Geography
The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrography is to
decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge
During which time period would the number of daylight hours always be greater than or equal to, the number of nighttime hours for observers in the northern hemisphere?
From the spring equinox, to the summer solstice, to the autumn equinox
Moscow, Russia, is an example of the ___________________ climate designation.
Humid continental, mild summer
Atlanta, Georgia, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Nagasaki, Japan all share the following climate classification.
Humid subtropical hot-summer
Precipitation mechanisms in marine west-coast climates do not include which of the following
ITCZ
Which of the following is true of microthermal climates?
In the Southern Hemisphere, these climates develop only in highland regions
Of the following regions, which is most vulnerable to water scarcity?
India
The greatest loss of human life (250,000) this century resulted from which earthquake event?
Tangshan, China 1976
Crustal formation occurs in which part of the Geologic Cycle
Tectonic Cycle
Which of the following is true? a. The Sun is the largest star in the Milky Way Galaxy b. The Milky Way is part of our Solar System c. The Sun produces energy through fusion processes d. The Sun is also a planet
The Sun produces energy through fusion processes
Regarding average annual precipitation, which of the following is correct?
The highest average values occur along the equator
Which of the following is not related to the 98th meridian in the United States?
The land is drier to the east of the meridian and wetter to the west
a. They occur in confined aquifers b. The water in the associated aquifer is under pressure c. The groundwater will rise above the level of the water table if a well is drilled into the aquifer d. The potentiometric surface is below the water table
The potentiometric surface is below the water table
If a clock on a ship indicated that it is 2:00 PM in its home port, while another clock on the ship indicates that it is 12:00 noon at the ship's present location, what is the difference in longitude between the ship's position and its home port?
The ship is 30 degrees west of its home port
Which of the following is not true of marine west-coast climates?
These climates experience very cold winters because of their high latitude (about 45 to 55 north)
Which of the following is not true of sunspots
They are brighter than the rest of the sun's surface
The bulk of the Amazon River drainage basin is dominated by which one of the following climate classifications?
Tropical rainforest
The scientists who first proposed Continental Drift was
Wegener
A great circle is
a circle of circumference whose center coincides with the center of Earth.
According to the text the major impact of earthquake prediction on a region would be
a decline in business activity and damage to the local economy
a. a change in the level of the soil water zone b. a depression in the water table formed by rapid ground water withdrawal c. a depression in the earth's surface formed by ground water withdrawal d. a graphical representation of the decline in the rate of ground water flow as an aquifer dries out
a depression in the water table formed by rapid ground water withdrawal
When continental crust collides with continental crust
a large mountain range often forms
A value for Earth's circumference was first calculated by
a librarian at Alexandria named Eratosthenes
The Hawaiian Islands were formed as a result of
a rising plume of magma from the mantle
A scale of 1: 20,900,000 is regarded as
a scale appropriate for a world globe
The Pacific Northwest region of the U.S. is a moist environment because of a. the effect of maritime air masses b. the presence of mountains c. the predominant direction the winds blow at that latitude (about 45 to 50) d. the effect of maritime air masses and the presence of mountains only
all of these
The hydrologic cycle includes water a. at the surface of the Earth and in the oceans b. in the atmosphere c. at a depth of up to several kilometers below the surface d. at the surface of the Earth and in the oceans and in the atmosphere only
all of these
Which of the following is a potential source of ground water pollution? a. septic tanks b. pesticides and fertilizers c. dumps
all of these
Because of the type of distortion that occurs on a mercator map, which of the following must be true?
all of these are true
Which of the following are true? a. 80 countries face impending water shortages b. one billion people lack access to safe water c. 1.8 billion people lack access to adequate sanitary facilities d. in the next 50 years, water availability per person is expected to drop by 74 percent
all of these are true
A line of tangency (also called a standard line) is a line
along which no distortion occurs
Longitude is
an angular distance measured east or wet of a prime meridian
Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the crest form
an anticline
If the potentialmetric surface is above ground level you could find
an artesian water
Based on principles discussed earlier in the course, you know that if the Earth's racial tilt were to decrease from 23.5 to 21.5
annual temperature ranges would become less extreme
A water-bearing rock stratum is called a(n)
aquifer
Explosive volcanic eruptions
are most often associated with composite volcanoes
Changes in day length and the Sun's altitude above the horizon over the course of the year
are responsible for the seasons
Which of the following is incorrectly matched? a. volcanic eruptions - endogenic b. tectonic uplift - endogenic c. heavy rainfall - exogenic d. weathering and erosion - exogenic e. dénudation - endogenic
denudation - endogenic
Terranes refer to
displaced and migrating pieces of Earth's crust
At all times during the year, the circle of illumination
divides Earth between equal halves of lightness and darkness
Los Angeles, located in a Mediterranean climate zone, is kept ________ during the summer because of the presence of ________.
dry; the cold California current off the coast
The Earth's magnetosphere is generated by
dynamo-like motions in Earth's interior.
If City A is located west of City B, the time at City A is __________ than that at City B because Earth rotates from __________ when viewed from above the North Pole.
earlier; west to east (i.e., counterclockwise)
A sudden release of energy along a fault is a(n)
earthquake
An orogeny is a(n)
episode of mountain building
Sedimentary rocks are more a product of the ____________ system whereas metamorphic and igneous rocks are more a product of the ____________ system.
exogenic; endogenic
Mediterranean dry-summer climates
experience dry conditions in summer due to the subtropical high overhead
A fracture in rock along which movement can occur is a
fault
Compared to oceanic crust, congenital crust is
generally more complex in content and structure
Continental crust is basically ____________, whereas oceanic crust is basically ___________-
granite, basalt
Earth's equator is an example of
great circle
The largest practical potential source of fresh water in North America is
groundwater
The equinox
has 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night for all locations
Earth's interior is
heated unevenly by the heat of radioactive decay
Which of the following is not necessary for an aquifer to exist?
hygroscopic water
The majority of the Earth's crust is composed of _____________ rock
igneous
Based on principles discussed earlier in the course, you know that as distance from the equator increases, seasonal variation in temperature tends to
increase
Knowledge of Earth's interior is derived from
indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves
This activity uses the least about of withdrawal water in the United States
industry-mining
Precipitation that reaches Earth's surface penetrates the soil surface through the process of
infiltration
The dominant wavelength emitted by the earth is
infrared
Intercepted solar radiation is called
insolation
Rocks formed from slowly cooling magma are
intrusive igneous rocks
Geography
is derived from geo and graphic; literally "to write Earth"
Continental crust
is less dense than oceanic crust
An area that is a seismic gap
is overdue for an earthquake based on past earthquake frequency
A parallel of latitude
is used to measure distances north or south of the equator
Earth's magnetic field
is variable, and it has phased to zero some nine times during the past 4 million years
The mineral crystals in a sill would be _______________ those in a lava flow
larger
At a strike-slip fault
lateral shearing occurs
An angular distance measured north or south of the equator from the center of Earth is termed
latitude
How far north you live from the equator is measured as your ________, whereas an imaginary line marking all those places at that same distance north of the equator is called a ________.
latitude; parallel
A cinder cone is formed from relatively ____________ viscosity magma with a ______________ gas content.
low; high
The Amazon equatorial rain forest of South America, which extends from the east coast far into the interior, has developed in response to _______________ air masses which travel from ______________ in the trade wind belt.
mT; E to W
The Sun produces which of the following?
mainly visible light and infrared energy
Any orderly system of parallels and meridians drawn on a flat surface is called a
map projection
Which climatic region contains and feeds the greatest number of people in the world?
mesothermal
Anthracite coal is an example of which type of rock-forming process?
metamorphic
A rock transformed by heat and/or pressure is referred to as a(n)
metamorphic rock
A gneiss is a type of _________ rock that has ___________ in it
metamorphic; layers (mineral bands)
The form that a landscape exhibits results from a balance between
all of these forces acting on the landscape, endogenic and exogenic processes, inputs and outputs of matter and energy
Which of the following is true of hydrolysis?
Only it involves silicate minerals and it involves the chemical reaction of water with a mineral are true.
Drainage density refers to
a measure determined by dividing the length of all the channels by the area of its drainage basin
A yahoo tributary stream cannot join with the main river in an area because
a natural levee on the main river prevents joining
The greatest amount of crustal shortening would be associated with
a thrust fault
As you journey from the headwaters of the Rio Grande to the Gulf of Mexico, you would observe the load decrease in size from boulders to sand and silt due to the process of
abrasion
After a threshold is crossed, the landscape
adjusts to a new equilibrium condition
If the capacity of a stream is exceeded, ______________ will occur
aggradation
Desertification is caused by
all of these
Desertification is not caused by which of the following overgrazing climate change erosion and salinization of crop land deforestation all of these
all of these
Foreshocks bay be caused by
all of these
If you followed a river from its headwaters to the ocean, you would observe the clarity decrease because of
all of these
Terraces can form as a result of
all of these erosion, rejuvenation, uplift
In reality, a landscape behaves as
an open system
An exotic stream is
any river that arises in a humid region and then passes through to an arid region
If several alluvial fans merge together, a ________________ is formed.
bajada
A continuous depositional apron, or _____________________ may form if individual alluvial fans coalesce into one sloping surface. This feature contrasts with a ___________________, which is an erosional surface along a mountain front where bedrock is covered by a thin veneer of alluvium.
bajada; pediment
Relatively small dunes that are crescentic in shape are termed __________________ dunes.
barchan
If the Earth did not experience endogenic processes, the landscape would
be of very low relief as a result of weathering and erosion in the absence of uplift
Because linear dunes are formed from ___________________ winds, they have _____________________.
bidirectional; two slipfaces
The Basin and Range Province was formed by
both faulting and tensional forces resulting from the fact that North America overrode a subjected ocean plate and was raised and stretched in the process.
The San Andreas fault in California and the North Anatolian fault in Turkey are similar because they are
both right-lateral strike-slip faults
Karst topography is formed primarily by
carbonation and solution
Concrete that is buried below the ground will usually weather faster than that above ground. This is because
carbonic acid solution attacks the concrete and water is more abundant in the soil only
As a stream's velocity decreases, which of the following sizes of sediments will be deposited last?
clay
As base level is approached by a stream, the ability of a dream to erode its bed
decreases
This discharge of an exotic stream ___________________ in the downstream direction.
decreases
Removal of vegetation from a semiarid grassland environment is likely to lead to
deflation
The area near the junction of the West Virginia, Ohio, and Kentucky borders is characterized by which drainage pattern?
dendritic
Which of the following is not a type of physical weathering process?
hydrolysis
The damage caused by the Loma Pieta earthquake
involved a portion of the San Andreas Fault in a strike-slip motion at depth
Because the climate of a region slowly changes and tectonic adjustments slowly occur, the landscape
is continuously adjusting to new conditions that develop and is usually in a state of dynamic equilibrium only
Chemical weathering processes are particularly effective on limestone landscapes, forming
karst topography
A low-velocity flow over a smooth stream bed produces a
laminar flow of individual particles
Cross-stratification refers to
lithified slipfaces
Because air has a ____________________ density than water, saltating particles in an eolian environment strike one another with _________________ force than do saltating particles in a stream.
lower; more
A scale used to classify and describe the effects of earthquakes on terrain, construction, and local damage conditions is the
modified Mercalli scale
Linear dunes and seif dunes are oriented
perpendicular to the wind
When rock is broken and disintegrated without dissolving, the process in operation is
physical weathering
On the desert floor, at locally low elevations, an intermittently wet- and- dry flat area in a region of closed (interior) drainage is called a(n)
playa
Uplift of the landscape creates __________ energy which is converted to ___________ energy when materials begin to move downslope.
potential; kinetic
A central peak, such as a volcanic mountain, generally produces a ________________ drainage pattern
radial
In most areas, the upper surface of bedrock is partially weathered to broken-up rock called
regolith
Entrenchment of a channel occurs because
rejuvenation occurs due to uplift
An increase in turbulence
results in deposition of sediment
The presence of talus slopes indicates that ____________ occur and that the area near them is ____________ for real estate development.
rock falls; unsafe
Desert landscapes tend to be ___________________ in appearance because of the _____________________.
rugged and hard-edged; lack of water erosion
Bed load is moved by
saltation
Abrasion is usually confined to a zone which extends up to ___________________ above the ground
1 m (3.28 ft)
Active sand dunes and shady deserts cover approximately what percentage of continental land between 30 N and 30 S latitude?
10 percent
Of the world's largest rivers, which has the greatest discharge?
Amazon River
Which of the following is true of spheroidal weathering?
It attacks the corners and edges of rocks
In which climates would rock be weathered to the greatest depth?
Hot and wet
Most of Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario are in which major drainage basin?
Hudson Bay
Small particles are difficult for wind to move because
They are aerodynamic and they tend to be cohesive only
Small areas of high strain along a fault are termed
asperities
Once particle motion is intimated subsequent motion can be maintained _________________ because of the process of ____________________.
at lower wind velocities; particle impact
The material from which stalactites and other cave formations develop is derived from
calcite that was dissolved from the overlying rock as groundwater flowed through it and then precipitated when the water evaporated.
The area at the surface directly above the subsurface location where seismic waves are initiated is termed the
epicenter
A stream becomes graded when
erosion and deposition are in equilibrium
Buttes, mesas, and inselbergs represent
erosional remnants of a once extensive and continuous rock layer
Rectangular drainage patterns form primarily as a result of __________
flow through a faulted landscape
On which part of a slope would rocks tend to fall at the highest speeds?
free face
The fact that water expands as much as 9 percent of its volume as it freezes is the basis of
frost wedging
The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is
geomorphology
If a stream has just the gradient and discharge to transport its sediment load, it is said to be
graded
Oxidation can produce
hematite
Playas are likely to contain __________________ concentrations of salt because __________________.
high; of evaporation of water containing dissolved salts
Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of
higher mean annual rainfall and temperatures
You would expect only slight physical and chemical weathering under conditions of
higher temperatures and lower precipitation
A drainage basin with a very high drainage density would be considered to be
highly dissected
In response to the occurrence of a local base level
sediments accumulate in response to the loss of flow velocity
Stream transport involves all of the following except
sheet flow
The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known as
sinkholes
Desert pavement refers to
surfaces of concentrated pebbles and gravels
Hydration involves
swelling and stress within a rock as it absorbs water
Braided streams, such as the Brahmaputra River, are found in areas
that are subject to new sediment from glaciers or landslides
Stream capture refers to
the process by which one channel erodes through a drainage divide and captures the headwater regions of another stream
Domes can be formed by
unwrapping associated with magma movement (i.e., plutonic activity)
Hydrolysis involves
water reacting with minerals
Which of the following are the principal active agents involved in chemical weathering?
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide
The disintegration and dissolving of surface and subsurface rock is called
weathering
The most active tectonic regions of North and South America are on the
western coasts
Small sized sand that is blown in a strong wind will produce ripples that are
widely spaced
Elongated, streamlined ridges aligned parallel to the most effective wind direction are called
yardangs
Significant loess deposits are found in the Mississippi and Missouri valleys eastern Washington region Ukraine in the former Soviet Union Loess Plateau of China
all of these regions contain loess
A characteristic cone-shaped depositional feature in the desert that usually forms at the mouth of a canyon is known as a(n)
alluvial fan
windward - avalanche slope windward - angle of repose leeward - avalanche slope leeward - angle of repose both leeward - avalanche slope and leeward - angle of repose
both leeward - avalanche slope and leeward - angle of repose
Addition of more dams on the Colorado River would result in _________________ available water because _____________________ .
both less; some of the impounded water would seep into rock and become unavailable and less; some of the water would evaporate
Volcanic ash deposits composed of magic minerals sometimes develop a very distinctive reddish-orange color after weathering at the surface. This coloration results from the __________.
oxidation of iron in the ash
Seismic gaps investigations involve
paleoseismology and the history of activity along specific plate boundaries
Steep slopes and some relief generally produce which drainage pattern
parallel
Pebbles can be moved by ______________ in a process known as _______________
saltating particles; surface creep
Braided streams are characterized by
sediment deposition in the channel resulting in the formation of sand and gravel bars and numerous small "channels" and a heavy load in relation to its discharge only
A tributary that is physically unable to join the main channel on a floodplain is called a
yazoo tributary
If you live in an area that was flooded by the 100-year flood last year, you can conclude that
you could be flooded by the 100 - year flood again this year
On the earth, the sun passes directly overhead at 25 degrees north latitude ________ times a year
0
The super-continent Pangaea began rifting apart approximately how many years ago?
225 million
If an observer determines that the North Star (Polaris) is located 30 degrees above the horizon, then the observer is located at
30 degrees north latitude
Currently humans are using about _____________ of the annual worldwide runoff.
30 percent
The sun's declination migrates through
47 degrees
Approximately what percent of the U.S. population derives a portion of its fresh water from groundwater sources?
50 percent
Areas located above ___ latitude experience 24 hours of daylight for six months of the year and 24 hours of night for six months of the year
66.5 degrees
Approximately what percentage of our bodies is comprised of water?
70 percent
On average, how often would you expect an earthquake of between moment magnitude 5.0-5.9 and Mercalli V - VII to occur?
800 times a year
The Precambrian Eon encompasses what percentage of Earth's total history?
87.6 percent
Which of the following hazards is NOT associated with explosive volcanic eruptions? a. Nuee ardentes b. Earthquakes c. ash d. landslides
All of the above are associated with explosive volcanic eruptions
Humid subtropical hot summer climates in ____________; typically experience _______________.
Asia; dry winters due to monsoonal conditions
Which is true of humid subtropical hot summer climates?
Asian humid subtropical hot summer climates are influenced by the monsoons.
The principal difference between the climate of New York, New York, and Dalian, China, is
Dalian, China has a winter-dry tendency
The uneven distribution of insolation by latitude is primarily a result of
Earth's sphericity, which presents varied angles to parallel solar rays
Which of the following characterizes the Earth's revolution?
It determines the timing of seasons and length of the year
Which of the following is true of the Sun's electromagnetic spectrum?
It is capable of sustaining life on Earth even though some portions of the spectrum are actually harmful to living organisms
According to the text, which of the following is true regarding the point of sunrise for a location in the northern hemisphere?
It migrates from southeast to northeast from winter to summer.
Which of the Earth's structural layers is the thinnest?
Lithosphere
Which of the following statements is true? a. December 21 = vernal equinox b. September 22 = summer solstice in Australia c. March 21 = equal day and nights everywhere on Earth d. June 21 = equal day and nights everywhere on Earth e. December 21 = sebsolar point at the Tropic of Cancer
March 21 = equal day and nights everywhere on Earth
A climate that is mesothermal and has a long, hot, dry summer would be designated by which of the following?
Mediterranean
Marble is a familiar example of which type of rock
Metamorphic
The boundary between the crust and the rest of the lithospheric upper mantle is a discontinuity known as the
Moho
Which of the following is true of the hydrologic cycle?
Most of the water that falls on the continents is derived from the oceans and the bulk of the precipitation occurs over the oceans
In which of the following areas would the least amount of precipitation occur?
On the reward side of a mountain range in the interior of a continent
Limestone is a type of ___________ rock that forms when ___________.
Sedimentary; calcium carbonate precipitates, or organic material containing calcium carbonate accumulates in a water environment
Of the following regions, which is least vulnerable to water scarcity?
Siberia
Geography is describes as
a spatial science
Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the trough form
a syncline
On June 21, the sun never sets at Finn's location. Based on this, it can be concluded that Finn lives
above the Arctic Circle
A satellite imaging system that beams electromagnetic energy at the surface and then records the energy that is reflected is classified as a _________ system
active
Excess surface water percolates through the zone of _______________ to reach the zone of ______________ and the water table.
aeration; saturation
At a subduction zone a. a continental plate dives below an oceanic plate b. crustal material is recycled into the Earth c. deep ocean trenches are common d. volcanic activity is common
all of the above
At most divergent plate boundaries a. new crustal material is being created b. two tectonic plates are moving apart c. mantle upwelling is occurring d. an ocean is growing larger
all of the above
A map scale of 1: 24,000 means that
all of these
Plate boundaries are associated with a. earthquakes b. volcanoes c. subduction d. rifting
all of these
A common crescent-shaped dune with with horns pointed downwind is called a
barchan dune
The degradation of a landscape by weathering, erosion, and transportation will ultimately reduce the landscape down to
base level
The idea that Earth formed only a few thousand years ago is
based on little physical evidence and is more appropriately considered a belief
Living systems are considered
biotic
Which of the following have been correlated with sunspot cycles?
both abnormally wet years and droughts
vegetation in the tropical savanna is
both dominated by grassland and drought-resistant
In the tropical savanna climate, potential evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation
both during the winter months and when the ITCZ is not overhead
Solis in a tropical rain forest are nutrient___________________ because ______________________
both poor; the organic matter decomposes very quickly under the moist, hot conditions and poor; heavy rains wash away nutrients
Because of the processes responsible for the formation of the Himalayan Mountains, the crust in this region of the world has been
both shortened and folded
A brittle rock is likely to respond to stress by ______________, whereas a ductile rock is likely to respond by __________________.
breaking; bending
A basin formed in a volcano following an eruption is a
caldera
Soil moisture that plants are capable of accessing and using is called
capillary water
In order to protect aquifers from pollution, the bottoms of waste dumps should be lines with
clay
In order to protect aquifers from pollution, the bottoms of waste dumps should be lines with _____________ in order to ______________
clay; reduce the rate at which contaminated water moves out of a dump
Which of the following is NOT a common location for volcanism?
continental crust - continental crust boundaries
The tropical rain forest climate receives most of its rainfall as a result of
convectional uplift
Humid subtropical climates receive _____________ precipitation during the summer and ____________ precipitation in winter
convectional; frontal
The amount of energy received above the South Pole during the southern hemisphere's summer solstice is ____________ than that received above the North Pole during the northern hemisphere's summer solstice because ____________
more; the Earth is closer to the sun during the southern hemisphere's summer solstice
On the northern hemisphere's summer solstice, the north polar region receives ___________ daily insolation than areas nearer the equator because ___________
more; the sun does not set
The west coasts of North America and South America are dominated by
mountain ranges
If Earth warmed up, and more snow fell because of more water vapor in the atmosphere, and that snow then reduced Earth's temperature, which increased snow cover, then the initial increase in snow fall would be ________ feedback, while the continued increase in snow fall would be ________ feedback.
negative; positive
Which of the following is true? a. slit > clay > sand b. Sand > clay > silt c. pebbles > cobbles > sand d. boulders > sand > gravel
none of the above
Tensional stress along a fault can result in a dropped hanging-wall block relative to the footwall side, producing a
normal fault
People often say that California is going to "fall into the ocean" This idea is totally wrong because the San Andreas fault would have to be a _______________ fault associated with ________________ forces for this to happen.
normal; tension
At which of the following locations is new ocean crust being formed?
oceanic rift zones
Approximately 90 percent of Earth's magnetic field is generated in the
outer core
The most common element in the Earth's crust is
oxygen
The basic unit into which the lithosphere is broken is a
plate
If we burn fossil fuels, which release carbon dioxide and warm the atmosphere, as the oceans warm they will release more carbon dioxide, which warms the atmosphere. This is an example of __________ feedback. If the increased atmospheric carbon dioxide causes increased plant growth which removes carbon dioxide and cools the atmosphere, this is an example of __________ feedback.
positive; negative
If increased levels of carbon dioxide lead to further increases in temperature by promoting the release of even more carbon dioxide from the oceans, this means that ________ feedback has occurred and that the planet is ________.
positive; out of equilibrium
The water in a confined aquifer is something its own weight, creating a something
potentiometric surface
Our planet and our lives are powered by
radiant energy from the sun
"Hot and wet" temperature and precipitation patterns are characteristic of
rain forests in the equatorial tropics
Precipitation normally refers to
rain, sleet, snow, and hail
The High Plains aquifer
received much of its water from melting glaciers in the past
Compressional stress along a fault can result in a dropped footwall block relative to the hanging-wall side, producing a
reverse fault
The presence of grabbers and horses indicates the occurrence of
rift activity
Several large, linear lakes are forming in East Africa. This is evidence of what process?
rifting
Divergent plate boundaries are characteristic of
sea-floor spreading centers
Limestone is an example of which type of rock-forming process?
sedimentary
Shale is an example of a
sedimentary rock
An instrument used to record vibrations in the crust is the
seismograph
In order to preserve area at high latitudes on a map, _________ must be used, and this requires that meridians and parallels ____________
shearing; not cross at right angles
A laccolith is actually a large version of a _____________
sill
This region of the High Plains aquifer is suffering the least from groundwater mining
south-central Nebraska
The San Andreas Fault in southern California is an example of a
strike-slip fault
If you were standing at 60 north latitude you would be within which latitudinal geographic zone?
subarctic
Rock layers slope downward toward the axis of a fold in a
syncline
Heat energy and new materials are brought to the surface from the interior by the
tectonic cycle
The presence of normal faulting and extensive basalt lava flows indicates
that a rift zone is developing
The fact that the Earth's interior is sorted into layers indicates that
the Earth was once in a molten state, during which materials became sorted based on density
The dry season in the tropical monsoon climate occurs when
the ITCZ is not overhead
If you began a trip at 60 degrees west, 20 degrees north and traveled 120 degrees farther west and 50 degrees south, your new position would be
the International Dateline at 30 degrees south latitude
The scale used to estimate earthquake magnitude based on seismograph measurements is
the Mercator scale
The most recent 1.8 million years of Earth's history are referred to as
the Quaternary Period
On June 21st, the Sun's declination is at
the Tropic of Cancer
Potential evapotranspiration refers to
the amount of water that would evaporate of transpire if it were available
The Sun's declination refers to
the angular distance from the equator to the latitude at which direct overhead insolation is received
Latitude is
the angular distance measured north or south of the equator.
The deepest single group of features of Earth's crust are
the areas of plate subduction beneath the ocean
Atmospheric water that is carried from the ocean to the land is balanced by a. atmospheric water carried back to the ocean from land b. surface water flow from the land to the ocean c. subsurface flow from the land to the ocean
the combination of all of these
The auroras in the upper atmosphere are caused by
the interaction of the solar wind and atmospheric gases
The occurrence of contact metamorphism would be direct evidence for
the local intrusion of magma
Climate is
the long-term atmospheric condition including extremes that may occur
On its way to Earth, the solar wind first encounters
the magnetosphere
Many of the islands of Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Borneo) which are located adjacent to a subduction zone next to the edge of the continental shelf of SE Asia, consist of felsic lava. This means that the lava which produces these islands is derived
the melting of continental shelf material along with ocean floor material
The plane of the Earth's orbit about the Sun is called
the plane of the ecliptic
Fault types are defined by
the relative motion of the hanging wall and footwall
A conically-shaped laccolithic mountain can readily be distinguished from a similarly shaped volcano based on
the size of the crystals they are composed of
The thermopause refers to
the top of Earth's atmosphere, some 480 km (300 mi) above the surface
Many of the desert regions of the southwestern U.S. have developed as a result of
their interior position within the continent and the presence of mountains to the west of their location only
The major rocks of Earth's crust are classified into principal types based on
three specific rock-forming processes; i.e., the manner in which they formed
If the human population keeps growing rapidly, there could be a rapid shift from there being enough food to large scale food shortages and starvation. The point at which this change occurs is a(n)
threshold
As we burn fossil fuels and release carbon dioxide, the temperature of our planet and the oceans will increase. When the oceans warm they will release more carbon dioxide, further warming the planet and oceans. If this occurs rapidly and causes a sudden rise in temperature, a(n) __________ has been crossed and that the planet has moved into a state of __________.
threshold; disequilibrium
Geography literally means
to write (about) Earth
Which of the following would make the best aquifer?
uncemented sand that is loosely compacted
Composite cones have steep slopes and experience ______________ eruptions because they are composed of __________________ magma
violent; felsic
The two main portions of the solar spectrum which enter the atmosphere are
visible and infrared energy
Tectonic forces
warp, fold, and uplift rock
The line of contact between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation is known as the
water table
Which of the following can measure evapotranspiration?
weighing lysimeter
Earth's rotation is describes as
west to east
Based on principles discussed earlier in the course, you know that areas dominated by maritime air masses will be relatively _____________, and that those dominated by cT air masses will be relatively _______________.
wet; dry