Geography

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrography is to

decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge

During which time period would the number of daylight hours always be greater than or equal to, the number of nighttime hours for observers in the northern hemisphere?

From the spring equinox, to the summer solstice, to the autumn equinox

Moscow, Russia, is an example of the ___________________ climate designation.

Humid continental, mild summer

Atlanta, Georgia, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Nagasaki, Japan all share the following climate classification.

Humid subtropical hot-summer

Precipitation mechanisms in marine west-coast climates do not include which of the following

ITCZ

Which of the following is true of microthermal climates?

In the Southern Hemisphere, these climates develop only in highland regions

Of the following regions, which is most vulnerable to water scarcity?

India

The greatest loss of human life (250,000) this century resulted from which earthquake event?

Tangshan, China 1976

Crustal formation occurs in which part of the Geologic Cycle

Tectonic Cycle

Which of the following is true? a. The Sun is the largest star in the Milky Way Galaxy b. The Milky Way is part of our Solar System c. The Sun produces energy through fusion processes d. The Sun is also a planet

The Sun produces energy through fusion processes

Regarding average annual precipitation, which of the following is correct?

The highest average values occur along the equator

Which of the following is not related to the 98th meridian in the United States?

The land is drier to the east of the meridian and wetter to the west

a. They occur in confined aquifers b. The water in the associated aquifer is under pressure c. The groundwater will rise above the level of the water table if a well is drilled into the aquifer d. The potentiometric surface is below the water table

The potentiometric surface is below the water table

If a clock on a ship indicated that it is 2:00 PM in its home port, while another clock on the ship indicates that it is 12:00 noon at the ship's present location, what is the difference in longitude between the ship's position and its home port?

The ship is 30 degrees west of its home port

Which of the following is not true of marine west-coast climates?

These climates experience very cold winters because of their high latitude (about 45 to 55 north)

Which of the following is not true of sunspots

They are brighter than the rest of the sun's surface

The bulk of the Amazon River drainage basin is dominated by which one of the following climate classifications?

Tropical rainforest

The scientists who first proposed Continental Drift was

Wegener

A great circle is

a circle of circumference whose center coincides with the center of Earth.

According to the text the major impact of earthquake prediction on a region would be

a decline in business activity and damage to the local economy

a. a change in the level of the soil water zone b. a depression in the water table formed by rapid ground water withdrawal c. a depression in the earth's surface formed by ground water withdrawal d. a graphical representation of the decline in the rate of ground water flow as an aquifer dries out

a depression in the water table formed by rapid ground water withdrawal

When continental crust collides with continental crust

a large mountain range often forms

A value for Earth's circumference was first calculated by

a librarian at Alexandria named Eratosthenes

The Hawaiian Islands were formed as a result of

a rising plume of magma from the mantle

A scale of 1: 20,900,000 is regarded as

a scale appropriate for a world globe

The Pacific Northwest region of the U.S. is a moist environment because of a. the effect of maritime air masses b. the presence of mountains c. the predominant direction the winds blow at that latitude (about 45 to 50) d. the effect of maritime air masses and the presence of mountains only

all of these

The hydrologic cycle includes water a. at the surface of the Earth and in the oceans b. in the atmosphere c. at a depth of up to several kilometers below the surface d. at the surface of the Earth and in the oceans and in the atmosphere only

all of these

Which of the following is a potential source of ground water pollution? a. septic tanks b. pesticides and fertilizers c. dumps

all of these

Because of the type of distortion that occurs on a mercator map, which of the following must be true?

all of these are true

Which of the following are true? a. 80 countries face impending water shortages b. one billion people lack access to safe water c. 1.8 billion people lack access to adequate sanitary facilities d. in the next 50 years, water availability per person is expected to drop by 74 percent

all of these are true

A line of tangency (also called a standard line) is a line

along which no distortion occurs

Longitude is

an angular distance measured east or wet of a prime meridian

Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the crest form

an anticline

If the potentialmetric surface is above ground level you could find

an artesian water

Based on principles discussed earlier in the course, you know that if the Earth's racial tilt were to decrease from 23.5 to 21.5

annual temperature ranges would become less extreme

A water-bearing rock stratum is called a(n)

aquifer

Explosive volcanic eruptions

are most often associated with composite volcanoes

Changes in day length and the Sun's altitude above the horizon over the course of the year

are responsible for the seasons

Which of the following is incorrectly matched? a. volcanic eruptions - endogenic b. tectonic uplift - endogenic c. heavy rainfall - exogenic d. weathering and erosion - exogenic e. dénudation - endogenic

denudation - endogenic

Terranes refer to

displaced and migrating pieces of Earth's crust

At all times during the year, the circle of illumination

divides Earth between equal halves of lightness and darkness

Los Angeles, located in a Mediterranean climate zone, is kept ________ during the summer because of the presence of ________.

dry; the cold California current off the coast

The Earth's magnetosphere is generated by

dynamo-like motions in Earth's interior.

If City A is located west of City B, the time at City A is __________ than that at City B because Earth rotates from __________ when viewed from above the North Pole.

earlier; west to east (i.e., counterclockwise)

A sudden release of energy along a fault is a(n)

earthquake

An orogeny is a(n)

episode of mountain building

Sedimentary rocks are more a product of the ____________ system whereas metamorphic and igneous rocks are more a product of the ____________ system.

exogenic; endogenic

Mediterranean dry-summer climates

experience dry conditions in summer due to the subtropical high overhead

A fracture in rock along which movement can occur is a

fault

Compared to oceanic crust, congenital crust is

generally more complex in content and structure

Continental crust is basically ____________, whereas oceanic crust is basically ___________-

granite, basalt

Earth's equator is an example of

great circle

The largest practical potential source of fresh water in North America is

groundwater

The equinox

has 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night for all locations

Earth's interior is

heated unevenly by the heat of radioactive decay

Which of the following is not necessary for an aquifer to exist?

hygroscopic water

The majority of the Earth's crust is composed of _____________ rock

igneous

Based on principles discussed earlier in the course, you know that as distance from the equator increases, seasonal variation in temperature tends to

increase

Knowledge of Earth's interior is derived from

indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves

This activity uses the least about of withdrawal water in the United States

industry-mining

Precipitation that reaches Earth's surface penetrates the soil surface through the process of

infiltration

The dominant wavelength emitted by the earth is

infrared

Intercepted solar radiation is called

insolation

Rocks formed from slowly cooling magma are

intrusive igneous rocks

Geography

is derived from geo and graphic; literally "to write Earth"

Continental crust

is less dense than oceanic crust

An area that is a seismic gap

is overdue for an earthquake based on past earthquake frequency

A parallel of latitude

is used to measure distances north or south of the equator

Earth's magnetic field

is variable, and it has phased to zero some nine times during the past 4 million years

The mineral crystals in a sill would be _______________ those in a lava flow

larger

At a strike-slip fault

lateral shearing occurs

An angular distance measured north or south of the equator from the center of Earth is termed

latitude

How far north you live from the equator is measured as your ________, whereas an imaginary line marking all those places at that same distance north of the equator is called a ________.

latitude; parallel

A cinder cone is formed from relatively ____________ viscosity magma with a ______________ gas content.

low; high

The Amazon equatorial rain forest of South America, which extends from the east coast far into the interior, has developed in response to _______________ air masses which travel from ______________ in the trade wind belt.

mT; E to W

The Sun produces which of the following?

mainly visible light and infrared energy

Any orderly system of parallels and meridians drawn on a flat surface is called a

map projection

Which climatic region contains and feeds the greatest number of people in the world?

mesothermal

Anthracite coal is an example of which type of rock-forming process?

metamorphic

A rock transformed by heat and/or pressure is referred to as a(n)

metamorphic rock

A gneiss is a type of _________ rock that has ___________ in it

metamorphic; layers (mineral bands)

The form that a landscape exhibits results from a balance between

all of these forces acting on the landscape, endogenic and exogenic processes, inputs and outputs of matter and energy

Which of the following is true of hydrolysis?

Only it involves silicate minerals and it involves the chemical reaction of water with a mineral are true.

Drainage density refers to

a measure determined by dividing the length of all the channels by the area of its drainage basin

A yahoo tributary stream cannot join with the main river in an area because

a natural levee on the main river prevents joining

The greatest amount of crustal shortening would be associated with

a thrust fault

As you journey from the headwaters of the Rio Grande to the Gulf of Mexico, you would observe the load decrease in size from boulders to sand and silt due to the process of

abrasion

After a threshold is crossed, the landscape

adjusts to a new equilibrium condition

If the capacity of a stream is exceeded, ______________ will occur

aggradation

Desertification is caused by

all of these

Desertification is not caused by which of the following overgrazing climate change erosion and salinization of crop land deforestation all of these

all of these

Foreshocks bay be caused by

all of these

If you followed a river from its headwaters to the ocean, you would observe the clarity decrease because of

all of these

Terraces can form as a result of

all of these erosion, rejuvenation, uplift

In reality, a landscape behaves as

an open system

An exotic stream is

any river that arises in a humid region and then passes through to an arid region

If several alluvial fans merge together, a ________________ is formed.

bajada

A continuous depositional apron, or _____________________ may form if individual alluvial fans coalesce into one sloping surface. This feature contrasts with a ___________________, which is an erosional surface along a mountain front where bedrock is covered by a thin veneer of alluvium.

bajada; pediment

Relatively small dunes that are crescentic in shape are termed __________________ dunes.

barchan

If the Earth did not experience endogenic processes, the landscape would

be of very low relief as a result of weathering and erosion in the absence of uplift

Because linear dunes are formed from ___________________ winds, they have _____________________.

bidirectional; two slipfaces

The Basin and Range Province was formed by

both faulting and tensional forces resulting from the fact that North America overrode a subjected ocean plate and was raised and stretched in the process.

The San Andreas fault in California and the North Anatolian fault in Turkey are similar because they are

both right-lateral strike-slip faults

Karst topography is formed primarily by

carbonation and solution

Concrete that is buried below the ground will usually weather faster than that above ground. This is because

carbonic acid solution attacks the concrete and water is more abundant in the soil only

As a stream's velocity decreases, which of the following sizes of sediments will be deposited last?

clay

As base level is approached by a stream, the ability of a dream to erode its bed

decreases

This discharge of an exotic stream ___________________ in the downstream direction.

decreases

Removal of vegetation from a semiarid grassland environment is likely to lead to

deflation

The area near the junction of the West Virginia, Ohio, and Kentucky borders is characterized by which drainage pattern?

dendritic

Which of the following is not a type of physical weathering process?

hydrolysis

The damage caused by the Loma Pieta earthquake

involved a portion of the San Andreas Fault in a strike-slip motion at depth

Because the climate of a region slowly changes and tectonic adjustments slowly occur, the landscape

is continuously adjusting to new conditions that develop and is usually in a state of dynamic equilibrium only

Chemical weathering processes are particularly effective on limestone landscapes, forming

karst topography

A low-velocity flow over a smooth stream bed produces a

laminar flow of individual particles

Cross-stratification refers to

lithified slipfaces

Because air has a ____________________ density than water, saltating particles in an eolian environment strike one another with _________________ force than do saltating particles in a stream.

lower; more

A scale used to classify and describe the effects of earthquakes on terrain, construction, and local damage conditions is the

modified Mercalli scale

Linear dunes and seif dunes are oriented

perpendicular to the wind

When rock is broken and disintegrated without dissolving, the process in operation is

physical weathering

On the desert floor, at locally low elevations, an intermittently wet- and- dry flat area in a region of closed (interior) drainage is called a(n)

playa

Uplift of the landscape creates __________ energy which is converted to ___________ energy when materials begin to move downslope.

potential; kinetic

A central peak, such as a volcanic mountain, generally produces a ________________ drainage pattern

radial

In most areas, the upper surface of bedrock is partially weathered to broken-up rock called

regolith

Entrenchment of a channel occurs because

rejuvenation occurs due to uplift

An increase in turbulence

results in deposition of sediment

The presence of talus slopes indicates that ____________ occur and that the area near them is ____________ for real estate development.

rock falls; unsafe

Desert landscapes tend to be ___________________ in appearance because of the _____________________.

rugged and hard-edged; lack of water erosion

Bed load is moved by

saltation

Abrasion is usually confined to a zone which extends up to ___________________ above the ground

1 m (3.28 ft)

Active sand dunes and shady deserts cover approximately what percentage of continental land between 30 N and 30 S latitude?

10 percent

Of the world's largest rivers, which has the greatest discharge?

Amazon River

Which of the following is true of spheroidal weathering?

It attacks the corners and edges of rocks

In which climates would rock be weathered to the greatest depth?

Hot and wet

Most of Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario are in which major drainage basin?

Hudson Bay

Small particles are difficult for wind to move because

They are aerodynamic and they tend to be cohesive only

Small areas of high strain along a fault are termed

asperities

Once particle motion is intimated subsequent motion can be maintained _________________ because of the process of ____________________.

at lower wind velocities; particle impact

The material from which stalactites and other cave formations develop is derived from

calcite that was dissolved from the overlying rock as groundwater flowed through it and then precipitated when the water evaporated.

The area at the surface directly above the subsurface location where seismic waves are initiated is termed the

epicenter

A stream becomes graded when

erosion and deposition are in equilibrium

Buttes, mesas, and inselbergs represent

erosional remnants of a once extensive and continuous rock layer

Rectangular drainage patterns form primarily as a result of __________

flow through a faulted landscape

On which part of a slope would rocks tend to fall at the highest speeds?

free face

The fact that water expands as much as 9 percent of its volume as it freezes is the basis of

frost wedging

The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is

geomorphology

If a stream has just the gradient and discharge to transport its sediment load, it is said to be

graded

Oxidation can produce

hematite

Playas are likely to contain __________________ concentrations of salt because __________________.

high; of evaporation of water containing dissolved salts

Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of

higher mean annual rainfall and temperatures

You would expect only slight physical and chemical weathering under conditions of

higher temperatures and lower precipitation

A drainage basin with a very high drainage density would be considered to be

highly dissected

In response to the occurrence of a local base level

sediments accumulate in response to the loss of flow velocity

Stream transport involves all of the following except

sheet flow

The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known as

sinkholes

Desert pavement refers to

surfaces of concentrated pebbles and gravels

Hydration involves

swelling and stress within a rock as it absorbs water

Braided streams, such as the Brahmaputra River, are found in areas

that are subject to new sediment from glaciers or landslides

Stream capture refers to

the process by which one channel erodes through a drainage divide and captures the headwater regions of another stream

Domes can be formed by

unwrapping associated with magma movement (i.e., plutonic activity)

Hydrolysis involves

water reacting with minerals

Which of the following are the principal active agents involved in chemical weathering?

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide

The disintegration and dissolving of surface and subsurface rock is called

weathering

The most active tectonic regions of North and South America are on the

western coasts

Small sized sand that is blown in a strong wind will produce ripples that are

widely spaced

Elongated, streamlined ridges aligned parallel to the most effective wind direction are called

yardangs

Significant loess deposits are found in the Mississippi and Missouri valleys eastern Washington region Ukraine in the former Soviet Union Loess Plateau of China

all of these regions contain loess

A characteristic cone-shaped depositional feature in the desert that usually forms at the mouth of a canyon is known as a(n)

alluvial fan

windward - avalanche slope windward - angle of repose leeward - avalanche slope leeward - angle of repose both leeward - avalanche slope and leeward - angle of repose

both leeward - avalanche slope and leeward - angle of repose

Addition of more dams on the Colorado River would result in _________________ available water because _____________________ .

both less; some of the impounded water would seep into rock and become unavailable and less; some of the water would evaporate

Volcanic ash deposits composed of magic minerals sometimes develop a very distinctive reddish-orange color after weathering at the surface. This coloration results from the __________.

oxidation of iron in the ash

Seismic gaps investigations involve

paleoseismology and the history of activity along specific plate boundaries

Steep slopes and some relief generally produce which drainage pattern

parallel

Pebbles can be moved by ______________ in a process known as _______________

saltating particles; surface creep

Braided streams are characterized by

sediment deposition in the channel resulting in the formation of sand and gravel bars and numerous small "channels" and a heavy load in relation to its discharge only

A tributary that is physically unable to join the main channel on a floodplain is called a

yazoo tributary

If you live in an area that was flooded by the 100-year flood last year, you can conclude that

you could be flooded by the 100 - year flood again this year

On the earth, the sun passes directly overhead at 25 degrees north latitude ________ times a year

0

The super-continent Pangaea began rifting apart approximately how many years ago?

225 million

If an observer determines that the North Star (Polaris) is located 30 degrees above the horizon, then the observer is located at

30 degrees north latitude

Currently humans are using about _____________ of the annual worldwide runoff.

30 percent

The sun's declination migrates through

47 degrees

Approximately what percent of the U.S. population derives a portion of its fresh water from groundwater sources?

50 percent

Areas located above ___ latitude experience 24 hours of daylight for six months of the year and 24 hours of night for six months of the year

66.5 degrees

Approximately what percentage of our bodies is comprised of water?

70 percent

On average, how often would you expect an earthquake of between moment magnitude 5.0-5.9 and Mercalli V - VII to occur?

800 times a year

The Precambrian Eon encompasses what percentage of Earth's total history?

87.6 percent

Which of the following hazards is NOT associated with explosive volcanic eruptions? a. Nuee ardentes b. Earthquakes c. ash d. landslides

All of the above are associated with explosive volcanic eruptions

Humid subtropical hot summer climates in ____________; typically experience _______________.

Asia; dry winters due to monsoonal conditions

Which is true of humid subtropical hot summer climates?

Asian humid subtropical hot summer climates are influenced by the monsoons.

The principal difference between the climate of New York, New York, and Dalian, China, is

Dalian, China has a winter-dry tendency

The uneven distribution of insolation by latitude is primarily a result of

Earth's sphericity, which presents varied angles to parallel solar rays

Which of the following characterizes the Earth's revolution?

It determines the timing of seasons and length of the year

Which of the following is true of the Sun's electromagnetic spectrum?

It is capable of sustaining life on Earth even though some portions of the spectrum are actually harmful to living organisms

According to the text, which of the following is true regarding the point of sunrise for a location in the northern hemisphere?

It migrates from southeast to northeast from winter to summer.

Which of the Earth's structural layers is the thinnest?

Lithosphere

Which of the following statements is true? a. December 21 = vernal equinox b. September 22 = summer solstice in Australia c. March 21 = equal day and nights everywhere on Earth d. June 21 = equal day and nights everywhere on Earth e. December 21 = sebsolar point at the Tropic of Cancer

March 21 = equal day and nights everywhere on Earth

A climate that is mesothermal and has a long, hot, dry summer would be designated by which of the following?

Mediterranean

Marble is a familiar example of which type of rock

Metamorphic

The boundary between the crust and the rest of the lithospheric upper mantle is a discontinuity known as the

Moho

Which of the following is true of the hydrologic cycle?

Most of the water that falls on the continents is derived from the oceans and the bulk of the precipitation occurs over the oceans

In which of the following areas would the least amount of precipitation occur?

On the reward side of a mountain range in the interior of a continent

Limestone is a type of ___________ rock that forms when ___________.

Sedimentary; calcium carbonate precipitates, or organic material containing calcium carbonate accumulates in a water environment

Of the following regions, which is least vulnerable to water scarcity?

Siberia

Geography is describes as

a spatial science

Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the trough form

a syncline

On June 21, the sun never sets at Finn's location. Based on this, it can be concluded that Finn lives

above the Arctic Circle

A satellite imaging system that beams electromagnetic energy at the surface and then records the energy that is reflected is classified as a _________ system

active

Excess surface water percolates through the zone of _______________ to reach the zone of ______________ and the water table.

aeration; saturation

At a subduction zone a. a continental plate dives below an oceanic plate b. crustal material is recycled into the Earth c. deep ocean trenches are common d. volcanic activity is common

all of the above

At most divergent plate boundaries a. new crustal material is being created b. two tectonic plates are moving apart c. mantle upwelling is occurring d. an ocean is growing larger

all of the above

A map scale of 1: 24,000 means that

all of these

Plate boundaries are associated with a. earthquakes b. volcanoes c. subduction d. rifting

all of these

A common crescent-shaped dune with with horns pointed downwind is called a

barchan dune

The degradation of a landscape by weathering, erosion, and transportation will ultimately reduce the landscape down to

base level

The idea that Earth formed only a few thousand years ago is

based on little physical evidence and is more appropriately considered a belief

Living systems are considered

biotic

Which of the following have been correlated with sunspot cycles?

both abnormally wet years and droughts

vegetation in the tropical savanna is

both dominated by grassland and drought-resistant

In the tropical savanna climate, potential evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation

both during the winter months and when the ITCZ is not overhead

Solis in a tropical rain forest are nutrient___________________ because ______________________

both poor; the organic matter decomposes very quickly under the moist, hot conditions and poor; heavy rains wash away nutrients

Because of the processes responsible for the formation of the Himalayan Mountains, the crust in this region of the world has been

both shortened and folded

A brittle rock is likely to respond to stress by ______________, whereas a ductile rock is likely to respond by __________________.

breaking; bending

A basin formed in a volcano following an eruption is a

caldera

Soil moisture that plants are capable of accessing and using is called

capillary water

In order to protect aquifers from pollution, the bottoms of waste dumps should be lines with

clay

In order to protect aquifers from pollution, the bottoms of waste dumps should be lines with _____________ in order to ______________

clay; reduce the rate at which contaminated water moves out of a dump

Which of the following is NOT a common location for volcanism?

continental crust - continental crust boundaries

The tropical rain forest climate receives most of its rainfall as a result of

convectional uplift

Humid subtropical climates receive _____________ precipitation during the summer and ____________ precipitation in winter

convectional; frontal

The amount of energy received above the South Pole during the southern hemisphere's summer solstice is ____________ than that received above the North Pole during the northern hemisphere's summer solstice because ____________

more; the Earth is closer to the sun during the southern hemisphere's summer solstice

On the northern hemisphere's summer solstice, the north polar region receives ___________ daily insolation than areas nearer the equator because ___________

more; the sun does not set

The west coasts of North America and South America are dominated by

mountain ranges

If Earth warmed up, and more snow fell because of more water vapor in the atmosphere, and that snow then reduced Earth's temperature, which increased snow cover, then the initial increase in snow fall would be ________ feedback, while the continued increase in snow fall would be ________ feedback.

negative; positive

Which of the following is true? a. slit > clay > sand b. Sand > clay > silt c. pebbles > cobbles > sand d. boulders > sand > gravel

none of the above

Tensional stress along a fault can result in a dropped hanging-wall block relative to the footwall side, producing a

normal fault

People often say that California is going to "fall into the ocean" This idea is totally wrong because the San Andreas fault would have to be a _______________ fault associated with ________________ forces for this to happen.

normal; tension

At which of the following locations is new ocean crust being formed?

oceanic rift zones

Approximately 90 percent of Earth's magnetic field is generated in the

outer core

The most common element in the Earth's crust is

oxygen

The basic unit into which the lithosphere is broken is a

plate

If we burn fossil fuels, which release carbon dioxide and warm the atmosphere, as the oceans warm they will release more carbon dioxide, which warms the atmosphere. This is an example of __________ feedback. If the increased atmospheric carbon dioxide causes increased plant growth which removes carbon dioxide and cools the atmosphere, this is an example of __________ feedback.

positive; negative

If increased levels of carbon dioxide lead to further increases in temperature by promoting the release of even more carbon dioxide from the oceans, this means that ________ feedback has occurred and that the planet is ________.

positive; out of equilibrium

The water in a confined aquifer is something its own weight, creating a something

potentiometric surface

Our planet and our lives are powered by

radiant energy from the sun

"Hot and wet" temperature and precipitation patterns are characteristic of

rain forests in the equatorial tropics

Precipitation normally refers to

rain, sleet, snow, and hail

The High Plains aquifer

received much of its water from melting glaciers in the past

Compressional stress along a fault can result in a dropped footwall block relative to the hanging-wall side, producing a

reverse fault

The presence of grabbers and horses indicates the occurrence of

rift activity

Several large, linear lakes are forming in East Africa. This is evidence of what process?

rifting

Divergent plate boundaries are characteristic of

sea-floor spreading centers

Limestone is an example of which type of rock-forming process?

sedimentary

Shale is an example of a

sedimentary rock

An instrument used to record vibrations in the crust is the

seismograph

In order to preserve area at high latitudes on a map, _________ must be used, and this requires that meridians and parallels ____________

shearing; not cross at right angles

A laccolith is actually a large version of a _____________

sill

This region of the High Plains aquifer is suffering the least from groundwater mining

south-central Nebraska

The San Andreas Fault in southern California is an example of a

strike-slip fault

If you were standing at 60 north latitude you would be within which latitudinal geographic zone?

subarctic

Rock layers slope downward toward the axis of a fold in a

syncline

Heat energy and new materials are brought to the surface from the interior by the

tectonic cycle

The presence of normal faulting and extensive basalt lava flows indicates

that a rift zone is developing

The fact that the Earth's interior is sorted into layers indicates that

the Earth was once in a molten state, during which materials became sorted based on density

The dry season in the tropical monsoon climate occurs when

the ITCZ is not overhead

If you began a trip at 60 degrees west, 20 degrees north and traveled 120 degrees farther west and 50 degrees south, your new position would be

the International Dateline at 30 degrees south latitude

The scale used to estimate earthquake magnitude based on seismograph measurements is

the Mercator scale

The most recent 1.8 million years of Earth's history are referred to as

the Quaternary Period

On June 21st, the Sun's declination is at

the Tropic of Cancer

Potential evapotranspiration refers to

the amount of water that would evaporate of transpire if it were available

The Sun's declination refers to

the angular distance from the equator to the latitude at which direct overhead insolation is received

Latitude is

the angular distance measured north or south of the equator.

The deepest single group of features of Earth's crust are

the areas of plate subduction beneath the ocean

Atmospheric water that is carried from the ocean to the land is balanced by a. atmospheric water carried back to the ocean from land b. surface water flow from the land to the ocean c. subsurface flow from the land to the ocean

the combination of all of these

The auroras in the upper atmosphere are caused by

the interaction of the solar wind and atmospheric gases

The occurrence of contact metamorphism would be direct evidence for

the local intrusion of magma

Climate is

the long-term atmospheric condition including extremes that may occur

On its way to Earth, the solar wind first encounters

the magnetosphere

Many of the islands of Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Borneo) which are located adjacent to a subduction zone next to the edge of the continental shelf of SE Asia, consist of felsic lava. This means that the lava which produces these islands is derived

the melting of continental shelf material along with ocean floor material

The plane of the Earth's orbit about the Sun is called

the plane of the ecliptic

Fault types are defined by

the relative motion of the hanging wall and footwall

A conically-shaped laccolithic mountain can readily be distinguished from a similarly shaped volcano based on

the size of the crystals they are composed of

The thermopause refers to

the top of Earth's atmosphere, some 480 km (300 mi) above the surface

Many of the desert regions of the southwestern U.S. have developed as a result of

their interior position within the continent and the presence of mountains to the west of their location only

The major rocks of Earth's crust are classified into principal types based on

three specific rock-forming processes; i.e., the manner in which they formed

If the human population keeps growing rapidly, there could be a rapid shift from there being enough food to large scale food shortages and starvation. The point at which this change occurs is a(n)

threshold

As we burn fossil fuels and release carbon dioxide, the temperature of our planet and the oceans will increase. When the oceans warm they will release more carbon dioxide, further warming the planet and oceans. If this occurs rapidly and causes a sudden rise in temperature, a(n) __________ has been crossed and that the planet has moved into a state of __________.

threshold; disequilibrium

Geography literally means

to write (about) Earth

Which of the following would make the best aquifer?

uncemented sand that is loosely compacted

Composite cones have steep slopes and experience ______________ eruptions because they are composed of __________________ magma

violent; felsic

The two main portions of the solar spectrum which enter the atmosphere are

visible and infrared energy

Tectonic forces

warp, fold, and uplift rock

The line of contact between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation is known as the

water table

Which of the following can measure evapotranspiration?

weighing lysimeter

Earth's rotation is describes as

west to east

Based on principles discussed earlier in the course, you know that areas dominated by maritime air masses will be relatively _____________, and that those dominated by cT air masses will be relatively _______________.

wet; dry


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