Geo - Final

The streams in a watershed are roughly 5,000 meters long and cover an area of 15,000 square kilometers. This information would be most useful in determining the ________ of a stream network.

Drainage density

The climograph shown above is most characteristic of which of the following climate types

E

The tilt of the Earth is necessary for seasonal variations, but the duration of the summer season is a result of:

Earth revolving around the sun

A series of wave-cut terraces appear on a landscape. This indicates that:

Earth's climate has fluctuated between warm and cool periods

You are studying the Earths crust, using seismic waves. You notice that the seismic waves change speeds significantly at a depth of 9 kilometers You conclude that the:

Earth's inner structure is denser at a depth greater than 9 kilometers

In Africa, the Sahel is a region where steppe in the south grades to desert in the north. The Sahel is a:

Ecotone

This is a school of anchovies. Anchovies thrive in cool, nutrient-rich waters that well up from deep within the ocean. In what years would anchovy harvests in the eastern tropical Pacific decrease?

El Nino

Which natural climatic cycle best describes the following characteristics: decreased rainfall over northern Australia and the western tropical Pacific, and warm sea-surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific?

El Nino

Which natural climatic cycle best describes the following characteristics: high barometric pressure over Northern Australia and a deepened low-pressure trough over the eastern tropical Pacific?

El Nino

Physical geography attempts to answer the questions "where?" and "why there?" about the physical ______________ of the earth.

Elements and processes

Over the course of the year, a location on the Earth's surface receives more radiation from the sun than it releases to the atmosphere. This location has a(n) _______________ and is probably located at a _________________

Energy Surplus; low altitude

Over the course of the year, a location on the Earth's surface receives more radiation from the sun than it releases to the atmosphere. This location has a(n) _______________ and is probably located at a _________________.

Energy surplus; low latitude

You are doing a research project on arctic wildlife and would like to compare the size of continuous forest cover in Alaska to the size of continuous forest cover in western Canada. The best map projection to use would be a(n):

Equivalent

If you wanted to compare the length of Michigan's coastline to the length of Alaska's coastline, you would use a(n):

Equivalent projection

During the last ice age, global sea level has decreased. This sea-level change is considered:

Eustatic

Early one summer morning you see little drops of water, or dew, on your grass, plants, and car. When the sun rises, the drops of water seem to disappear. What hydrologic process best explains what happened to the water

Evaporation

Dead organisms, fossil fuels, and soil are:

Example of carbon reservoirs

A house located in the southern hemisphere would have the lowest annual heating and cooling cost if it were built:

Facing north, under a rock overhang

Rocks can be made up of one mineral or they can be made up of multiple minerals, whereas minerals are made up of only one element

False

True or false? A 500-year flood is larger than a 100-year flood, but is likely to do less damage.

False

True or false? Barrier islands are ridges of sand and gravel built up by the action of breaking waves that begin as offshore bars.

False

True or false? Because the Earth rotates from east to west (as seen from above the North Pole), the sun always sets in the west.

False

True or false? Mid Latitude anticyclones contain fronts, which are contrasting and converging air masses, whereas midlatitude cyclones do not contain front.

False

True or false? Ozone is a form of oxygen found only in the ozone layer high above the Earth's surface.

False

True or false? Pollutants may be of natural origin or of human origin. Only the ones of human origin can be harmful to human health.

False

True or false? The distance between meridians is smallest at the Equator, but increases steadily until converging at the pole.

False

True or false? The only evidence we have for the occurrence of glaciations is found in ice cores.

False

True or false? The subsolar point is directly over Michigan (in the midlatitudes) on June 20

False

True or false? When a first order stream joins a third order stream a fourth order stream if formed.

False

True or false? When using GPS, four satellites are needed to determine a location.

False

True or False? Globally, arid deserts are found only in locations dominated by subtropical high pressure systems.

False. Arid deserts do exist in places outside of the subtropics, such as continental interiors

Globally, fjords are found in any location where a river meets the ocean.

False. The area needs to have been affected at one time by glacial erosion

You notice that your neighbor fertilizes his lawn daily and now has his sprinklers turned on to water his grass, but all of the water is running off over the surface of his sidewalk and driveway. Being the astute physical geographer that you are, you know that:

Fertilizer-contaminated water could enter the local water supply as runoff from his lawn

A rock that forms under relatively shallow and warm water from the accumulation of calcareous oozes, a product of tiny shells called coccoliths, that become cemented calcite over a period of millions of years, would be classified as a:

Foliated rock

What is the name for the area of a shore that is covered during high-tide and exposed during low-tide?

Foreshore

What are two key characteristics of the humid continental climate (that is, the climate of Michigan)

Frequent (daily) weather changes and seasonal variability

When spring arrives in Michigan and all of the snow and ice have melted, highways are full of large cracks and big potholes. Based on what you have learned in physical geography, you know that this is most likely the result of:

Frost wedging

You are in charge of setting up a course for a 50 mile mountain bike race. You want to survey the course, collecting the location of prominent landmarks, and also highest and lowest elevations bikers will experience. While out on the course, which of the following tools would be most helpful in recording this data?

GPS

Geographers often use a tool that integrates various datasets, including images (such as satellite images and maps) and spatial information (such as geographic coordinates), in order to display and analyze phenomena on the Earth's surface. This type of tool is best described as a(n):

Geographic Information System

How does geologic time differ from the human time scale?

Geologic time encompasses all of Earth's history, beginning with its formation

The category of the carbon cycle that operates over large time scales (millions of years) is called the:

Geological carbon cycle

All of the following propel the movement of glacial ice, EXCEPT:

Glacial striations

Which of the following is not a carbon sink

Grass clippings on your lawn

Which of the following statements about groins is true?

Groins increase deposition in one location, but decrease deposition further down shore

Drainage density would be highest in a drainage basin that: [Note: Select the best answer]

Has a small total area and many large streams

A topographic map that has many lines spaced extremely close together is representing an area that:

Has steep hills or mountains

If Bob departs from Los Angeles at 7:00 PM (Pacific Standard Time) on a five hour flight to New York, which of the following is true?

He will arrive in New York early the next day

When water changes phase from a solid to a gas:

Heat is absorbed

When water changes phase from a solid to a liquid

Heat is absorbed

The water changes phase from liquid to a solid:

Heat is released

As a wave approaches shore its:

Height increases

Cations within a soil are ____________ colloid particles until a living plant absorbs them.

Held by

Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned. This is used as evidence that:

Humans are contributing to global climate change

The southeastern United States is characterized by warm or hot summers, mild winters, and abundant precipitation year-round. The southeastern United States is a ___________ region.

Humid sub-tropical

I am making a map of Detroit, Michigan. Which of the following is an example of classification?

I will represent all highways as solid black lines

How do we know how much carbon dioxide was in the atmosphere prior to the industrial revolution?

Ice cores

The thinnest, least developed soil would most likely be found under which of the following conditions?

In a rugged landscape, with a hot, arid climate

Salinization is most likely to occur:

In a semiarid environment where there is irrigated agriculture

Under what circumstances would shale most likely form?

In calm waters rich in clay and silt

Hurricanes form:

In several specific regions around the world

On a fine sand beach, particles are most likely to be carried:

In suspension

You are camping in a recreational area and plan to try out your new kayak. You decide you want to travel downstream in the river you see on your topographic map, therefore you will travel:

In the direction away from the point of any Vs

If you see a series of wave-cut terraces on a landscape it is evidence that:

In the past, sea levels fluctuated

If you see a series of wave-cut terraces on a landscape it is direct evidence that:

In the past, sea levels were higher

The results of the case study on sand dunes in Holland, Michigan led the researchers to which of the following conclusions?

Initial dune growth was associated with receding lake levels, while later growth was associated with higher lake levels.

While driving through Michigan you see an over-sized boulder sitting in the middle of a flat field. From what you learned in Physical geography, the best explanation that this boulder:

Is a glacial erratic, plucked by a glacier and deposited in the field

Most of Earth's freshwater:

Is frozen in glacial ice

Why does a parcel of rising air cool at a different rate once it has reached the dew-point temperature?

It cools at a slower rate when heat is released during condensation

Averaged over the course of the year, the net radiation received at a location on the earth's surface equals 168 watts per square meter. Where is this location and how do you know?

It is in the low latitudes; because of average each year, significantly more radiation is received then lost

Looking at the photo above, we know that the rock that is circled in blue:

It is the product of differential erosion

Which of the following statements about loess is true?

It originated as glacial outwash, and was then further sorted by wind.

In Louisiana, the Mississippi River is unable to alter or abandon its present course, therefore:

Its delta is shrinking

In Michigan, the noon sun would be highest in the sky in:

June

Standing outside Spartan Stadium in East Lansing, Michigan, at the same time each day, the sun would appear highest in the sky in:

June

This is the Peruvian Booby an important guano-producing seabird. The economy of some South American countries is dependent on seabird droppings, or guano, because it supports the fertilizer industry. The Peruvian Booby's diet consists mostly of small fish from the cool, nutrient-rich waters that well up from deep within the eastern tropical Pacific. In what years could these countries expect fertilizer production to increase?

La Nina

On the eastern shore of lake Michigan, sand dunes from prevailing westerly winds pick sand and carry it across the beach, depositing it where the wind loses energy. In this statement, sand dunes are considered the:

Landform

A(n) __________ is the rapid movement of unconsolidated sediment down slope, under the force of gravity. When this movement occurs suddenly on a mountainside, it is commonly known called a(n) ___________.

Landslide; avalanche

Most plants must adapt in some way to the geography of a region in order to survive. Which of the following is NOT an adaption of desert plants?

Large, broad leaves to absorb as much water as possible when it rains

The transfer of heat that occurs when water changes phase from a liquid to a gas is called the:

Latent heat of evaporation

Which of the following is characteristic of a graded stream?

Lateral migration

Which of the following is the name for the specific (regional) soil-forming process that occurs in tropical locations and results in weathered, iron-rich soils with a reddish color?

Laterization

Before radiocarbon dating was used, researchers studying dunes in Holland, Michigan used the _________ to determine which depositional units (layers) were deposited first relative to other layers.

Law of superposition

Which of the following statements about translocations and leaching is true?

Leaching moves minerals out of the soil entirely, translocation does not.

In an ice core, annual layers of snow accumulation that formed during interglacial periods have _________ of the oxygen-16 isotope than layers that formed during glacial periods.

Less

During non-ENSO years, precipitation in the eastern tropical Pacific is ________________ precipitation in the western tropical Pacific.

Less than

The photo above is of a ponderosa-pine forest. In a forest consisting mostly of pine trees, the presence of pine trees and pine needles on the forest floor changes the composition of the soil and, thus, the vegetation in that forest begins to change. This is an example of:

Linear autogenic succession

The direction of ice flow of glaciers that have been absent from the landscape for a long time can still be determined by looking at various features on a landscape. Which of the following would be least helpful in determining the direction of glacial ice-flow?

Location of erratics

Which of the following could best be described as the orchestration or coordination of glacial and eolian processes?

Loess

Digital technology most often utilizes radar and infrared waves to obtain data that will be used in map making. These wavelengths are:

Longer than the visible spectrum

The seafloor is younger near places where:

Magma is extruding through fractures on the seafloor

San Diego, California is located at a low elevation around 32 degrees North latitude. Las Vegas, Nevada is located at a higher elevation, 350 miles northeast of San Diego. San Diego is known for its pleasant summer temperatures, while Las Vegas is known for its brutally hot summers. Given the following choices, which is the only possible explanation for this?

Maritime versus continental effect

Rockfall, creep, flows, landslides, and avalanches are all specific types of:

Mass wasting

At a given temperature, a parcel of air can hold 16 g/m3 of water vapor. "16 g/m3" is the _______ of that parcel of air.

Maximum humidity

Ascending air in the center of a low:

May be replaced by air diverging from center of a high

Which type of weathering leads to some of the problems we experience in Michigan, such as potholes and broken sidewalks>

Mechanical weathering

Which of the following statements about global climate change is false?

Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas that does not occur naturally in the atmosphere

A mole (burrowing macrofauna) spends its entire life in tunnels it digs within the soil of a backyard. Which of the following about this statement is false?

Moles are soil disturbance and the soil will not properly form.

If a soil does not have a colloidal fraction, that is, organic matter and clays:

More cations (minerals) are likely to be leached out of the soil.

Generally speaking, average temperatures of locations near a large water body are:

More moderate than continental locales

Which of the following is an example of a negative climate feedback?

More water vapor in the air increased cloud cover, which results in more reflected radiation and having a cooling effect

What is it about the Haitian Earthquake that made damage, response, and recovery especially devastating and difficult?

Most haitian people already lived in poverty with poor social services

You have joined a study group with some new classmates and your first meeting is at house that you have never been to. Since you plan to bike there, and you are somewhat familiar with the local area, you ask your classmate what his house is by, in other words, the relative location. Which of the following descriptions would best accomplish this?

My house is located on west 26th street next door to the Tejas Club and across the street from Korean Komfort

Based on the climate types found along the west coast in the state of California (Csa in the south and Csb in the north), which of the following would you expect to be true

Neither the north nor the south is suited for rain-fed agriculture as both have a dry season that coincides with the growing season.

The difference between the carbohydrates produced by a plant during photosynthesis and the carbohydrates consumed by that plant during respiration is called:

Net photosynthesis

Which of the following constant gases accounts for the largest percentage of the air we breathe?

Nitrogen

The geology of the state of California includes a transform fault known as the San Andreas Based on the type of movement that occurs along transform plate boundaries, is it correct to say that the state of California could fall into the Pacific Ocean

No.

Based on the direction of movement, which of the following faults would be associated with plate divergence?

Normal fault

Walled Lake, located in Oakland County, Michigan, formed when a block of ice broke off from a glacier, was buried by sediment, and melted, leaving a depression filled with water on the landscape. In the statement above, which of the following best answers the question, "Where?"?

Oakland Country, Michigan

Based on what you know about soil development, more translocations (eluviation and illuviation) will occur in a soil:

On a relatively level landscape in a moist climate

Rill erosion occurs:

On hillsides

Which of the following does not explain why you would find humid and arid climates adjacent to one another?

One area is on the lee side of a mountain range while the other is in the rain shadow

Because of differential heating between land and water, during the day you can expect winds to blow _____________, whereas during the night you can expect winds to blow ______________.

Onshore; offshore

When a parcel of air encounters a topographic barrier, it may be forced to rise in the atmosphere; as it cools; precipitation may occur. This statement best describes:

Orographic uplift

On the equinoxes, the ITCZ is located:

Over the equator

Meandering streams erode horizontally across a landscape because:

Over time they have become graded streams

Name that soil. Formed under tropical rainforest vegetation, this soil has low fertility and appears reddish due to iron accumulation.

Oxisol

Which of the following can be described as having a crescent shape, with the arms of the crescent pointing upwind?

Parabolic dune

Which of the following is not one of the cycles proposed by the Milankovitch Theory?

Periodic changes in solar output

Plants use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide to glucose. This statement describes:

Photosynthesis

When you eat a carrot or an apple, the carbohydrates that they contain are a product of:

Photosynthesis

Generally speaking, as the climate becomes increasingly cool and dry as you move into the high latitudes, you would expect:

Physical weathering processes to be more dominant

If you were a farmer concerned about katabatic winds damaging your crops, you would:

Plant your crops on the high point of the landscape

Folded rock beds are characteristics of:

Plate collision

What happens when warm magma from within the mantle wells up beneath the crust?

Plate movement may occur as the magma cools and spreads

The difference in density between the mantle and the crust is the primary reason:

Plates can move

Wave refraction along coasts creates a progression of distinct landforms. Which of the following landforms would appear first?

Pocket beach

Wave refraction along rocky coasts creates a progression of distinct landforms. Which of the following landforms would appear first?

Pocket beach

As you increase in distance from the earth, say, when climbing a mountain, temperatures decrease the higher you climb. This is an example of a(n)_________

Positive lapse rate

Arid/Semi-arid (B) climates are primarily classified using:

Precipitation

Air flow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure is a result of:

Pressure gradient force

During Hurricane Katrina, the barrier islands and wetlands that are still present along the Gulf of Mexico coast:

Provided protection against the storm for the mainland

Like insects, springtails are arthropods found in the tens of thousands, living in topsoil. Springtails provide an example of which soil function. [Read this question and each choice carefully]

Provides a habitat for organisms

Which of the following ranks consumers from the smallest number to the largest number of organisms

Quaternary > tertiary > secondary > primary

In the case study on sand dunes in Holland, Michigan, how did the researchers determine the timing of sand-dune development?

Radiocarbon dating of buried soils within the dune

The easterly trade winds blow as a result of the surface air pressure gradient that exists between the eastern tropical Pacific and western tropical Pacific. During years when this pressure gradient is weak:

Rainfall in the Western Tropical Pacific decreases

A compost pile where kitchen waste is added to and incorporated into the soil is an example of which soil function?

Recycles raw-material by decomposing organisms and biological material, and stores/reuses it

You just made an appointment to see a physician at a medical park downtown. Before ending the call, the receptionist tells you that they are in Building C, which is on the northeast corner of 35th Street and North Lamar Boulevard, facing the road, directly across from the parking garage. He has given you the ________ location.

Relative

You are studying several layers of exposed rock strata in Wyoming. You are able to use radiometric dating to determine that the top layer is 490,000 years old and the bottom layer is 830,000 years old, but you run out of money and are unable to obtain dates for several of the layers in between. Instead you must rely on the dates you have, and the position of the layers to provide you with a:

Relative age

A soil developed in the lowermost layer of lacustrine sediment after it was deposited, but before the sand on top of it accumulated. This statement describes events as they happen in:

Relative time

Energy is __________ when water freezes, _________ when ice melts, and _________ when water vapor condenses.

Released; absorbed; released

Delta is to change in velocity as alluvial fan is to change in:

Relief

You are asked to work on a research project to map the change in landcover in the Appalachian Mountains attributed to strip mines. The best tool to collect the most spatially complete dataset for your study area is:

Remote sensing

Where oceanic crust is subducting beneath continental crust, there is evidence of the subduction zone on the landscape. Which of the following is not evidence of a subduction zone?

Rift valleys along the plate boundary

If a magma plume rises from within the Earth and moves upward and outward at the surface, what type of tectonic process is occuring at that location?

Rifting

Over the surface of a lake, it is most likely that actual evapotranspiration _______ potential evapotranspiration

Right: is equal to

The transfer of heat that occurs when water changes phase from a solid to a gas is called the:

Right: latent heat of sublimination

The waters of River A meet the waters of River B in the town of Biglerville, and form River C. All of the following could be true except:

River B is the trunk stream of this stream network

Transportation, lithification, consolidation, and weathering are all processes of the:

Rock cycle

Which type of the following types of weathering is common in arid environments and caused by evaporating water?

Salt-crystal growth

On a typical sandy beach, such as that along the shore of Lake Michigan, you would expect that particles are most often moved via:

Saltation

In July, Lisbon, Portugal, located at 38 degrees North latitude, receives more hours of sunlight, and some of the longest days and hottest temperatures of the year. In August this trend starts to change and all three measures decrease. The annual variance described here is most accurately the influence of ___________ on radiation

Seasonality

Africa's climates north and south of the equator essentially mirror one another with slight differences. One of the key differences being:

Seasonality of the dry season immediately north and south of the equator

In the midlatitudes, we experience changes in the Sun angle as:

Seasons

Glacier movement may be aided by:

Sediment along its base

A soil is used as support for a building and as an agriculture field. In this case, the soil is:

Serving one of its essential functions

A logging company is removing trees from a forest, but plans to leave about 25 trees per acre standing. What is the most likely explanation for this?

Shelterwood cutting leaves behind enough trees to act as a seed source and shelter

Soil A and Soil B formed in-situ in exactly the same bedrock. They have been influenced by exactly the same climate and organisms (Flora and Fauna). They are both are in locations that have similar elevation on a similar landscape (a floodplain). Soil A, however, is far better developed and thicker than soil B. What is most likely the difference that led to Soil A being better developed and thicker?

Soil A is older than Soil B

Biogeography includes the study of both the biotic and abiotic components of a forest. Which of the following includes an example of both a biotic and an abiotic component of an ecosystem?

Soil and oak trees

Clay, silt, and sand are:

Soil particles listed from smallest to largest

Which of the following does not directly influence on the pattern of net radiation on Earth?

Solar flares

The noon Sun is directly overhead of Lima, Peru (12 degrees South latitude):

Sometimes between the autumnal equinox and December 21

When the sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn, the ITCZ is located:

Somewhat over the south of the equator

There are two countries that we will refer to as Sunland and South Precip. Sunland and South Precip are located on earth and share a border with one another. For much of the year the ITCZ is over South Precip. In December and January, Sunland, which typically has an arid climate, receives increased rainfall. Sunland, then, is most likely located __________ of South Precip.

South

Cliff dwellings designed by the Ancestral Puebloans faced _______________ in order to _______________.

South; take advantage of the suns most direct rays

Physical geography involves _______________ of the various physical components and _______________ that combine to form the environment.

Spatial analysis; natural processes

An acorn is picked up by a squirrel and buried for safekeeping. The squirrel forgets about the acorn, and years later an oak tree is growing. This is an example of:

Species dispersal

In the absence of a storm, the Pacific Oceans lowest low tides occur during:

Spring tide

Which of the following statements is/are true about lines of latitude? 1. Lines of latitude run exactly east-west, parallel to the equator. 2. Lines of latitude are exactly half of a great circle. 3. Lines of latitude meet one another at the poles.

Statement 1 only

In reference to the progression of coastline development, what is the correct order of the statements below? 1 - wave energy is focused on the rocky headlands and dissipates in the bays 2 - a coast features rocky headlands and intervening bays 3 - a coast is relatively straight with areas of wide, sandy beaches

Statement 2 occurs first and statement 3 occurs last

Which of the following statements are true about lines of latitude? 1. Lines of latitude are circles that increase in circumference toward the poles. 2. Lines of latitude run parallel to one another and have the same value over the entire circle. 3. Lines of latitude are all small circles.

Statement 2 only

Which statement describes the developing stage of a thunderstorm? Convection results in strong updrafts The atmosphere is very unstable Cold air is pulled toward the surface

Statements 1 and 2, only

Over time, wave refraction will make a rocky coast:

Straighter

During a heavy rain, a large volume of water begins to flow down the side of a hill until it is eventually channeled into a valley bottom. The water channeled in the valley bottom is called:

Stream flow

If a friend was telling you about the spectacular sand dunes, flora, and fauna found in one of the worlds largest deserts, you could most expect to find this desert in the:

Subtropics

Which of the following is not considered a greenhouse gas?

Sulfur dioxide

What is the primary influence on the development and growth of glaciers

Summer temperatures

Homes made from adobe (sand, clay, and water) bricks are an example of which soil function?

Support the anthropogenic ecosystem through its use as an engineering medium

There are two surfaces, Surface A is sand and Surface B is clay. During a heavy rain, which surface will experience more runoff, at an earlier time?

Surface B

The wavelength an object or body emits is most directly related to:

Temperature

The troposphere over Oslo, Norway, located at 59 degrees North latitude, is thicker than the troposphere over Rome, Italy, located at 41 degrees North latitude.

That statement is false because warm air expands, resulting in a thicker troposphere

The Earth's crust can be either continental or oceanic, and each type of crust has a different density. The difference in density of these two types of crust affects which of the following?

The Earth's shape, officially a geoid or oblate spheroid

The Mississippi River Delta is considered a bird's foot delta because of its characteristic shape, which resembles the foot of a bird. In this statement, bird's foot would be considered _______ of the delta

The Form

Which of the following statements about global circulation is FALSE?

The Poles receive less radiation, therefore, air circulation and winds are much weaker at the Poles

When you wake up to find dew on the grass:

The air temperature is at or below the dew-point.

The three tropical (A) climates that were discussed in your lesson are distinguished from one another based on:

The amount and timing of the precipitation they recieve

If the Earth was not tilted:

The annual temperature range in Michigan would decrease

If the Earth's tilt were to increase, say, from 23.5 degrees to 24 degrees, then:

The annual temperature range in Michigan would increase

Which of the following formed as a result of plate collision?

The appalachian mountains

Which of the following was noted in your lesson as the reason the Sand Hills of Nebraska are presently stable (inactive)?

The area has been colonized by stabilizing, grassland vegetation

In reference to global positioning systems, the acronym PDOP, which stands for positional dilution of precision, refers to:

The arrangement of the satellites sending signals to a global positioning system

The layers of an ice core provide evidence of:

The average temperature during the time at which the snow fell

Which of the following is not one of the distinguishing factors between mass wasting processes?

The climate in which it occurs

Michigan experiences cold winters and warm summers, with sufficient precipitation falling year round. This statement best describes:

The climate of Michigan

What is it about the inner structure of the Earth that makes the crust so dynamic?

The crust is less dense than the underlying mantle and thus can move on top of the mantle

In the case study presented in your lesson, scientists were studying:

The dates of buried soils found within three dunes along Lake Michigan.

Where plates converge, what determines whether the plates will collide together or move over / above another?

The density of the two plates involved

Biogeographers explore all of the following issues, except:

The development of rock as it pertains to fossil fuel stores.

If a cold front is approaching East Lansing and strong winds begin to blow, these winds are most directly a result of:

The difference in pressure or pressure gradient force

The Earth's orbit is considered an ellipse. If the orbit were to become more circular:

The distance between the Sun and Earth would also change

Poleward of the subtropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (that is, the midlatitudes) climate patterns no longer mirror each other. Why?

The distribution of land and water is vastly different between the two hemispheres.

To calculate the temperature change for a rising or sinking air mass you would use:

The dry adiabatic lapse rate unless the air is saturated

Two moving masses of rock have become locked by friction and stress has built up. When they finally break free of one another, seismic waves are released. Scientists identify the source of the break as Point A, and the location on the surface above point A as Point B. Point B is:

The epicenter

Rock that formed within the surface of the earth from magma that rose up and subsequently cooled, is later uplifted, and then exposed at the surface through years of erosion by both wind and water. This statement is an example of:

The geologic cycle

The energy for a thunderstorm is provided by:

The latent heat of condensation released when warm air rising in the atmosphere cools and condenses

A scientist studies soil characteristics and attributes to learn more about soil infertility and degradation attributed to row crops like corn and soybeans. This scientist is mainly concerned with which of the following environmental spheres?

The lithosphere

In a typical arid environment, the landscape initially has many sizes of particles, silt, sand, and pebbles. Over time, the most prevalent sand movements, suspension and creep, transform the landscape so that:

The pebbles and other large particles are all that remain

Which of the following characteristics of a location would have the least influence the type of dune that forms in that location?

The presence of the sand burrowing Colorado Desert Fringe-toed lizard

The Earth's axial tilt results in:

The seasons

Glacial ice can start to form when: [ Note: Select the best answer]

The snow that fell in the winter does not melt in the summer

Why does the average temperature decrease with increasing altitude in the troposphere?

The source of heat in the troposphere is longwave radiation emitted from the surface of the Earth

The state of california, located on the Pacific Ocean, is prone to seismic activity (that is, earthquakes), because the great san andreas fault system is found there. Based on the statement above, which of the following best answers the question: Where?

The state of california

If a stream's base level decreases in elevation (lowers), which of the following is most likely to happen?

The stream will erode in response to the increase in gradient

You are meeting up with a classmate at a coffee shop and want to provide her with the shop's absolute location, in a way that will allow her to locate the coffee shop using her global positioning system. Which of the following descriptions would best accomplish this?

The street address of the coffee shop, including the city, state, and zip code

Which of the following is not one of the reasons that an arid climate might exist in a region?

The subpolar point is overheard for most of the year

American Samoa is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, including five volcanic islands and two atolls, Swains and Rose Atolls. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the islands of American Samoa?

The two atolls will likely grow and become fringed reefs

There are different types of flows: mudflow, earthflow, and debris flow. What is the primary difference between these three types of flows?

The type of material/sediment being moved

Last Thursday, Stanley, idaho had the coldest day of any location in the United States. The temperature there was -26 degrees and there was not a cloud in the sky. This statement best describes:

The weather in Stanley, Idaho

On Wednesday, a cold front passed over southeastern Michigan bringing cool temperatures and 1 and 2 inches of rainfall. This statement best describes:

The weather in southeastern Michigan

You are invited to a wedding in March at Hacienda del Lago, on the shores of beautiful Lake Travis in the town of Volente, Texas. You decide to take a sweater knowing there will likely be a breeze blowing onto shore. When is this wedding take place?

The wedding is in the afternoon when the air above the land is warmer than over the water

Based on what you know about carbon dioxide and photosynthesis, it would make sense that:

There is less atmospheric carbon dioxide when there is more vegetation to photosynthesize

In which of the following environments would actual evapotranspiration (AE) exceed potential evapotranspiration (PE)?

There is not an environment where AE can exceed PE

Would you find a location along 127 degrees, 25 minutes E longitude to the north or south of the equator?

There is not enough information to answer this question

Which of the following best describes how greenhouse gases warm the earth?

They absorb and re-radiate heat admitted by the Earth's surface

Which of the following best describes how greenhouse gases warm the earth?

They absorb and re-radiate heat emitted by the Earths surface

Moisture-laden air masses moving north from the Gulf of Mexico most often do not reach the Great Plains. Why?

They are carried to the northeast by the prevailing westerly winds.

Mollisols are fertile soils because:

They are found in places with moderate amounts of rainfall, ideal for crop growth

Which of the following best explains why polar climates are cold year around?

They are most remote from the heat of the sun

A logging company is removing mature teak trees, only those greater than 25 centimeters in diameter, from a forest. What is the best explanation for this?

They are selective cutting, which leaves behind forest and gaps fill relatively quickly

Which of the following statements best describes how dendrochronologists use tree growth rings to study prehistoric climate?

They compare the ring-width patterns of living and dead trees to develop a continuous climate record

Why are arid and semiarid (B) climates located immediately north and south of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)?

This is a zone of hot, dry air dominated by the subtropical high

On the map above that depicts generalized global circulation patterns, the two zones shaded orange represent what?

Those areas represent subtropical high pressure (STH) systems

Which of the following statements correctly describes the tectonic events leading up to the Asian Tsunami that occurred on December 26, 2004?

Thrust faulting caused the rapid release of stress at the interface of the India plate and the Burma plate, which lead to a devastating earthquake

By looking at the texture and shape of the mound of sediment in the photo, and the clues in the surrounding landscape, this sediment is most likely:

Till

Which of the following is the primary difference between glacial till and glacial outwash?

Till is deposited directly by a glacier; outwash is deposited by glacial meltwater

A plane leaving from Stockholm, Sweden, located at 59 degrees North latitude, heading south toward Bucharest, Romania, at 44 degrees North latitude, will be deflected ______ by the Coriolis effect.

To the west

On average, Los Angeles, California (116 meters above sea level) has warmer annual temperatures than flagstaff (2092 meters above sea level). This is a good example of how ____________ affects climate.

Topography

Many of the air masses that influence the United States are limited in the distance they travel and regions that they influence by:

Topography and the presence of mountain barriers

Biogeography includes the study of both the biotic and abiotic components of a forest. Which of the following includes an example of both a biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem?

Toucans and rocks

Which of the following climate types has weather patterns most affected by seasonal shifts of the ITCZ?

Tropical (A) climates

Which of the following is a reason Net Primary Productivity might be lower in a tropical (A) climate region than in another climate region?

Tropical climates have high temperatures, which increase rates of plant respiration

What do the regions (dark green) labeled A on the map above represent?

Tropical wet

The sun emits energy in the form of gamma rays, x-rays, and ultra-violet rays.

True

True or False? Unlike C climates, D climates experience a distinct winter, spring, summer, and fall season.

True

True or false, The longshore current is responsible for much of the erosion and deposition that takes place along the shore.

True

True or false? All else being equal, a location at 37 degrees North latitude will have more water vapor in the air than a location at 57 degrees North latitude.

True

True or false? Classically there are four major advances of glacial ice in North America during the last Ice Age (Pleistocene glaciations).

True

True or false? In their report, the intergovernmental Panel on climate change included positive effects of global climate change such as increased agricultural production in some regions.

True

True or false? Most of the city of New Orleans is below sea level

True

True or false? Most scientists agree that global climate change is occurring and that human activities are contributing to the warming trend

True

True or false? Places that have more long days (that is, hours of sunlight) over the course of the year will generally receive more radiation from the sun.

True

True or false? Seattle, Washington, is located near the boundary of the North American Plate and the Juan De Fuca Plate. Based on this, Seattle is at risk for earthquakes.

True

True or false? The difference between thunderstorm and a supercell is the presence of rotating updrafts, which creates a mesocyclone at the rear of the storm.

True

True or false? The subsolar point is directly over Michigan (in the midlatitudes) on June 20.

True

True or false? When a second order stream joins a second order stream, a third order stream is formed.

True

While all may be helpful, eliminating meat from your diet and buying products without palm oil are better ways to combat deforestation in the tropics than reducing paper consumption

True

You are using a social media application to check-in to your favorite ice cream shop, the Michigan State University Dairy Store. When you check-in, the app records the location and you add your comment, "Apple Cheesecake is the seasonal flavor in the fall." Your check-in, which includes a location and descriptive characteristics about the location, is geographic information.

True

You find yourself unemployed for the summer so you decide to travel around western Michigan, visiting beaches and blogging about your experiences for fellow travelers. At each stop you tag the location of the beach on a map, and take note of the cost of entry, sand quality, and cleanliness of the bathrooms. Your blog posts are geographic information.

True. Travelers can determine the location of the beach in addition to some descriptive attributes, therefore, it is geographic information

Air over land tends to heat up quickly during the day, while air over water heats more slowly. In this case, wind may blow as a result of:

Unequal heating

Apply your knowledge. Let us say that you are planning to take a road trip from Pittsburgh to Seattle and you take with you three maps: (1) a map of the Midwest region, (2) a map of Washington, and (3) a map of the United States. Rank these maps from smallest to largest scale.

United States, Midwest, Washington

Walled Lake, located in Oakland County, Michigan, formed when a block of ice broke off from a glacier, was buried by sediment, and melted, leaving a depression filled with water on the landscape. In the statement above, which of the following best answers the question, "What?"?

Walled Lake

Which of the following statements about fronts is TRUE?

Warm fronts are associated with slow moving storms and gentle rainfall over several days, while cold fronts are associated with faster, more intense storms

What happens in the east tropical Pacific during El Niño years?

Warm surface waters migrate east and overtake the deep upwelling current

The Kyoto Protocol:

Was never ratified by the United States

The most abundant greenhouse gas found in the Earth's atmosphere is _________ .

Water vapor

The Holocene is considered to be an interglacial. This means:

We are currently in a period of glacial retreat, however, ice sheets may advance again in the future

The primary difference between glaciofluvial sediments and till glaciofluvial sediments are:

Well sorted and stratified by particle size, till is poorly sorted.

Generally speaking, much of the variability found in all microthermal (D) climate regions can be explained by:

Westerly wind belts bringing low - and high - pressure systems

In the case study you read, some lakefront property owners were annoyed by receding lake levels because:

Wetland vegetation began to grow where the lake once was

Which of the following is an example of the cyclic autogenic succession?

When a tall rainforest tree dies and falls, . . .

On cool nights, people who live in valleys often experience a phenomenon known as valley fog, whereby a dense cloud settles in the valley, and not in the surrounding areas. Which phenomenon could explain this difference between these two locations on the landscape?

When air is warmed at the surface, it ascends into the atmosphere

On the Indian Subcontinent, there are two growing seasons known as Kharif and Rabi. Kharif crops require more heat and water than Rabi crops. During what conditions would Kharif crops thrive?

When the intertropical convergence zone and subtropical high move north

Which of the following statements is true about carbon dioxide?

Without Carbon dioxide, plants could not photosynthesize, and our atmosphere would be lacking oxygen

Every year, Birch country loses . .. .

Yes

Two soils in two different locations form under the influence of the same climate and the same organisms, and with the same topography and parent material Assuming no human or other outside influence, will both soils develop similarly with the same general characteristics?

Yes, but only if they have been forming for the same amount of time

You have an extremely wet and waterlogged area in your backyard, so you decide to find a way to help the water drain from your yard. You dig a large trench and fill it with coarse-textured sand and gravel, then replace the soil and grass on top of it. Will this help?

Yes. Highly porous and permeable sediment will allow water to drain more quickly

Say that you are on a plane traveling from Quito, Ecuador, to Charlotte, North Carolina (as shown in the image above). When you arrive in Charlotte, which of the following would be true about your current location compared to Quito?

Your longitude is similar, but your latitude has increased significantly

In the summer, the polar front exhibits ________, whereas in the winter _________ develops.

Zonal flow; meridonal flow

A depression on the landscape, with downward dipping beds and low relief relative to the surrounding landscape is likely:

a syncline

Condensation occurs when:

air cools to the dew-point temperature

I am a physical geographer that studies the spatial distribution of the tropical rainforest habitat of the three-toed sloth. My field is called:

biogeography

The category of the carbon cycle that operates at shorter time scales (days to thousands of years) is called the:

biologic/physical carbon cycle

The most likely source of hot, dry air that influence the central United States is:

cT air from air Mexico

Based on your knowledge of the evolution of thunderstorms, you know that storm development begins with:

convection in the atmosphere, which causes air to rise and condense

Explosive volcanoes are found along plate boundaries in places where subduction is occuring whereas fluid volcanoes are not associated with subduction zones.

false

True or false? In the tropics, the Sun's rays are spread out over a larger area, and therefore warm more surface area more efficiently

false

True or false? In the tropics, the Sun's rays are spread out over a larger area, and therefore warm more surface area more efficiently.

false

An depression with horizontal rock beds and bordered by areas of high relief is likely an:

graben

When water changes phase from a gas to a liquid:

heat is released

Evergreen trees are found in northern climates because their color allows photosynthesis to begin immediately in the spring. However, your textbook encourages a _________ evaluation of this distribution, which might include factors such as a relationship of the earth and sun, climate controls, and adaptions.

holistic

I am a physical geographer who studies the impact of hydraulic fracturing within the earth on water supplies and the water quality of adjacent areas. My field deals primarily with the:

hydrosphere

Water, minerals, and organic matter flow in the outermost layer of the Earth to form soil. Soil formation is primarily a process of the:

lithosphere

In which of the following situations is saturation most likely to occur?

more water vapor is added to a parcel of air

Relative to one another, the map on the left is a _______________ scale map, while the map on the right is a _________________ scale map.

small ; large

Apply your knowledge. Let us say that you are planning to take a road trip from Michigan to Arizona and you take with you three maps: a map of Michigan, a map of Phoenix, Arizona, and a map of the United States. Given these choices, it is safe to say that the map of the United States has the ___________ scale because it shows all of the continental United States.

smallest

The Tibetan plateau in Central Asia is the highest and largest plateau in the world. Sometimes called the "roof of the world," it is thought to have formed as the Indian subcontinent collided with the larger Eurasian landmass. Based on the statement above, which of the following best answers the question, "Why there? "?

the Indian Subcontinent collided with the larger Eurasian Landmass

Calcium carbonate in the E horizon dissolves in rainwater, and re-precipitates in the B horizon. This is an example of:

translocation

Which of the following is the correct order of types of radiation, from shortest to longest wavelength (as well as highest to lowest energy)?

(Highest energy) gamma rayà ultravioletà visibleà microwave (lowest energy)

Which of the following is the correct order of types of radiation, from longest to shortest wavelength (as well as lowest to highest energy)?

(longest wavelength) microwaveà infraredà visibleà ultraviolet (shortest wavelength)

On a map with a representative fraction of 1:54,000, a distance of 2 inches on the map would represent a distance of _____ inches on the ground.

108,000

On a map with a representative fraction of 1:12,000, a distance of 2.5 inches on the map would represent a distance of _____ inches on the ground.

30,000

A 20-year flood has a _____ chance of occurring each year

5%

In the image above, what number corresponds with the dark purple arrow labeled "B"?

52%

One of the following sets of coordinates describes a location that is not on Earth. Use your knowledge of the latitude/longitude coordinate system to choose the correct response. [Note: Look closely at the choices.]

71 degrees, 47 minutes South, 186 degrees, 64 minutes west

Only one of the following sets of coordinates correctly describes a real location on Earth. Use your knowledge of the latitude/longitude coordinate system to choose the correct response. Look closely at the choices.

72 degrees

Which of the following research papers would most likely written by a dendrochronologist?

A 1000-year record of winter precipitation from northwestern New Mexico, United States: a reconstruction from tree rings

Walled Lake, located in Oakland County, Michigan, formed when a block of ice broke off from a glacier, was buried by sediment, and melted, leaving a depression filled with water on the landscape In the statement above, which of the following best answers the question, "why there?"?

A block of ice broke off from a glacier, was buried by sediment, and melted

A river that has multiple river channels weaving across a landscape, such as the White river in Washington, is best described as:

A braided stream, with relatively large suspended sediment content and easily eroded stream bottom

In which of the following locations would you expect the seasonal range of temperatures to be the greatest?

A continental location in the midlatitudes

You wake up one morning to rain showers, but by the evening, skies are completely clear. You conclude that

A cyclone was most likely influencing weather that morning and has since moved on

A surface map like the one shown here is indicative of:

A fairly calm day in the United States given the wider spacing of the isobars

Which of the following statements about glacial movement is false?

A glacier movement is fastest near the surface across which it flows

Which of the following indicates where a former shoreline was located?

A lake terrace

You wake up one morning and see that the weather forecast is calling for 3 to 4 inches of snow to fall later that day. You conclude:

A low-pressure system is moving into your area

In which of the following situations would you use the dry adiabatic lapse rate?

A parcel of air is rising and it has not reached the dew-point temperature

Which of the following would confirm the presence of glacial ice in Michigan?

A positive identification of kettles or kettle lakes on the landscape

Which of the following best describes the relationship between parent material and soil?

A soil forms within parent material

Which of the following would be the best evidence that creep had occured on a slope?

A tilted street sign

The Earth makes a complete orbit around the sun:

About once every 365 days

___________ location described the exact position of a point on the surface of the earth; whereas, _______ location describes where something is located relative to other objects

Absolute; relative

The Ancestral Puebloans relied on adobe as a building material because

Adobe absorbs heat from the sun during the day and releases it at night

The Ancestral Puebloans relied on adobe as a building material because:

Adobe absorbs heat from the sun during the day and releases it at night

Because the Sun's rays most directly strike areas in the tropics:

Air density varies between the tropics and the poles

Why are the largest expanses of forest in the continental United States found in the eastern part of the country?

Air masses from the Gulf of Mexico travel north and then east bringing sufficient rain to that part of the country

You decide to go mountain climbing. While climbing, you notice that the higher you go, the cooler the air feels. You conclude that:

Air molecules are spreading out as the air pressure decreases

Why does air cool when it rises in the atmosphere?

Air pressure decreases and molecules spread apart

Unlike darker objects, bright cloud tops are more likely to reflect incoming solar radiation back to space due to their high _______

Albedo

Using a map, you want to know which is larger, the United States or Canada. You should use a _________________ projection.

Albers

The force of gravity is the common factor in:

All mass wasting events

A fire burns a forest to the ground and in its place, grassed and shrubs grow. This is an example of _________ succession.

Allogenic

A piece of land is cleared to build a subdivision, but the developer falls on hard times and the homes are never built. Soon, Queen Anne's lace, goldenrod, and spotted knapweed begin to grow on the once cleared land. This is an example of:

Allogenic succession

Like a greenhouse, the Earth's atmosphere:

Allows shortwave radiation to be absorbed and traps longwave radiation

Due to their unique geological history, fjords are most likely to be found:

Along rocky coasts in higher latitudes

This is a photo of a strangler fig on a rosewood tree in New South Wales, Australia. Over time the health of the rosewood tree will suffer as the strangler fig shades the canopy, talking the sunlight, and its roots extend into the soil, talking valuable nutrients. This is an example of:

Amensalism

In the case study presented on stream terraces in Lesson 12, the T-3 terrace was found to be a strath terrace. In this case, a strath terrace is:

An erosional surface that formed as the river downcut into glacial outwash

Cliff dwellings designed by the Ancestral Puebloans relied on _____________ to block the summer sun.

An overhang

Which of the following is NOT a method of spatial analysis?

Analyzing a fossil record to explain how a species has evolved through time

The Online Exhibit The Midwest 16,000 Years Ago presents evidence for Pleistocene glaciations and cooler climate in parts of the United States other than glacial landforms. This includes the presence of:

Animal species that live in cool climates in the southern United States

When people build structures to increase sediment accumulation in one area along a shoreline, this usually means that: [Note: Select the best answer]

Areas down shore are being deprived of sediment

It is not uncommon for newspaper stories to report that a person, car, or home, has fallen in a sinkhole. From your knowledge of physical geography, you must know that this is most likely to occur in

Areas where carbonation has occured

Looking at the biome above, you know that this is the climate associated with the ________ biome

Artic alpine and tundra

The above image is a portion of the muskegon River scanned from a 1:24000 USGS topographic map. Identify the area(s) on the map where the stream is most likely eroding more sediment than it is depositing.

At A, B, and C only

In which months do most hurricanes strike the North Atlantic region?

August through October

This portion of an active dune is most commonly subject to erosion due to the force of wind.

Backslope

Along the shoreline of a sandy beach, sediments are transported away from the beach by the feature of a wave known as:

Backwash

A dune that forms in locations with no vegetation, under strong winds and a low supply of sand is called a:

Barchan dune

Which of the following dune types is likely to form when winds are strong and sand supply is low?

Barchan dunes

Which type of dune is most likely to form where winds are weak and the supply of sand is great?

Barchanoid ridges

Which of the following statements about barrier islands is FALSE?

Barrier islands are stable offshore bars appropriate for development

A stream will downcut when _______ decreases.

Base level

Moving from the Midwest toward the Rocky Mountains west across the Great Plains why does it make sense that Mollisols slowly grade into Aridisols?

Because precipitation decreases as you move into the rain shadow

On a hot, sunny day it is often relatively warmer in urban areas and relatively cooler in nearby rural areas. Why?

Because urban areas generally have more dark surfaces, such as asphalt, and greater activities that generate heat

Landform is to landscape as:

Book is to library

A stream's velocity will increase in response to:

Both options "A" and "B" above are correct

Which of the following statements about breakwaters is true?

Breakwaters are built to decrease erosion by lessening the impact of waves on the shore

Which of the following activities does not release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

Building a table and chairs out of a pine tree

In the case study presented on the Grayling Fingers, the fine textured silt found on top of some of the fingers was most likely deposited:

By the wind

A map of monthly surface pressure in millibars shows that the city of Cantwell, Alaska, has much lower surface pressure than Birmingham, Alabama. Which of the following could be the only explanation for this?

Cantwell is at a higher altitude and, therefore, the weight above the atmosphere is less

After a series of warm years, where average global temperatures are the hottest on record, mosquitos carrying the tropical disease dengue fever are moving further north into the southern United States. Today, cases of dengue fever in states like Florida are on the rise. This is an example of:

Cause and effect

According to scientists, there are a number of factors that influence climate and contribute to cool periods and the advance and retreat of vast ice sheets on Earth. Which of the following is not one of those factors.

Changes in the dominant plant communities

Which of the following characteristics are associated with an anticyclone in the Northern Hemisphere? 1 - air descends in the center 2 - air pressure is high in the center 3 - air flow is counterclockwise

Characteristics 1 and 2

The boundary between day and night is known as the _________________ and is constantly migrating across the surface as the Earth rotates.

Circle of illumination

A stream is carrying particles of three different sizes in its stream load: sand, silt, and clay. Where the stream meets the ocean, which particle size would you expect to be deposited last?

Clay

For the purposes of this class, biomes are defined by a combination of three general characteristics:

Climate, soil, and vegetation

The individual layers of a tree core provide evidence of:

Climatic conditions during a singular year of growth

When rain falls, the water droplets absorbs smaller droplets as they pass through the atmosphere, growing heavier. This statement describes:

Coalescence

When a tree species is not present in a forest community because other species are more dominant and make better use of the resources available, this is called:

Competition

Lava with high silica content is more explosive. This type of lava is associated with:

Composite volcanoes

Examining an ice core, scientists can directly determine the:

Composition of the atmosphere when the snow fell

Spodosols will most likely develop under which type of vegetation?

Conifers

As air in the subtropical high descends, it diverges at the surface and flows back to the Intertropical Convergence Zone, where it ascends. The vertical movement of air rising at the equator is called:

Convection

Below earths surface, ________ is the name of the process whereby heated magma slowly rises up just below the crust and spreads horizontally, before cooling and descending back into the mantle.

Convection

The Coriolis force is to pressure systems and Earth's rotation as:

Convection is to unequal heating

If you saw an accumulation of gravel at the base of a fence and you knew that wind was the geomorphic agent that moved the gravel, you would also know that the gravel was more specifically moved via:

Creep

Generally speaking, as you travel from the equator toward the poles, you can expect maximum humidity to:

Decrease

Thinking about the conditions that lead to the development of ice sheets during the Pleistocene, in order for continental glaciers to advance in the high and midlatitudes, the Earth's tilt would need _______ from its current position

Decrease

In an arid environment, the landscape initially has many sizes of particles, silty sand, and pebbles. Over time, wind turbulence transports the finer particles away so that only the pebbles and other larger fragments remain on the surface. This is an example of how _________ can transform a landscape.

Deflation

One of the primary differences between glacial till and glacial outwash is that glacial till is deposited:

Directly by glacial ice

The Mohorovicic discontinuity

Divides the crust and the upper mantle