Geography 202 Midterm

What is Bolsa Familia?

A successful conditional cash transfer program developed in Brazil to address extreme poverty. Poor families who qualify receive a monthly check from the government provided they keep their children in school and vaccinated

What is apartheid?

An official policy of racial segregation In south Africa. The rules of this policy divided all cities into residential areas based on racial categories

What religion do indigenous African's practice?

Animism

What is a maquiladora?

Assembly plants on or near the Mexican boarder built and owned by foreign companies. Most of their products are exported to the US

What is a maquiladora?

Assembly plants on the Mexican border built by foreign capital. Most of their products are exported to the United States

What festival demonstrates the syncretic blend of Catholicism and African traditions?

Carnival

Who is the largest investor and trading partner of Sub-Saharan Africa?

China

____ is Africa's largest trading partner

China

What religions are spreading rapidly through Africa?

Christianity and Islam

What is apartheid? Who instituted it? How was it dissolved??

1. The official policy of segregation 2. The Afrikaners 3. Nelson Mandela- 1st democratically elected black president in South Africa

In what ways is the Caribbean distinct from Latin America?

1. There is a larger number of indigenous population in the Caribbean 2. The Caribbean has more diverse European colonial history 3. The Caribbean lacks as strong, dominant Iberian influence 4. There is a stronger African influence in the Caribbean

What is the order of the altitudinal zonation from highest to lowest altitudes?

1. Tierra Helada 2. Tierra Fria 3. Tierra Templada 4. Tierra Caliente

environmental problems in the Caribbean are associated with what?

1. agricultural practices 2. soil erosion 3. excessive reliance on wood and charcoal for fuel 4. threat of global climate change

Primary exports in Latin America are:

1. bananas 2. coffee 3. cocao 4. grains 5. tin 6. rubber 7. copper 8. wool 9. petroleum

What are the 5 ways that globalization has changed the globe

1. economic reconstruction 2. cultural change 3. disruption of local economical and political systems 4. demographic changes 5. unintended criminal element

What is the population of the African continent and what is its global population percentage

1.203 Billion and 16.2%

Mexico is the worlds ____ largest producer of oil

10th

Venezuela is the worlds ___ largest producer of oil

12th

When did decolonization of Sub-Saharan Africa begin?

1957

When did Brazilia become the capital of Brazil?

1960

How many countries are considered to be a part of the African continent?

57

What percent of Latin Americans have access to an adequate amount of water?

95%

What is the population of Sub-Saharan Africa? Describe the population trend overall.

974 million increase population, a young population

Brazil is ranked ___ in the worlds largest economies

9th

Brazil is the worlds ____ largest producer of oil

9th

What is the Great Rift Valley?

A complex upland area of lakes, volcanoes, and deep valleys on the eastern edge of Africa

What is a urban primacy?

A condition in which a country has a primate city that is 3 to 4 times larger than any other city in the country

What is the Cabinda Enclave?

A part of Angola located apart from the main country on the other side of the Congo river and DRC

What is the UNASUR?

A political project alliance group that was suggested by Brazil in 2008 this included all that states of South America except French Guiana

What is dollarization?

A process by which a country adopts the U.S. dollar as its official currency

What is the Monroe Doctrine?

A proclamation issed by the US stating they would not tolerate European military involvement in the Western Hemisphere-- the US made it clear that it considered the Caribbean within its sphere of influence

What is an animist religion?

A religion that is centered on the worship of nature

What Central American country was originally seen as part of Columbia?

Panama

What country is the core of the Inca empire?

Peru

What is the capital of Trinidad and Tobago?

Port of Spain

What religion is practiced in Central America, Brazil, and Uruguay?

Protestant

What is the most urban city in the Caribbean?

Puerto Rico

What is the capital of Ecuador?

Quito

What influences climate/seasonality in Africa?

Rainfall

What does RNI stand for?

Rate of Natural Increase

What city was the 2016 summer olympics in?

Rio de Janeiro

Where does the Carnival festival take place?

Rio de Janeiro

What is the predominant religion in Latin America?

Roman Catholic (90% or more of the population)

What was the Berlin conference?

The 1884-1885 conference that set the framework for dividing Africa into European colonial territories. The boundaries created in Berlin Satisfied European ambition but ignored indigenous cultural affiliations.

All of the following nations have greater then 100,000 refugees and/or 1 million IDPs except ____

South Africa

What African country was once home to the Zulu Kingdom?

South Africa

What area of Africa is the most industrialized?

South Africa

What region of Africa was the first to gain it's independence from the Europeans in 1910?

South Africa

Which country became first to obtain its political independence from Europe in 1910?

South Africa

___ is the only African state with a fully developed modern road network

South Africa

What country in Africa is the newest Christian nation?

South Sudan (2011)

What are the different sub-regions of Sub-Saharan Africa?

Southern Middle/equatorial West East

What region in Africa is considered the "ground zero" for the aids epidemic

Southern Africa

What crops grow in the Plata and Amazon Basins?

Soybean

All of the following countries currently have a stake in the Caribbean except

Spain

What languages are spoken in Latin America?

Spanish (2/3) Portuguese (1/3)

What crops/animals are found in the Tierra Caliente zone?

Sugarcane tropical fruits lowland tubers maize rice poultry pigs cattle

What country has the largest maroon society in the western Hemisphere?

Suriname

What is the "lingua franca" in Africa?

Swahili

What language is spoken in East Africa and parts of Central Africa?

Swahili

T/F most african countries have continued to use the languages of their former colonizers for government and higher education?

TRUE

What country is the home to Mount Kilimanjaro

Tanzania

What is the capital of Honduras?

Tegucigalpa

What country in Latin America has the greatest concentration of slave?

The Caribbean

____ was the area with the greatest concentration of relocated African slaves

The Caribbean

Who are the worlds largest sugar exporters?

The Caribbean and Brazil

What group of people demonstrate creolization in the Caribbean?

The Garifuna

How did the US establish itself as the dominant power in the New World and the protector against further colonization of the Americas?

The Monroe Doctrine

What is neocolonialism?

The indirect control of one country by another through economic and cultural domination

With the exception of Trinidad and Tobago, how do Caribbean states get energy?

They rely on foreign sources

Why did the Amerindians protest in El Alto Bolivia in 2004?

They were protesting against the pro-mining and pro-trade agreements

What is the Sahel?

Transition zone between Sahara Dessert and grasslands

What nations in the Caribbean used to be Spanish colonies before they were given to the British in the 1800s?

Trinada and Tobago

What is the climate in Africa?

Tropical

What are the 3 main biomes of Africa?

Tropical forests Savannas Deserts

T/F Africa's world war is a conflict in the Congo due to corruption, mineral rights, water control, and local politics

True

T/F OPEC's headquarters are located in Vienna

True

T/F The three major cultural hearths of Sub-Saharan Africa are West Africa, Ethiopia, and the Nile

True

What Latin American country is used for outsourcing?

Uruguay

What country held the first soccer world cup?

Uruguay

What latin american country was one of the five founding members of OPEC?

Venezuela

What south american country is a member of OPEC and it's leader was Hugo Chavez?

Venezuela

What are the language patterns of Africa?

Very diverse there is not universal language due the the number of tribes

Who led the Pan-African movement?

W.E.B Du Bois and Marcus Garvey

What regions of Africa have high population concentrations?

West Africa Highland East Africa Eastern half of South Africa

What areas of Africa are hit the hardest with Malaria?

West and central areas

What is circular migration?

When a man or woman leaves children behind with relatives in order to work hard, save money, and return home

What are the soil conditions in Africa?

With the exception of the Rift Valley they are relatively infertile

What does the middle position of globalization argue?

globalization is inevitable, advocate for strong efficient government reformulates international institutions with checks and balances

What crops/animals are found in the Tierra Helada zone?

highland grains and tubers sheep guinea pigs llamas alpaca vicuna

What caused the decolonization of Africa?

in the late 1950's Britain , France, and Belgium decided they could no longer maintain their African empires

What is a sign of economic growth in Africa?

increase in cellular and digital technology

What is tribalism?

loyalty to the ethnic group rather than to the state

what are refugees?

people who flee their state because of a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, or political orientation

___ is a major political issue in Brazil

racial discrimination

Seasonality in the Caribbean is characterized by _____

rainfall

What 2 resources account for the majority of energy production in Africa?

wood and charcoal

The most populated Central American state is ____ (Mexico is excluded)

Guatamala

Where is grassification most common?

Guatamala, Costa Rica, and Panama

What are the least urban cities in the Caribbean?

Haita and Jamaica

All of the following make up islands in the Greater Antilles except?

Haiti

What Caribbean country has the poorest population in the world? Hint: Its capital is Port-au-Prince which was destroyed by a massive earthquake in 2010

Haiti

What island in the Caribbean used to be a British territory and now serves as an alternative way for drugs to enter the US from Latin America

Jamaica

____ is the home of the Usain Bolt

Jamaica

What is the capital of South Africa

Johannesburg

What is the name of the tallest mountain in Africa?

Kilimanjaro

What is the largest city in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Lagos

What is the name of Africa's megacity?

Lagos

What is Africa's largest body of water and where is it located?

Lake Victoria, in a bowl-shaped depression in-between the eastern and western rift

What is a remittance?

Money that is sent back home to sustain family members

The two Portuguese colonies in Sub-Saharan Africa are...

Mozambique and Angola

The capital of Kenya?

Nairobi

Why did it take Europe so long to colonize Africa?

Native diseases and small tribal armies were able to fight them off the land

Where is the continent of Africa located? What oceans surround the continent?

Near the equator Atlantic, Indian, and Mediterranean sea

What tropical country is nicknamed the "Banana Republic" and is the poorest country in the region?

Nicaragua

Of the following language families in Sub-Saharan Africa, which one is the most widely distributed and has the most speakers?

Niger-Congo

What country in Africa is the most populated and has the largest economy?

Nigeria

What is the most populated country in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Nigeria

What 4 countries account for 70% of Latin America's population?

1. Brazil 2. Mexico 3. Colombia 4. Argentina

What are the environmental issues in the Caribbean?

1. Climate change 2. Soil erosion 3. Deforestation

What countries were a part of Gran Columbia?

1. Columbia 2. Honduras 3. El Salvador 4. Nicaragua 5. Costa Rica

What are the 4 major river systems in Africa?

1. Congo 2. Nile 3. Niger 4. Zambezi

What are some environmental issues in Africa?

1. Desertification of both extensive animal grazing and human presence 2. Deforestation of tropical rainforest 3. Wildlife conservation 4. Mineral wealth and corruption 5. Fresh water availability

What do proponents of globalization argue?

1. Globalization benefits all 2. Logical expression of capitalism 3. each nation should find their economic niche 4. economic convergence allows the poor to catch up to the rich 5. supports multinational organizations 6. free flow of money aids the wealth of the economy

What do critics of globalization argue?

1. Globalization hurts all 2 It is not a natural process 3. creates greater inequality 4. promotes free market/export oriented economies 5. not the same model of todays developed countries 6. instantaneous transfer of vast sums of money is unstable

What Latin American countries have the highest homicides rates in the world?

1. Honduras 2. El Salvador 3. Guatemala

What are some of the key characteristics of Sub-saharan Africa?

1. Largest land mass 2. Straddles the equator

What are some examples of primate cities in Latin America?

1. Lima 2. Caracas 3. Guatemala City 4. Santiago 5. Buenos Arias 6. Mexico City

What are the 3 megalopolis areas in Latin America?

1. Mexico city, Puebla, Toluca, and Cuernavaca 2. Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Sao 3. Aires, Montevideo, San Nicolas

What are the staple crops of Africa?

1. Millet 2. sorghum 3. Rice 4. Corn 5. Tubers 6. Yams

What are the poorest countries in Latin America?

1. Nicaragua 2. Bolivia 3. Honduras 4. Guatamala

What six countries account for over half of Africa's population?

1. Nigeria 2. Ethiopia 3. the Democratic Republic of Congo 4. South Africa 5. Tanzania 6. Kenya

What are the 4 river systems on the African continent what is significant about each one?

1. Nile- flows from S to N, extensive agriculture, high population, and the longest river 2. Congo- Equatorial location, rainforest, large output of water 3. Niger- flows into the gulf of Guinea, has oil at the delta 4. Zambezi- located in southern Africa, drains into Mozambique channel

What are some characteristics of the Caribbean?

1. Physically its a insular realm 2. Culturally it's predominantly Afro-European 3. It's highly contested by European powers 4. It is oriented west of South America

Describe the physical geography of the African continent

1. Plateau continent 2. Eastern side is uplifted 3. Western side is coastal lowlands 4. Northern part is desert 5. Southern part is grassland and jungle

What are the 3 largest cities in the Caribbean?

1. Santo Domingo 2. San Juan 3. Port-au-Prince

What countries make up the Plata Basin?

1. Southern Brazil 2. Uruguay 3. Northern Argentina 4. Paraguay 5. Eastern Bolivia

What crops are planted in the Plata basin?

1. Soy 2. Rice 3. cotton 4. orange trees 5. Wheat 6. sugar

What are the 8 points of Africa?

1. Straight of Gibraltar (between Europe & Africa) 2. Sinai Peninsula 3. Red Sea 4. The horn 5. Mozambique channel 6. Cape of good hope 7. Gulf of Guinea 8. The bulge

What is lingua franca?

A trading language in the Caribbean that blends Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and African languages)

What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?

A treaty that was signed in 1494 between Spain and Portugal that drew a north-south line west of the Azores and Cape Verde islands. Spain received the land west of the line and Portugal got the land to the east.

What city is the political capital of Africa? What country is it located in?

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Where did the first case of Ebola break out?

Along the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Which area of Africa served as the primary source for the Atlantic Slave Trade?

Along the coast of West Central Africa

What is the official language of Ethiopia?

Amharic

What was one of the most tragic natural disasters to strike the Caribbean?

An earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0 hit Port-au-prince, Haiti

What Caribbean country is most effected by rising sea level?

Bahamas

What Caribbean island is part of a 1952 US Commonwealth Treaty

Bahamas

What Central American country was one considered British Honduras?

Belize

What 2 countries in the Caribbean have the highest HIV/AIDS infection rates?

Belize and the Bahamas

What conference divided up Africa in the 1800's?

Berlin Conference

Who was the first country to elect an indigenous person as leader?

Bolivia This individual promotes the growth of coca leaves

What is the capital of Brazil?

Brasilia

What Latin American country had the largest volume and the greatest duration of slave trade?

Brazil

What Latin American country has the largest Catholic country?

Brazil

What Latin American country is the world leader in coffee production?

Brazil

What country is the worlds largest lusophone?

Brazil

What is the largest country in Latin America?

Brazil

What countries are considered the economic engines of Latin America?

Brazil and Mexico

What country in south america is known for its coca trade and narcoterrorism?

Columbia

What country is the worlds largest Cocaine producer?

Columbia (followed by Peru and Bolivia)

What Central American country has the region's highest standard of living and the highest percentage of Mestizos? Hint: it does not have a standing army and is ideal for growing coffee

Costa Rica

What are the richest states in Latin America?

Countries in the southern cone of South America and Mexico

What is an example of Afro-religious traditions in the Caribbean?

Countries such as Haiti, Santeria in Cuba, and Obeah in Jamaica practice Voodoo

What is the blending of African European cultures in the Caribbean known as?

Creaolization

What country has the largest population in the Caribbean?

Cuba

Which Caribbean state had a severe economic downturn after the disintegration of the USSR?

Cuba

What famous land marks were created by the Incas?

Cuzco (the core of the Incan Empire) and Machu Picchu

What nation contains the oldest Spanish city in the New World? What is the name of this city?

Dominican Republic Santo Domingo

The progression of power in South Africa is best described as ___

Dutch -> British -> independence

Which region of Africa is the most populated?

East

Where are most wildlife reserves located in Africa?

East Africa (Kenya and Tanzania) South Africa (South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia, and Botswana)

African wildlife is located in what region of Africa?

Eastern

What part of Africa is slowly being torn away from the rest of the continent?

Eastern Africa

What Latin American countries use the US dollar as their currency?

Ecuador El Salvador Panama

What is emigration vs. immigration?

Emigrate means to leave one's country to live in another. Immigrate is to come into another country to live permanently.

What country has the second largest population in Africa?

Ethiopia

What country was once home to the Abyssinian kingdom. This kingdom defeated the Italians and prevented colonization in the 1880's?

Ethiopia

Which African country did the Italians try to conquer in the 1890's but did not succeed?

Ethiopia

what part of Africa was not colonized by the European's?

Ethiopia - becuase their army beat the Italians

What country in Africa has an extensive area of mountains?

Ethopia

Who was Bolivia's first Amerindian president?

Evo Morales

T/F the Congo River has the lowest volume of water out of all of the rivers in Africa?

False

T/F Ethiopia is landlocked by Zanzibar

False- it is landlocked by Eritrea, part of Somalia

T/F The primary economic activity in Sub-Saharan Africa is mining

False: Herding

T/F The main religions of Sub-Saharan Africa are Hindu, Islam, and Animism

False: Islam, Animism, and Christianity

What country in South America is a territory of France?

French Guiana

what influence is in Hispaniola?

French/Spanish

What African countries are known for their oil production?

Gabon Equatorial Guinea Angola Nigeria

What is the freshwater source in Bolivia?

Glacial runoff

The continent of Africa was once a part of ____

Gondwawna- the ancient mega-continent that include Africa, South America, Antartica, Australia, and Arabian Peninsula

What native group is found in Nigeria?

Ibo Hausa Yoruba

What are the Lesser Antilles?

Important early footholds for rival European colonial powers-- some of the islands here have volcanic origins-- these islands were more important for the plantation economy early on because the soil was ideal for growing sugar cane

What was the source of plantation workers after slaves were freed in the Caribbean?

Indentured labor from Asia

During the early 18th century until the end of the 19th century, Africans were shipped to the Americas as slaves. What term does Dr. Prout use to describe this process?

Involuntary migration/African Diaspora

What happened to the indigenous population in Latin America?

It declined due to the introduction of influenza, smallpox, forced labor, and starvation

What country was formed by former slaves and named its capital after the US President James Monroe?

Liberia

What 3 countries have a significant issue with Ebola?

Liberia Sierra Leone New Guinea

What is the climate and vegetation of the Caribbean?

Lots of rainfall-- tropical climate-- amid the tropical forests are naturally occurring grasslands-- warm all year-- hurricanes

Who is the president of Brazil?

Lula da Silva

What ancient city is on Dr. Prout's bucket list? What other South American location is on his bucket list?

Machu Picchu Patagonia

What countries make up the Greater Antilles?

Made up of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic + Haiti) and Puerto Rico-- here are found the bulk of the region's population, arable lands, and large mountain ranges

What Central American country is know for it's smog issues?

Mexico

What countries are members of the Pacific Alliance?

Mexico Columbia Peru Chile (Costa Rica and Panama are in the process of joining)

What Latin American cities deal with air pollution?

Mexico City and Santiago

What is the capital of Costa Rica

San Jose

What is the capital of El Salvador?

San Salvaldor

What is the capital of Chile?

Santiago

What is the most populated city in South America?

Sao Paulo

During the colonial period there were an abundance of what natural resources in Latin America?

Silver Gold Sugar

According to Dr. Prout, _____ is a nation that is a failed state

Somalia

What area of Africa is the most vulnerable to climate change?

The Sahel and the horn

What is a castizo?

The child of a mestizo and a Spanish woman

What is a mestizo?

The child of a spaniard and an indian

What is a zambo?

The child of an African and an Indian

What is grassification?

The conversion of tropical rainforest into pasture for ranching

What is African Diaspora?

The forced removal of Africans from their native area

What parts of Africa are vulnerable to drought?

The horn of Africa, parts of southern Africa, and Sahel

What is globalization?

The increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common practice of economic, environmental, political, and cultural change

What is brain drain?

The migration of the best-educated people from developing countries to developed nations where economic opportunities are greater

What is creolization?

The mix of European and African cultures

What is transhumance?

The movement of animals between wet-season and dry-season pasture

What is the Columbian Exchange?

The movement of people, plants, animals, knowledge, ideas, and culture between the old and the new world

Where are the majority of Africa's deserts located?

The north and the south

What is agricultural density?

The number of farmers per unit of arable land

Sub-Saharan Africa is ____

The poorest world region

What important landmark in San Juan did Dr. Prout visit?

The red gates

What is a cultural hearth? Example:

The site of the beginning of a civilization Mexico/Mexico City

What is considered to be the root of African poverty?

The slave trade

What area of the Rift Valley in Africa is associated with a discontinuous series of volcanic mountains?

The southern half

What is transnational migration?

The straddling of livelihoods and households between two countries Example: The former president of the Dominican Republic moved back and forth between Manhattan and Hispaniola

What river is the major supplier of commercial energy in Africa?

Zambezi

What is a lusophone?

a Portuguese speaking country

What is a mega city?

a city with 10 million people or more Sao Paolo Rio de Janeiro Buenes Aires

What is the African Union?

a continent wide organization headquartered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia whose main role has been to mediate the disputes between neighboring countries

Costa Rica is trying to transition from being a Banana Republic (because they are known for their exports or bananas and coffee) to _____

a high tech manufacturing center

What is a primate city? What are some examples:

a large city that is also a political, economic, and cultural center Mexico City Brasilia

What is a kleptocracy?

a state in which corruption is so institutionalized that politicians and government bureaucrat siphon off a huge percentage of the country's wealth

What is an indentured laborer?

a worker that is contracted to labor on estates for a set period of time, often several years

The majority of Africans earn a living based off _____

agriculture

What causes deforestation in Latin America?

agriculture, settlement, and ranching

The majority of large cities in South America are located _____

along the coast

The most densely populated areas of Africa are located _____

amid the fertile and well-watered soils that border the Rift Valley

Why did the Zapatista's start a rebellion in Southern Mexico when NAFTA took effect?

because they were concerned that foreign trade and investments would hurt the rural peasants

What is a leading export crop throughout central america?

coffee

What crops/animals are found in the Tierra Templada zone?

coffee maize warm-weather vegetables cut flowers short horn cattle

Costa Rica exports ____

coffee and bananas

Nicaragua exports ___

coffee and cotton

What are maroon societies?

communities of runaway slaves

Chile exports ___

copper

What environmental issue is most common in Latin America?

deforestation

What were the consequences of the Columbian Exchange?

disease, rise in agriculture, and modern humans

What are the sustainable development goals?

resulting from a UN led effort to end extreme poverty by focusing on 17 key indicators. The top 5 are: no poverty zero hunger good health quality education gender equality

What is the Caribbean rimland?

the coastal zone of the mainland, beginning with Belize and extending along the coast of Central America to northern South America-- the biological diversity and stability of the rimland states are less threatened than in the rest of the Caribbean-- greater awareness of the negative consequences of deforestation-- developers vs. conservationists-- still have significant amounts of forest cover left-- crops are sugar cane, citrus, and rice

What is the Caribbean Diaspora?

the economic flight of Caribbean peoples across the globe-- driven by the region's limited economic opportunity people are emigrating to other Caribbean islands, N America, and Europe

What is the primary motivation behind globalization?

the economy/money

What are the major population clusters of Central America and Mexico?

the interior plateaus and valleys

What is physiological density?

the number of people per unit of arable land

What is outsourcing?

the practice of moving service jobs such as tech support, data entry, and programming to cheaper locations

What crops/animals are found in the Tierra Fria zone?

wheat barely maize quinoa tubers sheep guinea pigs llama alpaca vicuna

What is chain migration?

when one family member at a time is brought over to the new country

Uruguay exports ___

wood