flat toppedlandforms in the American West
Mesa
Which of the following is NOT a major, recognized glacial stage of the Pleistocene Epoch?
Minnesotan
Which of the following is out of order if we are considering the Earth from the atmosphere to the center?
Moho
Which scale is now the most commonly used to measure the size of LARGE earthquakes?
Moment magnitude
The egg-laying mammals of the Australian region are the?
Monotremes
________ are strings of closely-spaced coral islets separated by narrow channels of water.
Motus
The origins of which of the following are less well understood than the other features on the list?
Mountains in the middle of plates
Crater Lake, Oregon, is a remnant of a larger volcano named ________.
Mt. Mazama
Most North America , including the USA and Canada, lies within?
Nearctic zoogeographic realm
The South American continent falls within the?
Neotropical zoogeographic region
Of the states below, ... has the greatest extent of interior drainage basins.
Nevada
___ is granualr snow which is beginning to coalesce into glacial ice
Neve
The zoogeographic region dominated by flightless birds is the?
New Zealand
________ is granular snow which is beginning to coalesce into glacial ice.
Ne´ve
________ is compressed snow which might change into glacial ice.
Ne´ve´
23. Africa's best example of an exotic river is the ________. A) Congo B) Nile C) Orange D) Rhine E) Amazon
Nile
Africa"s best example of an exotic river is the ...
Nile
Africa's best example of an exotic river is the
Nile
Africa's best example of an exotic river is the ________.
Nile
Africa's best example of anexotic river is the ...
Nile
Africas best example of an exotic river is the
Nile
51. Compare the height of normal waves and tsunami waves in the open ocean.
Normal ocean waves are caused by the wind, weather, tides, and currents.Tsunami waves do not resemble normal sea waves, because their wavelength is far longer. Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide, and for this reason they are often referred to as tidal waves.
According to the map in the textbook, which continent had the greatest total of ice-covered land?
North America
Among layers of the soil horizon, the one with the most organic material is ________.
O
In terms of topography, the deepest soils are ________.
ON FLAT LAND
Most soil development takes place ________.
ON SCALES OF TIME LONGER THAN HUMAN LIFE SPANS
basic
On the standard pH scale, the number 10 indicates a(n) ________ soil
________ is the longest barrier island along the coast of the United States.
Padre Island
Which zoogeographic region covers most of Asia?
Palearctic
The original large continental mass containing all of the present continents prior to separation millions of years ago has been named ________.
Pangaea
Which of the following was the single "supercontinent" which existed before individual continents broke apart from it a quarter of a billion years ago?
Pangaea
Savannas usually include some trees dotting the landscape. This type of savanna is known as ?
Park savannas
FIB ___ is the generic name applied to various geometric patterns that repeatedly appear over large areas of the Artic
Patterned ground
Which of the following scientist is closely associated with the theory of crustal change and development
Penck
Plants which survive seasonal climatic fluctuations from year to year are?
Perennials
The zone beyond a glacier's limit and not directly touched by ice is the ________ zone.
Periglacial
________ is a measure of the ease with which water moves through the soil
Permeability
Which of the following is the specific name given to the study of the characteristics of rocks?
Petrology
________ is the detailed knowledge of characteristics of different kinds of rock.
Petrology
FIB Many of today's loess deposits date from the time of the ___ glaciation
Pleistocene
Which of the following is NOT a shaper of the oceanic coastlines?
Poisonous blooms of algae
The earliest era in the geologic time scale is ________.
Precambrian
Some of the spore-bearing plants are termed?
Pteridophytes
The Pleistocene is a part of the ________ period.
Quaternary
Which of the following horizons is found furthest from the surface of the soil
R
The weathered layer of loose inorganic material overlaying unfragmented rock below is __
REGOLITH
A typical drainage pattern on conic volcanic mountains would be
Radial
Pedogenic regimes
Regimes where soil-forming physical-chemical-biological processes occur - Laterization, podsolization, gliezation, calcification and salinization
Most limestone is ________ mechanical surface weathering.
Resistant to
A(n) ________ shoreline is one with numerous estuaries.
Ria
Vegetation growing alongside streams is termed?
Riparian
The ________ is the world's largest ice shelf.
Ross Ice Shelf
Which earthquake wave type travels most slowly?
S
Much soil material is actually wasted bits of rocks and composed of ________.
SILICA
The B horizon is usually called ________.
SUBSOIL
The process in which small particles are moved along by streamflow or wind in a series of jumps or bounces is ________.
Saltation
Which of the following coastline EFFECTS is best matched with CAUSE?
Sand transport : Longshore currents
Most of the eastern USA was originally covered with?
Savanna
FIB ___ is a term that means steep cliffs
Scarp
________ is a term that means steep cliffs.
Scarp
Which of the following is FALSE?
Sea level is higher today than at any time in Earth's history.
________ have the most extensive occurrence at the surface of the continental United States?
Sedimentary rocks
An alternate term for tropical rainforest biomes is?
Selva
________ is a sedimentary rock formed mechanically from fine silt and clay particles.
Shale
________ transport(s) materials directly after they are loosened by splash erosion.
Sheet Erosion
Which of the following are fault-block mountains?
Sierra Nevada
Which of the following is not very resistant to solution in water?
Sodium
Currently, the greatest rate of deforestation of the tropical rainforest is on the continent of?
South America
10. ________ and amount of moisture present can be used to classify types of mass wasting. A) Amount of chemical weathering B) Gravity C) Amount of mechanical weathering D) Temperature E) Speed of movement
Speed of movement
________ are cave decoration features growing upward from a cavern floor.
Stalagmites
Which of the following NOT a reason earthworms increase the fertility of the soils in which they reside?
Stimulation by plowing for agriculture
________ refers to the analytical element of landscape study concerned with the nature, arrangement, and orientation of the materials comprising the observed feature(s).
Structure
What is a natural but variable sequential change in vegetation pattern?
Succession
The cascading forward motion of breaking waves as they rush upon the shore is called ________.
Swash
What is the arrangement in which two dissimilar organisms live together?
Symbiosis
A foreshock sometimes comes before a major earthquake.
T
A simple symmetrical upfold in topography is an anticline.
T
A talus slope has a characteristic angle of repose of about 35 degrees.
T
According to the concepts of plate tectonics, the continents of Africa and South America are gradually changing their distance from each other.
T
Any downward movement of broken rocks owing to gravity is called mass wasting.
T
Deep fault zones apparently serve as conduits allowing water and heat to approach the surface.
T
Diastrophism is considered an internal geomorphic process.
T
Fragmented mineral material is called sediment.
T
Granite is a type of rock which has cooled from magma.
T
Igneous rocks apparently make up the bulk of Earth's entire crust.
T
In physical geography, comprehending the dynamics of topographic development is more important than any amount of detailed landform distribution study.
T
In the Cascade Range, there are many peaks larger or taller than Mount Saint Helens which exploded.
T
In the Earth system, internal and external geomorphic processes act more or less in direct opposition to each other.
T
Mudflows are potentially more dangerous to humanity than earthflow
T
Our understanding of the crust and upper mantle has fundamentally improved in the last few decades.
T
Oxidation in rocks is often initiated by oxygen dissolved in water.
T
Paleomagnetism is used to show that the continents drifted apart.
T
Plutonic rocks are the same thing as intrusive rocks.
T
Soil creep is generally faster on water-saturated slopes than on dry ones.
T
The Andesite Line refers to the numerous volcanoes which dot the rim of the Pacific Ocean.
T
The Earth's crust is rigid as compared to the mantle directly underneath.
T
The Lewis Overthrust in Glacier National Park in Montana is such a large thrust fault that sediments have been displaced as much as 30 kilometers.
T
The largest recorded earthquake had a moment magnitude of 9.5 and occurred in Chile.
T
The southern portion of the "super continent" envisioned by Wegener is called Gondwanaland.
T
The steepest angle that can be assumed by loose fragments on a slope without downslope movement is the angle of repose.
T
When water freezes, it decreases in density and expands in volume.
T
The processes that deepen and age soils include all but the following
TAXONOMY
The true soil layer is known as ________.
THE SOLUM
Crustal movements of various kinds in the Earth's crust is collectively called ________ activity.
Tectonic
stair-step
The "four-corners country" of the United States is dominated by a major landform assemblage called ______.
Epipedon
The A or A/O horizon combination
After the Sahara, which of the following is the world's major location of ergs?
The Arabian desert
By far, the zoogeographic region with the most distinctive fauna is ?
The Australian region
Which of the following facilitated the interchange of animals between the Nearctic and Palearctic zoogeographic regions?
The Bering Land Bridge
________ is an area of extensive flood basalts.
The Columbia Plateau
Speculate on which of the following landscapes exists as the result of glaciation.
The Great Lakes
Lake Bonneville
The Great Salt Lake is a remnant of...
The richest assemblage of flora and fauna outside the tropics are in ?
The Midlatitude deciduous forest biome
At its maximum extent, continental glacial ice in NOrth America extended as far south as
The Ohio River
At its maximum extent, continental glacial ice in North America extended as far south as ________.
The Ohio River
The classic example of the effects of the environment on a species is shown by what?
The Size of ears on a fox
Great Salt Lake
The best example of the remnant of a Pleistocene lake in the United States is _______.
podsolization
The boreal forest in subarctic locations is the typical setting for _________. -(gray soil)
Soil water balance
The dynamic relationship between precipitation and evaporation in any given location
Salinization
The evaporating water leaves behind various salts in or on the surface of the soil, sometimes in such quantity as to impart a brilliant white surface color to the land
Porosity
The measure of a soil's capacity to hold water and air
mesa and scarp [stair-step]
The most common landscape forms in the dry western U.S. are the basin and range and the ______.
water
The most single important agent of landscape formation in deserts is ______.
deflation
The process of shifting loose particles by blowing them into the air or rolling them on the ground is called _______.
andisols
The productive wheat lands of parts of Washington, Oregon and Idaho are underlain by soils incorporating volcanic ash and classified as _______.
soil separates
The size groups within the standard classification of soil particle sizes
In the section "An Example of Scale," it is apparent that ________.
The smallest scale is related to the view from farthest away
geologic
The soil forming factor which relates to the parent material composition is the ________ forming factor
C horizon
The soil horizon comprising unconsolidated parent material beyond the reach of most roots
parent material
The source of the rock fragments that make up soil
slip face
The steeper leeward side of a sand dune is called a _______.
Essay: Define the term Karst
The term karst connotes both a set of processes and an assemblage of landforms. The word is used as the catchall name of a cornerstone concept that describes the special landforms that develop on exceptionally soluble rocks. Typical landforms in karst regions include sinkholes, disrupted surface drainage and underground drainage networks that have openings formed from solution action
Regolith
The weathered layer of loose inorganic material overlaying unfragmented rock.
abrasion
The wind-caused etching or pitting of rock surfaces is termed _______.
Which of the following is NOT true of the terranes of North America?
They are the largest of the crustal plate types
Many of today's desert lakes are NOT described by which phrase?
They are usually freshwater in nature
Concerning tsunamis, which of the following is FALSE? 26)
They are very tall in the open sea.
Which of the following is NOT a property of minerals?
They can be human-made.
Overtime, which of the following has happened to Niagara Falls
They have migrated several kilometers upstream
Which of the following is TRUE of tides?
They have small effects on landforms.
Hygroscopic water
This type of water is held to soil particles by adhesion and is normally unavailable to plants
A ________ is formed when converging waves deposit sand from two directions.
Tombolo
The ________ physically separates East Antarctica from West Antarctica.
Transantarctic Mountains
) ________ brings soil materials from the A horizon to the B horizon.
Translocation
The drainage pattern common in ridge and valley landscapes is ________.
Trellis
In the interior of which biome would you find the aroma of mold and decomposition, has high humidity and much plant litter on the forest floor
Tropical Rainforest
Most of the "big game" mammals in Africa are naturally adapted to the
Tropical Savanna Biome
A centripetal drainage pattern is essentially the opposite of a radial pattern. True/False
True
A consequence of vegetation removal is accelerated stream erosion. True/False
True
A drop in sea level causes stream rejuvenation on land. True/False
True
A foreshock sometimes comes before a major earthquake.
True
A megathrust was responsible for generating the disastrous tsunami of 2004.
True
A minor volcanic eruption releases the energy equivalent to a cluster of atomic bombs.
True
A monadnock is an erosional remnant on a peneplain surface. True/False
True
A remnant of a previous valley floor is called a stream terrace. True/False
True
A simple symmetrical upfold in topography is an anticline.
True
A stream may occupy all of its valley bottom. True/False
True
A talus slope has a characteristic angle of repose of about 35 degrees. True/False
True
A volcano is "active" if it has had at least one eruption in recorded history.
True
A yazoo stream is a tributary which is prevented by a natural levee from entering the main stream and runs for a considerable distance parallel to the main stream before finding an entrance. True/False
True
According to Wegener, all the continents were once joined together in one continent.
True
Aeolian processes are at their maximum in areas with sand surfaces.
True
Angular rocks and boulders on high mountain peaks were produced by frost shattering. True/False
True
Any downward movement of broken rocks owing to gravity is called mass wasting. True/False
True
At one time, sea level was higher than it is today.
True
Beaches are ephemeral in longevity and are very temporary in form.
True
Beaches are generally wider in the summer than in the winter.
True
Brush fires and forest fires speed the process of mechanical weathering. True/False
True
Burrowing animals, earthquakes, and thunder are all significant contributors to soil creep. True/False
True
Clayey soils or clayey subsoils greatly facilitate mass movement. True/False
True
Complex geologic structures in North Africa, North America, and Europe correlate very well with one another in terms of continental drift.
True
Considerable energy of a stream's action is used up by frictional retardation. True/False
True
Consideration of the scale of landform observation means that the aspects of the landscape one observes in a close-up view are different from those observed from a more distant view.
True
Consideration of the scale of landform observation means that the aspects of the landscape one observes in a close-up view are different from those observed from a more distant view. True/False
True
Coral fringes nearly all tropical coastlines.
True
Current theory likens the world's sea floors to conveyor belts moving ever outward from the oceanic ridges.
True
Debris flows are mass movements that occur on slopes in arid regions. True/False
True
Deep fault zones apparently serve as conduits allowing water and heat to approach the surface.
True
Diastrophism is considered a set of internal geomorphic processes.
True
Diastrophism is considered a set of internal geomorphic processes. True/False
True
Drainage in karst areas is often beneath the surface. True/False
True
Drainage patterns are most commonly a response to geologic structure. True/False
True
During subduction, oceanic crust melts as it is pushed down into the hot mantle.
True
Earth's topography is more varied than that of any known planet.
True
Earth's topography is more varied than that of any known planet. True/False
True
Equilibrium theory is the currently accepted explanation of landform development. True/False
True
Erosion is increased with increases in a stream's turbulent flow. True/False
True
Exfoliation appears to involve both mechanical and chemical weathering agents. True/False
True
External geomorphic processes are mainly subaerial.
True
External geomorphic processes are mainly subaerial. True/False
True
Faulting can take place many kilometers below the surface.
True
Floodplains are caused by floods. True/False
True
Floodplains can grow by lateral erosion. True/False
True
Fragmented mineral material is called sediment.
True
Fragmented mineral material is called sediment. True/False
True
Generally, a relatively small amount of material is transported by saltation as compared to other means of stream transport. True/False
True
Granite is a type of rock which has cooled from magma.
True
Granite is a type of rock which has cooled from magma. True/False
True
Gravity is the energizing force in mass wasting. True/False
True
Hot watersuch as that in hot springsis a potent dissolver of minerals. True/False
True
Huge mountain ranges and shallow-focus earthquakes are common along convergent boundaries between pairs of continental plates
True
Humans have drilled less than one-thousandth of the distance from the surface to the center of the Earth.
True
Humans have drilled less than one-thousandth of the distance from the surface to the center of the Earth. True/False
True
Ice push is significant in modifying shoreline formations at the edges of water bodies that freeze over.
True
If the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets were to melt, the result would be a significant increase in sea level.
True
Igneous rocks apparently make up the bulk of Earth's entire crust.
True
Igneous rocks apparently make up the bulk of Earth's entire crust. True/False
True
Igneous rocks can be directly derived from the deformation of metamorphic rocks.
True
Igneous rocks can be directly derived from the deformation of metamorphic rocks. True/False
True
In a flow, the center moves faster than the outer edges True/False
True
In a stream, water erodes more on the outside of bends than on the inside of bends. True/False
True
In basin-and-range topography, the basin floor altitude tends to increase with time.
True
In general a desert has many impermeable surfaces which reduce potential water infiltration.
True
In general, the slow cooling of molten rock leads to formation of large crystals.
True
In general, the slow cooling of molten rock leads to formation of large crystals. True/False
True
In the 1920s, Alfred Wegener assembled much scientific evidence suggesting that the continents drift.
True
In the Cascade Range, there are many peaks larger or taller than Mount Saint Helens which exploded.
True
In the Earth system, internal and external geomorphic processes act more or less in direct opposition to each other.
True
In the Earth system, internal and external geomorphic processes act more or less in direct opposition to each other. True/False
True
Isostasy can cause land lifting when groundwater dissolves limestone.
True
Isostasy can cause land lifting when groundwater dissolves limestone. True/False
True
Knickpoints are irregularities in otherwise graded channel profiles. True/False
True
Limestone surfaces are resistant to mechanical weathering processes. True/False
True
Mafic lava is likely to be hotter and more fluid, causing non-explosive volcanic eruptions.
True
Many coastal mudflats were once lagoons.
True
Many extensive wave-cut benches are buried by sediment.
True
Many of the larger barrier islands may have been formed when sea level was lower than today.
True
Many of the most important ore minerals are sulfides.
True
Many of the most important ore minerals are sulfides. True/False
True
Many streams have drainage patterns unrelated to the underlying geologic structure. True/False
True
Mass wasting is generally the second step in a three-step system of denudation True/False
True
Mechanical and chemical weathering usually act in concert with one another. True/False
True
Mound or terrace build-up is often a side effect of hot springs True/False
True
Mudflows are potentially more dangerous to humanity than earthflow True/False
True
Mudflows tend to follow the local drainage network. True/False
True
Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust.
True
Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust. True/False
True
Offset streams are caused by strike-slip faults.
True
Our understanding of the crust and upper mantle has fundamentally improved in the last few decades.
True
Our understanding of the crust and upper mantle has fundamentally improved in the last few decades. True/False
True
Over long amounts of time, without tectonic activity, all local base levels would be eliminated. True/False
True
Oxidation in rocks is often initiated by oxygen dissolved in water. True/False
True
Oxidation produces compounds which are more easily eroded than the original rock. True/False
True
Paleomagnetism is used to show that the continents drifted apart.
True
Parallel structure, also known as stratification, is a characteristic of most sedimentary rocks.
True
Parallel structure, also known as stratification, is a characteristic of most sedimentary rocks. True/False
True
Plant roots are agents of weathering. True/False
True
Plate tectonics is another term for lithospheric rearrangement.
True
Plate tectonics is another term for lithospheric rearrangement. True/False
True
Plutonic rocks are the same thing as intrusive rocks.
True
Plutonic rocks are the same thing as intrusive rocks. True/False
True
Polyps are the individual creatures making coral.
True
Process refers to the analytical element of landscape study which considers the actions that have combined to produce the landform.
True
Process refers to the analytical element of landscape study which considers the actions that have combined to produce the landform. True/False
True
Rejuvenation results from the uplift of a regional landscape and creates new slope angles to be weathered. True/False
True
Salt wedging is a weathering process which is unimportant in humid regions. True/False
True
Scale differences in landform studies are complex and of significance
True
Scale differences in landform studies are complex and of significance True/False
True
Sea level is the base level, or lower limit, of stream downcutting. True/False
True
Sedimentary strata are always formed horizontally.
True
Sedimentary strata are always formed horizontally. True/False
True
Soil creep is generally faster on water-saturated slopes than on dry ones. True/False
True
Some geysers erupt continuously. True/False
True
Sometimes, landslides come down into a valley and then race upslope on the other side. True/False
True
Strata are the layers in sedimentary rock.
True
Strata are the layers in sedimentary rock. True/False
True
Streams carving large valleys do most of their erosional work during flood stage. True/False
True
Surface limestone is far more resistant to erosion than the same rock underground. True/False
True
Surface streams are relatively rare in karst regions, but many streams flow in caverns below karst surfaces. True/False
True
T/F A piedmont glacier is a type of mountain glacier
True
T/F A remnant of a previously valley floor is called stream terrace
True
T/F Aeolian processes are at their maximum in areas with sand surfaces
True
T/F Cirques are located at elevations high about sea level
True
T/F Cirques are located at elevations high above sea level
True
T/F Drainage in karst areas is often beneath the surface
True
T/F Drainage patterns are most commonly a response to geologic structure
True
T/F Floodplains are caused by floods
True
T/F Hanging valleys occur where the mouths of tributary valleys are perched high along the side of stream valleys
True
T/F Hot water- such as that in hot springs- is a potent dissolver of minerals
True
T/F In basin-and-range topography, the basin floor altitude tends to increase with time
True
T/F In general a desert has many impermeable surfaces which reduce potential water inflitration
True
T/F Knickpoints are irregularities in otherwise graded channel profiles
True
T/F Limestone surfaces are resistant to mechanical weathering processes
True
T/F Most sediment in glacial regions consists of glacial flour
True
T/F Mound or terrace build-up is often a side effect of hot springs
True
T/F Rejuvenation results from the uplift of regional landscape and creates new slope angles to be weathered
True
T/F Relict ergs are sometimes found in non-desert areas
True
T/F Streams carving large valleys do most of their erosional work during flood stage
True
T/F Surface limestone is far more resistant to erosion than the same rock underground
True
T/F Surface streams are relatively rare in karst regions, but many streams flow in caverns below karst surfaces
True
T/F The fastest moving of all types of dunes are barchan dunes
True
T/F The main constituent of desert sand is usually quartz crystals
True
T/F U-Shaped stream valleys are indicators that a stream valley has been glaciated
True
T/F Water in hot spring is usually impregnated with a great deal of dissolved mineral water
True
T/F a glacier grows when the accumulation zone grows faster than the ablation zone
True
Talus slopes are normally gently concave upward, with the steepest angle near the apex of the cone. True/False
True
The Andesite Line refers to the numerous volcanoes which dot the rim of the Pacific Ocean.
True
The Deccan Plateau of India is associated with flood basalts.
True
The Earth's crust is rigid as compared to the mantle directly underneath.
True
The Gulf Coast of the United States is fringed by a long string of barrier islands.
True
The Haiti earthquake was so devastating because of poor construction of buildings.
True
The Lewis Overthrust in Glacier National Park in Montana is such a large thrust fault that sediments have been displaced horizontally as much as 30 kilometers.
True
The angle of response on the side of a sinkhole is usually 20 to 30 degrees. True/False
True
The asthenosphere is the portion of Earth's interior between the lithosphere and lower mantle.
True
The asthenosphere is the portion of Earth's interior between the lithosphere and lower mantle. True/False
True
The crust under the ocean bottom is thinner than the crust under the continental surface.
True
The crust under the ocean bottom is thinner than the crust under the continental surface. True/False
True
The drainage basin of a principal river encompasses the smaller drainage basins of all its tributaries. True/False
True
The eruptions of Old Faithful are no longer faithful. True/False
True
The fastest moving of all types of dunes are barchan dunes.
True
The fate of most coastal lagoons is to be filled in and become part of the land itself.
True
The flow of underground water is largely unchanneled. True/False
True
The heat emanating from a geyser basin is hundreds of times greater than the heat emanating from a non-geyser area of the same size. True/False
True
The lack of silts and clays along beaches indicate that beaches are zones of high energy where small-sized materials cannot settle out.
True
The largest recorded earthquake had a moment magnitude of 9.5 and occurred in Chile.
True
The load carried by overland flow past a point is generally small in comparison to what a stream can transport past a point. True/False
True
The main constituent of desert sand is usually quartz crystals.
True
The mantle is located beneath the Moho.
True
The mantle is located beneath the Moho. True/False
True
The most widely distributed intrusive rock is granite
True
The most widely distributed intrusive rock is granite True/False
True
The motive force behind continental drift appears to be convection.
True
The slight difference in time of observation between the arrival of P and S waves at a seismographic station allows scientists to determine the distance to the focus of an earthquake.
True
The southern portion of the "super continent" envisioned by Wegener is called Gondwanaland.
True
The steepest angle that can be assumed by loose fragments on a slope without downslope movement is the angle of repose. True/False
True
The term "mountains without roots" is used to refer to mountains in overthrust fault zones.
True
The terms "drainage basin" and "watershed" are synonymous True/False
True
Travertine and tufa are closely related deposits. True/False
True
Turbulent flow in streams is a main means of dissipating energy into erosion True/False
True
Underground water is almost totally ineffective in terms of hydraulic power, erosion, and other kinds of mechanical erosion. True/False
True
Valleys in karst terrain are generally dry and small. True/False
True
Valleys lengthen at the expense of interfluves becoming smaller. True/False
True
Water in hot springs is usually impregnated with a great deal of dissolved mineral water. True/False
True
Water is more important than wind in its role as a sculptor of terrain True/False
True
Water is the leading external shaper of landforms because of its ubiquity over the planet. True/False
True
Wave shape changes usually occur in zones near the coast rather than in open water.
True
When water freezes, it decreases in density and expands in volume. True/False
True
Whenever soil is present, it makes up the upper portion of the regolith.
True
Whenever soil is present, it makes up the upper portion of the regolith. True/False
True
Where solifluction occurs, drainage channels are usually scarce. True/False
True
What is one of the features distinguishing mammals from all other groups?
True Hair
Glaciers carve ________-shaped valleys.
U
FIB The Finger Lakes district of upstate New York is a prime example of the glacial feature called
U-Shaped Troughs
The Finger Lakes Region of upstate New York is a prime example of ________
U-shaped troughs
A slope struck by a low sun angle has relatively low evaporation and thus supports a relatively luxuriant vegetation growth and is known as ?
Ubac slope
"The present is the key to the past" is the summarization of the doctrine of ________.
Uniformitarianism
Rivers downcutting into a land surface, in the absence of other forces, usually tend to erode a ___ shaped form
V
... is a notable characteristic of mesa-and-scarp topography.
Vivid color
Most present atolls are on former ________ islands
Volcanic
After Alaska, ________ is the state with the greatest number of glaciers and greatest amount of surface area covered by glaciers.
Washington
The state having the greatest extent of flood basalts is ________.
Washington
The distance between one wave crest and the next is known as the ________.
Wavelength
The single most important force in shaping coastal topography is the ________.
Waves
The first comprehensive theory of continental drift was propounded by ________.
Wegener
The first person to write about the possibility of continental drift was ________.
Wegener
The following area would appear as a series of islands if it were to lose its glacial ice.
West Antarctica
A floristic association dominated by tall grasslands and found in the middle latitudes is?
Wetlands
Wilting point
When the available soil water has been completely depleted
Most waves are generated by ________.
Wind
The Driftless Area is in ________.
Wisconsin
The most recent glacial stage of the Pleistocene in North America was the ________.
Wisconsin
In Europe the Wisconsin ice advance is known as the "________".
Wurm
By Far, the world's largest concentration of hydrothermal features occurs in
Wyoming
On the Modified Mercalli scale, the largest earthquakes would be assigned a value of ________.
XII
FIB The ___ is a river which recieved its name from the color of the loess sediment it carries
Yellow
Mollisols, Alfisols
________ and _______ are the 2 most agriculturally productive soil orders.
Vegetation
________ is the primary agent that anchors sand dunes to prevent their mirgration.
humus
a brown or black, gelatinous, chemically stable organic matter -catalyst for chemical reactions and a reservoir for plant nutrients and soil water.
one would find the piedmont angle
a change in slope at a mountain base
Relatively cooler magma in an erupting volcano is apparently the result of ________.
a high amount of silica present
48. Water moving roughly parallel to the shoreline is called ________. A) swash B) oblique waves C) backwash D) stream outflow E) a longshore current
a longshore current
Water moving roughly parallel to the shoreline is called ________.
a longshore current
Which of the following glacial landforms is composed of bedrock?
a nunatak
the final result of the classical theory of the gemoorphic cycle concept is
a peneplain
When a stalacite meets a stalagmite the result is
a pillar
Which of the following enhances the rate of solution of bedrock
a profusion of joints and bedding planes
minerals and rocks of the crust?
a quarter of them
Gleization
a regime restricted to waterlogged areas, normally in a cool climate. -(muddy soils)
11) Which of the following concepts does not belong with the others?
a rigid crust with fixed continents
Earth's inner core is thought to consist of ________.
a rigid mass
A coast embayed with numerous estuaries is likely to be ________.
a shoreline of submergence
Which of the following is an example of speleothem
a stalactite
Gravitational water is ________.
a temporary form of soil moisture
Drift is ________.
a term which is a misnomer out of biblical literature
loam
a texture in which none of the 3 principal separates dominates the other 2
Which of the following is termed "conservative"?
a transform plate boundary
Bornhardts are
a type of inselberg
Bornhardts are ________.
a type of inselberg
38. The lower part of a glacier where there is a net annual loss of ice from melting and sublimation is the zone of ________. A) ablation B) evaporation C) névé D) till E) striation
ablation
The lower part of a glacier where there is a net annual loss of ice from melting and sublimation is the zone of ________.
ablation
The glacial scouring by bedrock embedded in ice is erosion by
abrasion
The glacial scouring by bedrock embedded in ice is erosion by ________.
abrasion
The wind-caused etching or pitting of rock surfaces is termed
abrasion
The wind-caused etching or pitting of rock surfaces is termed ...
abrasion
The wind-caused etching or pitting of rock surfaces is termed ________.
abrasion
the wind-caused etching or pitting of rock surfaces is termed
abrasion
B horizon
accumulation of clay, iron and aluminum from above
The disastrous tsunami of 2004 ________.
affected the Indian Ocean
The ... is a depositional feature that accumulates at the mouths of desert canyons.
alluvial fan
The ________ is a depositional feature that accumulates at the mouths of desert canyons.
alluvial fan
Which of the following landforms does not belong with the others?
alluvial fan
The general term applied to stream-deposited debris is
alluvium
Where is one plate being subducted under another plate?
along the Aleutian Trench
Where would one find a convergent plate boundary?
along the Pacific coast of South America
The most advanced stage of tropical reef formation is exhibited in ________.
an atoll
when hot water is ejected from a geyser, that flow is called
an eruption
The barren surface composed of consolidate material, usually of exposed bed rock is ...
an hamada
During the Pleistocene, ________ was a time of ice retreat.
an interglacial
The proof for the long-doubted idea of drifting continents came in the form of ________.
analysis of magnetic and seismic patterns
A tsunami is ________.
another term for a seismic sea wave
A simple symmetrical upfold is called a(n) ________.
anticline
A common characteristic of all the basins of the interior drainage in the United States is that they...
are all in the western United States
As they travel on the open sea, tsunamis ________.
are inconspicuous
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
arete
Another term for "wadi" is ...
arroyo
another term for wadi is
arroyo
How many major glacial episodes are included in the Pleistocene Epoch?
as many as 18 or 19
Life appeared on Earth ________.
as one-celled organisms and remained so over most of Earth's history
Along coastal cliffs, the most effective erosion takes place ________.
at sea level
46. A ________ is a landform which almost always assumes a circular shape. A) atoll B) spit C) tombolo D) hook E) none of the above
atoll
The difference between field capacity and the wilting point is called ________.
available soil moisture
Presently, the North American and Eurasian plates are moving ________.
away from each other
FIB The natural levees on floodplains along large rivers merge outwardly and almost imperceptibly well drained and lower portions of the floodplains, generally refered to as the
backswamps
In arid lands, intricately rifled and barren terrain is called
badlands
In arid lands, intricately rifled and barren terrain is called ________.
badlands
a densely-packed stream network on erodible sedimentary rocks produces
badlands
24. Alluvial fans which have expanded and joined over time form a landscape feature known as a(n) ________. A) bajada B) plinth C) slip face D) sand plain E) alkali flat
bajada
Alluvial fans which have expanded and joined over time form a landscape feature known as a(n) ________.
bajada
Alluvial fans which have expanded and joined over time form a landscape freature known as an
bajada
alluvial fans which have expanded and joined over time form a landscape feature known as a
bajada
Alluvial fans which have expanded and joined over time form a landscape feature known as ...
bajadas
Because of short steep canyons on the east side of Death Valley no _______ are found there
bajadas
Because of short steep canyons on the east side of Death Valley, no ... are found there.
bajadas
The main dune form in most deserts is crescent shaped and is migrating across a non-sand surface is called
barchan
The main dune form in most deserts is crescent shaped and is migrating across a non-sand surface; it is called a(n) ________.
barchan
the main dune form in most deserts is crescent shaped and is migrating across a non-sand dune; it is called a ______
barchan
Only after ________ have attained large size, do they begin to migrate toward the shore.
barrier bars
The movement of a glacier along its bottom, lubricated by meltwater is known as
basal slip
The movement of a glacier along its bottom, lubricated by meltwater, is known as ________.
basal slip
13. An imaginary surface extending beneath the continents which limits how deep streams may cut is ________. A) a trellis B) base level C) a knickpoint D) grade E) traction
base level
An imaginary surface extending beneath the continents which limits how deep streams may cut
base level
FIB Sea level is the ___ or lower limit of stream downcutting
base level
The elevation limit of a stream downcutting on a land mass is called
base level
The minerals that form cations are known as ________.
bases
On the standard pH scale, the number 10 indicates a ________ soil
basic
One of the primary special characteristics of deserts is their
basins of internal drainage
One of the primary special characteristics of deserts is their ...
basins of internal drainage
One of the primary special characteristics of deserts is their ________.
basins of internal drainage
one of the primary special characteristics of deserts is their
basins of internal drainage
The ________ is an igneous intrusion which has a surface area of at least 100 square kilometers.
batholith
The most massive form of igneous intrusion is a ________.
batholith
A ________ transforms a bay into a lagoon.
baymouth bar
In deserts, wind can be said to ...
be more effective than elsewhere
45. Beach sand moves along the shore in a movement of materials called ________. A) tombolo genesis B) barrier bar deposition C) beach drifting D) karst solution E) spit organization
beach drifting
Beach sand moves along the shore in a movement of materials called ________.
beach drifting
Limestone caverns are closely associated with ________.
bedding and jointing planes
Under most of the Earth's land surface, solid rock exists as a buried layer known as ________.
bedrock
In terms of Earth history, life appeared ________.
before the Grand Canyon began
The Holocene is NOT ________.
before the Pleistocene in Earth history
Of fluvial terms, which is most closely associated with stream capture
beheaded
Where can one find a glacier's equilibrium line
between the accumulation and ablation zones
Where can one find a glacier's equilibrium line?
between the accumulation and ablation zones
An interfluve can be found
between valleys
In rock, ___ is an end product of common solution reactions
bicarbonate
A shallow depression from which an abundance of fine material has been deflated is known as a deflation hollow or
blowout
A shallow depression from which an abundance of fine material has been deflated is known as a deflation hollow or ...
blowout
A shallow depression from which an abundance of fine material has been deflated is known as a deflation hollow or ________.
blowout
A shallow depression from which an abundance of fine material has been deflated is known as hollow or
blowout
A vegetation of type dominated by coniferous needle-leaf evergreen trees is the?
boreal forest
An arroyo is to a wadi as an inselberg is to a ...
bornhardt
Most of the material carried by a glacier is moved at the
bottom
Most of the material carried by a glacier is moved at the ________.
bottom
Laterization
brick-red color of the soil -associated with the tropical moist climates
Limestone is composed primarily of ________.
calcite
Some coastal landforms are built by sea creatures capable of producing rocklike material called ________.
calcium carbonate
The chemical binder for many sedimentary rocks, such as limestone, is ________.
calcium carbonate
The main "ingredient" in the formation of coral is ________.
calcium carbonate
Which material, accumulated from the remains of plants and animals, can produce limestone?
calcium carbonate
Crater Lake, Oregon, is an example of a volcanic ________.
caldera
Which of the following is NOT an intrusive volcanic landform?
caldera
) The main "type" of water that plants use is ________.
capillary
After gravitational water has drained away, ________ is the water that remains in the soil and is available for use by plants.
capillary water
A bedrock surface resistant to erosion overlying a bedrock surface less resistant to erosion will help create mesa-and-scarp topography. The resistant bedrock surface is a ...
caprock
Air within the soil is usually highly saturated and rich in ________.
carbon dioxide
The production of travertine first requires that ___ dissolves in hot water and makes an acid and dissolves great quantities of limestone
carbon dioxide
8. From a chemical standpoint, the three reacting agents of greatest importance to weathering are ________. A) hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen B) water vapor, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide C) oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide D) carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor E) none of the above
carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor
These rock-forming minerals are light-colored or colorless. They are common components of sedimentary rock and frequently combine with oxygen.
carbonates
Underground water is a weak ________ acid.
carbonic
FIB A hot springs location, hot water, carbon dioxide and other gases rise from magma and mineral ground water the result is
carbonic acid
It is now clear that desertification is
caused by a mix of natural and human circumstances
It is now clear that desertification is ________.
caused by a mix of natural and human circumstances
A collapse doline is the remains of a
cavern
35. The movement of a glacier is normally measured in ________ per day. A) tens of kilometers B) meters C) centimeters D) kilometers E) tens of meters
centimeters
The movement of a glacier is normally measured in ___ per day
centimeters
The movement of a glacier is normally measured in ________ per day.
centimeters
The movement of a glacier is normally meausred in __ per deay
centimeters
Which of the following is most closely related to eustatic forces?
change in sea level
Which of the following is the causal mechanism for the Pleistocene climate changes?
changes in a combination of mechanisms
FIB Lake Missoula drained catastrophically and created the __ in Washington State
channeled scablands
The primary way in which underground water shapes topography is through
chemical action
The primary way in which underground water shapes topography is through ________.
chemical action
Some sedimentary rocks are formed chemically and known as ________.
chemical sedimentary rocks
The nature of a volcanic eruption is determined largely by the ________ of the magma.
chemistry
The first feature carved by a mountain glacier is a(n) ________.
cirque
The shape of a ___ can be likened to an ampitheater
cirque
The shape of a(n) ________ can be likened to an amphitheater.
cirque
) Like ________, humus is a catalyst for chemical reactions and a reservoir for plant nutrients and soil water.
clay
In the soil, which of the separates are associated with significant chemical activity in soil?
clay
The smallest-sized pieces of a soil are ________.
clays
Today, Antarctic ice shelves are ________.
collapsing
Most alluvial fans are ...
composed of poorly sorted debris
most alluvial fans are
composed of poorly sorted debris
Research since the 1970s has identified the cause of plate tectonics to be ________.
convection
The Himalayas were formed by crumpling of plate edges in a ________ zone.
convergent
The plate boundaries which are ________ are likely to make island arcs.
convergent between oceanic plates
Calcium carbonate is most readily dissolved in
cool water
A group of anthozoan animals is responsible for the formation of ________.
coral reefs
A chain of mountains encompassing many ranges is known as a(n) ________.
cordillera
Most blowouts are
created by wind deposition
5. The slowest and least perceptible form of mass wasting is ________. A) solifluction B) exfoliation C) mudflow D) landslide E) creep
creep
Isostasy refers to the recognition that the ________ floats on the denser mantle.
crust
The ________ is the thinnest layer.
crust
The lithosphere is sometimes defined as the ________.
crust and upper mantle
FIB Initial excavation and ___ are two principal stages in cave formation
decoration
In arid lands, the flow of exotic rivers ... with increasing distance towards the mouth.
decreases
The solubility of carbon dioxide ________ as water temperature ________.
decreases, increases
The process of shifting loose particles by blowing them into the air or rolling them on the ground
deflation
The process of shifting loose particles by blowing them into the air or rolling them on the ground is called ________.
deflation
the process of shifting loose particles by blowing them into the air or rolling them on the ground is called
deflation
11. This drainage pattern looks like the veins on the underside of a leaf: A) dendritic. B) trellis. C) centripetal. D) radial. E) annular.
dendritic
FIB ____ Drainage patterns are more numerous than all other drainage patterns combined
dendritic
This drainage pattern looks like the veins on the underside of the leaf
dendritic
The largest storm waves stir the subsurface water down to the ________.
depth of tens of meters
Inselbergs are associated with ... landscapes.
desert plain
"Exotic" is a term closely associated with ...
desert streams
FIB ___ is a shiny coating that forms on the outside of rocks and pebbles
desert varnish
"Dust Bowl" conditions in the North American Great Plains of the 1930s represented ...
desertification
The main types of erosion processes do NOT include ________.
diastrophism
Which of the following is NOT an external geomorphic process?
diastrophism
Great vertical escarpments are associated with .. of sedimentary strata in desert climates.
differential erosion
Great vertical escarpments are associated with .... of sedimentary strata in desert climates.
differential erosion
Great vertical escarpments are associated with ___ of sedimentary strata in desert climates
differential erosion
Variations in rock type and structure affect the slope and shape of landforms. These landforms are produced by
differential erosion
Variations in rock type and structure affect the slope and shape of landforms. These landforms are produced by ________.
differential erosion
Variations in rock type and structure affect the slope and shape of landforms. These landforms by
differential erosion
The most widespread of all intrusive forms is the ________.
dike
Radial walls extending outward from a volcano are ________.
dikes
The total volume in streams is termed
discharge
16. Branching channels that cross a delta are known as ________. A) 3rd order streams B) tributaries C) graded streams D) youthful streams E) distributaries
distributaries
Branching channels that cross a delta are known as
distributaries
Hot, plastic material of the asthenosphere is most conspicuous at ________.
divergent plate boundaries
Which two terms are usually used to refer to the SAME plate boundary?
divergent, constructive
One of the common surface features of karst landscapes are sinkholes also known as
dolines
A glacier will start to move of its own weight when it reaches a thickness of a few ________.
dozen meters
The most prominent result of coastal submergence is the ________.
drowning of river valleys
Which of the following features is NOT composed of stratified drift?
drumlins
FIB The few ice-free valleys in the interior of Antarctica are called the
dry valleys
The brilliant colors around hot springs and geysers is
due to algea
The following is not an important soil microorganism
earthworm
When a meandering stream is incised into a gradually rising crust or bedrock the result is an
entrenched meander
Which of the following refers to the surface of the Earth directly above the center of an earthquake?
epicenter
) For all soil orders, the surface layer is the ________.
epipedon
Which of the following is the SHORTEST amount of time?
epoch
A desert consisting of a large area of sand dunes is termed a
erg
A desert consisting of a large area of sand dunes is termed a(n) ...
erg
A desert consisting of a large area of sand dunes is termed a(n) ________.
erg
a desert consisting of a large area of sand dunes is termed an
erg
18. The detachment and removal of fragmented rock material is known as ________. A) erosion B) diastrophism C) leaching D) regolith stripping E) sedimentation
erosion
Mesa and scarp topography is most clearly associated with
erosion
Mesa-and-scarp topography is most closely associated with ...
erosion
Mesa-and-scarp topography is mostly associated with
erosion
The detachment and removal of fragmented rock material is known as ________.
erosion
34. A huge boulder resting on a completely different type of bedrock in glacial zones is a(n) ________. A) outwash plain B) cirque C) till D) nunatak E) erratic
erratic
A huge boulder resting on a completely different type of bedrock in glacial zones is
erratic
A huge boulder resting on a completely different type of bedrock in glacial zones is a(n) ________.
erratic
The flow of glaciers is best described as ________.
erratic
Geyers are best described as
eruptions of steam and water
37. Long sinuous ridges of stratified drift are termed ________. A) kettles B) kames C) outwash plains D) aretes E) eskers
eskers
Long sinuous ridges of stratified drift are termed
eskers
Long sinuous ridges of stratified drift are termed ________.
eskers
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
eskers
Most desert streamflow eventually
evaporates or seeps into the landscape
Most desert streamflow eventually ...
evaporates or seeps into the landscape
Rivers like the Nile or Colorado which rise in moist regions and then flow through arid landscapes are called ... streams
exotic
Rivers like the Nile or Colorado which rise in moist regions and then flow through arid landscapes are called ________ streams.
exotic
Rivers like the Nile or Colorado which rise in most regions and then flow through arid landscapes are ___ streams
exotic
Rivers like the Nile and Colorodo whih rise in moist regions and then flow through arid landscapes are called
exotic streams
In the Sahel, desertification is likely to continue because of ...
expanding population
4. Water is a major agent of weathering because of its property that, when it freezes, it decreases in density and ________. A) expands in volume B) turns acidic C) turns white D) evaporates E) stays in liquid form below 0° Celsius
expands in volume
Which of the following is NOT associated with sedimentary rocks?
extrusion of magma
Igneous rocks deposited on the surface and then cooled are known as ________.
extrusive
Wegener's early proposal of continental drift was not taken seriously because of his ________.
failure to provide a plausible cause
A pediment is the same thing as a piedmont slope.
false
A salina is the same thing as a wash.
false
Approximately 5 percent of all desert streams are ephemeral.
false
Death Valley contains few alluvial fans.
false
Death Valley was formerly occupied by glacial Lake Bonneville.
false
Dunes are rarely associated with vegetation.
false
Free-moving sand is usually found near centers of desert basins.
false
In basin-and-range landscapes, loess tends to accumulate in the center of the basins.
false
It seems likely that once "normal" rains come again, the desertification of the Sahel will cease.
false
Most mesas become inselbergs in their final stage of erosion.
false
The Sahel is in the central portion of the Sahara.
false
The largest basins of internal drainage in the United States are founded in Iowa.
false
The lowest point in an interior basin is a gibber.
false
The process of pediment formation is easily explained because scientists understand desert erosion.
false
The seif is the most common type of sand dune in North American deserts.
false
Weathering is faster in deserts than in other environments.
false
the seif is the most common type of sand dine in north american deserts
false
A sag pond is caused by collection of water from springs or runoff after movement along ________.
fault lines
Structurally, the most complicated of the list below is the ________.
fault scarp
The east face of the Sierra Nevadas presents an excellent example of a(n) ________.
fault scarp
The lowest area in North America is in Death Valley which was created by ________.
faulting
) A soil with a high cation exchange would likely be ________.
fertile
Rapid cooling in molten, extrusive materials makes the resulting materials ________.
fine-grained
Lava flows often create ________.
flat plains
Which is formed on top of Earth's crust?
flood basalt
Evidence of former surface volcanic activity is often found in the vast accumulations of lava called ________.
flood basalts
The most prominent of all depositional landscapes is the
floodplain
Running water is referred to as a __ process in terms of being a landform creator
fluvial
The banding characteristic of metamorphic rocks is ________.
foliation
Waves generated by wind are also known as ________.
forced waves
The ________ is regularly covered and uncovered by the rise and fall of tides.
foreshore zone
As loes erodes it
forms bluffs
As loess erodes, it ...
forms bluffs
Concerning desertification, which of the following is FALSE?
fortunately, it is a major problem only in Africa
The world's longest expanse of coastal dunes is located in ...
france
9. Which of the following is most effective in weathering rock? A) plant roots B) daily heating and cooling C) freeze/thaw cycles D) salt wedging E) fire
freeze/thaw cycles
A(n) ________ is attached to and built out from the shoreline.
fringing reef
Most atolls began as ________ around volcanic islands which later subsided beneath the sea.
fringing reefs
2. The most important type of mechanical weathering process is ________. A) uniformitarianism B) frost shattering C) oxidation D) hydrolysis E) salt wedging
frost shattering
Which of the following is NOT true of soil air
full of nutrients
A hot spring that steam is expelled from is known as a
fumarole
Humus has a consistency not unlike that of ________.
gelatin
FIB This word is from Icelandic for "gush" or "rage"
geyser
FIB The Surface of Yellowstone's geyser basins is covered by whitish silica sinter known as ____
geyserite
The main sediment type carried by streams in glacial regions is
glacial flour
The main sediment type carried by streams in glacial regions is ________.
glacial flour
Which of the following terms is synonymous for "ablation"?
glacier ablation
Which of the following is most closely associated with fjords?
glaciers
A crustal block which is down thrown with a steep fault scarp on either side is a ________.
graben
FIB A ___ is one which has become adjusted so that its flow is just able to carry its sediment load
graded
Which of the following terms is usually confused with but is not directly descriptive of soil moisture
groundwater
Like limestone, __ is highly susceptible to subsurface erosion
gypsum
As they are created, sedimentary rock strata align ________.
horizontally
36. A(n) ________ is created by a group of cirques eroding into a mountain peak. A) cyclopean step B) truncated spur C) arete D) tarn E) horn
horn
A ___ is created by a group of criques eroding into a mountain peak
horn
A(n) ________ is created by a group of cirques eroding into a mountain peak.
horn
An uplift of a block of land between two parallel faults is a ________.
horst
Grabens are commonly found in association with ________.
horsts
Which of the following is NOT associated with volcanoes?
horsts
Which of the following is NOT a main glacial characteristic that any satisfactory theory of ice age causes must account for?
how snow transforms into glacial ice
6. The rotting of rock by the various types of chemical weathering takes place best in ________. A) arid lands B) humid regions C) limestone regions D) upland montane forests E) polar regions
humid regions
The most effective coastal erosion is accomplished by ________.
hydraulic pounding
1. The chemical union of water with another substance is called ________. A) hydrolysis B) oxidation C) solifluction D) talus E) magma
hydrolysis
This type of water is held to soil particles by adhesion and is normally unavailable to plants.
hygroscopic water
A nanatak is a rocky pinnacle poking through a
ice field
A nunatak is a rocky pinnacle poking through a(n) ________.
ice field
Coastal landform modifications are sometimes caused by a localized increase in the volume of water. The modification process is called ________.
ice push
Which of the following is most important in creating landforms along lake shorelines?
ice push
Granite, diorite, gabbro, and peridotite are ________ rocks.
igneous intrusive
Where is the Antarctic ice generally deepest?
in West Antarctica
Debris in seawater is usually carried ________ along the beach.
in a zigzag path
Where are tides significant agents in coastal erosion?
in narrow bays
Glacial runoff primarily occurs ________.
in the daytime
Glacial runoff primarly occurs
in the daytime
The blunt edge of a drumlin faces ________.
in the direction opposite to the flow of ice
Which of the following is NOT one of the pluvial developments of the Pleistocene Epoch?
increased mass of glacial ice
Density ________ depth in the Earth's crust.
increases with
If you travel away from a midocean ridge you will find ________.
increasingly older rocks
peds
individual particles of most soils tend to aggregate into clumps
Rounded hills or mountain prominence surrounded by extensive plains and basins are
inselbergs
Rounded hills or mountain prominence surrounded by extensive plains and basins are ...
inselbergs
Rounded hills or mountain prominence surrounded by extensive plains and basins are ....
inselbergs
The land separating adjoining valleys is known as an
interfluve
12. Streams which flow for only a part of the year are ________. A) antecedent B) superimposed C) dry D) consequent E) intermittent
intermittent
Streams which flow for only part of the year are
intermittent
Global warming would cause ________.
inundation of coastal plains
The most widespread oxides are those that combine oxygen and ________.
iron
The long profile of a glaciated valley floor is ________.
irregular
Earthquake forecasting ________.
is being studied
The concept of plate tectonics ________.
is related to faulting and volcanic activity
The geographer's concern with the Earth's interior ________.
is restricted to its influence on Earth surface features
Currently, the valley floor of Death Valley ...
is underlain by hundreds of meters of sediments
28. Rainfall in deserts A) is usually intense. B) totals just as much as in humid areas. C) is incapable of moving much material. D) is usually associated with slow runoff. E) lasts for many days when it does come.
is usually intense
rainfall in deserts ...
is usually intense
Which of the following is NOT closely associated with the large system of ridges on the ocean floors?
island arcs
FIB Morainal surfaces containing a number of mounds and depressions are called
kame and kettle topography
Morainal surfaces containing a number of mounds and depressions are called ________ topography.
kame-and-kettle
Which of the following is NOT a periglacial landform?
kettle
The slow melting of blocks of stagnant ice in the land surface is the cause of
kettle holes
The slow melting of blocks of stagnant ice in the land surface is the cause of ________.
kettle holes
FIB The ultimate destiny for any ___ is to be graded from falls into rapids and eventually, eliminated
kickpoint
The Black Hills, South Dakota, is a dome-shaped mass which is built over a ________.
laccolith
Asia was not heavily glaciated in the Pleistocene because of ________.
lack of adequate precipitation
Which of the following shoreline features does NOT belong with the others?
lagoon
A ________ is another name for a volcanic mudflow.
lahar
A volcanic mud flow is known as a(n) ________.
lahar
A pluvial consequence of the Pleistocene glaciation has been the formation of ________.
lakes
The most prominent pluvial development of the Pleistocene was the appearance of many ________.
lakes
Antarctica does NOT have ________.
large amounts of non-glaciated land
Which of the below is NOT found in loess?
large amounts of sand
Currently, the rate of sea-floor spreading in the Atlantic is thought to be ________,
less than 1 centimeter per year
Mt. St. Helens is ________.
likely to vigorously erupt again
Caves are found in most parts of the world where there are thick ________ deposits under the surface.
limestone
Caves are found in most parts of the world where these are thick ___ deposits under the surface
limestone
Marble is metamorphosed ________.
limestone
In mesa-and-scarp topography, ... are typically the most resistant layers which form a caprock.
limestone and sandstone
Loose, water-saturated sediments may undergo ________ during an earthquake.
liquefaction
The "plates" in plate tectonics are in the ________.
lithosphere
Dead plant parts are known as ________ when they accumulate on the surface of the soil.
litter
Which of the following is NOT considered part of the soil?
living plants
A fine grained wind-deposited surface material with extensive deposits in the mid-latitudes is
loess
A fine-grained wind-deposited surface material with extensive deposits in the mid-latitudes is ...
loess
A fine-grained wind-deposited surface material with extensive deposits in the mid-latitudes is ________.
loess
a fine grained wind deposited surface material with extensive deposits in the mid latitudes is
loess
O horizon
loose and partly decayed organic matter - has the most organic matter
On the cliff/bench/terrace coastline, the terrace consists of ________.
loose rocks
The initial formation of Earth involved the solidification and cooling of ________.
magma
Within the Earth is molten mineral matter called ________.
magma
Just beneath the surface of Yellowstone National park is a large
magma chamber
The ________ is NOT a portion of Earth's interior.
magnetosphere
An inner segment of the Earth which is rigid, dense, and solid and lies directly beneath the Moho is called the ________.
mantle
The Moho is the boundary between the crust and the ________.
mantle
The thickest of Earth's interior layers is the ________.
mantle
Over the past 100 million years of Earth history, it is known that the magnetic poles have reversed themselves ________ times.
many
When subjected to metamorphism, limestone usually becomes ________.
marble
Tectonically rising coasts are most closely associated with ______
marine terraces
Over time, most coastal lagoons become ________.
marshes
A flat alluvium-floored valley fairly steep walls and a stream beginning to meander would be in ___ stage of the erosion cycle
mature
The Pleistocene Epoch ________.
may not yet have ended
A dark band of rock debris down the middle of a glacier from the union of two adjacent glaciers ___
medial moraine
A dark band of rock debris down the middle of a glacier from the union of two adjacent glaciers is a(n) ________.
medial moraine
Where several valley glaciers have joined together, one result is ________.
medial moraines
Lubrication for downslope glacial movement is provided by ________.
meltwater
the most common landscape forms in the dry western united States are the basin and range and the ...
mesa and scarp
the most common landscape forms int he dry western US are the basin and range and the
mesa and scarp
FIB The "four-couners country" of the united states is dominated by a major landform assemblage
mesa-and-scarp
The "four-corners country" of the United States is dominated by a major landform assemblage called ________.
mesa-and-scarp
Which of the following is NOT closely associated with basin-and-range topography?
mesas
Slate, schist, and gneiss are all rocks which are classified as
metamorphic and foliated
The centers of spread for Pleistocene ice sheets were in ________ latitudes.
middle
39. Snow is changed by ________ into glacial ice. A) rain B) millions of years of time C) ablation D) pressure and weathering E) basal slip
millions of years of time
All major geyser basins are similar in that they are covered with
mineral deposits
A horizon
mineral matter mixed with humus
A large-steep sided, circular hill of residual limestone bedrock is known as a
mogote
FIB ___ are karst features also know as "haystack hills"
mogotes
FIB A ___ is an erosional remnant on a peneplain surface
monadnock
A(n) ________ is a one-sided fold connecting horizontal or gently inclined strata.
monocline
Which of the following is associated with weathering in arid environments as opposed to humid environments?
more angular products of weathering
which of the following is associated with weathering in arid environments as opposed to humid environments?
more angular products of weathering
"Fracking" is associated with all but the ________.
most oil production from Saudi Arabia
Worldwide, volcanic eruptions are ________.
mostly underwater
Comparing two locations on a mountain glacier, it is likely they are ________.
moving at different rates
During the last Ice Age, sea level was ________.
much lower than today's sea level
In arid regions, differential erosion tends to be best developed in areas of ________.
multiple sedimentary layers
"Fracking" is most closely associated with ________.
natural gas
The laminar sheets which are clay particles are ________.
negatively charged
A soil pH measuring 7 on the standard pH scale is considered
neutral hence most suitable for majority of plants and microorganisms
of the states below _______ has the greatest extent of interior drainage basins
nevada
___ is granular snow which is beginning to calesce into glacial ice
neve
Which of the below correctly describes the ice in a mountain glacier?
never stops moving downhill
The basic elements for an analytical approach to landform development do NOT include which of the following?
normality
In Hawaii, the direction of movement of the "hot spot" means that the ________ is the oldest part of the island chain.
northwestern islands
Consider the location of New York City. In terms of crustal plates, New York City is ________.
not on a plate boundary
The combination of hydraulic pounding, abrasion and other forces at the base of a sea cliff produces a(n) ________.
notch
FIB Some geysers erupt from open pools of water and others are of the __ types
nozzle
A(n)________ is the same thing as a pyroclastic flow.
nuée ardente
Which of the following is NOT a type of spit?
offshore bar
The ________ is the area where waves break and surf action is greatest.
offshore zone
The basic classification of rock types is based on their ________.
origin
Generally, ________ waves are gentle phenomena.
oscillation
Which of the following is thought to be liquid?
outer core
19. On a meandering stream, maximum erosion takes place along the ________. A) outer edge of the meanders B) bottom C) places with the slowest flow D) islands E) inner edge of the meanders
outer edge of the meanders
Long tongues of ice which surround the margin of continental ice sheets are called ________.
outlet glaciers
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
outlet glaciers
Which of the following is NOT found BEHIND a terminal moraine?
outwash plains
The Glacier Park, Montana area, provides a classic example of large scale ________.
overthrust faulting
illuviation
particles are deposited in a lower level
The steepest beaches tend to be those with ________.
particles larger than sand
colloids
particles smaller than about 0.1 micrometer in diameter
A gently inclined bedrock platform is a(n) ________.
pediment
a gently inclined bedrock platform is a
pediment
a gently inclined bedrock platform is an
pediment
Basin-and-range topography is characterized by ... found above the basin floor and underneath the alluvial fans.
pediments
Soil structure is usually determined by clumps called ________.
peds
Which of the following is NOT one of the principal categories of rock-forming minerals?
peptides
Which of the following represents an addition to soil water
percolation
The zone beyond a glacier's limit and not directly touched by ice is the ________ zone.
periglacial
The amount of erosion done by glaciation is NOT affected by the ________.
periglacial conditions
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
periglacial processes
Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are those formed from ________.
pieces of other rocks
The ... zone at the base of desert mountain ranges is one of the most prominent areas of active fluvial deposition.
piedmont
Which of the following features is SMALLEST in area?
pillars
Identify the next word in the following series: plateau, mesa, butte, and ...
pinnacle
Which of the following does NOT belong on the list?
pitting
In basin and range topography, the lowest areas are frequently occupied by a
playa
In basin and range topography, the lowest areas are frequently occupied by a(n) ________.
playa
In basin and range topography, the lowest areas are frequently occupied by an
playa
In general, large boulders will not be found on
playas
The most significant erosive work of glaciers is accomplished by
plucking
The most significant erosive work of glaciers is accomplished by ________.
plucking
Volcanic activity that takes place deep under the crust is termed ________.
plutonic
The creation of many glacial lakes during the Pleistocene is labeled a(n) ________ development.
pluvial
Which of the following is most closely associated with the compression of air in coastline rocks?
pneumatic action
Calcium carbonate affects coastal landforms because it is produced in huge amounts by ________.
polyps
Roughly one half of the volume of an "average" soil type is composed of ________
pore spaces
The measure of a soil's capacity to hold water and air is called ________.
porosity
A soil with a large percentage of clay would be ________ and ________
porous, non-permeable
Which of the following is NOT an area thickly covered with loess?
portion of Southern Africa
Cations
positively charged particles which are essential for soil fertility and plant growth
FIB Yellowstone Park has the three necessary ingredients for hydrothermal activity: molten material, broken surface, and
precipitation
Snow is changed by ________ into glacial ice.
pressure and weathering
Tides _______
produce currents scouring the bottom
The totality of materials ejected from a volcano, including liquid material, ashes and dust is termed ________.
pyroclastic material
27. Sand dunes are composed mainly of individual grains of ________. A) calcium carbonate B) sodium C) quartz D) lime E) loess
quartz
Sand dunes are composed mainly of individual grains of
quartz
Sandstone is usually metamorphosed into ________.
quartzite
A typical drainage pattern on conic volcanic mountains would be
radial
Which of the following is postulated as the ultimate source of energy causing continental drift?
radioactive decay
Materials deposited during a lengthy pause in glacial retreat form ________.
recessional moraines
horizons
recognizable layers in soil
43. The phenomenon of waves changing direction as they approach the shoreline is known as ________. A) eruption B) refraction C) magic D) submergence E) carbonation
refraction
As a wave approaches an irregular shoreline, one portion of the wave reaches shallow waters sooner than other portions and is thus slowed down. This slowing down causes the wave line to bend and the bending is called ________.
refraction
The phenomenon of waves changing direction as they approach the shoreline is known as ________.
refraction
A __ is a desert which is covered with coarse gravel, pebbles and boulders and from which dust has been removed
reg
A ________ is a desert which is covered with coarse gravel, pebbles, and boulders and from which all sand and dust have been removed
reg
A ________ is a desert which is covered with coarse gravel, pebbles, and boulders and from which all sand and dust have been removed.
reg
A(n) ... is a desert which is covered with coarse gravel, pebbles, and boulders and from which all sand and dust have been removed.
reg
The Arabic word for "stone" describes a desert surface with coarse gravel, pebbles, and/or boulders. This word is ...
reg
desert pavement is another term for a
reg
FIB A drop in sea level or a tectonic uplift of the land surface causes stream ___
rejuvenation
FIB A drop in sea level or tectonic uplift of the land surface causes stream
rejuvenation
Soil
relatively thin surface layer of mineral matter that normally contains a considerable amount of organic material and is capable of supporting living plants.
The altitudinal difference between the highest and lowest points in an area is known as ________.
relief
field capacity
remaining volume of water
The Appalachian Mountains are famous for their ________ structure.
ridge and valley
Which of the following is not a form of folding?
rift valley
In terms of erosions, a gully is a larger example of a feature called
rill
If all the ice in Antarctica were to melt, sea level would ________.
rise significantly
Hills rounded and sheared off by glacial erosion are called ___
roche moutonnees
Hills rounded and sheared off by glacial erosion are called ________.
roche moutonnees
Sapping is an erosional process closely associated with ...
rock joints
Humus is associated with ________
rotted and rotting plant and animal remains
Water collected in small bodies along a recently active fault line forms ________.
sag ponds
If a salty playa lake evaporates, a ... might be left behind.
salina
Dry lake beds with especially heavy salt concentrations are
salinas
Dry lake beds with especially heavy salt concentrations are ...
salinas
High salt concentrations give a striking whitish surface to ...
salinas
17. The process in which small particles are moved along by streamflow or wind in a series of jumps or bounces is ________. A) meandering B) turbulence C) traction D) base level E) saltation
saltation
The process in which small particles are moved along by streamflow or wind in a series of jumps and bounces
saltation
A considerable body of knowledge concerning Earth's interior has been amassed through all these methods EXCEPT ________.
sampling rocks from Earth's core
FIB ___ is the desert material that allows rapid inflitration of rainwater, is readily moved by heavy rains and can be shifted and shaped by the winds
sand
The channel of a desert stream is usually covered with
sandy debris
The channel of a desert stream is usually covered with ...
sandy debris
In the creation of rock escarpments in dry lands, much of the underfermining is accomplished by a process called
sapping
In a section of the chapter "Introduction to Landform Study," the authors write about Horseshoe Park in the Colorado Rockies and about looking back at North America from a spacecraft. The point of this is to understand more about ________ and the landscape.
scale
A strongly metamorphosed rock with narrow foliation is ________.
schist
The most commonly occurring type of metamorphic rocks are gneiss and ________.
schist
The most widely distributed type of metamorphic rock is ________.
schist
Erosion, compaction, and sedimentation are most closely associated with ________ rocks.
sedimentary
The map of rock distribution in the United States clearly shows ________ rocks are the most extensive type.
sedimentary
Which of the following describes the vast majority of rock exposed on Earth's land surface?
sedimentary
Shale, sandstone, breccia, and limestone are all rocks that are classified as ________.
sedimentary and clastic
Stream outflow is important to coastal landscapes because streams provide ________ to the coastal environment.
sediments
The ... is a type of very long dune which might form as an adjustment to two seasonal wind systems.
seif
The inferential knowledge concerning the nature of the interior of the Earth has been accumulated by ________.
seismic wave analysis
) The size groups within the standard classification of soil particle sizes are termed ________
separates
Earth's crust appears to be composed of ________ major plates and an equally number of intermediate ones.
seven
The presence of multiple medial moraines indicates ________.
several glaciers have joined
In mesa-and-scarp topography, less resistant rock erodes more quickly than caprock. Which type of rock is noted as a less resistant rock in such areas?
shale
The most common sedimentary rock is ________.
shale
The vast majority of all sedimentary rocks are sandstones, limestones and ________.
shales
Geyser deposits tend to form
sheets of precipitated matter
In Alaska, glaciers are ________.
shrinking significantly
The largest and most important mineral family consists of the ________.
silicates
Which of the following represents the largest and most important group of rock-forming minerals? The bulk of the crust of the Earth is composed of these minerals.
silicates
In karst landscapes of slight relief, ___ is the most common features
sinkholes
During sedimentation, materials are often sorted by ________.
size
Shale is usually metamorphosed into ________.
slate
The rock type which results from metamorphosed shale is ________.
slate
25. The steeper leeward side of a sand dune is called a ________. A) seif B) slip face C) bajada D) playa E) gibber
slip face
The steeper leeward side of a sand dune is called
slip face
The steeper leeward side of a sand dune is called a ...
slip face
The steeper leeward side of a sand dune is called a ________.
slip face
caused by a mix of natural and human circumstances
slip face
the steeper leeward side of a sand dune is called a
slip face
In the formation of igneous rocks, large crystal size is closely related to ________.
slow cooling
Cavern openings to the surface are usually ________.
small
When magma cools rapidly, it results in ________.
small crystals
clay
smallest particles in the soil -usually a combination of silica and of oxides of aluminum and iron
Which of the following is NOT a specialized feature of arid environments?
soil creep determines slope development
Several soil horizons together make up a ________.
soil profile
The dynamic relationship between precipitation and evaporation in any given location is the ________.
soil-water balance
3. The main downslope movement of subarctic and arctic landscapes is ________. A) mass wasting B) permafrost C) mudslide D) solifluction E) rock glacier
solifluction
30. Which of the following is NOT associated with the work of the wind? A) saltation B) sandblasting C) traction D) solution E) deflation
solution
In terms of underground water ___ is the most effective shaper of landforms
solution
Which of the following is NOT associated with the work of the wind?
solution
The mechanism of formation of the Hawaiian Islands is directly responsible for the ________ island being the youngest and having current volcanic activity.
southeastern-most
In Alaska, most of the contemporary glaciers are found mainly in the ________ portion of the state.
southern
A linear extension of sand from the shore into the ocean is a ________.
spit
The direct collision of raindrop with the ground, laterally shifting fine particles a few milimeters
splash erosion
In terms of a typical soil-water balance in Most of the United States, which season is associated with a soil water surplus?
spring
Deposition of dissolved minerals in caverns leaves deposits such as the icicle-like
stalacities
Depostion of dissolved minerals in caverns leaves deposits such as the icicle-like
stalactites
FIB A __ is a feature that grows upward from a cavern floor
stalagmite
Continental ice sheets smooth and round the terrain while mountain glaciations tend to ________.
steepen slopes and increase local relief
Similar in nature to a batholith but much smaller in size is a______
stock
After they are glaciated, mountain valleys tend to be __ than before the glaciated
straighter
After they are glaciated, mountain valleys tend to be ________ than before they were glaciated.
straighter
Sedimentary deposits built into relatively regular layers are known as ________.
strata
Glaciers often polish rock to form grooves and smaller, similar features called ________.
striations
Glaciers often polish rock to from grooves and smaller, similar features called
striations
Instead of the vertical displacement of other faults, a ________ fault has horizontal displacement between the two sides
strike-slip
Flattish erosional platforms with no well-defined scarps or edges are
stripped plains
A major determinant of a soil's water holding capacity is its ________
structure
Which of the following is NOT a major effect of mountain glaciation upon mountain topography?
subdue
Almost all of the world's oceanic coastlines show evidence of ________ during the past 15,000 years.
submergence
Which of the following categories of coastline is most closely associated with fjords?
submergence
A __ stream has developed a channel along a zone of structural weakness
subsequent
FIB The internal plumbing system of hydrothermal landscapes is capable of heating water to temperatures excess of 200C. The water so heated and remaining in liquid form is called ___ water
superheated
Which of the following is most closely associated with waves of oscillation?
surface waves on deep water
The greatest amount of material transported by a stream is carried in its
suspended load
Waves become ________ when they travel beyond the influence of the wind that generates them.
swell
In folded terrain, a simple symmetrical down fold is termed a(n) ________.
syncline
A deglaciated cirque often contains a basin in which a(n) ________ can be found.
tarn
Deformation of the Earth's crust is called ________.
tectonism
The relief we see today is best thought of as ________.
temporary
32. The maximum extent of a glacier is marked by a ________. A) terminal moraine B) hanging valley C) valley train D) tarn E) lateral moraine
terminal moraine
The maximum extent of a glacier is marked by a
terminal moraine
The maximum extent of a glacier is marked by a ________.
terminal moraine
Most material eroded from a coastal cliff ends up as a ________.
terrace
What is the term for a piece of crust which has been in a collision along a convergent crustal boundary and become accreted to another crustal plate?
terrane
The term "clay" is a reference to ________
texture
Which of the following is most closely associated with a mantle plume?
the Hawaiian Islands
The following is found at the base of Earth's crust:
the Moho
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons scientists strongly believe in plate tectonics?
the ability to explain Earth's crust is rigid
The most widespread of all coastal depositional features is ________.
the beach
Which of the following is NOT a beach area regularly covered by water?
the berm
49. A wave will "break" because ________. A) of random molecular motion in wave forms B) the bottom interferes with its oscillatory motion C) the wind increases its speed near shorelines D) the sediment load of water is greater near the shore E) the density of water increases closer to shore
the bottom interferes with its oscillatory motion
A wave will "break" because ________.
the bottom interferes with its oscillatory motion
In the last few thousand years, sea level changes have resulted from all but ________.
the change of the total volume of water in the Earth system
There is a prominent oceanic trench off of ________.
the coast of Alaska's Aleutian Islands
In an idealized beach profile, which feature would occur at the highest elevation?
the dunes
Which of the following was NOT associated with the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens?
the end of life in the local ecosystem for at least 1,000 years
21. The process of shifting loose particles by blowing them into the air or rolling them on the ground is called ________. A) deflation B) the arid cycle C) aggradation D) sand motion E) the fluvial process
the fluvial process
The rapid appearance of new sinkholes in Flordia can be explained by
the lowering of the water table
capillary
the main "type" of water plants use is ________.
In a "true sandstorm," ...
the moving sand rarely reaches head level
In a 'true standstorm'
the moving sand rarely reaches head level
Which of the following is NOT a necessary condition needed for the growth of coral?
the presence of an underwater volcano
Which of the following has origins linked to lowered Pleistocene sea levels?
the presence of the large barrier islands
The Glomar Challenger proved ________.
the seafloors are spreading
The angle of the beach slope is controlled by ________.
the size of the materials
Soil order
the smallest scale of generalization of the soil taxonomy
"Shortly" BEFORE the existence of Pangaea, ________.
the supercontinent Rodinia had existed
the solum
the true soil layer
Which of the following illustrates the concept of "relief"?
the vertical distance between lowest and highest points in an area
Earthworms are important in soil processes due to
their excreted casts increasing amounts of nutrients
By the nature of its deposition, which of the following has the largest spatial extent (covers the most area)?
till
Unsorted debris from ice sheets, after deposition is known as ___
till
Unsorted debris from ice sheets, after deposition, is known as ________.
till
A(n) ________ is an irregularly undulating surface of broad, low rises and shallow depressions. It is composed of unsorted materials deposited by an ice sheet.
till plain
FIB A ___ is an irregualarly undulating surface of broad, low rises and shallow depressions. It is composed of unsorted glacially-deposited materials which can cover the landscapes to the extent that the preglacial shape is obliterated
till plain
FIB A ___ is an irregularly undulated surface of broad, low rises and shallow depressions. It is composed of unsorted glacially-deposited materials which can cover the landscapes to the extent that the pre-glacial shape is obliterated
till plain
A(n) ________ detects swelling and possible eruption in a volcano.
tiltmeter
The vast majority of North America is moving ________,
to the west
An island connected to the coastline by a sandy spit is a relatively rare occurrence called a ________.
tombolo
The term "landforms" is synonymous with ________.
topography
26. The wind rolling pebbles across the desert surface is an example of ________. A) scree B) creep C) abrasion D) deposition E) traction
traction
The wind rolling pebbles across the desert surface is an example of
traction
The wind rolling pebbles across the desert surface is and example of
traction
A ________ plate boundary is associated with lateral slippage, conservation of existing crust, and the San Andreas fault system.
transform
Where the landscape is covered by sand and crests of the sand dunes are perpendicular to the wind, the dunes are labeled ...
transverse
A deflation hollow is an example of aeolian erosion.
true
Death Valley is present because of faulting.
true
Desert stream channels contain plentiful rock debris.
true
Drainage channels on the basin floor in basin-and-range topography tend to be shallow and ill-defined.
true
Drainage networks of arid lands are frequently incomplete or underdeveloped.
true
Fluvial depositional features are common in desert regions.
true
In basin-and-range topography, the basin floor altitude tends to increase with time.
true
In general a desert has many impermeable surfaces which reduce potential water infiltration.
true
In mesa-and-scarp topography, natural bridges are associated with entrenched river meanders.
true
In mesa-and-scarpe topography, natural bridges are associated with entrenched river meanders.
true
Loess is associated with high agricultural fertility.
true
Mechanical weathering is dominant in arid landscapes.
true
Much loess deposition in eastern Asia resulted from deflation.
true
Pediments are often covered with a veneer of rocky debris.
true
Stream channels in desert areas tend to be deeply incised.
true
T/F The load carried by overland flow past a point is generally small in comparison to what a stream can transport past a point
true
The fastest moving of all types of dunes are barchan dunes.
true
The main constituent of desert sand is usually quartz crystals.
true
Utah's Great Salt Lake is a small remnant of a much larger lake which existed when the climate was wetter
true
Basin-and-range terrain consists of the ranges, the piedmont zone, and the basins.
true false
41. Seismic sea waves may also be referred to as ________. A) waves of translation B) tombolos C) forced waves D) breakers E) tsunamis
tsunamis
Seismic sea waves may also be referred to as ________.
tsunamis
Which of the following are waves generated by earthquakes?
tsunamis
How many contiental ice sheets are in existance
two
How many continental ice sheets are in existence?
two
Where UNDER the surface of the Earth would one expect a convection current directed towards the surface?
under midocean ridges
The origin of tsunamis is associated with ________.
underseas tectonic events
The viewpoint that past processes are the same as the present ones which created our present land surface is known as ________.
uniformitarianism
If you were to dig into a drumlin, you would find ________.
unsorted glacial till
R horizon
unweathered parent material
47. If you were floating in the middle of the ocean and a wave passed by, your motion would be ________. A) in the direction opposite to that of the wave B) first in the direction of the wave and then in the direction opposite to that of the wave C) up and down D) in the direction of the wave E) none of the above
up and down
If you were floating in the middle of the ocean and a wave passed by, your motion would be ________.
up and down
Downcutting is usually most prominent along the ___ part of a stream valley
upper
The term decoration stage of cave development is related to all but one of the following
uvala
Which of the following is NOT a type of desert landform?
uvula
FIB A ___ is a lenghy deposti of glaciofluvial alluvial confined to a valley bottom and found beyond the outwash plain
valley train
A prominent feature of loess is its ...
vertical slopes
Most processes which shape topography are ________.
very slow
Compared to Earth's crust as a whole, the sedimentary rocks beneath the ocean bottoms are ________.
very thin
Which of the following is NOT a form of tectonism?
volcanism
The Pacific "ring of fire" refers to the ________.
volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean
The Arabic word for a dry desert stream bed is ...
wadi
The Arabic word for a dry desert stream bed is ________.
wadi
The arabic word for a dry desert stream bed is
wadi
the arabic word for a dry desert stream bed is
wadi
Coral is _______
waste material from animals
22. The single most important agent of landscape formation in deserts is ________. A) solution B) creep C) water D) wind E) geologic uplift
water
The single most important agent of landscape formation in deserts is
water
The single most important agent of landscape formation in deserts is ________.
water
Mountain streams running from a tributary valley to a main valley that has been glaciated frequently create ________.
waterfalls
Which of the following coastal features does NOT belong with the others?
wave-cut bench
42. The single most important force in shaping coastal topography is (are) the ________. A) ice push B) longshore current C) waves D) stream outflow E) tidal movement
waves
The single most important force in shaping coastal topography is the ________.
waves
Which of the following is most important to shoreline erosion?
waves
Foliation refers to this characteristic of rocks:
wavy, banded lines
The textbook concludes that ________.
we are too close to the Ice Age to say any of the above definitively
7. Which of the following must take place FIRST during the denudation of a landscape? A) erosion B) mass wasting C) weathering D) They must occur simultaneously. E) None of them must occur first.
weathering
The major batholiths of North America occur on which part of the continent?
western
Surface indicators of turbulence in stream flows include eddies and
whirlpools
Shield volcanoes are ________ than composite volcanoes.
wider
29. Aeolian processes refer to those involving ________. A) groundwater B) ice C) running water D) wind E) chemical weathering
wind
Aeolian Process refer to the involving ...
wind
Aeolian processes refer to those involving ...
wind
Aeolian processes refer to those involving ________.
wind
Most waves are generated by ________.
wind
50. In what time of year do beaches get smaller? A) winter B) summer C) At no time; there is no seasonal pattern. D) spring E) fall
winter
In what time of year do beaches get smaller?
winter
FIB A tributary which is prevented by a natural levee from entering the main stream and runs for a distance parallel to the main stream before finding an entrance is known as a ____ stream
yazoo
By Earth history standards, the Grand Canyon is ________.
young
A steep walled defile with a V-shaped profile and narrow valley floor would, according to the geomorphic cycle would be in the ___ stage
youthful
E horizon
zone of eluviation and leaching
53. What are three erosional landforms associated with alpine (mountain) glaciers?
• Glacial valleys and arêtes. • Hanging valleys. • Cirques, horns, and cols.
54. What are three depositional landforms associated with continental glaciers?
• Moraines. • Drumlins. • Outwash plains. • Kettles. • Eskers.